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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Přihlášení</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Další možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobní nástroje" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobní nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uživatelské menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs"><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Voda_na_Zemi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voda_na_Zemi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Voda na Zemi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voda_na_Zemi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceány_a_moře" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceány_a_moře"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oceány a moře</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceány_a_moře-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Příliv_a_odliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Příliv_a_odliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Příliv a odliv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Příliv_a_odliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Člověk_a_voda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Člověk_a_voda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Člověk a voda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Člověk_a_voda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Obsah" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrosféra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 91 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfeer" title="Hidrosfeer – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hidrosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="غلاف الأرض المائي – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف الأرض المائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="জলমণ্ডল – ásámština" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জলমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ásámština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3sfera" title="Hidrósfera – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hidrósfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfer" title="Hidrosfer – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هیدروسفر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروسفر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гидросфера" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrospera" title="Hidrospera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hidrospera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гідрасфера – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гідрасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гідрасфэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гідрасфэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хидросфера – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хидросфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="जलमंडल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जलमंडल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="বারিমণ্ডল – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারিমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosferenn" title="Hidrosferenn – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hidrosferenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A6re" title="Hydrosfære – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hydrosfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosph%C3%A4re" title="Hydrosphäre – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydrosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Υδρόσφαιρα – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδρόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydrosphere" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfero" title="Hidrosfero – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrosfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3sfera" title="Hidrósfera – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrósfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCdrosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Hüdrosfäär – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüdrosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="آبکره – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبکره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikeh%C3%A4" title="Vesikehä – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesikehä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosph%C3%A8re" title="Hydrosphère – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydrosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrisf%C3%A9ar" title="Hidrisféar – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidrisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הידרוספירה – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הידרוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="जलमण्डल – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idwosf%C3%A8" title="Idwosfè – haitština" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Idwosfè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroszf%C3%A9ra" title="Hidroszféra – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidroszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ջրոլորտ – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfer" title="Hidrosfer – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80-%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ХинтӀехар-Ӏи – inguština" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХинтӀехар-Ӏи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnshvolf" title="Vatnshvolf – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatnshvolf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrosfera" title="Idrosfera – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%8F" title="水圏 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ჰიდროსფერო – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიდროსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrosfera" title="Gidrosfera – karakalpačtina" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гидросфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EA%B6%8C" title="수권 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гидросфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphaera" title="Hydrosphaera – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrosphaera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosph%C3%A4r" title="Hydrosphär – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hydrosphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosfeer" title="Hydrosfeer – limburština" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hydrosfeer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosf%C4%93ra" title="Hidrosfēra – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidrosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хидросфера – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хидросфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ജലമണ്ഡലം – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലമണ്ഡലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Усан мандал – mongolština" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усан мандал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="जलमंडल – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलमंडल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosfeer" title="Hydrosfeer – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hydrosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A6re" title="Hydrosfære – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A6re" title="Hydrosfære – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrosf%C3%A8ra" title="Idrosfèra – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idrosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haayidroosfiiraa" title="Haayidroosfiiraa – oromština" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Haayidroosfiiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜਲਮੰਡਲ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਲਮੰਡਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfeer" title="Hidrosfeer – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hidrosfeer" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosfera" title="Hydrosfera – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hydrosfera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="هايدروسفير – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايدروسفير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_pacha" title="Yaku pacha – kečuánština" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfer%C4%83" title="Hidrosferă – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidrosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидросфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پاڻي جو دائرو – sindhština" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاڻي جو دائرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A9ra" title="Hydrosféra – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hydrosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfera" title="Hidrosfera – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хидросфера – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хидросфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosf%C3%A4ren" title="Hydrosfären – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hydrosfären" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்க்கோளம் – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்க்கோளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ҳидросфера – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳидросфера" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="อุทกภาค – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุทกภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrosfer" title="Hidrosfer – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гидросфера" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гідросфера – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідросфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کرہ آبی – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرہ آبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrosfera" title="Gidrosfera – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gidrosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_quy%E1%BB%83n" title="Thủy quyển – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy quyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosfeer" title="Hydrosfeer – vlámština (západní)" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hydrosfeer" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vlámština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrospera" title="Hidrospera – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hidrospera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%88" title="水圈 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水圈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ჰიდროსფერო – mingrelština" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიდროსფერო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guenqraemx" title="Guenqraemx – čuangština" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Guenqraemx" 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Watercycleczechhigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Watercycleczechhigh.jpg/330px-Watercycleczechhigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Watercycleczechhigh.jpg/495px-Watercycleczechhigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Watercycleczechhigh.jpg/660px-Watercycleczechhigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolob%C4%9Bh_vody" title="Koloběh vody">Koloběh vody</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hydrosféra</b> neboli <b>vodní obal Země</b> je soubor všeho vodstva <a href="/wiki/Zem%C4%9B" title="Země">Země</a> – tj. <a href="/wiki/Povrchov%C3%A1_voda" title="Povrchová voda">povrchové vody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podzemn%C3%AD_voda" title="Podzemní voda">podpovrchové vody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vody</a> obsažené v <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra" title="Atmosféra">atmosféře</a> a vody v živých <a href="/wiki/Organismus" title="Organismus">organismech</a>. Celkové zásoby vody na Zemi činí asi 1 386 000 000 km³, z toho sladká voda představuje 2,530 %. Ve světovém <a href="/wiki/Oce%C3%A1n" title="Oceán">oceánu</a> je obsaženo asi 97 % slané vody, zbylá 3% tvoří sladká voda. Pokud se započte i slaná podzemní voda, připadá na oceány 95 % zásob vody a na pevniny 5 % zásob vody.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrosféra je předmětem zkoumání <a href="/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie">hydrologie</a> a jejích podoborů jako jsou <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeografie" title="Hydrogeografie">hydrogeografie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oce%C3%A1nografie" title="Oceánografie">oceánografie</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeologie" title="Hydrogeologie">hydrogeologie</a>. Na planetě <a href="/wiki/Zem%C4%9B" title="Země">Zemi</a> neustále probíhá přesun vody mezi jednotlivými jejími rezervoáry – tzv. <a href="/wiki/Kolob%C4%9Bh_vody" title="Koloběh vody">koloběh vody</a> (resp. <a href="/wiki/Kolob%C4%9Bh_vody" title="Koloběh vody">hydrologický cyklus</a>). Pohyby vzduchu a vody zejména v <a href="/wiki/Zemsk%C3%A1_atmosf%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemská atmosféra">zemské atmosféře</a> zkoumá také <a href="/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie">klimatologie</a> a <a href="/wiki/Meteorologie" title="Meteorologie">meteorologie</a>. </p><p>Povrchová voda je soustředěna převážně ve světovém <a href="/wiki/Oce%C3%A1n" title="Oceán">oceánu</a> a mořích, dále ve vodních tocích, v přírodních vodních nádržích (<a href="/wiki/Jezero" title="Jezero">jezerech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%BEina" title="Bažina">bažinách</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1elini%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Rašeliniště">rašeliništích</a> atd.), v umělých vodních nádržích (<a href="/wiki/P%C5%99ehradn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dr%C5%BE" title="Přehradní nádrž">přehrady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rybn%C3%ADk" title="Rybník">rybníky</a>), a také ve formě <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%ADh" title="Sníh">sněhu</a> a <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">ledu</a>. Voda podpovrchová je obsažena v půdních pórech, průlinách, ve formě podzemního <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">ledu</a> v <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrostu</a>. Voda v <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra" title="Atmosféra">atmosféře</a> se vyskytuje ve skupenství plynném (<a href="/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_p%C3%A1ra" title="Vodní pára">vodní páry</a>), ve skupenství kapalném (<a href="/wiki/Kapka" title="Kapka">vodní kapky</a>), ale i ve skupenství pevném (<a href="/wiki/Sn%C4%9Bhov%C3%A1_vlo%C4%8Dka" title="Sněhová vločka">sněhové vločky</a>). Voda je nutnou součástí rostlinných a živočišných těl (většinou tvoří přes 50 % jejich živé hmotnosti). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voda_na_Zemi">Voda na Zemi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Voda na Zemi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Voda na Zemi"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">Voda</a> mohla být na Zemi přítomna už při jejím formování.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrně se na Zemi nedostala z meteoritů.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To spíše z komet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ale mohla se na Zem dostat bez impaktu v plynné fázi.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrosféra byla na Zemi již před více než 4 miliardami let. Mohla vzniknout při <a href="/wiki/Teorie_velk%C3%A9ho_impaktu" title="Teorie velkého impaktu">formování Měsíce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Před 3,5 miliardou let bylo téměř vše pod hladinou vody.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voda na zemském povrchu není stacionární, ale je v neustálém koloběhu (cirkulaci). Té se ročně zúčastňuje 600 tisíc km³ vody, která během oběhu přechází postupně z jednoho skupenství do druhého. Oběh vody je způsoben dopadající <a href="/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_energie" title="Sluneční energie">sluneční energií</a> a zemskou přitažlivostí. Vlivem dopadajícího slunečního <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Záření">záření</a> se voda ze <a href="/wiki/Povrch_Zem%C4%9B" title="Povrch Země">zemského povrchu</a> vypařuje do atmosféry, kde jí unášejí vzdušné proudy v podobě <a href="/wiki/Mrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrak">mraků</a>. Pokud teplota klesne, vodní pára začne <a href="/wiki/Kapaln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Kapalnění">kondenzovat</a> v mracích a začne se snášet zpět na zemský povrch v podobě dešťových či sněhových srážek. Převážné množství srážek spadne zpět do oceánu a jen asi 8,3 % dopadne na pevninu. Ze zeměpisného hlediska rozlišujeme dva oběhy: velký (výměna nastává mezi oceánem a pevninou) a malý vodní oběh (výměna probíhá pouze nad oceánem či pouze nad pevninou). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceány_a_moře"><span id="Oce.C3.A1ny_a_mo.C5.99e"></span>Oceány a moře</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Oceány a moře" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Oceány a moře"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Hinomisaki91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hinomisaki91.JPG/220px-Hinomisaki91.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hinomisaki91.JPG/330px-Hinomisaki91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hinomisaki91.JPG/440px-Hinomisaki91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pohled na linii pobřeží</figcaption></figure> <p>Většinu vody obsahují oceány a moře tvořící souvislou vodní plochu – tzv. <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Světový oceán">Světový oceán</a>. Na něj připadá 361,3 mil. km², což je 71 % zemského povrchu (celý zemský povrch má rozlohu 510,3 mil. km²). Rozloha všech souší je pak 149 mil. km², z toho na severní polokouli je asi 100 mil. km² souše a na jižní 49 mil. km² suché země. Souš pak pokrývá více než 4 mil. km² jezer<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a přibližně 0,77 mil. km² řek.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Světový oceán je tvořen pěti oceány. Jsou jimi <a href="/wiki/Tich%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Tichý oceán">Tichý</a> (Pacifik), <a href="/wiki/Atlantsk%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Atlantský oceán">Atlantský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indick%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Indický oceán">Indický</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Jižní oceán">Jižní neboli Antarktický</a> a <a href="/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_ledov%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Severní ledový oceán">Severní ledový oceán</a>. Největší je Tichý oceán, který zabírá 178,7 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (35 % zemského povrchu, téměř polovina světového oceánu). V něm se nachází i nejhlubší místo Země <a href="/wiki/Mariansk%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADkop" title="Marianský příkop">Marianský příkop</a> (průrva v <a href="/wiki/Zemsk%C3%A1_k%C5%AFra" title="Zemská kůra">zemské kůře</a> o hloubce 10 994 metrů). Druhým největším je Atlantský oceán s celkovou plochou 91,6 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (18 % zemského povrchu), třetí pak Indický oceán 76,2 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (14,9 %), čtvrtý je Jižní oceán s 32 248 000 km<sup>2</sup> a nakonec Severní ledový s 14 350 000 km<sup>2</sup>. </p><p>Voda obsažená ve světovém oceánu je roztok minerálních a organických látek obohacený o plyny, ve které probíhají neustálé fyzikální, chemické a biologické procesy. Jednou důležitou vlastností této vody je její slanost (<a href="/wiki/Salinita" title="Salinita">salinita</a>). Salinita je celkové množství rozpuštěných minerálních látek v 1 kilogramu mořské vody (uvádí se v <a href="/wiki/Promile" title="Promile">promile</a>). Průměrná salinita světového oceánu je 35 ‰. Hlavními zdroji hořko-slané chuti jsou <a href="/wiki/Chlorid_sodn%C3%BD" title="Chlorid sodný">chlorid sodný</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorid_ho%C5%99e%C4%8Dnat%C3%BD" title="Chlorid hořečnatý">chlorid hořečnatý</a> a <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADran_ho%C5%99e%C4%8Dnat%C3%BD" title="Síran hořečnatý">síran hořečnatý</a>. Mezi jednotlivými místy značně kolísá podíl salinity, kterou ovlivňuje mnoho faktorů jako výpar, srážky, přítoky atd. </p><p>Jelikož oceán zabírá většinu povrchu naší planety, zachytává i nejvíce slunečního světla a tepla (asi 85 %). Navíc voda má poměrně vysokou <a href="/wiki/M%C4%9Brn%C3%A1_tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Měrná tepelná kapacita">měrnou tepelnou kapacitu</a>. Tím se oceán stává obrovským regulátorem <a href="/wiki/Teplota" title="Teplota">teploty vzduchu</a> a zabraňuje tak náhlým výkyvům teplot, zejména v oblastech s oceánským <a href="/wiki/Podneb%C3%AD" title="Podnebí">klimatem</a>. Zmenšení výkyvů teplot blahodárně působí na <a href="/wiki/Biosf%C3%A9ra" title="Biosféra">biosféru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Příliv_a_odliv"><span id="P.C5.99.C3.ADliv_a_odliv"></span>Příliv a odliv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Příliv a odliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Příliv a odliv"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote">Související informace naleznete také v článku <a href="/wiki/Slapov%C3%A9_jevy" title="Slapové jevy">Slapové jevy</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Bay_of_Fundy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bay_of_Fundy.jpg/220px-Bay_of_Fundy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bay_of_Fundy.jpg/330px-Bay_of_Fundy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bay_of_Fundy.jpg/440px-Bay_of_Fundy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Příliv a odliv v zálivu Fundy</figcaption></figure> <p>Mořský <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADliv" class="mw-redirect" title="Příliv">příliv</a>/odliv (či vodní dmutí) je způsobováno gravitačním působením okolních vesmírných těles, a to především <a href="/wiki/M%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc" title="Měsíc">Měsíce</a> a <a href="/wiki/Slunce" title="Slunce">Slunce</a>, ale také <a href="/wiki/Odst%C5%99ediv%C3%A1_s%C3%ADla" title="Odstředivá síla">odstředivou silou</a> rotace Země. Gravitační účinky Měsíce jsou větší než gravitační účinky Slunce. Příliv vzniká na straně přivrácené k Měsíci i na straně k němu odvrácené (jelikož na straně přivrácené k Měsíci je vodní hladina více ovlivňována gravitací Měsíce a na straně odvrácené pak odstředivou silou). Příliv a odliv se pravidelně střídají při každé kulminaci Měsíce. Příliv se opakuje vždy po 12 hodinách a 25 minutách (tzv. půldenní příliv), který každý následující den vrcholí o 50 minut později než předešlého dne. </p><p>Mohou pak nastat ještě dvě zajímavé kombinace, když do celého procesu zakomponujeme i gravitační sílu Slunce. Jestliže se Země, Měsíc a Slunce nacházejí v jedné rovině (Měsíc je v úplňku či v novu), pak se gravitační účinky Slunce a Měsíce sčítají a příliv je tedy větší. Mluví se o tzv. skočném přílivu. Pokud však spojnice Země—Měsíc a Země—Slunce svírají pravý úhel, potom se výsledné síly působení Měsíce a Slunce odčítají, příliv je menší a my mluvíme o hluchém přílivu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Člověk_a_voda"><span id=".C4.8Clov.C4.9Bk_a_voda"></span>Člověk a voda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Člověk a voda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Člověk a voda"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pro organismy včetně člověka je jako pitná voda využitelná pouze voda sladká (2,53 % celkového vodního objemu). Z tohoto množství je většina vody však vázána v <a href="/wiki/Ledovec" title="Ledovec">ledovcích</a> (68,4 %). Hlavním zdrojem vody je pro <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk" title="Člověk">člověka</a> voda ve vodních tocích a voda podpovrchová, která tvoří jen necelé procento veškeré vody na Zemi. V současnosti dochází k velkému znečišťování a poškozování vodních zdrojů, čímž <a href="/wiki/Pitn%C3%A1_voda" title="Pitná voda">pitné vody</a> stále ubývá (již v současné době je cca 1 miliarda lidí bez dostatečného zdroje pitné vody). Navíc světový oceán váže převážnou část oxidu uhličitého, <a href="/wiki/Fytoplankton" title="Fytoplankton">fytoplankton</a> žijící v něm je zdrojem 30 – 50 % <a href="/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík">kyslíku</a> (minimálně srovnatelné množství s <a href="/wiki/Tropick%C3%BD_de%C5%A1tn%C3%BD_prales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropický deštný prales">tropickými deštnými pralesy</a>), je zdrojem potravy, solí a minerálů. </p><p>Jako připomínka důležitosti a významu oceánům a moří pro život lidstva se od roku 2009 každý rok 8. června slaví Světový den oceánů. Při této příležitosti se po celém světě koná řada akcí, jejichž cílem je zvýšit povědomí veřejnosti o negativním dopadu lidské činnosti na světové oceány a možnostech jejich ochrany.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> New estimate makes groundwater, not ice sheets, largest water reservoir on land. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2021-09-09 [cit. 2021-12-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-09-groundwater-ice-sheets-largest-reservoir.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-09-groundwater-ice-sheets-largest-reservoir.html&rft.atitle=New+estimate+makes+groundwater%2C+not+ice+sheets%2C+largest+water+reservoir+on+land&rft.date=2021-09-09"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">OGLIORE, Talia. Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2020-08-27 [cit. 2021-12-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-08-meteorite-earth.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-08-meteorite-earth.html&rft.atitle=Meteorite+study+suggests+Earth+may+have+been+wet+since+it+formed&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.aulast=Ogliore&rft.aufirst=Talia"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Is the moon a chunk ejected from Earth? Study sheds light on moon formation, origin of water on Earth. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2025-01-17]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2025-01-moon-chunk-ejected-earth-formation.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2025-01-moon-chunk-ejected-earth-formation.html&rft.atitle=Is+the+moon+a+chunk+ejected+from+Earth%3F+Study+sheds+light+on+moon+formation%2C+origin+of+water+on+Earth"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">University of Maryland. Where did Earth's water come from? Not melted meteorites, according to scientists. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2023-03-15 [cit. 2023-03-24]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-03-earth-meteorites-scientists.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2023-03-earth-meteorites-scientists.html&rft.atitle=Where+did+Earth%27s+water+come+from%3F+Not+melted+meteorites%2C+according+to+scientists&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft.au=University+of+Maryland"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Team links comet water to Earth's oceans. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2024-12-03]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2024-12-team-links-comet-earth-oceans.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2024-12-team-links-comet-earth-oceans.html&rft.atitle=Team+links+comet+water+to+Earth%27s+oceans"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> A new theory explains how water first arrived on Earth. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2025-02-17]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2025-02-theory-earth.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2025-02-theory-earth.html&rft.atitle=A+new+theory+explains+how+water+first+arrived+on+Earth"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Formation of the moon brought water to Earth. <i>phys.org</i> [online]. 2019-05-21 [cit. 2021-12-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-05-formation-moon-brought-earth.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-05-formation-moon-brought-earth.html&rft.atitle=Formation+of+the+moon+brought+water+to+Earth&rft.date=2019-05-21"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BADA, Jeffrey; KORENAGA, Jun. Exposed Areas Above Sea Level on Earth >3.5 Gyr Ago: Implications for Prebiotic and Primitive Biotic Chemistry. S. 55. <i>Life</i> [online]. 2018-11-04. Roč. 8, čís. 4, s. 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316429/pdf/life-08-00055.pdf">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife8040055">10.3390/life8040055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400350"><span class="PMID">30400350</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Life&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Flife8040055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6316429%2Fpdf%2Flife-08-00055.pdf&rft.atitle=Exposed+Areas+Above+Sea+Level+on+Earth+%3E3.5+Gyr+Ago%3A+Implications+for+Prebiotic+and+Primitive+Biotic+Chemistry&rft.date=2018-11-04&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=55&rft.aulast=Bada&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Korenaga%2C+Jun"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">FLAMENT, Nicolas; COLTICE, Nicolas; REY, Patrice F. The evolution of the 87Sr/86Sr of marine carbonates does not constrain continental growth. S. 177–188. <i>Precambrian Research</i> [online]. 2013-05. Roč. 229, s. 177–188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236843637_The_evolution_of_the_87Sr86Sr_of_marine_carbonates_does_not_constrain_continental_growth">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2011.10.009">10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.009</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Precambrian+Research&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2011.10.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236843637_The_evolution_of_the_87Sr86Sr_of_marine_carbonates_does_not_constrain_continental_growth&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+87Sr%2F86Sr+of+marine+carbonates+does+not+constrain+continental+growth&rft.date=2013-05&rft.volume=229&rft.pages=177%E2%80%93188&rft.aulast=Flament&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Coltice%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Rey%2C+Patrice+F."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/sep08_hydro_wkshp_22_lehner.pdf">https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/sep08_hydro_wkshp_22_lehner.pdf</a><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Ov%C4%9B%C5%99itelnost" title="Wikipedie:Ověřitelnost"><span class="doplnte-zdroj" title="Je potřeba vyhledat jiný zdroj namísto současného nedostupného zdroje">nedostupný zdroj</span></a>]</sup> - Geographic distribution of global lakes and rivers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">ALLEN, George H.; PAVELSKY, Tamlin M. Global extent of rivers and streams. S. 585–588. <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i> [online]. 2018-08-10. Roč. 361, čís. 6402, s. 585–588. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat0636">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat0636">10.1126/science.aat0636</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.aat0636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat0636&rft.atitle=Global+extent+of+rivers+and+streams&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=6402&rft.pages=585%E2%80%93588&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.au=Pavelsky%2C+Tamlin+M."><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Světový den oceánů: historie a význam. <i>calendarbanana.com</i> [online]. [cit. 2023-06-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calendarbanana.com/cs/svetovy-den-oceanu/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=calendarbanana.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalendarbanana.com%2Fcs%2Fsvetovy-den-oceanu%2F&rft.atitle=Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%BD+den+oce%C3%A1n%C5%AF%3A+historie+a+v%C3%BDznam"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_Demek" title="Jaromír Demek">DEMEK, Jaromír</a>; NETOPIL, Rostislav a kolektiv. <i>Fyzická geografie I</i>. Praha: SPN, 1984.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Fyzick%C3%A1+geografie+I&rft.aulast=Demek&rft.aufirst=Jarom%C3%ADr&rft.au=Netopil%2C+Rostislav+a+kolektiv&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=SPN&rft.date=1984"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">DUB, Oto; NĚMEC, Jaromír a kolektiv. <i>Hydrologie</i>. Praha: SNTL, 1969.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Hydrologie&rft.aulast=Dub&rft.aufirst=Oto&rft.au=N%C4%9Bmec%2C+Jarom%C3%ADr+a+kolektiv&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=SNTL&rft.date=1969"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">KUKAL, Zdeněk a kolektiv. <i>Základy oceánografie</i>. Praha: Academia, 1977.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Z%C3%A1klady+oce%C3%A1nografie&rft.aulast=Kukal&rft.aufirst=Zden%C4%9Bk+a+kolektiv&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=1977"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">NETOPIL, Rostislav. <i>Hydrologie pevnin</i>. Praha: Academia, 1972.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Hydrologie+pevnin&rft.aulast=Netopil&rft.aufirst=Rostislav&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=1972"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosf%C3%A9ra&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrosphere" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hydrosphere">hydrosféra</a></span> na Wikimedia Commons</span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-wiktionary"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrosféra&oldid=24678781">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrosféra&oldid=24678781</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Hydrosf%C3%A9ra" title="Kategorie:Hydrosféra">Hydrosféra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Zemsk%C3%A9_sf%C3%A9ry" title="Kategorie:Zemské sféry">Zemské sféry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Voda" title="Kategorie:Voda">Voda</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C3%9Adr%C5%BEba:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_obsahuj%C3%ADc%C3%AD_odkazy_na_nedostupn%C3%A9_zdroje" title="Kategorie:Údržba:Články obsahující odkazy na nedostupné zdroje">Údržba:Články 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