CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Helowce – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )plwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","styczeń","luty","marzec","kwiecień","maj","czerwiec","lipiec","sierpień","wrzesień","październik","listopad","grudzień"],"wgRequestId":"b3a3d34d-d41a-4e98-a6b8-03ee0a3be46d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Helowce","wgTitle":"Helowce","wgCurRevisionId":74725030,"wgRevisionId":74725030,"wgArticleId":1729,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Szablon cytowania zamienił nazwę czasopisma","Gazy szlachetne","Grupy pierwiastków chemicznych"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Helowce","wgRelevantArticleId":1729,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{ "accuracy":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":74725030,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":9000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19609","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.gadget.wikiflex":"ready","ext.gadget.infobox":"ready","ext.gadget.hlist":"ready","ext.gadget.darkmode-overrides":"ready","ext.gadget.small-references":"ready","ext.gadget.citation-access-info":"ready","ext.gadget.sprawdz-problemy-szablony":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ll-script-loader","ext.gadget.veKeepParameters","ext.gadget.szablon-galeria","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.citoid-overrides","ext.gadget.maps","ext.gadget.padlock-indicators","ext.gadget.interwiki-langlist","ext.gadget.edit-summaries","ext.gadget.edit-first-section","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.map-toggler","ext.gadget.narrowFootnoteColumns","ext.gadget.WDsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.gadget.citation-access-info%2Cdarkmode-overrides%2Chlist%2Cinfobox%2Csmall-references%2Csprawdz-problemy-szablony%2Cwikiflex&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Helowce – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helowce"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edytuj" href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (pl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helowce"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Kanał Atom Wikipedii" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Helowce rootpage-Helowce skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Przejdź do zawartości</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu główne" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu główne</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu główne</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nawigacja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Przejdź na stronę główną [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Strona główna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Losowa_strona" title="Załaduj losową stronę [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Losuj artykuł</span></a></li><li id="n-Kategorie" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kategorie_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne"><span>Kategorie artykułów</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wyr%C3%B3%C5%BCniona_zawarto%C5%9B%C4%87_Wikipedii"><span>Najlepsze artykuły</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:FAQ"><span>Częste pytania (FAQ)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-zmiany" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-zmiany" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla czytelników </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-czytelnicy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii"><span>O Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_z_wikipedystami"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-edytorzy" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-edytorzy" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla wikipedystów </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-pierwsze-kroki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki"><span>Pierwsze kroki</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_wikipedyst%C3%B3w" title="O projekcie – co możesz zrobić, gdzie możesz znaleźć informacje"><span>Portal wikipedystów</span></a></li><li id="n-Noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tablica_og%C5%82osze%C5%84"><span>Ogłoszenia</span></a></li><li id="n-Guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zasady"><span>Zasady</span></a></li><li id="n-helppage-name" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Spis_tre%C5%9Bci"><span>Pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany" title="Lista ostatnich zmian w Wikipedii. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Helowce" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Helowce" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Helowce" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Helowce" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Właściwości" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Właściwości"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Właściwości</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Właściwości-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zastosowanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zastosowanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zastosowanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zastosowanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uwagi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uwagi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uwagi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uwagi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Helowce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 123 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgasse" title="Edelgasse – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edelgasse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غاز نبيل – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز نبيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytundyry_apojovai%27%E1%BB%B9" title="Pytundyry apojovai'ỹ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pytundyry apojovai'ỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99sirsiz_qazlar" title="Təsirsiz qazlar – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təsirsiz qazlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نجیب قاز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نجیب قاز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gas mulia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাস – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিষ্ক্রিয় গ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-i%C3%BA_kh%C3%AC-th%C3%A9" title="Hi-iú khì-thé – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-iú khì-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Затлы газдар – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Затлы газдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Інертныя газы – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інертныя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Інэртныя газы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інэртныя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल गैस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नोबल गैस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Благороден газ – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Благороден газ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འདྲེས་སྦྱོར་དཀའ་བའི་རླུང་གཟུགས། – tybetański" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདྲེས་སྦྱོར་དཀའ་བའི་རླུང་གཟུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tybetański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plemeniti plinovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%B3%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сӳрĕк газсем – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сӳрĕк газсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_plyny" title="Vzácné plyny – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzácné plyny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwy_nobl" title="Nwy nobl – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nwy nobl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="polecany artykuł"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86delgas" title="Ædelgas – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ædelgas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="غاز نبيل – marokański arabski" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="غاز نبيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokański arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgase" title="Edelgase – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edelgase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4risgaasid" title="Väärisgaasid – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väärisgaasid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ευγενή αέρια – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευγενή αέρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Куло коштнэ – erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куло коштнэ" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gases_nobles" title="Gases nobles – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gases nobles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobla_gaso" title="Nobla gaso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobla gaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="گاز نجیب – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز نجیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – hindi fidżyjskie" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidżyjskie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tey_%C3%B3virknu_gassini" title="Tey óvirknu gassini – farerski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tey óvirknu gassini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_noble" title="Gaz noble – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaz noble" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edelgas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathgh%C3%A1s" title="Triathghás – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Triathghás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_ooasle" title="Gas ooasle – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gas ooasle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gas nobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эздий газаш – inguski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эздий газаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="惰性氣體 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="惰性氣體" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE-y%C3%B9_hi-th%C3%AD" title="Hî-yù hi-thí – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hî-yù hi-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="비활성 기체 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비활성 기체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իներտ գազեր – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իներտ գազեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="उत्कृष्ट गैस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्कृष्ट गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drohop%C5%82un" title="Drohopłun – górnołużycki" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Drohopłun" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="górnołużycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plemeniti plinovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gas mulia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobile" title="Gas nobile – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gas nobile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0allofttegund" title="Eðallofttegund – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðallofttegund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_nobili" title="Gas nobili – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas nobili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C" title="גז אציל – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז אציל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulya" title="Gas mulya – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gas mulya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠಾನಿಲಗಳು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠಾನಿಲಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ინერტული აირები – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინერტული აირები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Инертті газдар – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инертті газдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesi_adimu" title="Gesi adimu – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gesi adimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_n%C3%B2b" title="Gaz nòb – kreolski haitański" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaz nòb" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolski haitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Инерттүү газдар – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инерттүү газдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasia_nobilia" title="Gasia nobilia – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gasia nobilia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93lg%C4%81zes" title="Cēlgāzes – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cēlgāzes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelgas" title="Eedelgas – luksemburski" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eedelgas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertin%C4%97s_dujos" title="Inertinės dujos – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Inertinės dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedelgaas" title="Aedelgaas – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aedelgaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/navni" title="navni – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="navni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_n%C3%B2bil" title="Gas nòbil – lombardzki" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gas nòbil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesg%C3%A1zok" title="Nemesgázok – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemesgázok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Благороден гас – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Благороден гас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഉൽകൃഷ്ടവാതകം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉൽകൃഷ്ടവാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="निष्क्रिय वायू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निष्क्रिय वायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gas adi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-i%C5%AB_k%C3%A9-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Hĭ-iū ké-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-iū ké-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Инерт хий – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инерт хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="နိုဘယ်ဂက်စ် – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုဘယ်ဂက်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgas" title="Edelgas – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelgas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल ग्यास – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नोबल ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नोबल ग्यास – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नोबल ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC18%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第18族元素 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第18族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelgas" title="Eedelgas – północnofryzyjski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eedelgas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="północnofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edelgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelgass" title="Edelgass – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edelgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_n%C3%B2ble" title="Gas nòble – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gas nòble" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Суаппез-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Суаппез-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ – orija" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିଷ୍କ୍ରିୟ ଗ୍ୟାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਬਲ ਗੈਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جوگی گیساں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوگی گیساں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_inerto" title="Gas inerto – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gas inerto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddelgas" title="Eddelgas – dolnoniemiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eddelgas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1s_nobre" title="Gás nobre – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gás nobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_nobil" title="Gaz nobil – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz nobil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi%C3%B1a_wapsi" title="Umiña wapsi – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umiña wapsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Благородные газы – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Благородные газы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мааны гаастар – jakucki" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мааны гаастар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakucki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasu_n%C3%B2bile" title="Gasu nòbile – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gasu nòbile" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_tet%C3%ABmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i tetëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i tetëmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="උච්ච වායු – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උච්ච වායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noble gas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cny_plyn" title="Vzácny plyn – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vzácny plyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlahtni_plin" title="Žlahtni plin – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žlahtni plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neefta_Gobta" title="Neefta Gobta – somalijski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Neefta Gobta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Племенити гас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plemeniti_gas" title="Plemeniti gas – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plemeniti gas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulya" title="Gas mulya – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gas mulya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalokaasut" title="Jalokaasut – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalokaasut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delgas" title="Ädelgas – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelgas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariringal_na_mga_hangin" title="Mariringal na mga hangin – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mariringal na mga hangin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81" title="அருமன் வாயு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருமன் வாயு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="แก๊สมีสกุล – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก๊สมีสกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Газҳои асил – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Газҳои асил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_gaz" title="Soy gaz – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soy gaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Благородні гази – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Благородні гази" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="نوبل گیسیں – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل گیسیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Khí hiếm – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí hiếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5z_n%C3%B4be" title="Gåz nôbe – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gåz nôbe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="貴氣體 – chiński klasyczny" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="貴氣體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chiński klasyczny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_noble" title="Gas noble – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gas noble" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="稀有气体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%96" title="איידעלער גאז – jidysz" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איידעלער גאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidysz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80f%C3%BA%C3%B9f%C3%B9_ab%C3%ADire" title="Ẹ̀fúùfù abíire – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀fúùfù abíire" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="惰性氣體 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="惰性氣體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="稀有气体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19609#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Helowce" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Helowce" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Helowce"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Helowce"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Helowce" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Helowce" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&oldid=74725030" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Helowce&id=74725030&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelowce"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelowce"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Helowce"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Helowce&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noble_gases" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19609" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65465977">.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid img{width:100%;height:100%!important;object-fit:cover}.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid.gridx3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid.gridx4{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}@media(max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .ramka-content.grid{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .ramka-container.thumb .thumbinner{display:block}}</style><div class="ramka-container thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: auto"> <div style="border:1px solid #ccc;" class="ramka-content"> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grupa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Grupa układu okresowego">Grupa</a> → <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18<br /><small>VIIIA</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>↓ <a href="/wiki/Prawo_okresowo%C5%9Bci_Mendelejewa" title="Prawo okresowości Mendelejewa">Okres</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_pierwszego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki pierwszego okresu">1</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="gaz szlachetny; Naturalny; Gaz" style="text-align:center; color:red; background:#ABCDEF; border:1px solid black;">2 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek)">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_drugiego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki drugiego okresu">2</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="gaz szlachetny; Naturalny; Gaz" style="text-align:center; color:red; background:#ABCDEF; border:1px solid black;">10 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neon_(pierwiastek)" title="Neon (pierwiastek)">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_trzeciego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki trzeciego okresu">3</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="gaz szlachetny; Naturalny; Gaz" style="text-align:center; color:red; background:#ABCDEF; border:1px solid black;">18 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_czwartego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki czwartego okresu">4</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="gaz szlachetny; Naturalny; Gaz" style="text-align:center; color:red; background:#ABCDEF; border:1px solid black;">36 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_pi%C4%85tego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki piątego okresu">5</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="gaz szlachetny; Naturalny; Gaz" style="text-align:center; color:red; background:#ABCDEF; border:1px solid black;">54 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_sz%C3%B3stego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki szóstego okresu">6</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="gaz szlachetny; Rozpad; Gaz" style="text-align:center; color:red; background:#ABCDEF; border:2px dashed #333;">86 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_si%C3%B3dmego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki siódmego okresu">7</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </th> <td title="nieznane; Sztuczny; Nieznany" style="text-align:center; color:grey; background:#ECECEC; border:2px dotted #333;">118 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="thumbcaption">Helowce</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Helowce</b>, <b>gazy szlachetne</b> – <a href="/wiki/Pierwiastek_chemiczny" title="Pierwiastek chemiczny">pierwiastki chemiczne</a> ostatniej, 18. <a href="/wiki/Grupa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Grupa układu okresowego">grupy układu okresowego</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="dawniej">daw.</abbr> 0 lub VIII głównej). Do pierwiastków tych zalicza się <a href="/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek)">hel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon_(pierwiastek)" title="Neon (pierwiastek)">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">ksenon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>. Prawdopodobnie helowcem jest również syntetyczny pierwiastek <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Właściwości"><span id="W.C5.82a.C5.9Bciwo.C5.9Bci"></span>Właściwości</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Właściwości" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Właściwości"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wszystkie helowce są bezbarwnymi, bezwonnymi, słabo rozpuszczającymi się w wodzie gazami. Mają niskie <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_topnienia" title="Temperatura topnienia">temperatury topnienia</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Właściwości fizyczne helowców </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Helowiec </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Masa_atomowa" title="Masa atomowa">Masa<br />atomowa</a> [u] </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_topnienia" title="Temperatura topnienia">Temperatura<br />topnienia</a> [K]<sup id="cite_ref-norm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norm-1">[i]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Temperatura_wrzenia" title="Temperatura wrzenia">Temperatura<br />wrzenia</a> [K]<sup id="cite_ref-norm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norm-1">[i]</a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stan_skupienia_materii" title="Stan skupienia materii">Stan skupienia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elektroujemno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Elektroujemność">Elektroujemność</a><br />(w skali Allreda-Rochowa) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konfiguracja_elektronowa" title="Konfiguracja elektronowa">Konfiguracja elektronowa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek)">Hel</a>, He </td> <td>4 </td> <td>–<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[ii]</a></sup> </td> <td>4,22 </td> <td>gaz </td> <td>5,50 </td> <td>1s<sup>2</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon_(pierwiastek)" title="Neon (pierwiastek)">Neon</a>, Ne </td> <td>20,18 </td> <td>24,56 </td> <td>27,07 </td> <td>gaz </td> <td>4,84 </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek)">He</a>]2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a>, Ar </td> <td>39,95 </td> <td>83,80 </td> <td>87,30 </td> <td>gaz </td> <td>3,20 </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Neon_(pierwiastek)" title="Neon (pierwiastek)">Ne</a>]3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a>, Kr </td> <td>83,80 </td> <td>115,80 </td> <td>119,93 </td> <td>gaz </td> <td>2,94 </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>]4s<sup>2</sup>3d<sup>10</sup>4p<sup>6</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">Ksenon</a>, Xe </td> <td>131,30 </td> <td>161,40 </td> <td>165,1 </td> <td>gaz </td> <td>2,40 </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>]5s<sup>2</sup>4d<sup>10</sup>5p<sup>6</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a>, Rn </td> <td>(222)<sup id="cite_ref-izotop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-izotop-3">[iii]</a></sup> </td> <td>202 </td> <td>211,30 </td> <td>gaz </td> <td>2,2 </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">Xe</a>]6s<sup>2</sup>4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>10</sup>6p<sup>6</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Oganeson</a>, Og </td> <td>(294)<sup id="cite_ref-izotop_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-izotop-3">[iii]</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>prawdopodobnie <a href="/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_sta%C5%82e" title="Ciało stałe">ciało stałe</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>]7s<sup>2</sup>5f<sup>14</sup>6d<sup>10</sup>7p<sup>6</sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup><sup></sup> (przewidywana) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection refsection-"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-norm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-norm_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-norm_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pod <a href="/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie_normalne" title="Ciśnienie normalne">ciśnieniem normalnym</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hel pod normalnym ciśnieniem nie przechodzi w stan stały nawet w najniższej osiągalnej temperaturze.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-izotop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-izotop_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-izotop_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Najtrwalszy znany izotop.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Pierwiastki te są wysoce niereaktywne. Wynika to z faktu, że nie zawierają one żadnych częściowo zapełnionych <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronami</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">orbitali</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></sup>, które mogłyby uczestniczyć w tworzeniu wiązań chemicznych. W dół grupy powoli zwiększa się reaktywność tych pierwiastków. Spowodowane jest to tym, że zwiększa się ich rozmiar, a z nim odległość elektronów walencyjnych od środka jądra. </p><p>Pomimo bardzo niskiej reaktywności lżejszych helowców, znane są nietrwałe związki helu: cząsteczka <span style="white-space:nowrap">He<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.3em; line-height:1.0em; font-size:80%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Schöllkopf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schöllkopf-6">[1]</a></sup>, jon <span style="white-space:nowrap">HeH<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:0.7em; line-height:1.0em; font-size:80%; text-align:left;">+<br /></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Hogness_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogness-7">[2]</a></sup> i LiHe<sup id="cite_ref-Tariq_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tariq-8">[3]</a></sup>. Na przełomie 2016/2017 doniesiono o otrzymaniu pierwszego stałego związku helu, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Na<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.3em; line-height:1.0em; font-size:80%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>He</span>, który jest trwały termodynamicznie pod ciśnieniem powyżej 113 GPa (ok. 1,1×10<sup>6</sup> atm). Tworzy kryształy o strukturze <a href="/wiki/Fluoryt" title="Fluoryt">fluorytu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dong2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dong2017-9">[4]</a></sup>. </p><p>Znany jest też związek <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argonu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fluorowodorek_argonu" title="Fluorowodorek argonu">fluorowodorek argonu</a>, otrzymany w temperaturze około 40 K. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">ksenon</a> tworzą większą liczbę związków, lecz są one często trudne do uzyskania i niekiedy nietrwałe w temperaturze pokojowej. Działając ksenonem na <a href="/wiki/Fluorek_platyny(VI)" title="Fluorek platyny(VI)">heksafluorek platyny</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bartlett" title="Neil Bartlett">Neil Bartlett</a> (opierając się na wcześniejszym odkryciu wraz z Lohmannem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksafluoroplatynian_dioksygenylu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksafluoroplatynian dioksygenylu (strona nie istnieje)">heksafluoroplatynianu dioksygenylu</a>) otrzymał trwały czerwonopomarańczowy związek, <a href="/wiki/Heksafluoroplatynian_ksenonu" title="Heksafluoroplatynian ksenonu">heksafluoroplatynian ksenonu</a>. </p><p>Stosunkowo najbardziej reaktywny jest radon. Istnieje trwały chemicznie związek – <a href="/wiki/Difluorek_radonu" title="Difluorek radonu">fluorek radonu</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">RnF<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.3em; line-height:1.0em; font-size:80%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span>. Powstaje on z mieszaniny fluoru i radonu w temperaturze ok. 400 °C. Cząstka ta rozpada się jednak ze względu na <a href="/wiki/Radioaktywno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Radioaktywność">radioaktywność</a> radonu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek)">Hel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon_(pierwiastek)" title="Neon (pierwiastek)">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">ksenon</a> występują w niewielkich ilościach w powietrzu i dlatego podstawowym sposobem ich otrzymywania jest <a href="/wiki/Rektyfikacja_(destylacja)" title="Rektyfikacja (destylacja)">destylacja frakcyjna</a> powietrza. <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> są produktami <a href="/wiki/Szereg_promieniotw%C3%B3rczy" title="Szereg promieniotwórczy">rozpadu promieniotwórczego</a> <a href="/wiki/Uran_(pierwiastek)" title="Uran (pierwiastek)">uranu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tor_(pierwiastek)" title="Tor (pierwiastek)">toru</a>, towarzyszą zwykle złożom rud tych metali, dzięki czemu można te złoża stosunkowo łatwo wykrywać. </p><p>Gazy szlachetne w niskich temperaturach tworzą kryształy związane słabymi <a href="/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywania_mi%C4%99dzycz%C4%85steczkowe" title="Oddziaływania międzycząsteczkowe">oddziaływaniami van der Waalsa</a>. Hel przy zerowym ciśnieniu nie krystalizuje nawet w temperaturach bliskich 0 K; dominującą rolę odgrywa tu <a href="/wiki/Energia_punktu_zerowego" title="Energia punktu zerowego">energia drgań zerowych</a>, która destabilizuje kryształ. Drgania zerowe powodują też zmniejszenie wartości <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energia_kohezji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energia kohezji (strona nie istnieje)">energii kohezji</a> kryształów w porównaniu z sumaryczną energią oddziaływań van der Waalsa. Ze względu na zależność energii drgań zerowych od masy to zmniejszenie jest tym większe, im mniejsza jest masa atomu (np. dla neonu zmniejsza ją o wartość 28%, a dla ksenonu – o 4%). Skutkuje to również różną wartością stałej sieci dla kryształów różnych izotopów danego gazu szlachetnego. Gazy szlachetne, z wyjątkiem helu, krystalizują w strukturze regularnej gęstego upakowania (fcc)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[5]</a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg/600px-Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg/900px-Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg/1200px-Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Gazy szlachetne emitujące światło widzialne pod wpływem wyładowań elektrycznych</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Glowing_noble_gases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Glowing_noble_gases.jpg/600px-Glowing_noble_gases.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Glowing_noble_gases.jpg/900px-Glowing_noble_gases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Glowing_noble_gases.jpg/1200px-Glowing_noble_gases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6250" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Gazy szlachetne emitujące światło widzialne w silnym <a href="/wiki/Pole_elektryczne" title="Pole elektryczne">polu elektrycznym</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zastosowanie">Zastosowanie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zastosowanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zastosowanie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:NeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/200px-NeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/300px-NeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NeTube.jpg/400px-NeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Gazów szlachetnych używa się m.in. w <a href="/wiki/Neon_(reklama)" title="Neon (reklama)">neonach reklamowych</a>. Na zdjęciu lampa z zastosowaniem <a href="/wiki/Neon_(pierwiastek)" title="Neon (pierwiastek)">neonu</a>, popularnie nazywana <a href="/wiki/Lampa_neonowa" title="Lampa neonowa">neonówką</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gazy szlachetne wykorzystuje się wszędzie tam, gdzie potrzebna jest obojętna, beztlenowa atmosfera zapobiegająca reakcjom utleniania. Stosuje się je do napełniania <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBar%C3%B3wka" title="Żarówka">żarówek</a>, do prowadzenia reakcji wymagających obojętnych warunków i do spieniania <a href="/wiki/Tworzywa_sztuczne" title="Tworzywa sztuczne">tworzyw sztucznych</a>. </p><p>Żaden z nich nie uczestniczy w procesach biologicznych, dlatego często używa się ich jako obojętnych gazów zapobiegających starzeniu się materiałów pochodzenia organicznego. Dla przykładu, oryginał <a href="/wiki/Konstytucja_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Konstytucja Stanów Zjednoczonych">Konstytucji</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Deklaracja_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9Bci_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Deklaracja niepodległości Stanów Zjednoczonych">Deklaracji niepodległości Stanów Zjednoczonych</a> przechowuje się w szczelnej gablocie wypełnionej helem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noble_gases?uselang=pl"><strong>Zobacz multimedia</strong> związane z tematem: <em>Helowce</em></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/28px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/42px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg/56px-WiktionaryPl_nodesc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="117" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaz_szlachetny" class="extiw" title="wikt:gaz szlachetny"><strong>Zobacz hasło</strong> <em>gaz szlachetny</em> w Wikisłowniku</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regu%C5%82a_oktetu" title="Reguła oktetu">reguła oktetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_d" title="Blok d">metale przejściowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metale_ziem_rzadkich" title="Metale ziem rzadkich">metale ziem rzadkich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemetale" title="Niemetale">niemetale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82metale" title="Półmetale">półmetale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uwagi">Uwagi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Uwagi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Uwagi"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection refsection-uwagi ll-script ll-script-uwagi"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stały stan skupienia wynika z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relatywistyczna_chemia_kwantowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relatywistyczna chemia kwantowa (strona nie istnieje)">efektów relatywistycznych</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tzn. w <a href="/wiki/Stan_podstawowy" title="Stan podstawowy">stanie podstawowym</a> wszystkie orbitale są albo wypełnione całkowicie, albo puste.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helowce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schöllkopf-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schöllkopf_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal closed-access doi pmid nourl c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">W.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">W.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Schöllkopf</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">W.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">W.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">J.P.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">J.P.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Toennies</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">J.P.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">J.P.</span></span>, <i>Nondestructive Mass Selection of Small van der Waals Clusters</i>, „<a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>”, 266 (5189), 1994, s. 1345–1348, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.266.5189.1345">10.1126/science.266.5189.1345</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772840">17772840</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1994&rft.atitle=Nondestructive+Mass+Selection+of+Small+van+der+Waals+Clusters&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.volume=266&rft.edition=5189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17772840&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.266.5189.1345" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogness-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hogness_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal closed-access doi nourl c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">T.R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">T.R.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Hogness</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">T.R.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">T.R.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">E.G.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">E.G.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Lunn</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">E.G.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">E.G.</span></span>, <i>The Ionization of Hydrogen by Electron Impact as Interpreted by Positive Ray Analysis</i>, „<a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>”, 26 (1), 1925, s. 44–55, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.26.44">10.1103/PhysRev.26.44</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1925&rft.atitle=The+Ionization+of+Hydrogen+by+Electron+Impact+as+Interpreted+by+Positive+Ray+Analysis&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.volume=26&rft.edition=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.26.44" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tariq-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tariq_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal closed-access doi pmid nourl c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">N.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">N.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Tariq</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">N.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">N.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="N. Tariq; N. Al Taisan; V. Singh; J.D. Weinstein"> i inni</span>, <i>Spectroscopic detection of the LiHe molecule</i>, „Physical Review Letters”, 110 (15), 2013, s. 153201, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.110.153201">10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.153201</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25167262">25167262</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2013&rft.atitle=Spectroscopic+detection+of+the+LiHe+molecule&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.volume=110&rft.edition=15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25167262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.110.153201" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dong2017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dong2017_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi nourl c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Xiao</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Xiao" style="display:none">X.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Dong</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Xiao</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Xiao">X.</span></span><span class="cite-at-al" title="Xiao Dong, Artem R. Oganov, Alexander F. Goncharov, Elissaios Stavrou, Sergey Lobanov, Gabriele Saleh, Guang-Rui Qian, Qiang Zhu, Carlo Gatti, Volker L. Deringer, Richard Dronskowski, Xiang-Feng Zhou, Vitali B. Prakapenka, Zuzana Konôpková, Ivan A. Popov, Alexander I. Boldyrev, Hui-Tian Wang"> i inni</span>, <i>A stable compound of helium and sodium at high pressure</i>, „Nature Chemistry”, 2017, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2716">10.1038/nchem.2716</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2017&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+stable+compound+of+helium+and+sodium+at+high+pressure&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2716" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Charles</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Charles" style="display:none">Ch.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Kittel</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Charles</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Charles">Ch.</span></span>, <i>Wstęp do fizyki ciała stałego</i>, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1999, s. 75–83, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8301127066" title="Specjalna:Książki/8301127066">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-01-12706-6</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Kittel&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=83-01-12706-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Wst%C4%99p+do+fizyki+cia%C5%82a+sta%C5%82ego&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar{font-weight:normal;font-size:xx-small;white-space:nowrap;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.tnavbar{margin-left:1em;float:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .below>hr+.tnavbar{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox .below>.tnavbar:before{content:"Ten szablon: "}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar li:after{content:" · "}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox hr{margin:0.2em 1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .title{background:#ddf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content:not(.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych){margin-top:2px;padding:0;font-size:smaller;overflow:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox .above+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .above+.navbox-main-content,.mw-parser-output .navbox .below,.mw-parser-output .navbox .title+.grid{margin-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below{background:#ddf;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.after{align-self:center;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.navbox-main-content{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .before{margin-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .after{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard{border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.opis{text-align:right;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.opis+.spis{border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td:first-child{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.navbox-even{padding:0 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr+tr>th,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr+tr>td{border-top:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>th+td{border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns{table-layout:fixed}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-right:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr+tr>td{border-top:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th:first-child,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td:first-child{border-left:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th:last-child,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td:last-child{border-right:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>dl{text-align:left;column-width:24em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+table{margin-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>.opis,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>.spis{padding:0.1em 1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div.mw-collapsible>.mw-collapsible-toggle{width:4em;text-align:right;margin-right:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.fakebar,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div.mw-collapsible>.fakebar{float:left;width:4em;height:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background:#ddf;padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .opis{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .navbox-even,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .navbox-odd{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .navbox-even{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+div{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox p{margin:0;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:gold}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:silver}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#c96}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>ol{column-width:24em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox ul{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox .references{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist li{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox .rok{display:inline-block;width:4em;padding-right:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-statistics{margin-top:2px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .navbox-summary>.title{font-weight:bold;font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.grupa-szablonów) .navbox{margin:0;border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.grupa-szablonów>.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych>.navbox:first-child{margin-top:2px}@media(max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.after{display:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis img,.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis .flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Budowa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Szablon:Budowa układu okresowego"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Budowa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Budowa układu okresowego (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Budowa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Struktura <a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_okresowy_pierwiastk%C3%B3w" title="Układ okresowy pierwiastków">układu okresowego</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Grupa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Grupa układu okresowego">Grupy</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1 – <a href="/wiki/Litowce" title="Litowce">litowce</a> (<i>metale alkaliczne</i>)</li> <li>2 – <a href="/wiki/Berylowce" title="Berylowce">berylowce</a> (<i>metale ziem alkalicznych</i>)</li> <li>3 – <a href="/wiki/Skandowce" title="Skandowce">skandowce</a></li> <li>4 – <a href="/wiki/Tytanowce" title="Tytanowce">tytanowce</a></li> <li>5 – <a href="/wiki/Wanadowce" title="Wanadowce">wanadowce</a></li> <li>6 – <a href="/wiki/Chromowce" title="Chromowce">chromowce</a></li> <li>7 – <a href="/wiki/Manganowce" title="Manganowce">manganowce</a></li> <li>8 – <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBelazowce" title="Żelazowce">żelazowce</a></li> <li>9 – <a href="/wiki/Kobaltowce" title="Kobaltowce">kobaltowce</a></li> <li>10 – <a href="/wiki/Niklowce" title="Niklowce">niklowce</a></li> <li>11 – <a href="/wiki/Miedziowce" title="Miedziowce">miedziowce</a></li> <li>12 – <a href="/wiki/Cynkowce" title="Cynkowce">cynkowce</a></li> <li>13 – <a href="/wiki/Borowce_(chemia)" title="Borowce (chemia)">borowce</a></li> <li>14 – <a href="/wiki/W%C4%99glowce" title="Węglowce">węglowce</a></li> <li>15 – <a href="/wiki/Azotowce" title="Azotowce">azotowce</a> <i>(pniktogeny)</i></li> <li>16 – <a href="/wiki/Tlenowce" title="Tlenowce">tlenowce</a> <i>(chalkogeny)</i></li> <li>17 – <a href="/wiki/Fluorowce" title="Fluorowce">fluorowce</a> <i>(chlorowce, halogeny)</i></li> <li>18 – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">helowce</a> <i>(gazy szlachetne)</i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Prawo_okresowo%C5%9Bci_Mendelejewa" title="Prawo okresowości Mendelejewa">Okresy</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_pierwszego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki pierwszego okresu">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_drugiego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki drugiego okresu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_trzeciego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki trzeciego okresu">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_czwartego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki czwartego okresu">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_pi%C4%85tego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki piątego okresu">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_sz%C3%B3stego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki szóstego okresu">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_si%C3%B3dmego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki siódmego okresu">7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierwiastki_%C3%B3smego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki ósmego okresu">8</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Bloki</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blok_s" title="Blok s">blok s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_p" title="Blok p">blok p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_d" title="Blok d">blok d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_f" title="Blok f">blok f</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blok_g" title="Blok g">blok g</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Grupa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Grupa układu okresowego">grupa układu okresowego</a></span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85053403">sh85053403</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4151020-3">4151020-3</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01030643">01030643</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982013b">11982013b</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=19753">19753</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph503004">ph503004</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560587305171">987007560587305171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/noble-gas">science/noble-gas</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/gaz-rares/">gaz-rares</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=edelgassene">edelgassene</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0185698.xml">0185698</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helowce&oldid=74725030">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helowce&oldid=74725030</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Gazy_szlachetne" title="Kategoria:Gazy szlachetne">Gazy szlachetne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Grupy_pierwiastk%C3%B3w_chemicznych" title="Kategoria:Grupy pierwiastków chemicznych">Grupy pierwiastków chemicznych</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_zamieni%C5%82_nazw%C4%99_czasopisma" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania zamienił nazwę czasopisma">Szablon cytowania zamienił nazwę czasopisma</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 10 wrz 2024, 11:42.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. Zobacz szczegółowe informacje o <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/pl">warunkach korzystania</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polityka prywatności</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii">O Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Korzystasz_z_Wikipedii_tylko_na_w%C5%82asn%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87">Korzystasz z Wikipedii tylko na własną odpowiedzialność</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Powszechne Zasady Postępowania</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dla deweloperów</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pl.wikipedia.org">Statystyki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Oświadczenie o ciasteczkach</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helowce&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Wersja mobilna</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5767f597fb-5mcc9","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.452","walltime":"0.619","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3963,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":40936,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5265,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":21041,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":5,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 556.048 1 -total"," 28.49% 158.407 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 24.86% 138.261 1 Szablon:Budowa_układu_okresowego"," 24.25% 134.867 1 Szablon:Szablon_nawigacyjny"," 17.18% 95.553 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 14.72% 81.862 5 Szablon:Cytuj"," 12.49% 69.464 1 Szablon:Ramka"," 9.68% 53.851 1 Szablon:Układ_okresowy_pierwiastków/fragment"," 4.50% 25.011 2 Szablon:Uwagi"," 3.38% 18.778 7 Szablon:Układ_okresowy_pierwiastków/komórka"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.266","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3982315,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"journalAbbr = \"Science\"\next = nil\next = false\next = false\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\njournalAbbr = \"Physical Review\"\next = nil\next = false\next = false\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\njournalAbbr = \"Phys Rev Lett\"\next = nil\next = false\next = false\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\njournalAbbr = \"Nat Chem\"\next = nil\next = false\next = false\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-5b8b77dbbf-9kjls","timestamp":"20241127144951","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Helowce","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helowce","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19609","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19609","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-18T13:16:47Z","headline":"grupa pierwiastk\u00f3w chemicznych"}</script> </body> </html>