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href="/encyclopedie/gaz-rares/"> 1. L'h茅lium </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GAZ RARES ou GAZ NOBLES, Les autres gaz rares" href="/encyclopedie/gaz-rares/2-les-autres-gaz-rares/"> 2. Les autres gaz rares </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GAZ RARES ou GAZ NOBLES, Le radon en France聽: 茅mission et surveillance" href="/encyclopedie/gaz-rares/3-le-radon-en-france-emission-et-surveillance/"> 3. Le radon en France聽: 茅mission et surveillance </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="GAZ RARES ou GAZ NOBLES, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/gaz-rares/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>GAZ RARES </strong><span class="rm">ou </span><strong>GAZ NOBLES</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071496_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071496_0"></i><p>L'h茅lium, le n茅on, l'argon, le krypton, le x茅non et le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le radon est aujourd'hui consid茅r茅 comme la principale source d'exposition radiologique naturelle pour l'homme. C'est un gaz inerte issu de la d茅sint茅gration radioactive du radium . On le trouve plus particuli猫rement dans les r茅gions 脿 sous-sol cristallin (granite, pegmatite) o霉 l' uranium , le thorium et le radium sont pr茅sents en relativement fortes teneurs. Son taux d'exhalation 脿 l..." title="Article : RADON" href="/encyclopedie/radon/">radon</a> forment la famille des gaz rares, groupe z茅ro de la classification p茅riodique des 茅l茅ments chimiques. Tous monoatomiques, ces gaz sont caract茅ris茅s par leur tr猫s grande inertie chimique, d'o霉 les qualificatifs de nobles ou d'inertes qui leur sont quelquefois donn茅s. Cette remarquable inertie s'explique par l'existence d'une couche 茅lectronique ext茅rieure satur茅e, 脿 deux 茅lectrons pour l'h茅lium, 脿 huit pour les autres, configuration similaire 脿 celle de nombreux ions stables (th茅orie de l'octet).</p><p>Les gaz rares ont une affinit茅茅lectronique presque nulle et des potentiels d'ionisation extr锚mement 茅lev茅s. En cons茅quence, dans des conditions normales, ils ne gagnent ni ne perdent d'茅lectrons et ne forment pas de liaisons聽: les seules forces qui lient les atomes entre eux sont des forces de Van der Waals. Ces gaz sont caract茅ris茅s par des points de fusion et d'茅bullition tr猫s bas, ce qui, dans le cas de l'h茅lium, permet d'atteindre des temp茅ratures tr猫s voisines du z茅ro absolu. L'h茅lium pr茅sente la particularit茅 de n'exister 脿 l'茅tat solide que sous pression et de pr茅senter 脿 l'茅tat liquide deux phases, dont une, l'h茅lium聽II, a des propri茅t茅s de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La 芦 superfluidit茅禄 est une propri茅t茅 qu'ont certains liquides ou gaz de s'茅couler beaucoup plus facilement que les autres. Un superfluide peut s'茅couler sans r茅sistance aucune m锚me 脿 travers les plus petits orifices. De plus, les superfluides ont d'autres propri茅t茅s remarquables. Par exemple, la chaleur s'y propage sous forme d'ondes et les tourbillons y sont tous identiques. La supe..." title="Article : SUPERFLUIDIT脡" href="/encyclopedie/superfluidite/">superfluidit茅</a> qui n'appartiennent 脿 aucune autre substance.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH160217" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Soudure 脿 l鈥檃rc" href="/media/soudure-a-larc-ph160217/"><img id="PH160217" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/a/csm_ph160217_83f5116cd2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Soudure 脿 l鈥檃rc - cr茅dits : Safakcakir/ Shutterstock" data-description="Cette technique consiste 脿茅lever la temp茅rature des m茅taux 脿 souder jusqu'au point de fusion 脿 l'aide d'un arc 茅lectrique." data-copyright="Safakcakir/ Shutterstock" width="1024" height="683" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Soudure 脿 l鈥檃rc </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Safakcakir/ Shutterstock </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Produit de la d茅sint茅gration du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En 1898, quelques mois apr猫s avoir d茅couvert le polonium , Pierre et Marie Curie et leur collaborateur Gustave B茅mont, poursuivant l'茅tude du fractionnement de la pechblende de Joachimsthal (aujourd'hui J谩chymov, en R茅publique tch猫que), purent r茅v茅ler l'existence d'un 茅l茅ment d'un comportement chimique voisin de celui du baryum et pour lequel ils propos猫rent le nom de radium, en ..." title="Article : RADIUM" href="/encyclopedie/radium/">radium</a>, le radon est lui-m锚me radioactif聽: il se d茅grade en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le polonium (symbole Po, num茅ro atomique聽84) est un 茅l茅ment radioactif d茅couvert par Pierre et Marie Curie , en 1898, dans la pechblende de Joachimsthal (aujourd鈥檋ui J谩chymov, en R茅publique tch猫que). Ayant observ茅 que la radioactivit茅 des minerais d' uranium 茅tait sup茅rieure 脿 celle que l'on pouvait attendre d'apr猫s leur teneur, ils entreprirent des traitements chimique..." title="Article : POLONIUM" href="/encyclopedie/polonium/">polonium</a> avec une p茅riode inf茅rieure 脿 quatre jours. Les autres gaz rares sont stables. Leurs principales utilisations (essentiellement celles de l'argon et de l'h茅lium) sont la cr茅ation d'atmosph猫re neutre pour la soudure 脿 l'arc de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Bien qu'il ne soit pass茅 dans le domaine industriel qu'脿 la fin du xix e 聽si猫cle, apr猫s la d茅couverte par Paul Louis Toussaint H茅roult et Charles Martin Hall du proc茅d茅 de fabrication par 茅lectrolyse, l'aluminium est devenu le premier des m茅taux non ferreux. Sa l茅g猫ret茅, son inalt茅rabilit茅 pratique, sa bonne conductibilit茅茅lectrique et thermique, sa facilit茅 de d茅coration..." title="Article : ALUMINIUM" href="/encyclopedie/aluminium/">aluminium</a>, du magn茅sium, des aciers inoxydables, du titane, et pour l'茅laboration de certains m茅taux.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071496_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071496_1"></i><h2> L'h茅lium</h2><p>En 1868, Jules Janssen et Joseph Norman Lockyer observ猫rent ind茅pendamment une raie jaune nouvelle dans le spectre solaire. Georges Rayet eut l'id茅e que cette raie pouvait 锚tre 茅mise par un 茅l茅ment inconnu, mais ce furent Edward聽Frankland et J.鈥匩.聽Lockyer qui en firent la preuve, et ils appel猫rent cet 茅l茅ment h茅lium (du grec <em>h锚lios</em>, 芦聽soleil聽禄).</p><p>C'est seulement en 1895 que William Ramsay d茅couvrit l'h茅lium dans un minerai uranif猫re, la cl茅v茅ite, et le classa parmi les 茅l茅ments terrestres. La m锚me ann茅e, Heinrich聽Kayser d茅tecta sa pr茅sence dans l'atmosph猫re.</p><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC071496_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071496_1_0"></i><h3>脡tat naturel, production et utilisation</h3><p>L'h茅lium (symbole He) entre continuellement en tr猫s faible quantit茅 dans l'atmosph猫re sous forme de particules alpha des rayons cosmiques. Il est produit, 茅galement sous forme de particules alpha, par la d茅sint茅gration de plusieurs 茅l茅ments radioactifs dans la cro没te terrestre聽; l'h茅lium ainsi form茅 chemine 脿 travers la lithosph猫re et passe soit dans l'atmosph猫re, soit dans certaines poches de gaz naturels. Les atomes d'h茅lium ont une masse tr猫s faible et peuvent 茅chapper partiellement 脿 l'attraction de la Terre. Il s'est 茅tabli un 茅quilibre entre les pertes et les gains d'h茅lium par l'atmosph猫re, o霉 sa concentration est constante聽: 5,3聽cm<sup>3</sup> d'h茅lium par m猫tre cube d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le globe terrestre est entour茅 d'une atmosph猫re constitu茅e d'un m茅lange gazeux nomm茅 air, qui s'茅tend de la surface du sol jusqu'脿 une altitude d'environ 150聽kilom猫tres.. La pression de l'air au niveau de la mer a longtemps servi d'unit茅 de pression (atmosph猫re)聽; elle d茅cro卯t si l'on s'茅l猫ve et, vers 130 kilom猫tres, le vide est comparable 脿 celui que l'on peut obtenir en labo..." title="Article : AIR" href="/encyclopedie/air/">air</a>.</p><p>L'h茅lium accumul茅 dans les poches de gaz naturels constitue la r茅serve la plus importante聽; c'est une valorisation non n茅gligeable du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="M茅lange d' hydrocarbures satur茅s compos茅 essentiellement de m茅thane , le gaz naturel appartient au groupe des combustibles fossiles, comme le charbon, le p茅trole ou le lignite. Comme ces derniers, il peut 锚tre utilis茅 aussi bien comme source d'茅nergie que comme mati猫re premi猫re. Non renouvelable mais relativement abondant et assez bien r茅parti dans le monde, il dispose de nombreuses q..." title="Article : GAZ NATUREL" href="/encyclopedie/gaz-naturel/">gaz naturel</a>. Les sources les plus connues sont situ茅es aux 脡tats-Unis, pr猫s d'Amarillo (Texas). Des sources sont exploit茅es 茅galement en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Pologne est le plus important des dix 脡tats entr茅s dans l'Union europ茅enne en mai 2004. Apr猫s quarante-cinq ann茅es pass茅es sous domination sovi茅tique, les nouveaux dirigeants du pays ont tous pr茅sent茅 cette adh茅sion comme un 芦聽retour聽禄脿 l'Europe, une 芦聽r茅unification聽禄. C'est dire combien la Pologne se consid猫re enracin茅e dans la tradition occidentale. Majoritairement ..." title="Article : POLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/pologne/">Pologne</a> et au Canada (Saskatchewan).</p><p>L'h茅lium est extrait du m茅lange de gaz en liqu茅fiant sous pression 脿 basse temp茅rature successivement tous les constituants sauf l'h茅lium. Les impuret茅s que contient la phase ultime sont 茅limin茅es par adsorption sur du charbon actif 脿 la temp茅rature de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' azote est un gaz incolore, inodore et sans saveur qui constitue un peu plus des trois quarts du volume de l'atmosph猫re. Il existe 茅galement dans les fumerolles volcaniques.. Certaines m茅t茅orites en renferment et, par des m茅thodes spectroscopiques, on a mis sa pr茅sence en 茅vidence dans le Soleil et de nombreuses 茅toiles .. Bien que ses compos茅s soient pr茅sents dans un grand nombr..." title="Article : AZOTE" href="/encyclopedie/azote/">azote</a> liquide. Actuellement, plusieurs installations<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" 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data-matomo-value="Block bottom">D茅couvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> D茅j脿 abonn茅 ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C071496_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">脡crit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="ALLAMAGNY, Paul"><a title="Auteur : Paul ALLAMAGNY" rel="author" href="/auteurs/paul-allamagny/"><strong>Paul ALLAMAGNY</strong></a> : chef de service au d茅partement recherches et applications d'Air liquide </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="LACAZE, Albert"><a title="Auteur : Albert LACAZE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/albert-lacaze/"><strong>Albert LACAZE</strong></a> : professeur 脿 l'universit茅 scientifique et m茅dicale de Grenoble </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="LEMAITRE, Nathalie"><a title="Auteur : Nathalie LEMAITRE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/nathalie-lemaitre/"><strong>Nathalie LEMAITRE</strong></a> : doctorat d'脡tat, sous-directeur adjoint 脿 l'Impact sanitaire, Office de protection contre les rayonnements ionisants </li><li class="list-group-item"><strong> Encyclop忙dia Universalis</strong> : services r茅dactionnels de l'Encyclop忙dia Universalis</li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : GAZ RARES ou GAZ NOBLES" href="/carte-mentale/gaz-rares/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> 脡largissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071496_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Chimie" href="/classification/chimie/"> Chimie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Chimie inorganique ou chimie min茅rale" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/"> Chimie inorganique ou chimie min茅rale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Compos茅s, chimie min茅rale" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/"> Compos茅s, chimie min茅rale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : 脡l茅ments chimiques et compos茅s d茅riv茅s" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/"> 脡l茅ments chimiques et compos茅s d茅riv茅s </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Non-m茅taux et compos茅s d茅riv茅s" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/non-metaux-et-composes-derives/"> Non-m茅taux et compos茅s d茅riv茅s </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Gaz rares"> <a title="Classification : Gaz rares" href="/classification/chimie/chimie-inorganique-ou-chimie-minerale/composes-chimie-minerale/elements-chimiques-et-composes-derives/non-metaux-et-composes-derives/gaz-rares/"> Gaz rares </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques" href="/classification/techniques/"> Techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : 脡nergie" href="/classification/techniques/energie/"> 脡nergie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : 脡nergie nucl茅aire" href="/classification/techniques/energie/energie-nucleaire/"> 脡nergie nucl茅aire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : S没ret茅 nucl茅aire" href="/classification/techniques/energie/energie-nucleaire/surete-nucleaire/"> S没ret茅 nucl茅aire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Pollution et accidents nucl茅aires"> <a title="Classification : Pollution et accidents nucl茅aires" href="/classification/techniques/energie/energie-nucleaire/surete-nucleaire/pollution-et-accidents-nucleaires/"> Pollution et accidents nucl茅aires </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Physique" href="/classification/physique/"> Physique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Physique nucl茅aire" href="/classification/physique/physique-nucleaire/"> Physique nucl茅aire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Radioactivit茅" href="/classification/physique/physique-nucleaire/radioactivite/"> Radioactivit茅 </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Radio茅l茅ments"> <a title="Classification : Radio茅l茅ments" href="/classification/physique/physique-nucleaire/radioactivite/radioelements/"> Radio茅l茅ments </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071496_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">M茅dias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH160217" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Soudure 脿 l鈥檃rc" href="/media/soudure-a-larc-ph160217/"> <img id="PH160217" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/a/csm_ph160217_83f5116cd2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Soudure 脿 l鈥檃rc - cr茅dits : Safakcakir/ Shutterstock" data-description="Cette 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