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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_computer_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_computer_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emergence of computer banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_computer_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_and_customer_reluctance_and_banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_and_customer_reluctance_and_banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Internet and customer reluctance and banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_and_customer_reluctance_and_banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_online_banking_services_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_online_banking_services_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First online banking services by region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_online_banking_services_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>The United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>The United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.7</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.9</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.10</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.11</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.12</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.13</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cook_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cook_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.14</span> <span>Cook Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cook_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism and problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Online banking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="خدمات مصرفية عبر الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خدمات مصرفية عبر الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlayn_bank%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Onlayn bankçılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onlayn bankçılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ইন্টারনেট ব্যাংকিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট ব্যাংকিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Онлайн банкиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Онлайн банкиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_electr%C3%B2nica" title="Banca electrònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banca electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetov%C3%A9_bankovnictv%C3%AD" title="Internetové bankovnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internetové bankovnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbank" title="Netbank – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Netbank" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Banking" title="Electronic Banking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Electronic Banking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Banca electrónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banca electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banku_elektronikoa" title="Banku elektronikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banku elektronikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بانکداری الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانکداری الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_en_ligne" title="Banque en ligne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque en ligne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teileabhainc%C3%A9ireacht" title="Teileabhaincéireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teileabhaincéireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B1%85%ED%82%B9" title="온라인 뱅킹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온라인 뱅킹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE" title="Առցանց բանկային գործ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առցանց բանկային գործ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="ऑनलाइन बैंकिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑनलाइन बैंकिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetsko_bankarstvo" title="Internetsko bankarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetsko bankarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-banking" title="E-banking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="E-banking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimabanki" title="Heimabanki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimabanki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="בנקאות באינטרנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנקאות באינטרנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆನ್ಲೈನ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆನ್ಲೈನ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Интернет-банкинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интернет-банкинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetbanka" title="Internetbanka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Internetbanka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetin%C4%97_bankininkyst%C4%97" title="Internetinė bankininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Internetinė bankininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banki_%C3%BCgyint%C3%A9z%C3%A9s" title="Online banki ügyintézés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Online banki ügyintézés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Интернет-банкарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интернет-банкарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓൺലൈൻ ബാങ്കിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓൺലൈൻ ബാങ്കിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="इ-बँकिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ-बँकिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်ဘဏ်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်ဘဏ်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetbankieren" title="Internetbankieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internetbankieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetbankieren" title="Internetbankieren – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Internetbankieren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="インターネットバンキング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターネットバンキング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettbank" title="Nettbank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nettbank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettbank" title="Nettbank – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nettbank" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankowo%C5%9B%C4%87_elektroniczna" title="Bankowość elektroniczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bankowość elektroniczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_intern%C3%A9tico" title="Banco internético – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco internético" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_banking" title="Internet banking – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internet banking" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Интернет-банкинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интернет-банкинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_banking" title="Internet banking – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Internet banking" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronsko_ban%C4%8Dni%C5%A1tvo" title="Elektronsko bančništvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronsko bančništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronsko_bankarstvo" title="Elektronsko bankarstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektronsko bankarstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkopankki" title="Verkkopankki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkopankki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetbank" title="Internetbank – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internetbank" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைய வங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய வங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆన్‌లైన్ బ్యాంకింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆన్‌లైన్ బ్యాంకింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="การธนาคารอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การธนาคารอิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_bankac%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İnternet bankacılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet bankacılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Інтернет-банкінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтернет-банкінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_tr%E1%BB%B1c_tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Ngân hàng trực tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng trực tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shopping_cart_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/42px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/63px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/84px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital content</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Retail goods and services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">Auctions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-by-mail" title="DVD-by-mail">DVD-by-mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_grocer" title="Online grocer">Grocery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ride-hailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">Comparison shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_trading_community" title="Online trading community">Trading communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_wallet" title="Online wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Mobile commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">Call centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_desk" title="Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Live support software</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">E-procurement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Purchase-to-pay" title="Purchase-to-pay">Purchase-to-pay</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">Super-apps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_Noun_project_39956.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/120px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/180px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/240px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="56" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of banks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advising_bank" title="Advising bank">Advising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banq_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banq (term)">Banq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_bracket" title="Bulge bracket">Bulge bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_bank" title="Community development bank">Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_bank" title="Custodian bank">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_bank" title="Depository bank">Depository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_finance_institution" title="Development finance institution">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency" title="Export credit agency">Export credit agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_loan_company" title="Industrial loan company">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_Bracket#Middle_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge Bracket">Middle market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_center_bank" title="Money center bank">Money center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">Neobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_banking" title="Participation banking">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payments_bank" title="Payments bank">Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Postal savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_bank" title="Universal bank">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesale_banking" title="Wholesale banking">Wholesale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_holding_company" title="Bank holding company">Bank holding company</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banks" title="Lists of banks">Lists of banks</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">Accounts</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bank_card" title="Bank card">Cards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Accounts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">Money-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_deposit" title="Time deposit">Time deposit (Bond)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Transaction_account" title="Transaction account">Transaction (checking / current)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Cards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATM_card" title="ATM card">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">Debit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card#Prepaid_cards" title="Credit card">Prepaid</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Funds transfer</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card" title="Payment card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Electronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bill_payment" title="Electronic bill payment">Bill payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_gross_settlement" title="Real-time gross settlement">RTGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_settlement" title="Net settlement">NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_clearing_house" title="Automated clearing house">ACH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_payment" title="Instant payment">Instant payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giro_(banking)" title="Giro (banking)">Giro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT">SWIFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correspondent_account" title="Correspondent account">Correspondent account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS_Group#Operations" title="CLS Group">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System" title="Cross-Border Interbank Payment System">CIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Asset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_and_liability_management" title="Asset and liability management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_debt" title="Bad debt">Bad debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Bank secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_appreciation" title="Capital appreciation">Asset growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">Capital asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">Economic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_value" title="Enterprise value">Enterprise value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_engineering" title="Financial engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_forecast" title="Financial forecast">forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_plan" title="Financial plan">plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">Fractional-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">Full-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">Fundamental analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">Growth investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_advisory" title="Investment advisory">Investment advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">Mathematical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">Private banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_finance" title="Statistical finance">Statistical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_financial_management" title="Strategic financial management">Strategic financial management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_test_(financial)" title="Stress test (financial)">Stress test (financial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">Structured finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_asset" title="Toxic asset">Toxic asset</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_pricing" title="Asset pricing">Asset pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bond (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_structure" title="Capital structure">Capital structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_capital" title="Cost of capital">Cost of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_traded_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange traded fund">Exchange traded fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">History of banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_(alphabetical)" title="List of banks (alphabetical)">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Security (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">Shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">Sustainable development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_risk" title="Systematic risk">Systematic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_connected_to_fail" title="Too connected to fail">Too connected to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking" title="Category:Banking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banking">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Banking">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banking" title="Template:Banking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banking" title="Template talk:Banking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Online banking</b>, also known as <b>internet banking, virtual banking, web banking or home banking</b>, is a system that enables customers of a <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> to conduct a range of <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">financial transactions</a> through the financial institution's website or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a>. Since the early 2000s this has become the most common way that customers access their bank accounts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png/220px-Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png/330px-Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png/440px-Screenshot_eBanking_bei_der_Frankfurter_Volksbank.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Volksbank" title="Frankfurter Volksbank">Frankfurter Volksbank</a> Showing E-banking transactions</figcaption></figure> <p>The online banking system will typically connect to or be part of the <a href="/wiki/Core_banking" title="Core banking">core banking</a> system operated by a bank to provide customers access to banking services in addition to or in place of historic <a href="/wiki/Branch_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch banking">branch banking</a>. Online banking significantly reduces the banks' operating cost by reducing reliance on a physical branch network and offers convenience to some customers by lessening the need to visit a branch bank as well as being able to perform banking transactions even when branches are closed, for example outside the conventional banking hours or on weekends and holidays. </p><p>Internet banking provides personal and corporate banking services offering features such as making <a href="/wiki/Electronic_payment_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic payment system">electronic payments</a>, viewing account balances, obtaining statements, checking recent transactions and transferring money between accounts. </p><p>Some banks operate as a "<a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">direct bank</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">neobank</a>" that operate entirely via the internet or internet and telephone without having any physical branches relying completely on their online banking facilities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precursor to the modern online banking services was distance banking electronically and by telephone since the early 1980s. The term 'online' became popular in the late 1980s and referred to the use of a terminal, keyboard, and TV or monitor to access the banking system using a phone line. 'Home banking' can also refer to the use of a numeric keypad to send tones down a phone line with instructions to the bank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_computer_banking">Emergence of computer banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence of computer banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_(9722802531).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_%289722802531%29.jpg/220px-RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_%289722802531%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_%289722802531%29.jpg/330px-RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_%289722802531%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_%289722802531%29.jpg/440px-RARE_1985_AT%26T_Home_Banking_TV_Console_%289722802531%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A 1985 AT&T Home Banking console.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first home banking service was offered to consumers in December 1980 by United American Bank, a <a href="/wiki/Community_bank" title="Community bank">community bank</a> with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>. United American partnered with <a href="/wiki/Radio_Shack" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Shack">Radio Shack</a> to produce a secure custom modem for its <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a> computer that allowed bank customers to access their account information securely. Services available in its first years included bill pay, account balance checks, and loan applications, as well as game access, budget and tax calculators and daily newspapers. Thousands of customers paid $25–30 per month for the service.<sup id="cite_ref-Sudman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sudman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large banks, many working on parallel tracks to United American, followed in 1981 when four of New York's major banks (<a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chase_(bank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase (bank)">Chase Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank">Chemical Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers Hanover">Manufacturers Hanover</a>) offered home banking services,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">videotex</a> system. Because of the commercial failure of videotex, these banking services never became popular except in France (where millions of videotex terminals (<a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a>) where given out by the telecom provider) and the UK, where the <a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a> system was used. </p><p>The first videotext banking service in France was launched on December 20, 1983, by CCF Bank (now part of HSBC). Videotext online Banking services eventually reached 19% market share by 1991<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The developers of United American Bank's first-to-market computer banking system aimed to license it nationally, but they were overtaken by competitors when United American failed in 1983 as a result of loan fraud on the part of bank owner <a href="/wiki/Jake_Butcher" title="Jake Butcher">Jake Butcher</a>, the 1978 Tennessee Democratic nominee for governor and promoter of the <a href="/wiki/1982_Knoxville_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Knoxville World's Fair">1982 Knoxville World's Fair</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Tennessee_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="First Tennessee Bank">First Tennessee Bank</a>, which purchased the failed bank, did not attempt to develop or commercialize the computer banking platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Sudman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sudman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_customer_reluctance_and_banking">Internet and customer reluctance and banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internet and customer reluctance and banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the clicks-and-bricks euphoria hit in the late 1990s, many banks began to view web-based banking as a strategic imperative.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996 <a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP Financial Group</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative bank">cooperative bank</a>, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attraction of online banking is fairly obvious: diminished transaction costs, easier integration of services, interactive marketing capabilities, and other benefits that boost customer lists and profit margins. Additionally, online banking services allow institutions to <a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">bundle</a> more services into single packages, thereby luring customers and minimizing overhead. </p><p>In 1995, Wells Fargo was the first U.S. bank to add account services to its website, with other banks quickly following suit. That same year, Presidential became the first U.S. bank to open bank accounts over the internet. According to research by Online Banking Report, at the end of 1999 less than 0.4% of households in the U.S. were using online banking. At the beginning of 2004, some 33 million U.S. households (31%) were using some form of online banking. Five years later, 47% of Americans used online banking, according to a survey by Gartner Group. Meanwhile, in the UK online banking grew from 63% to 70% of internet users between 2011 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-huddersfield_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huddersfield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2018, the number of <a href="/wiki/Digital_banking" title="Digital banking">digital banking</a> users in the U.S. reached approximately 61 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penetration of online banking in Europe has been increased as well. In 2019, 93 percent of the Norwegian population access online banking sites, which is the highest in Europe, followed by Denmark and Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Asia, more than 700 million consumers are estimated to use digital banking regularly, according to a 2015 survey by <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="McKinsey and Company">McKinsey and Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2000, 80% of U.S. banks offered e-banking. Customer use grew slowly. At Bank of America, for example, it took 10 years to acquire 2 million e-banking customers. However, a significant cultural change took place after the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Y2K</a> scare ended. </p><p>In 2001, Bank of America became the first bank to top 3 million online banking customers, more than 20% of its customer base.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, larger national institutions, such as Citigroup claimed 2.2 million online relationships globally, while J.P. Morgan Chase estimated it had more than 750,000 online banking customers. Wells Fargo had 2.5 million online banking customers, including small businesses. Online customers proved more loyal and profitable than regular customers. In October 2001, Bank of America customers executed a record 3.1 million electronic bill payments, totaling more than $1 billion. As of 2017, the bank has 34 million active digital accounts, both online and mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a report by <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner Group</a> estimated that 47% of United States adults and 30% in the United Kingdom bank online.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 2000s saw the rise of the branch-less banks as internet only institutions. These internet-based banks incur lower overhead costs than their brick-and-mortar counterparts. In the United States, deposits at some direct banks are FDIC-insured and offer the same level of insurance protection as traditional banks. <a href="/wiki/Neobanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neobanks">Neobanks</a> are branch-less banks in the United States which are not FDIC-insured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_online_banking_services_by_region">First online banking services by region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First online banking services by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_United_Kingdom">The United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Online banking started in the United Kingdom with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Building_Society" title="Nottingham Building Society">Nottingham Building Society (NBS)</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Homelink_(Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelink (Britain)">Homelink</a> service in September 1982, initially on a restricted basis, before it was expanded nationally in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Prendergast_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prendergast-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homelink was delivered through a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a> and British Telecom's <a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1984-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system used <a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a> viewlink system and a computer, such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a>, or keyboard (Tandata Td1400) connected to the telephone system and television set. The system allowed users to "transfer money between accounts, pay bills and arrange loans... compare prices and order goods from a few major retailers, check local restaurant menus or real estate listings, arrange vacations... enter bids in Homelink's regular auctions and send electronic mail to other Homelink users."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1984-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to make bank transfers and bill payments, a written instruction giving details of the intended recipient had to be sent to the NBS who set the details up on the Homelink system. Typical recipients were gas, electricity and telephone companies and accounts with other banks. Details of payments to be made were input into the NBS system by the account holder via Prestel. A cheque was then sent by NBS to the payee and an advice giving details of the payment was sent to the account holder. <a href="/wiki/BACS" class="mw-redirect" title="BACS">BACS</a> was later used to transfer the payment directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_United_States">The United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States in-home banking was "is still in its infancy" with banks "cautiously testing consumer interest" in 1984, a year after online banking went national in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1984-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank">Chemical Bank</a> in New York was "still working out the bugs from its service, which offers somewhat limited features".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1984-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service from Chemical, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronto_(service)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronto (service) (page does not exist)">Pronto</a>, was launched in 1983 and was aimed at individuals and small businesses. It enabled them to maintain electronic <a href="/wiki/Checkbook_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Checkbook register">checkbook registers</a>, see account balances, and transfer funds between checking and savings accounts. The other three major banks — <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers Hanover">Manufacturers Hanover</a> — started to offer home banking services soon after. Chemical's Pronto failed to attract enough customers to break even and was abandoned in 1989. Other banks had a similar experience. </p><p>Since it first appeared in the United States, online banking has been federally governed by the <i>Electronic Funds Transfer Act of 1978</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a test period with 2,500 users starting in 1984, online banking services were launched in 1988, using <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> terminals that were distributed freely to the population by the government. By 1990, 6.5 million Minitels were installed in households. Online banking was one of the most popular services. </p><p>Online banking services later migrated to the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1997, the first online banking service was launched by <a href="/wiki/The_Sumitomo_Bank" title="The Sumitomo Bank">Sumitomo Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, most major banks implemented online banking services, however, the types of services offered varied.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a poll conducted by Japanese Bankers Association (JBA) in 2012, 65.2% were the users of personal internet banking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2015, WeBank, the online bank created by <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, started 4-month-long online banking trail operation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, the term "virtual bank" usually excludes the internet banking or online banking (often termed "eBanking", "iBanking", etc) services provided by traditional banks which serve primarily via physical branches. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Hong Kong Monetary Authority</a> defines "virtual bank" as a bank which primarily delivers retail banking services through the internet or other forms of electronic channels instead of physical branches.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first virtual banking license in Hong Kong was issued in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtual banks are subject to the same set of supervisory requirements applicable to conventional banks<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are members of the Deposit Protection Scheme (DPS). By 2024, there are 8 virtual banks in the city (including ZA, Mox, Livi, PAO, Airstar, <a href="/wiki/WeLab_Bank" title="WeLab Bank">WeLab</a>, Fusion, Ant), <sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which are financially backed by larger corporations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1995, <a href="/wiki/Advance_Bank" title="Advance Bank">Advance Bank</a> acquired by <a href="/wiki/St.George_Bank" title="St.George Bank">St.George Bank</a>, started to provide customers with online banking with the rollout of the C++ Internet banking program.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, ICICI Bank introduced internet banking to its customers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, Banco Original SA launched its online-only retail banking.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 new banks began to emerge as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conta_Simples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conta Simples (page does not exist)">Conta Simples</a>, focused only for companies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual or online banking became a reality in Slovenia in 1997, when SKB bank launched this service under the name of SKB Net. Two years later, they were followed by the largest Slovenian bank, NLB bank, who started offering online banking services in 1999 under the name of NLB Klik. Nowadays, actually every bank in Slovenia is offering online banking services. The Slovenian Central bank's data shows that there was a rise of 5,1% in 2017 from the previous year and the number almost doubled from more than ten years ago. At the end of 2019, the number of users was almost 1 million. The number of payments is around 26 million per quarter, which means that there are more than 100 million payments made online in Slovenia every year, and another 3 million made to offshore accounts. Data from the Slovenian Central bank also show that the total value of payments in 2017 reached more than €240 million. More than 900,000 use online banking in Slovenia<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual banking first became a possibility in 1996 with the Bank of Montreal's <a href="/wiki/Mbanx" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanx">mbanx</a>. mbanx was released at the very beginning of the internet banking revolution in Canada and was the first full-service online bank <sup id="cite_ref-history.bmo.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.bmo.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1996, RBC started providing banking information online and had the first personal computer banking software released that year<sup id="cite_ref-history.bmo.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.bmo.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the bank ING Direct Canada (now known as Tangerine Bank) was founded with almost entirely online banking using only small cafes for meetings and very few physical branches.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was completely different from how banks had operated in Canada previously. By the early 2000s, all of the major banks in Canada rolled out some form of online banking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Remote customer service of banks via the internet or Online banking (e-banking) in Ukraine was introduced more than two decades ago. Legal entities have been using the remote control of bank accounts since the mid-1990s. PrivatBank, which launched the “Privat24” system in 2000, became a pioneer in retail online banking.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2000, most financial institutions have been actively implementing online offices and web banking. 2007 - the number of Ukrainian banks that introduced Online Banking exceeded 20. 2018 - the ability to manage accounts and make transfers online is available in almost all financial institutions in Ukraine. </p><p>Nowadays, the list of Internet banking services, with rare exceptions, repeats the entire product line of banks. With the help of Internet banking (IB), you can not only control the movement of funds in their accounts, but also perform more complex operations: for example, order a payment card or open a deposit account, repay the loan, and recently it became possible to buy and sell currency.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid development of Internet banking in Ukraine is provoking the growth of Internet users. It is important to mention that the largest functionality, more than 40 options - from transfers and opening deposits to home accounting and purchasing tickets are available in PrivatBank. There are 37 options in the Internet banking system of the First Ukrainian International Bank, 35 - in Alfa-Bank. One of the most popular services in which Internet banking users are interested in the ability to pay remotely for utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to several years ago, when the people living in Macedonia had to go directly to the banks to perform financial transactions, today there is a widely functional e-banking system. Macedonian banks today offer conventional e-banking services, electronic products including debit/credit cards and e-trading and contemporary electronic services like internet banking and online investing. What is important when it comes to e-banking is the trust in banks, usability of the platforms and the overall marketing for e-banking from banks. Moreover, it's also important to constantly update the e-banking services. One successful example regarding the above-mentioned characteristics in Macedonia is “Stopanska Banka” AD Skopje. In the country, several factors significantly influence the level of adoption and usage of e-banking services, such as age, level of education and complexity of the e-banking services offered by banks. Naturally, elderly clients use e-banking services less than younger people. In addition, the level of education has a significant influence on the level of usage, meaning that the higher the education level, the more likely is for the citizen to use e-banking services. As for the satisfaction, citizens are generally more satisfied with the e-banking services offered by various banks when they have a diverse portfolio of services and offer fast and simple completion of transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cook_Islands">Cook Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cook Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bank of the Cook Islands introduced online banking in 2015, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Vaine_Nooana-Arioka" title="Vaine Nooana-Arioka">Vaine Nooana-Arioka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Online_banking" title="Special:EditPage/Online banking">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_account_(UML_class_diagram).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bank_account_%28UML_class_diagram%29.svg/220px-Bank_account_%28UML_class_diagram%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bank_account_%28UML_class_diagram%29.svg/330px-Bank_account_%28UML_class_diagram%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bank_account_%28UML_class_diagram%29.svg/440px-Bank_account_%28UML_class_diagram%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>UML class diagram depicting a bank account</figcaption></figure> <p>To access a bank and online banking facility, a customer with internet access will need to register with the bank for the service, and set up a password and other <a href="/wiki/Credential" title="Credential">credentials</a> for customer verification. The customer visits the financial institution's <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">secure website</a>, and enters the online banking facility using the customer number and credentials previously set up. </p><p>Each financial institution can determine the types of financial transactions which a customer may transact through online banking, but usually includes obtaining account balances, a list of recent transactions, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_bill_payment" title="Electronic bill payment">electronic bill payments</a>, financing loans and <a href="/wiki/Giro_(banking)" title="Giro (banking)">funds transfers</a> between a customer's or another's <a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">accounts</a>. Most banks set limits on the amounts that may be transacted, and other restrictions. Most banks also enable customers to download copies of bank statements, which can be printed at the customer's premises (some banks charge a fee for mailing hard copies of bank statements). Some banks also enable customers to download transactions directly into the customer's accounting software. The facility may also enable the customer to order a cheque book, statements, report loss of credit cards, stop payment on a cheque, advise change of address and other routine actions. </p><p>Some financial institutions offer special internet banking services, for example, Personal financial management support, such as importing data into personal accounting software. Some online banking platforms support <a href="/wiki/Account_aggregation" title="Account aggregation">account aggregation</a> to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg/280px-Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg/420px-Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg/560px-Diff%C3%A9rents_mod%C3%A8les_de_lecteurs_de_cartes_bancaires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5198" data-file-height="3462" /></a><figcaption>Five <a href="/wiki/Security_token" title="Security token">security token</a> devices for online banking</figcaption></figure> <p>Security of a customer's financial information is very important, without which online banking could not operate. Similarly the reputational risks to banks themselves are important.<sup id="cite_ref-huddersfield_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huddersfield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial institutions have set up various security processes to reduce the risk of unauthorized online access to a customer's records, but there is no consistency to the various approaches adopted. </p><p>The use of a <a href="/wiki/Secure_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure website">secure website</a> has been almost universally embraced. </p><p>Though single <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">password</a> <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> is still in use, it by itself is not considered secure enough for online banking in some countries. There are essentially two different security methods in use for online banking: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Identification Number">PIN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transaction_authentication_number" title="Transaction authentication number">TAN</a> system where the PIN represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing <a href="/wiki/One-time_password" title="One-time password">one-time passwords</a> to authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter. Another way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a <a href="/wiki/Security_token" title="Security token">security token</a>. These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (<a href="/wiki/Two-factor_authentication" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-factor authentication">two-factor authentication</a> or 2FA).</li></ul> <dl><dd>More advanced TAN generators (<a href="/wiki/ChipTAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ChipTAN">chipTAN</a>) also include the transaction data into the TAN generation process after displaying it on their own screen to allow the user to discover <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attacks</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojans</a> trying to secretly manipulate the transaction data in the background of the PC.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Another way to provide TANs to an online banking user is to send the TAN of the current bank transaction to the user's (GSM) mobile phone via SMS. The SMS text usually quotes the transaction amount and details, the TAN is only valid for a short period of time. Especially in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands many banks have adopted this <a href="/wiki/MTAN" class="mw-redirect" title="MTAN">"SMS TAN"</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also "<a href="/wiki/PhotoTAN" class="mw-redirect" title="PhotoTAN">PhotoTAN</a>" service, where the bank generates and sends a QR code image to a smartphone device of the online banking user.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encryption needed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation (see, e.g., the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Identification_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification card">ID card</a> <i>DNI electrónico</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharming" title="Pharming">pharming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keylogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keylogger">keylogger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a> can also be used to steal login information.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another kind of attack is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">man-in-the-browser</a> attack, a variation of the man-in-the-middle attack where a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a> permits a remote attacker to secretly modify the destination account number and also the amount in the web browser.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> Technology Incident Report, compiled from suspicious activity reports banks file quarterly, lists 536 cases of computer intrusion, with an average loss per incident of $30,000. That adds up to a nearly $16-million loss in the second quarter of 2007. Computer intrusions increased by 150 percent between the first quarter of 2007 and the second. In 80 percent of the cases, the source of the intrusion is unknown but it occurred during online banking, the report states.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 in the UK, losses from online banking fraud rose by 48% compared with 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study by a group of Cambridge University cybersecurity researchers in 2017, online banking fraud has doubled since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012 there were also combined attacks using <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">social engineering</a> to persuade the user himself to transfer money to the fraudsters on the ground of false claims (like the claim the bank would require a "test transfer" or the claim a company had falsely transferred money to the user's account and he should "send it back").<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist several countermeasures which try to avoid attacks. </p><p>Whatever <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> is used,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is advised that the operating system is <a href="/wiki/End-of-support" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-support">still supported</a>, and properly <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patched</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_certificates" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital certificates">Digital certificates</a> are used against phishing and pharming, in signature based online banking variants (<a href="/wiki/FinTS" title="FinTS">HBCI/FinTS</a>) the use of "Secoder" card readers is a measurement to uncover software side manipulations of the transaction data.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Financial_Institutions_Examination_Council" title="Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council">Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council</a> issued guidance for <a href="/wiki/Multifactor_authentication" class="mw-redirect" title="Multifactor authentication">multifactor authentication</a> (MFA) and then required to be in place by the end of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/European_Network_and_Information_Security_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Network and Information Security Agency">European Union Agency for Network and Information Security</a> advised all banks to consider the PC systems of their users being infected by <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> by default and therefore use security processes where the user can cross-check the transaction data against manipulations like for example (provided the security of the mobile phone holds up) <a href="/wiki/MTAN" class="mw-redirect" title="MTAN">SMS TAN</a> where the transaction data is sent along with the TAN number or standalone smartcard readers with an own screen including the transaction data into the TAN generation process while displaying it beforehand to the user (see <a href="/wiki/ChipTAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ChipTAN">chipTAN</a>) to counter <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_problems">Criticism and problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism and problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increase in online banking with a concomitant closure of local bank branch offices or reduced retail opening hours discriminates against people who cannot use online banking, for physical or mental limitations like age, or illness. </p><p>In 2022, a retired Spanish urologist with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> gathered more than 600,000 signatures in an <a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">online petition</a> asking banks and other institutions to serve all citizens, and not discriminate against the oldest and most vulnerable members. In Spain, the number of bank branches had shrunk to about 20,000 in 19 years since the bailout of 2012 and with the Coronavirus pandemic another 3000 branches closed in 2 years.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "They are excluding those of us who have trouble using the internet."<sup id="cite_ref-el_pais_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-el_pais-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2022, Spanish banks signed a protocol at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Economy (Spain)">Ministry of Economy (Spain)</a> pledging to offer better customer services to senior citizens, for example by "extending again their branch opening hours, giving priority to older people to access counters and simplifying the interface of their apps and web pages".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With online banking, <a href="/wiki/Race_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Race discrimination">race discrimination</a> is even less likely to be pinpointed, because of intransparent decision-making by algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Online banking requires access to broadband services. However not everyone has equal access to the internet, which has been called the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>. In March 2022, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> formed a task force to prevent digital discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">Contactless payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">Direct bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Electronic funds transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Telephone" title="Enhanced Telephone">Enhanced Telephone</a> (Citibank product circa 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_and_offline" title="Online and offline">Online and offline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_banking" title="Open banking">Open banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_banking" title="SMS banking">SMS banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_banking" title="Telephone banking">Telephone banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">Neobank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sudman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sudman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sudman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSparks2017" class="citation news cs1">Sparks, Evan (26 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bankingjournal.aba.com/2017/06/nine-young-bankers-who-changed-america-thomas-sudman/">"Nine Young Bankers Who Changed America: Thomas Sudman"</a>. <i>ABA Banking Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121070452/https://bankingjournal.aba.com/2017/06/nine-young-bankers-who-changed-america-thomas-sudman/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABA+Banking+Journal&rft.atitle=Nine+Young+Bankers+Who+Changed+America%3A+Thomas+Sudman&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbankingjournal.aba.com%2F2017%2F06%2Fnine-young-bankers-who-changed-america-thomas-sudman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronin, Mary J. (1997). Banking and Finance on the Internet, John Wiley and Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-29219-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-29219-2">0-471-29219-2</a> page 41 from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1998" class="citation book cs1">Cronin, Mary J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l94FEs-lMu4C&q=pronto+home+banking&pg=PA41"><i>Banking and Finance on the Internet</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471292197" title="Special:BookSources/9780471292197"><bdi>9780471292197</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814130035/https://books.google.com/books?id=l94FEs-lMu4C&q=pronto+home+banking&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 30, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804131031/https://philip.greenspun.com/blog/2018/03/30/shopping-and-banking-on-a-computer-network-in-the-1980s-minitel/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philip+Greenspun%E2%80%99s+Weblog&rft.atitle=Shopping+and+banking+on+a+computer+network+in+the+1980s+%28Minitel%29&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilip.greenspun.com%2Fblog%2F2018%2F03%2F30%2Fshopping-and-banking-on-a-computer-network-in-the-1980s-minitel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Information-Technology-And-The-Banking-Industry-PKGEFFWKFT85">"Information Technology And The Banking Industry"</a>. 2014-09-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616111239/https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Information-Technology-And-The-Banking-Industry-PKGEFFWKFT85">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Technology+And+The+Banking+Industry&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Fessay%2FInformation-Technology-And-The-Banking-Industry-PKGEFFWKFT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.op.fi/op-financial-group/about-us/op-financial-group-in-brief/history">"History - About us - OP Group"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041413/https://www.op.fi/op-financial-group/about-us/op-financial-group-in-brief/history">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193405/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Financial%20Services/Our%20Insights/Capitalizing%20on%20Asias%20digital%20banking%20boom/Capitalizing_on_Asias_digital%20banking_boom.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey+%26+Company&rft.atitle=Capitalising+on+Asia%27s+digital-banking+boom&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FMcKinsey%2FIndustries%2FFinancial%2520Services%2FOur%2520Insights%2FCapitalizing%2520on%2520Asias%2520digital%2520banking%2520boom%2FCapitalizing_on_Asias_digital%2520banking_boom.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeeraghanta2017" class="citation web cs1">Veeraghanta, Murthy (2017-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialbrand.com/68577/optimal-digital-banking-vendor-selection/">"Is Your Digital Banking Vendor Hurting Adoption Rates?"</a>. <i>The Financial Brand</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209115944/https://thefinancialbrand.com/68577/optimal-digital-banking-vendor-selection/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Brand&rft.atitle=Is+Your+Digital+Banking+Vendor+Hurting+Adoption+Rates%3F&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Veeraghanta&rft.aufirst=Murthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefinancialbrand.com%2F68577%2Foptimal-digital-banking-vendor-selection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRishi2017" class="citation book cs1">Rishi, Om Prakash (2017). <i>Maximizing Business Performance and Efficiency Through Intelligent Systems</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Human+interaction+in+service+delivery+and+its+relationship+to+disenchantment+discontinuance+in+the+diffusion+of+self-service+technologies%3A+a+case+study+in+retail+banking&rft.inst=Massey+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Prendergast&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Paul+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmro.massey.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10179%2F3524%2F02_whole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1984-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1984_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/02/business/british-move-fast-in-home-banking.html">"British Move Fast in Home Banking"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 2 January 1984. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904120524/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/02/business/british-move-fast-in-home-banking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maanimo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3+%28online+banking%29+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%3A+%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaanimo.com%2Fua%2Finternet-banking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketer.ua/ua/the-best-innovative-banks-of-ukraine/">"ТОП найінноваційніших банків України"</a>. <i>Marketer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS+English+Edition&rft.atitle=Carlos%2C+the+Spanish+retiree+taking+on+the+banks&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Viejo&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Fopinion%2F2022-01-20%2Fcarlos-the-spanish-retiree-taking-on-the-banks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWihbey2015" class="citation news cs1">Wihbey, John (2015-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalistsresource.org/race-and-gender/possibilities-online-racial-discrimination-research-airbnb/">"The possibilities of digital discrimination: Research on e-commerce, algorithms and big data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308123911/https://journalistsresource.org/race-and-gender/possibilities-online-racial-discrimination-research-airbnb/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+possibilities+of+digital+discrimination%3A+Research+on+e-commerce%2C+algorithms+and+big+data&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=Wihbey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Frace-and-gender%2Fpossibilities-online-racial-discrimination-research-airbnb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fcc_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/task-force-prevent-digital-discrimination">"Task Force to Prevent Digital Discrimination"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Commission</i>. 2022-03-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329230114/https://www.fcc.gov/task-force-prevent-digital-discrimination">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Task+Force+to+Prevent+Digital+Discrimination&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ftask-force-prevent-digital-discrimination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+banking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_banking&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/E-Commerce_and_E-Business" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:E-Commerce and E-Business">E-Commerce and E-Business</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gandy, T. (1995): "Banking in e-space", The banker, 145 (838), pp. 74–76.</li> <li>Tan, M.; Teo, T. S. (2000): "Factors influencing the adoption of Internet banking", Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 1 (5), pp. 1–42.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4202584-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99014205">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576501">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="elektronické bankovnictví"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124787&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000128932&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558994505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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