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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defense_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Defense measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_Piloted_Stations_(OPS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_Piloted_Stations_(OPS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orbital Piloted Stations (OPS)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbital_Piloted_Stations_(OPS)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orbital Piloted Stations (OPS) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orbital_Piloted_Stations_(OPS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flown_Almaz_space_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flown_Almaz_space_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Flown Almaz space stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flown_Almaz_space_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OPS-1_(Salyut_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-1_(Salyut_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>OPS-1 (Salyut 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-1_(Salyut_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPS-2_(Salyut_3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-2_(Salyut_3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>OPS-2 (Salyut 3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-2_(Salyut_3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OPS-3_(Salyut_5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-3_(Salyut_5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>OPS-3 (Salyut 5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-3_(Salyut_5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unflown_Almaz_space_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unflown_Almaz_space_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unflown Almaz space stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unflown_Almaz_space_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OPS-4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OPS-4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>OPS-4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OPS-4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-T_(uncrewed)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-T_(uncrewed)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Almaz-T (uncrewed)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Almaz-T_(uncrewed)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Almaz-T (uncrewed) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Almaz-T_(uncrewed)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Almaz-T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Almaz-T</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Almaz-1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaz-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaz-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Almaz-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaz-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heritage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heritage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Heritage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DOS_space_station_cores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOS_space_station_cores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>DOS space station cores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOS_space_station_cores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_Cargo_Block_(FGB)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_Cargo_Block_(FGB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Functional Cargo Block (FGB)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_Cargo_Block_(FGB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excalibur_Almaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excalibur_Almaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Excalibur Almaz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excalibur_Almaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="برنامج ألماز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج ألماز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алмаз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas_(Raumstation)" title="Almas (Raumstation) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Almas (Raumstation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6_(%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Αλμάζ (πρόγραμμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλμάζ (πρόγραμμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="آلماز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلماز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programo_Almaz" title="Programo Almaz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Programo Almaz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz_(Satellit)" title="Almaz (Satellit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Almaz (Satellit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_(%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3)" title="アルマース (宇宙ステーション) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルマース (宇宙ステーション)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_A%C5%82maz" title="Program Ałmaz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Ałmaz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Алмаз (космическая программа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алмаз (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%C2%BB" title="Програма «Алмаз» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програма «Алмаз»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%9F%B3%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="金刚石计划 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金刚石计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet military space station program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Almaz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Almaz (disambiguation)">Almaz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaz_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Almaz_drawing.svg/220px-Almaz_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Almaz_drawing.svg/330px-Almaz_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Almaz_drawing.svg/440px-Almaz_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Line drawing of an Almaz space station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center,_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center%2C_Moscow.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center%2C_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center%2C_Moscow.jpg/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center%2C_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center%2C_Moscow.jpg/440px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_45_-_Cosmonautics_and_Aviation_Center%2C_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Almaz space station at <a href="/wiki/VDNKh_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="VDNKh (Russia)">VDNKh (Russia)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Almaz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Алмаз</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Diamond') program was a highly secret <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> military <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> program, begun in the early 1960s. </p><p>Three crewed military <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> stations were launched between 1973 and 1976: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a>. To cover the military nature of the program, the three launched Almaz stations were designated as civilian <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut space stations</a>. Salyut 2 failed shortly after achieving orbit, but Salyut 3 and Salyut 5 both conducted successful crewed testing. Following Salyut 5, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Soviet Ministry of Defense</a> judged in 1978 that the time and resources consumed by station maintenance outweighed the benefits relative to automatic <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a>. Still, it have some achievements along with Salyut program, the heritage of the twin program continues, with the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a> module <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> being one example.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2020)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (April 2021)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The space stations' cores were known internally as OPS (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">ОПС</span>, <a href="/wiki/GRAU_index" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU index">GRAU index</a> 11F71 and 11F71B), from "Orbital Piloted Station" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Орбитальная Пилотируемая Станция</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-RSWops_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the Almaz program, the Soviets developed several spacecraft for support roles—the <a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA spacecraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a> and the <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a>—which they planned to use in several combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EAapos_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAapos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomei" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Chelomei">Vladimir Chelomei</a> at the <a href="/wiki/OKB-52" class="mw-redirect" title="OKB-52">OKB-52</a> design bureau promoted Almaz as a response to the US Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> (MOL) project. MOL had been widely publicized in the US press in the early 1960s, which provided Chelomei plenty of material to use to lobby for a Soviet response.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Almaz space station programme involved three major hardware components: </p> <ul><li>Orbital Piloted Station (OPS, 11F71) module, forming the space station itself,<sup id="cite_ref-RSWops_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a> (FGB, 11F77), intended as resupply craft for the stations,<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA spacecraft</a> (11F74, known in the West as the <i>Merkur</i> spacecraft), intended as launch and return vehicle for the crews,<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reusable for up to 10 flights.</li></ul> <p>The OPS would have a maximum diameter of 4.15 metres (13.6 ft), a mass of roughly 20 tonnes (20 long tons; 22 short tons), and an internal habitable volume of 47.5 cubic metres (1,680 cu ft).<sup id="cite_ref-RSWops_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much like its <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">MOL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> counterpart, the initial Almaz APOS space station design called for the launch of an Almaz-OPS space station and a <a href="/wiki/VA_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="VA capsule">VA return capsule</a> containing its initial three man crew, mated together as OPS/VA atop Chelomei's UR-500 <a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton rocket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EAapos_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAapos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with MOL/Gemini, once in orbit the crew would access the lab through a hatch in the heat shield at the bottom of the VA capsule. After an extended stay of 30 to 60 days of military observation and photography the crew would return to Earth by way of a VA return vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWorigin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWorigin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EAtks_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAtks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the American MOL design, the Soviets designed the Almaz to be recrewed and resupplied. For this, they created the <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS resupply craft</a> (11F72), which consisted of an FGB and a <a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA return craft</a> to carry the crew, also launched together on a Proton rocket. At the station, one <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_docking" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft docking">docking port</a> would be available to receive the TKS craft once the previous crew had left the station in their VA capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the MOL was cancelled in 1969, the Almaz program was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a> and resulted in three flown space stations, two of which were crewed successfully. As "man-rating" the VA spacecraft and the Proton rocket took longer, the first phase called for the launch of three Almaz stations without the VA spacecraft, with the crew instead launched separately by Soyuz rocket in a modified Soyuz spacecraft. Plans called for the first three Almaz stations to be visited by three two-month-long expeditions each. This was realized fully by two missions and partially by one; however, the initial intention of launching Almaz APOS and the <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a> together with its crew in <a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA spacecraft</a> would never materialize during the program, and neither would the TKS craft play its intended role as resupply craft. The Almaz APOS design, without VA spacecraft, would evolve into the Almaz OPS station cores of the Salyut programme.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWhist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWhist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_measures">Defense measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defense measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to reconnaissance equipment, Almaz was equipped with a unique <a href="/wiki/Rikhter_R-23" title="Rikhter R-23">23mm Rikhter</a> (factory index 261P or 225P) rapid-fire cannon mounted on the forward belly of the station. This revolver cannon was modified from the tail-gun of the <a href="/wiki/Tu-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-22">Tu-22 bomber</a> and was capable of a theoretical rate of fire of 1800-2000 (up to 2600) rounds per minute. Each 168 gram (ammo 23-OFZ-D-R ) or 173 gram (ammo 23-OFZ-G-R) projectile flew at a speed of 850 m/s relative to the station. The cannon was tested at the end of the mission by firing 20 rounds, when the station was operating in uncrewed mode. To aim the cannon, which was on a fixed mounting, the entire station would be turned to face the target.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-2015117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-2015117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Almaz series are the only known armed, crewed military spacecraft ever flown. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a>/OPS-2 conducted a successful remote test firing with the station uncrewed due to concerns over excessive vibration and noise. </p><p>OPS-4 was to have featured two rockets instead of the aircraft cannon, but this system has not been shown publicly and may have never been fully manufactured despite it being used experimentally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbital_Piloted_Stations_(OPS)"><span id="Orbital_Piloted_Stations_.28OPS.29"></span>Orbital Piloted Stations (OPS)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orbital Piloted Stations (OPS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three Almaz OPS space stations were flown from 1973 to 1976 in the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a> (OPS-1), <a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a> (OPS-2) and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a> (OPS-3). Five crewed Soyuz expeditions were flown to the Almaz space stations Salyut 3 and Salyut 5, with three reaching their stations and only two of the missions being considered fully successful at that time – the three crews that had reached their stations had crewed Almaz stations for a total of 81 days when the program was ended.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWhist_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWhist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astrospies_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrospies-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the three flown space stations OPS-1 to OPS-3, seven more spaceframes of Almaz space stations had been built when the program was cancelled: OPS-4, Almaz-205, Almaz-206, <a href="/wiki/Almaz-T" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaz-T">Almaz-T</a>, Almaz-T2 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1870&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1870 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1870</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-1 (page does not exist)">Almaz-1</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-2 (page does not exist)">Almaz-2</a> – with Almaz-T2 and Almaz-1 having successfully flown as repurposed uncrewed radar-carrying reconnaissance satellites (see below). The partially outfitted hulls of Almaz-205 and Almaz-206 are today in the property of Excalibur Almaz, a company that plans to launch these as crewed space stations (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-RSWprog_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWprog-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flown_Almaz_space_stations">Flown Almaz space stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flown Almaz space stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a></div><p><b>Salyut 1</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></div> <p>It was the world's first space station launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971 though it was scheduled for April 12, 1971, marking the 10th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight on Vostok 1. Two crews, Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11 were launched for docking Saylut 1 but the former failed and the latter was sent as replacement. The Soyuz 11 crew remained on board for 23 days, marking the first time in history that a space station was occupied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-1_(Salyut_2)"><span id="OPS-1_.28Salyut_2.29"></span>OPS-1 (Salyut 2)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: OPS-1 (Salyut 2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a></div> <p>The first Almaz station (OPS-1 or Almaz 101.1) was launched on April 3, 1973. For purposes of military secrecy, it was publicly designated <a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a> upon reaching orbit. A crew was prepared to fly to the station but an accident days after the launch left OPS-1 disabled and depressurized.<sup id="cite_ref-rsw-almaz-ops1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-almaz-ops1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-2_(Salyut_3)"><span id="OPS-2_.28Salyut_3.29"></span>OPS-2 (Salyut 3)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: OPS-2 (Salyut 3)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a></div> <p>OPS-2 (or Almaz 101.2), announced as <a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a>, was launched on June 25, 1974. The crew of the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_14" title="Soyuz 14">Soyuz 14</a> spacecraft spent 15 days aboard the station in July 1974. A second expedition was launched toward OPS-2 in August 1974, but failed to reach the station. The station successfully remotely test-fired an onboard aircraft <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">cannon</a> at a target satellite while the station was uncrewed. Salyut-3 was deorbited in January 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-astrospies_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrospies-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-3_(Salyut_5)"><span id="OPS-3_.28Salyut_5.29"></span>OPS-3 (Salyut 5)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: OPS-3 (Salyut 5)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a></div> <p>OPS-3 (or Almaz 103), announced after launch as <a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a>, entered orbit on June 22, 1976. It was visited by two crews in mid-1976 and late 1977. Salyut 5 was deorbited on 8 August 1977, and broke up as it reentered the Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-S5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-S5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unflown_Almaz_space_stations">Unflown Almaz space stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unflown Almaz space stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OPS-4">OPS-4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: OPS-4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next Almaz station, OPS-4, was to be the first station launched with a three panel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mech-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mech-A (page does not exist)">Mech-A</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic-aperture radar</a> and a crewed reusable Return Vehicle <a href="/wiki/TKS_Spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS Spacecraft">VA</a>, however the VA was replaced by a second TKS docking port. This station's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shchit-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shchit-1 (page does not exist)">Shchit-1</a> 23 mm defense <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">cannon</a> was also to be replaced with an advanced Shchit-2 <a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">space-to-space</a> cannon. The Shchit-2 was reported to be a two projectile system, although no photographs of it have ever been published and it does not appear that this system was ever installed on the station. OPS-4 was grounded when the Almaz crewed program was cancelled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Almaz-T_(uncrewed)"><span id="Almaz-T_.28uncrewed.29"></span>Almaz-T (uncrewed)<span class="anchor" id="T"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Almaz-T (uncrewed)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaz_radar_satellite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Almaz_radar_satellite.svg/220px-Almaz_radar_satellite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Almaz_radar_satellite.svg/330px-Almaz_radar_satellite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Almaz_radar_satellite.svg/440px-Almaz_radar_satellite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Almaz radar satellite (based on Almaz space station).</figcaption></figure> <p>Following cancellation of the program, the Almaz station was reconfigured as an uncrewed heavy radar-carrying <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellite</a>. Three such satellites were launched, two of which functioned successfully in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-rsw-almaz-t_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-almaz-t-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-T">Almaz-T</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Almaz-T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Almaz-T</b> – The first Almaz-T blasted off from Baikonur on October 29, 1986. It did not reach orbit due to the failure of the first and second stages of the Proton launcher to separate. The safety system then destroyed the vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-T2_(Kosmos_1870)"><span id="Almaz-T2_.28Kosmos_1870.29"></span>Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Almaz-T2 (Kosmos 1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1870&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1870 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1870</a></b> – On July 25, 1987, Almaz-T2, the second Almaz-T spacecraft, successfully reached orbit with an inclination 71.92 degrees toward the Equator and it was officially identified as Kosmos-1870. The spacecraft functioned for two years, providing <a href="/wiki/Radar_imagery" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar imagery">radar imagery</a> with a resolution down to 25 meters, until it was deorbited on July 30, 1989. </p><p>It was the first commercial radar satellite, according to Art Dula (chairman of <a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a>), who worked in a company marketing the radar images gathered by the satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-mbEA1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbEA1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-1">Almaz-1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Almaz-1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-1 (page does not exist)">Almaz-1</a></b> – The third Almaz-T spacecraft was launched on March 31, 1991, under the name Almaz-1. After the launch a failure of the communications antenna designed to downlink the imagery via the <a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a> relay satellite was noted. Also one of the solar panels failed to deploy completely, leaving the main radar panel of the spacecraft partially blocked. After 18 months of successful work the Almaz-1 was deorbited on October 17, 1992, over the Pacific Ocean.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaz-1A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Almaz-1A.jpg/220px-Almaz-1A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Almaz-1A.jpg/330px-Almaz-1A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Almaz-1A.jpg/440px-Almaz-1A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Almaz-1A</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaz-2">Almaz-2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Almaz-2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz-2 (page does not exist)">Almaz-2</a> (Almaz-1V)</b> – Not flown. It had a new radar that would have provided a resolution of 5 to 7 meters. In addition, an optical-electronic payload on the station would have been capable of producing imagery with a resolution of 2.5 – 4 meters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage">Heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heritage of the Almaz space station program continues until today, and can even be found today in the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe core module</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DOS_space_station_cores">DOS space station cores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: DOS space station cores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a></div> <p>The DOS (Durable Orbital Station) space station core modules were based on the Almaz-OPS hull design, which was mated by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a>'s organization <a href="/wiki/OKB-1" class="mw-redirect" title="OKB-1">OKB-1</a> with their own Soyuz-derived subsystems. OKB-1 was at that time in competition with the designer of the Almaz, Vladimir Chelomei's organization OKB-52, and was thereby able to short-cut the development time for the first space station and beat OKB-52, which had started design work much earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-grahn-salyut-1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grahn-salyut-1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DOS space station cores derived since 1971 from the Almaz-OPS hull design include: </p> <ul><li>DOS-1, which formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a> space station, in 1971 the first space station in the history of space flight</li> <li>DOS-5 and DOS-6, the cores for the long lived <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space stations</li> <li>DOS-7, the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Mir Core Module</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir space station</a>, the first modular space station</li> <li>DOS-8, the <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda "Service Module"</a> for the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> still in use</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_Cargo_Block_(FGB)"><span id="Functional_Cargo_Block_.28FGB.29"></span>Functional Cargo Block (FGB)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Functional Cargo Block (FGB)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a></div> <p>The FGB was a standalone spacecraft which was intended to function as a resupply craft for the Almaz space stations. The 'functional' section of the name is representative of the fact that the FGB provided electrical power, propulsion, guidance, and docking. Cargo was presented as a large cargo bay accessible by the crew, as well as external fuel tanks. Other types of FGB existed, as it was a broad classification rather than a specific type of module. FGB-based vehicles include Transport Logistics Spacecraft (Russian Acronym: TKS) (1976-1983), Space Station modules (1985-present), and space tugs (1987-present)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-mir-heritage_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-mir-heritage-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modules based on the DOS design are not the only heritage of the Almaz program still in use: The habitat, propulsion and service module of the TKS spacecraft, the so-called Functional Cargo Block (FGB), went on to become the core of many Soviet and Russian space station modules.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FGB-based <a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> module of the Mir space station was the first space station module of its kind, and the <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> Functional Cargo Block, which is as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> still in use on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excalibur_Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Excalibur Almaz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">private spaceflight</a> company <a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a> bought the two partially completed Almaz-205 and Almaz-206 space station hulls from the Russian <a href="/wiki/NPO_Mashinostroyeniya" title="NPO Mashinostroyeniya">NPO Mashinostroyeniya</a> (the former OKB-52) with the stated intention to outfit and launch them.<sup id="cite_ref-rocketeers-20110108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocketeers-20110108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSWex_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWex-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsw-almaz-205_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-almaz-205-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsw-almaz-206_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-almaz-206-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Almaz-205 module is similar to the OPS-2 of the Salyut 3 station, while the Almaz-206 is closer to the OPS-3 of the Salyut 5 station.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Excalibur Almaz acquired four VA return capsule hulls (derived from the TKS/VA spacecraft) and plans to outfit and launch them as well: one is planned to be used in support of <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a> while the other three capsules are reserved for scientific and commercial payloads. The needed development of propulsion systems for the VA capsule was reportedly delegated to an unnamed European organization as early as 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWex_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWex-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excalibur Almaz as of January 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> postponed its first launch to 2015 to be able to include more lucrative deep space capabilities like <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">asteroid mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ120620_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ120620-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2015 the company was reported to be in problems, and it was not clear what happened to their spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-20150311_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-20150311-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a>, the resupply craft developed for Almaz and Salyut</li> <li><i>Bank of the Universe</i>, edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9">978-966-136-169-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_stations" title="List of space stations">List of space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_space_stations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet space stations (page does not exist)">Soviet space stations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RSWops-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSWops_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWops_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWops_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops.html">"Almaz space station (OPS) 11F71"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144723/https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_ops.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Almaz+space+station+%28OPS%29+11F71&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_ops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWtks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html">"TKS transport ship 11F72"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817070740/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=TKS+transport+ship+11F72&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Ftks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAapos-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EAapos_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAapos_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Mark (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/a/almazapos.html">"Almaz APOS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509050500/http://www.astronautix.com/a/almazapos.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Almaz+APOS&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fa%2Falmazapos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWorigin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSWorigin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_origin.html">"Origins of the Almaz project"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009023440/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_origin.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Almaz+project&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_origin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAtks-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EAtks_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Mark (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/t/tks.html">"TKS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211031537/http://www.astronautix.com/t/tks.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.atitle=TKS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Ft%2Ftks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWhist-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSWhist_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSWhist_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_development.html">"History of the Almaz space stations"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009083157/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_development.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Almaz+space+stations&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-2015117-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars-2015117_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2015" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, Sean (November 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/11/russian-television-reveals-another-secret-the-soviet-space-cannon/">"Russian television reveals another secret: the Soviet space cannon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525144255/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/11/russian-television-reveals-another-secret-the-soviet-space-cannon/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Russian+television+reveals+another+secret%3A+the+Soviet+space+cannon&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2015%2F11%2Frussian-television-reveals-another-secret-the-soviet-space-cannon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astrospies-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astrospies_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astrospies_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford" class="citation web cs1">Bamford, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/astrospies/">"Astrospies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVΛ</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501065844/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/astrospies/">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Short+mission+of+Almaz-1+-+OPS1+%28Salyut-2%29&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_ops1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-S5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EA-S5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wade, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010213804/http://astronautix.com/details/sal52008.htm">"1976.06.22 - Salyut 5"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Astronautica</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Almaz-T+spacecraft&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmazt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mbEA1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mbEA1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/43503094">"Interview with Art Dula (Chairman Excalibur Almaz) – Part 1"</a>. moonandback.com (vimeo.com)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mir+Hardware+Heritage&rft.date=1995-03&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4225%2Fdocumentation%2Fmhh%2Fmirheritage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocketeers-20110108-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rocketeers-20110108_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610231326/http://www.rocketeers.co.uk/node/1218">"Excalibur Almaz Space Stations arrive on the Isle of Man"</a>. January 8, 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Almaz+Excalibur&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_excalibur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsw-almaz-205-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rsw-almaz-205_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_0205.html">"Almaz-205"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920133400/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_0205.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Almaz-205&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_0205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsw-almaz-206-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rsw-almaz-206_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_0206.html">"Almaz-206"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920133436/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz_0206.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft.atitle=Almaz-206&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Falmaz_0206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrügge" class="citation web cs1">Brügge, Norbert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401200542/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_2/Diverse/Excalibur-Almaz/index.htm">"Excalibur Almaz Limited"</a>. B14643.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_2/Diverse/Excalibur-Almaz/index.htm">the original</a> on April 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excalibur+Almaz+Limited&rft.pub=B14643.de&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCgge&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b14643.de%2FSpacerockets_2%2FDiverse%2FExcalibur-Almaz%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ120620-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ120620_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2012" class="citation news cs1">Rooney, Ben (June 20, 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-TEB-4365">"Fly Me to the Moon"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032503/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-TEB-4365">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Fly+Me+to+the+Moon&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-TEB-4365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-20150311-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent-20150311_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2015" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Jonathan (March 11, 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html">"Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312112848/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Shooting+for+the+Moon%3A+Time+is+called+on+Isle+of+Man+space+race&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fshooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmaz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almaz_program" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Almaz program">Almaz program</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000112/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz.html">The Almaz Program</a>, <i>RussianSpaceWeb.com</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119184429/http://astronautix.com/project/almaz.htm">Almaz</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Astronautica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Almprog/almprog.htm">The Almaz Space Station Program</a>, Sven Grahn</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224205405/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf">Mir Hardware Heritage</a> (NASA Reference Publication 1357), David Portree</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/astrospies.html"><i>Astrospies</i></a>, an episode of <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova</a> covering the MOL and Almaz</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aLguUjlbGU">Inside a Soviet Spy Station</a>, NOVA Short</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almaz program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2 (OPS-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3 (OPS-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5 (OPS-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-4_(Almaz_program)" title="OPS-4 (Almaz program)">OPS-4</a> <small>(not flown)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salyut_programme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salyut_programme" title="Template:Salyut programme"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salyut_programme" title="Template talk:Salyut programme"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salyut_programme" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salyut programme"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salyut_programme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut stations (DOS)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1 (DOS-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Kosmos 557 (DOS-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4 (DOS-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6 (DOS-5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7 (DOS-6)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salyut_program_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/110px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/165px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Salyut_program_insignia.svg/220px-Salyut_program_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almaz stations (OPS)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2 (OPS-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3 (OPS-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5 (OPS-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-4_(Almaz_program)" title="OPS-4 (Almaz program)">OPS-4</a> <small>(not flown)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module"><i>Mir</i> (DOS-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)"><i>Zvezda</i> (DOS-8)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1267" title="Kosmos 1267">Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1443">Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1686" title="Kosmos 1686">Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">FGB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_expeditions" title="List of Salyut expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_visitors" title="List of Salyut visitors">Visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_spacewalks" title="List of Salyut spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_from_Orbit" title="Return from Orbit">Return from Orbit</a></i> (1984 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <small> (joint) </small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <small> (joint) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a> <small> (joint) </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Moon: </i> <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1.2FL3_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><i>Interplanetary: </i> <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li><i>Spaceplanes: </i> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, <a href="/wiki/LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li> <li><i>Capsules: </i> <a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><i>Space Stations: </i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_stations_and_settlements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_stations" title="Template:Space stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_stations" title="Template talk:Space stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_stations_and_settlements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">settlements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_stations" title="List of space stations">List of space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_space_stations" title="List of commercial space stations">List of commercial space stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station (TSS)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/180px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/240px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a><sup>† ‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Cosmos 557</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">I</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a><sup>°</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station" title="Aurora Space Station">Aurora Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat" title="Deep Space Habitat">Deep Space Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform" title="Exploration Gateway Platform">Exploration Gateway Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(spacecraft)" title="Galaxy (spacecraft)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated" title="Space Industries Incorporated">Industrial Space Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skylab_II" title="Skylab II">Skylab II</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/FlexCraft" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexCraft">FlexCraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-3" title="Tiangong-3">Tiangong-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">USOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer"><i>Columbus</i> MTFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i> (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International(Western Aligned Nations only)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Station">Voyager Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">Rotating wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations" title="List of films featuring space stations">List of films featuring space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a></i> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a></i> (2009 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almaz</a> military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaz&oldid=1252270864">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaz&oldid=1252270864</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1973_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1973 in spaceflight">1973 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salyut_program" title="Category:Salyut program">Salyut program</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconnaissance_satellites_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union">Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_weapons" title="Category:Space weapons">Space weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Military equipment of the Soviet Union">Military equipment of the Soviet 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