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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترتيب زمني لاكتشاف العناصر الكيميائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترتيب زمني لاكتشاف العناصر الكيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রাসায়নিক মৌল আবিষ্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক মৌল আবিষ্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_dels_elements_qu%C3%ADmics" title="Història dels elements químics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història dels elements químics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhestr_elfennau_yn_nhrefn_eu_darganfyddiad" title="Rhestr elfennau yn nhrefn eu darganfyddiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhestr elfennau yn nhrefn eu darganfyddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descubrimiento_de_los_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" title="Descubrimiento de los elementos químicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penemuan unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoperta_degli_elementi_chimici" title="Scoperta degli elementi chimici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scoperta degli elementi chimici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_elemek_felfedez%C3%A9si_d%C3%A1tum_szerinti_list%C3%A1ja" title="Kémiai elemek felfedezési dátum szerinti listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai elemek felfedezési dátum szerinti listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penemuan unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BA%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化学元素発見の年表 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学元素発見の年表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdagelser_av_grunnstoff" title="Oppdagelser av grunnstoff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppdagelser av grunnstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarium_odkry%C4%87_pierwiastk%C3%B3w_chemicznych" title="Kalendarium odkryć pierwiastków chemicznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalendarium odkryć pierwiastków chemicznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descoberta_dos_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" title="Descoberta dos elementos químicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Descoberta dos elementos químicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_descoperirii_elementelor_chimice" title="Istoria descoperirii elementelor chimice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria descoperirii elementelor chimice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Хронология открытия химических элементов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хронология открытия химических элементов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хронологија открића хемијских елемената – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хронологија открића хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" 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searchaux" style="display:none">List of history of chemical elements</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a> forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (noble gases)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The discoveries of the 118 <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> known to exist as of 2025 are presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately determined. There are plans to synthesize more elements, and it is not known how many elements are possible. Each element's <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by name">name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and notes related to the discovery are listed. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodic_table_of_elements">Periodic table of elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Periodic table of elements">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; padding:2px; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a> by era of discovery </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8;"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th style="width:2%">  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a> → </th> <th colspan="17">  </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a> </th> <th colspan="17">  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H , hydrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">1 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td title="He, helium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">2 <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, lithium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">3 <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, beryllium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">4 <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td title="B , boron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">5 <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C , carbon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">6 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N , nitrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">7 <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O , oxygen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">8 <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F , fluorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">9 <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, neon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">10 <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, sodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">11 <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, magnesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">12 <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td title="Al, aluminium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">13 <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, silicon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">14 <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P , phosphorus" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">15 <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S , sulfur" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">16 <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, chlorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">17 <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, argon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">18 <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K , potassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">19 <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, calcium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">20 <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td title="Sc, scandium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">21 <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, titanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">22 <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V , vanadium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">23 <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, chromium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">24 <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, manganese" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">25 <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, iron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">26 <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, cobalt" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">27 <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, nickel" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">28 <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, copper" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">29 <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, zinc" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">30 <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, gallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">31 <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, germanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">32 <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, arsenic" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">33 <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, selenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">34 <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, bromine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">35 <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, krypton" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">36 <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, rubidium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">37 <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, strontium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">38 <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td title="Y , yttrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">39 <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, zirconium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">40 <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, niobium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">41 <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, molybdenum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">42 <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, technetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">43 <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, ruthenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">44 <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, rhodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">45 <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, palladium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">46 <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, silver" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">47 <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, cadmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">48 <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, indium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">49 <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, tin" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">50 <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, antimony" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">51 <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, tellurium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">52 <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I , iodine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">53 <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, xenon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">54 <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, caesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">55 <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, barium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">56 <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td title="Lu, lutetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">71 <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, hafnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">72 <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, tantalum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">73 <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W , tungsten" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">74 <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, rhenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">75 <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, osmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">76 <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, iridium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">77 <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, platinum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">78 <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, gold" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">79 <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, mercury" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">80 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, thallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">81 <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, lead" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">82 <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, bismuth" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9b9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">83 <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, polonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">84 <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, astatine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">85 <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, radon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">86 <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, francium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">87 <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, radium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">88 <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td title="Lr, lawrencium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">103 <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">104 <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, dubnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">105 <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, seaborgium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">106 <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, bohrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">107 <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, hassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">108 <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, meitnerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">109 <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">110 <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, roentgenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">111 <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, copernicium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">112 <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, nihonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9ef; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">113 <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, flerovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">114 <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, moscovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9ef; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">115 <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, livermorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9ef; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">116 <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, tennessine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9ef; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">117 <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, oganesson" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffb9ef; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">118 <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="line-height:50%;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td title="La, lanthanum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">57 <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, cerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">58 <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, praseodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">59 <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, neodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">60 <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, promethium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">61 <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, samarium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">62 <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, europium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">63 <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, gadolinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">64 <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, terbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">65 <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, dysprosium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">66 <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, holmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">67 <a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, erbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">68 <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, thulium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">69 <a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, ytterbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b9ffe4; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">70 <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td title="Ac, actinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">89 <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, thorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#cbffb9; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">90 <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, protactinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">91 <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U , uranium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#dfcdff; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;">92 <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, neptunium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">93 <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, plutonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;">94 <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, americium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">95 <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, curium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">96 <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, berkelium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#ffe2b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">97 <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, californium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">98 <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, einsteinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">99 <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, fermium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">100 <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, mendelevium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">101 <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, nobelium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#fff6b9; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;">102 <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="line-height:50%;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20"> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em;">Background color shows age of discovery: </td></tr> <tr style="padding:0 5px;"> <td style="background:#ffb9b9">Antiquity to 1600 </td> <td style="background:#dfcdff">1600–1799 </td> <td style="background:#cbffb9">1800–1849 </td> <td style="background:#b9ffe4">1850–1899 </td> <td style="background:#ffe2b9">1900–1949 </td> <td style="background:#fff6b9">1950–1999 </td> <td style="background:#ffb9ef">Since 2000 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <td>(14 elements) <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Antiquity</a> to 1600: ancient to early modern discoveries </td> <td>(27 elements) Discoveries during the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table#Age_of_Enlightenment" title="History of the periodic table">age of enlightenment</a>, part of the gradual rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Aristotelian theory of matter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>'s definition of a chemical element </td> <td>(19 elements) The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_revolution" title="Chemical revolution">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> revolutions lead to the standardization of chemical techniques and the development of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> for chemistry </td> <td style="min-width:11em">(23 elements) The age of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table#Classifying_elements" title="History of the periodic table">classifying elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>; application of <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectrum analysis</a> techniques: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Emile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Boisbaudran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Bunsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">Crookes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Kirchhoff" title="Gottlieb Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a>, and others "hunting <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission line</a> signatures" </td> <td>(14 elements) Developments in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">radiochemistry</a> allows for many <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> elements and the final stable elements to be discovered; recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> as defining an element </td> <td style="min-width:10em">(16 elements) Post <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan project">Manhattan project</a>; <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthesis</a> of atomic numbers 98 and above (<a href="/wiki/Collider" title="Collider">colliders</a>, bombardment techniques, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>) </td> <td>(5 elements) Recent synthesis </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> </div><div style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">Primordial</a>  <a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">From decay</a>  <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">Synthetic</a> Border shows natural occurrence of the element </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphical_timeline">Graphical timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Graphical timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_eykee5tlji0nahcgbkhaionwnu4ihng"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oganesson" coords="1462,57,1510,77" title="Oganesson" alt="Oganesson" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tennessine" coords="1493,57,1540,77" title="Tennessine" alt="Tennessine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Livermorium" coords="1454,47,1501,67" title="Livermorium" alt="Livermorium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Moscovium" coords="1467,37,1514,57" title="Moscovium" alt="Moscovium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Flerovium" coords="1449,57,1497,77" title="Flerovium" alt="Flerovium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nihonium" coords="1467,47,1514,67" title="Nihonium" alt="Nihonium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Copernicium" coords="1436,37,1483,57" title="Copernicium" alt="Copernicium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roentgenium" coords="1427,47,1475,67" title="Roentgenium" alt="Roentgenium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" coords="1427,57,1475,77" title="Darmstadtium" alt="Darmstadtium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Meitnerium" coords="1375,47,1422,67" title="Meitnerium" alt="Meitnerium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hassium" coords="1383,57,1431,77" title="Hassium" alt="Hassium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bohrium" coords="1370,57,1418,77" title="Bohrium" alt="Bohrium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Seaborgium" coords="1340,57,1387,77" title="Seaborgium" alt="Seaborgium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dubnium" coords="1322,47,1369,67" title="Dubnium" alt="Dubnium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" coords="1318,57,1365,77" title="Rutherfordium" alt="Rutherfordium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lawrencium" coords="1283,57,1330,77" title="Lawrencium" alt="Lawrencium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nobelium" coords="1300,57,1347,77" title="Nobelium" alt="Nobelium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mendelevium" coords="1256,57,1303,77" title="Mendelevium" alt="Mendelevium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fermium" coords="1247,47,1295,67" title="Fermium" alt="Fermium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Einsteinium" coords="1243,57,1290,77" title="Einsteinium" alt="Einsteinium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Californium" coords="1234,47,1281,67" title="Californium" alt="Californium" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Berkelium" coords="1230,57,1277,77" title="Berkelium" 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href="/wiki/Hydrogen" coords="13,57,54,77" title="Hydrogen" alt="Hydrogen" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bismuth" coords="185,17,232,37" title="Bismuth" alt="Bismuth" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Arsenic" coords="185,7,232,27" title="Arsenic" alt="Arsenic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Platinum" coords="185,-3,232,17" title="Platinum" alt="Platinum" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zinc" coords="95,37,142,57" title="Zinc" alt="Zinc" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" coords="95,27,142,47" title="Mercury (element)" alt="Mercury (element)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sulfur" coords="95,17,136,37" title="Sulfur" alt="Sulfur" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antimony" coords="95,7,142,27" title="Antimony" alt="Antimony" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tin" coords="95,-3,142,17" title="Tin" alt="Tin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Iron" coords="13,37,60,57" title="Iron" alt="Iron" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Silver" coords="-4,37,42,57" title="Silver" alt="Silver" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gold" coords="-4,27,42,47" title="Gold" alt="Gold" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lead" coords="-4,17,42,37" title="Lead" alt="Lead" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Copper" coords="-4,7,42,27" title="Copper" alt="Copper" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carbon" coords="-4,-3,36,17" title="Carbon" alt="Carbon" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_eykee5tlji0nahcgbkhaionwnu4ihng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/eykee5tlji0nahcgbkhaionwnu4ihng.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cumulative_diagram">Cumulative diagram</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cumulative diagram">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulative_diagram_of_element_discoveries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The diagram shows a quasi-linear rate of element discoveries from around 1750 to 2023. The invention of periodic table by Mendeleev is shown for reference in 1869, when about 50% of elements (up to period 7) had already been discovered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cumulative_diagram_of_element_discoveries.png/652px-Cumulative_diagram_of_element_discoveries.png" decoding="async" width="652" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cumulative_diagram_of_element_discoveries.png/978px-Cumulative_diagram_of_element_discoveries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Cumulative_diagram_of_element_discoveries.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Cumulative diagram of element discoveries</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-modern_and_early_modern_discoveries">Pre-modern and early modern discoveries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-modern and early modern discoveries">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a> </th> <th>Element </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Earliest use </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Oldest existing sample </th> <th>Discoverer(s) </th> <th>Place of oldest sample </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-26000">26000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-26000">26000 BC </td> <td>Earliest humans </td> <td> </td> <td>Charcoal and soot were known to the earliest humans, with the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_(art)" title="Charcoal (art)">charcoal paintings</a> dating to about 28000 years ago, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gabarnmung" title="Gabarnmung">Gabarnmung</a> in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSM_rockart-2">[2]</a> The earliest known industrial use of charcoal was for the <a href="/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction" title="Carbothermic reaction">reduction</a> of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamonds</a> were probably known as early as 2500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> True chemical analyses were made in the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and in 1772 <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> demonstrated that diamond, graphite, and charcoal are all composed of the same substance.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> In 1787, de Morveau, Fourcroy, and Lavoisier listed carbon (in French, carbone) as an element, distinguishing it from coal (in French, charbon).<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-9888">9000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-6000">6000 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper#History" title="Copper">Middle East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> </td> <td>Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Ages</a>. Copper beads dating from 6000 BC have been found in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> site of Belovode on the <a href="/wiki/Rudnik_(mountain)" title="Rudnik (mountain)">Rudnik mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> contains the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting from 5000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-archaeology.ws-9">[9]</a> Recognised as an element by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guyton_de_Morveau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Guyton de Morveau">Louis Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Berthollet">Claude Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Fourcroy" title="Antoine-François de Fourcroy">Antoine-François de Fourcroy</a> in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>82 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-7000">7000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-3800">3800 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead#History" title="Lead">Asia Minor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos, Egypt</a> </td> <td>It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>79 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-6001">Before 6000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-4400">Before 4000 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold#History" title="Gold">Levant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qana" title="Wadi Qana">Wadi Qana</a> </td> <td>The earliest gold artifacts were discovered at the site of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qana" title="Wadi Qana">Wadi Qana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna-11">[11]</a> Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-5001">Before 5000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-4000">ca. 4000 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver#History" title="Silver">Asia Minor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> </td> <td>Estimated to have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> shortly after copper and gold.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-5001">Before 5000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-4000">4000 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Middle East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> around 1200 BC<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-3500">3500 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-2000">2000 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin#History" title="Tin">Asia Minor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kestel_(archaeological_site)" title="Kestel (archaeological site)">Kestel</a> </td> <td>First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> (and thus giving place to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in those places where <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> did not intrude directly on <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kestel_(archaeological_site)" title="Kestel (archaeological site)">Kestel</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, is the site of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a> mine that was used from 3250 to 1800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-3000">3000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-3000">3000 BC </td> <td>Sumerians </td> <td>Middle East </td> <td>An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of very pure antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Telloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a> (part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>).<a href="#cite_note-moorey-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> both describe the accidental production of metallic antimony from <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a>, but only seem to recognize the metal as lead.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The intentional isolation of antimony is described in the works attributed to the Muslim alchemist <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 850–950).<a href="#cite_note-Sarton-22">[22]</a> In Europe, the metal was being produced and used by 1540, when it was described by Vannoccio Biringuccio.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Described again by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> <a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a> in 1556. Probably first recognised as an element by Lavoisier in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-2001">Before 2000 BC </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur#History" title="Sulfur">Middle East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> </td> <td>First used at least 4,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a>, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to treat granular eyelids. (The Ebers papyrus was written c. 1550 BC, but is believed to have been copied from earlier texts.)<a href="#cite_note-Ebers1875-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Designated as one of the two elements of which all metals are composed in the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur-mercury theory of metals">sulfur-mercury theory of metals</a>, first described in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">Sirr al-khaliqa</a> ('Secret of Creation') and in the works attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (both 8th or 9th century).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Designated as a universal element (one of the <a href="/wiki/Tria_prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tria prima">tria prima</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> in the early 16th century. Recognized as an element by Lavoisier in 1777, which was supported by <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> in 1808 and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gay-Lussac" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gay-Lussac">Joseph Gay-Lussac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a> in 1810.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-1500">1500 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-1500">1500 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)#History" title="Mercury (element)">Egyptians</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">Cinnabar</a> (the most common mineral form of <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury(II) sulfide">mercury(II) sulfide</a>, HgS) was used as a pigment from prehistory, dating as far back as the 9th millennium BC in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Cinnabar deposits in Turkey, exploited from 8000 years ago, also contain minor amounts of mercury metal.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-1001">Before 1000 BC </td> <td data-sort-value="-1000">1000 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian metallurgists</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> </td> <td>Used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> since antiquity (before 1000 BC) by Indian metallurgists, but its true nature was not generally understood in ancient times. A 4th century BC vase from <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> is made of brass with a zinc content of 34%, too high to be produced by <a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">cementation</a>, providing strong evidence that metallic zinc was known in India by the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Zinc smelting was done in China and India around 1300.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> Identified as a distinct metal in the <a href="/wiki/Rasaratna_Samuchaya" title="Rasaratna Samuchaya">Rasaratna Samuccaya</a> around the 14th century of the Christian era<a href="#cite_note-Craddock-32">[32]</a> and by the alchemist <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> in 1526,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> who gave it its present name and described it as a new metal.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/P._M._de_Respour" title="P. M. de Respour">P. M. de Respour</a> isolated it from zinc oxide in 1668;<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> the first detailed documentation of zinc isolation was given by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> in 1746.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-600">c. 600 BC – AD 200 </td> <td data-sort-value="-600">c. 600 BC – AD 200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum#History" title="Platinum">Pre-Columbian South Americans</a> </td> <td>South America </td> <td>Used by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> Americans near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador" title="Esmeraldas, Ecuador">Esmeraldas, Ecuador</a> to produce artifacts of a white gold-platinum alloy, although precise dating is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> A small box from the burial of the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shepenupet_II" title="Shepenupet II">Shepenupet II</a> (died around 650 BC) was found to be decorated with gold-platinum hieroglyphics,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> but the Egyptians may not have recognised that there was platinum in their gold.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> First European description of a metal found in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> gold was in 1557 by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_Scaliger" title="Julius Caesar Scaliger">Julius Caesar Scaliger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a> was on an expedition to Peru in 1735, where he observed the metal; he published his findings in 1748. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood_(ironmaster)" title="Charles Wood (ironmaster)">Charles Wood</a> also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by <a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> in 1750.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="300">c. AD 300 </td> <td data-sort-value="300">c. AD 300 </td> <td>Egyptians </td> <td>Middle East </td> <td>The use of metallic arsenic was described by the Egyptian alchemist <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The purification of arsenic was later described in the works attributed to the Muslim alchemist <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 850–950).<a href="#cite_note-Sarton-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200–1280) is typically credited with the description of the metal in the West,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> though some question his work and instead credit <a href="/wiki/Vannoccio_Biringuccio" title="Vannoccio Biringuccio">Vannoccio Biringuccio</a>, whose De la pirotechnia (1540) distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a> from crystalline arsenic. The first to unquestionably have prepared metallic arsenic was <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schr%C3%B6der_(physician)" title="Johann Schröder (physician)">Johann Schröder</a> in 1641. Recognised as an element after Lavoisier's definition in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>83 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1500"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1500"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 </td> <td>European alchemists and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilisation </td> <td>Europe and South America </td> <td>Bismuth was known since ancient times, but often confused with tin and lead, which are chemically similar. The <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> used bismuth (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_bronze" title="Bismuth bronze">bronze alloy</a> for knives.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola</a> (1530 and 1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. This was based on observation of the metals and their physical properties.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the name tectum argenti, or "silver being made" in the sense of silver still in the process of being formed within the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pott" title="Johann Heinrich Pott">Johann Heinrich Pott</a> in 1738,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Olof_Bergman" class="mw-redirect" title="Torbern Olof Bergman">Torbern Olof Bergman</a>, the distinctness of lead and bismuth became clear, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy" title="Claude François Geoffroy">Claude François Geoffroy</a> demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead and tin.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_discoveries">Modern discoveries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern discoveries">edit</a>]</div> For 18th-century discoveries, around the time that <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> first questioned the <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlogiston">phlogiston</a> theory, the recognition of a new "earth" has been regarded as being equivalent to the discovery of a new element (as was the general practice then). For some elements (e.g. Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Mn, Co, Ni, Zr, Mo),<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> this presents further difficulties as their compounds were widely known since medieval or even ancient times, even though the elements themselves were not. Since the true nature of those compounds was sometimes only gradually discovered, it is sometimes very difficult to name one specific discoverer.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> In such cases the first publication on their chemistry is noted, and a longer explanation given in the notes.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Z </th> <th rowspan="2">Element </th> <th colspan="2">Observed </th> <th colspan="2">Isolated (widely known) </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>By</th> <th>Year</th> <th>By </th></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td>1669 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">H. Brand</a> </td> <td>1669 </td> <td>H. Brand </td> <td>Prepared and isolated from urine, it was the first element whose discovery date and discoverer are recorded.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Its name first appears in print in the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kaspar_Kirchmayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kaspar Kirchmayer (page does not exist)">Georg Kaspar Kirchmayer</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kaspar_Kirchmayer" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Kaspar Kirchmayer">de</a>] in 1676. Recognised as an element by Lavoisier.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td>1671 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">R. Boyle</a> </td> <td>1671 </td> <td>R. Boyle </td> <td>Robert Boyle produced it by reacting iron filings with dilute acid.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> in 1766 was the first to distinguish H 2 from other gases.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Lavoisier named it in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> It was the first elemental gas known. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td>1702 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">G. E. Stahl</a> </td> <td>1807 </td> <td>H. Davy </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702,<a href="#cite_note-1702Suspect-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau">Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau</a> was able to prove this difference in 1736.<a href="#cite_note-monceau-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a> again recognised the difference between <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> in 1758, but not all chemists accepted his conclusion. In 1797, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> suggested the names natron and kali for the two alkalis (whence the symbols). Davy isolated sodium metal a few days after potassium, by using electrolysis on <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td>1702 </td> <td>G. E. Stahl </td> <td>1807 </td> <td>H. Davy </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td>1735 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandt" title="Georg Brandt">G. Brandt</a> </td> <td>1735 </td> <td>G. Brandt </td> <td>Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td>1739 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pott" title="Johann Heinrich Pott">J. H. Pott</a> </td> <td>1808 </td> <td>H. Davy </td> <td>Lime was known as a substance for centuries, but only in the 18th century was its chemical nature recognised. Pott recognised terra calcarea (calcareous earth) as an individual "earth" in his treatise of 1739. Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy suggested in 1787 that it was the oxide of an element. Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td>1739 </td> <td>J. H. Pott </td> <td>1823 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">J. Berzelius</a> </td> <td>Silicon compounds (rock crystals and glass) were known to the ancients, but its chemical investigation dates only to the 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Becher" title="Johann Joachim Becher">Johann Joachim Becher</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a>) identified silica as the terra vitrescibilis, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pott" title="Johann Heinrich Pott">Johann Heinrich Pott</a> recognised it as an individual "earth" in his treatise of 1739.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> Silica appears as a "simple earth" in the Méthode de nomenclature chimique, and in 1789 Lavoisier concluded that the element must exist.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> Davy thought in 1800 that <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> was a compound, not an element, and in 1808 he proved this although he could not isolate the element, and suggested the name silicium.<a href="#cite_note-Bache_1819_135-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and Berzelius obtained the pure element in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The name was proposed to be changed to silicon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomas Thomson</a> in 1817, and this was eventually accepted because of its analogies to boron and carbon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td>1746 </td> <td>J. H. Pott </td> <td>1824 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">H.C.Ørsted</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> recognised aluminis as separate from vitriol in 1570, and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a> proposed in his 1597 treatise to name the unknown earth of alum alumina. In 1746, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pott" title="Johann Heinrich Pott">Johann Heinrich Pott</a> published a treatise distinguishing alum from lime and chalk, and Marggraf precipitated the new earth in 1756.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> Antoine Lavoisier predicted in 1787 that <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> is the oxide of an undiscovered element, and in 1808 Davy tried to decompose it. Although he failed, he proved Lavoisier correct and suggested the present name.<a href="#cite_note-Bache_1819_135-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminium in 1824.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td>1751 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Axel_Fredrik_Cronstedt" title="Axel Fredrik Cronstedt">F. Cronstedt</a> </td> <td>1751 </td> <td>F. Cronstedt </td> <td>Found by attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as fake copper (now known as <a href="/wiki/Niccolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolite">niccolite</a>).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>1755 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">J. Black</a> </td> <td>1808 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">H. Davy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> (CaO) in 1755; until then, both substances had been confused. Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia (mineral)">magnesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td>1771 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">W. Scheele</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">H. Moissan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">Fluorspar</a> was described by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> in 1529.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Scheele studied fluorspar and correctly concluded it to be the lime (calcium) salt of an acid.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Radical fluorique appears on the list of elements in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789, but radical muriatique also appears instead of chlorine.<a href="#cite_note-33elements-75">[75]</a> André-Marie Ampère again predicted in 1810 that hydrofluoric acid contained an element analogous to chlorine, and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain it. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td>1771 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">W. Scheele</a> </td> <td>1771 </td> <td>W. Scheele </td> <td>Scheele obtained it by heating <a href="/wiki/Mercuric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric oxide">mercuric oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Before him, <a href="/wiki/Sendivogius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendivogius">Sendivogius</a> had produced oxygen by heating <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a>, correctly identifying it as the "food of life".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td>1772 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">D. Rutherford</a> </td> <td>1772 </td> <td>D. Rutherford </td> <td>Rutherford discovered nitrogen while studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element at about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775–6.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td>1772 </td> <td>W. Scheele </td> <td>1808 </td> <td>H. Davy </td> <td>Scheele distinguished a new earth (<a href="/wiki/BaO" class="mw-redirect" title="BaO">BaO</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryte</a> in 1772. He did not name his discovery; Guyton de Morveau suggested barote in 1782.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> It was changed to baryte in the Méthode de nomenclature chimique of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a> (1787). Davy isolated the metal by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td>1774 </td> <td>W. Scheele </td> <td>1774 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn">J. G. Gahn</a> </td> <td>Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">pyrolusite</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Calx" title="Calx">calx</a> of a new metal. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gottfred_Kaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Gottfred Kaim">Ignatius Gottfred Kaim</a> might have isolated it in 1770, but there is uncertainty on that. It was isolated by reduction of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> with carbon. Given its present name in 1779 by Guyton de Morveau; prior to that it was called magnesia.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td>1774 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">W. Scheele</a> </td> <td>1774 </td> <td>W. Scheele </td> <td>Obtained it from <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td>1778 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">W. Scheele</a> </td> <td>1788 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">J. Hjelm</a> </td> <td>Scheele recognised the metal as a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">molybdena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Before that, Axel Cronstedt had assumed that molybdena contained a new earth in 1758.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>74 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td>1781 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">W. Scheele</a> </td> <td>1783 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Elhuyar" title="Juan José Elhuyar">J.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Elhuyar" title="Fausto Elhuyar">F. Elhuyar</a> </td> <td>Scheele showed that <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">scheelite</a> (then called tungsten) was a salt of calcium with a new acid, which he called <a href="/wiki/Tungstic_acid" title="Tungstic acid">tungstic acid</a>. The Elhuyars obtained tungstic acid from <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a> and reduced it with charcoal, naming the element "volfram".<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Since that time both names, tungsten and wolfram, have been used depending on language.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> In 1949 IUPAC made wolfram the scientific name, but this was repealed after protest in 1951 in favour of recognising both names pending a further review (which never materialised). Currently only tungsten is recognised for use in English.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td>1782 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz-Joseph_M%C3%BCller_von_Reichenstein" title="Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein">F.-J.M. von Reichenstein</a> </td> <td>1798 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">H. Klaproth</a> </td> <td>Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Klaproth isolated it in 1798.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td>1787 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)" title="William Cruickshank (chemist)">W. Cruikshank</a> </td> <td>1808 </td> <td>H. Davy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Cruickshank_(chemist)" title="William Cruickshank (chemist)">W. Cruikshank</a> in 1787 and <a href="/wiki/Adair_Crawford" title="Adair Crawford">Adair Crawford</a> in 1790 concluded that <a href="/wiki/Strontianite" title="Strontianite">strontianite</a> contained a new earth. It was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Davy.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td>1787 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">L. Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">A. Lavoisier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">C. L. Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">A. de Fourcroy</a> </td> <td>1809 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">H. Davy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Borax</a> was known from ancient times. In 1787, radical boracique appeared in the Méthode de nomenclature chimique of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Bernard_Guyton_de_Morveau" title="Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau">Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> It also appears in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789.<a href="#cite_note-33elements-75">[75]</a> In 1808, Lussac and Thénard announced a new element in <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">sedative salt</a> and named it bore. Davy announced the isolation of a new substance from boracic acid in 1809, naming it boracium.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As the element turned out not to be a metal, he revised his proposal to boron in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1789 </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">A. Lavoisier</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Lavoisier writes the first modern list of chemical elements – containing 33 elements including light and heat but omitting Na, K (he was unsure of whether soda and potash without carbonic acid, i.e. Na2O and K2O, are simple substances or compounds like NH3),<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Sr, Te; some elements were listed in the table as unextracted "radicals" (Cl, F, B) or as oxides (Ca, Mg, Ba, Al, Si).<a href="#cite_note-33elements-75">[75]</a> He also redefines the term "element". </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td>1789 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">H. Klaproth</a> </td> <td>1824 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">J. Berzelius</a> </td> <td>Martin Heinrich Klaproth identified a new oxide in <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> in 1789,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and in 1808 Davy showed that this oxide has a metallic base although he could not isolate it.<a href="#cite_note-Bache_1819_135-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>92 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td>1789 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">H. Klaproth</a> </td> <td>1841 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Melchior_P%C3%A9ligot" title="Eugène-Melchior Péligot">E.-M. Péligot</a> </td> <td>Klaproth mistakenly identified a <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxide</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td>1791 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Gregor" title="William Gregor">W. Gregor</a> </td> <td>1825 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">J. Berzelius</a> </td> <td>Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>; Klaproth independently discovered the element in <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_A._Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew A. Hunter">Matthew A. Hunter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td>1794 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">J. Gadolin</a> </td> <td>1843 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">H. Rose</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a> discovered the earth in <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a> in 1794. He did not name his discovery, but <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Ekeberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Ekeberg (page does not exist)">Andreas Ekeberg</a> did so when he confirmed it in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> Mosander showed later that its ore, <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a>, contained more elements.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1808, Davy showed that yttria is a metallic oxide, although he could not isolate the metal.<a href="#cite_note-Bache_1819_135-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Wöhler mistakenly thought he had isolated the metal in 1828 from a volatile chloride he supposed to be yttrium chloride,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> but Rose proved otherwise in 1843 and correctly isolated the element himself that year. </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td>1797 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">N. Vauquelin</a> </td> <td>1798 </td> <td>N. Vauquelin </td> <td>Vauquelin analysed the composition of <a href="/wiki/Crocoite" title="Crocoite">crocoite</a> ore in 1797, and later isolated the metal by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td>1798 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">N. Vauquelin</a> </td> <td>1828 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">F. Wöhler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bussy" title="Antoine Bussy">A. Bussy</a> </td> <td>Vauquelin discovered the oxide in <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a> and emerald in 1798, and in 1808 Davy showed that this oxide has a metallic base although he could not isolate it.<a href="#cite_note-Bache_1819_135-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Vauquelin was uncertain about the name to give to the oxide: in 1798 he called it la terre du beril, but the journal editors named it glucine after the sweet taste of beryllium compounds (which are highly toxic). <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link" title="Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link">Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link</a> proposed in 1799 to change the name from Glucine to Beryllerde or Berylline (because glucine resembled <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>), a suggestion taken up by Klaproth in 1800 in the form beryllina. Klaproth had independently worked on beryl and emerald and likewise concluded that a new element was present. The name beryllium for the element was first used by Wöhler upon its isolation (Davy used the name glucium). Both names beryllium and glucinium were used (the latter mostly in France) until IUPAC decided on the name beryllium in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td>1801 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Andrés Manuel del Río">A. M. del Río</a> </td> <td>1867 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">H. E. Roscoe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Andrés Manuel del Río">Andrés Manuel del Río</a> found the metal (calling it erythronium) in <a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">vanadinite</a> in 1801, but the claim was rejected after <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Victor_Collet-Descotils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils">Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils</a> dismissed it as chromium based on erroneous and superficial testing.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gabriel_Sefstr%C3%B6m" title="Nils Gabriel Sefström">Nils Gabriel Sefström</a> rediscovered the element in 1830 and named it vanadium. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> then showed that vanadium was identical to erythronium and thus that del Río had been right in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanadium3-109">[109]</a> Del Río then argued passionately that his old claim be recognised, but the element kept the name vanadium.<a href="#cite_note-vanadium3-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td>1801 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">C. Hatchett</a> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Blomstrand" title="Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand">W. Blomstrand</a> </td> <td>Hatchett found the element in <a href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</a> ore and named it columbium. In 1809, <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">W. H. Wollaston</a> claimed that columbium and tantalum are identical, which proved to be false.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a> proved in 1844 that the element is distinct from tantalum, and renamed it niobium. American scientists generally used the name columbium, while European ones used niobium. Niobium was officially accepted by IUPAC in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>73 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td>1802 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Gustaf_Ekeberg" title="Anders Gustaf Ekeberg">G. Ekeberg</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ekeberg found another element in minerals similar to columbite, and named it after <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> from Greek mythology because of its inability to be dissolved by acids (just as Tantalus was tantalised by water that receded when he tried to drink it).<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> In 1809, <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">W. H. Wollaston</a> claimed that columbium and tantalum are identical, which proved to be false.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> In 1844, Heinrich Rose proved that the elements were distinct and renamed columbium to niobium (Niobe is the daughter of Tantalus).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td>1802 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">W. H. Wollaston</a> </td> <td>1802 </td> <td>W. H. Wollaston </td> <td>Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">H. Klaproth</a>, J. Berzelius, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hisinger" title="Wilhelm Hisinger">W. Hisinger</a> </td> <td>1875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Hillebrand" title="William Francis Hillebrand">W. H. Hillebrand</a> </td> <td>Berzelius and Hisinger discovered the element in <a href="/wiki/Ceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceria">ceria</a> and named it after the newly discovered asteroid (then considered a planet), Ceres. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander proved later that the samples of all three researchers had at least another element in them, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>76 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">S. Tennant</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td>S. Tennant </td> <td>Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>77 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">S. Tennant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte-Victor_Collet-Descotils" title="Hippolyte-Victor Collet-Descotils">H.-V. Collet-Descotils</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td>S. Tennant </td> <td>Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Collet-Descotils also found iridium the same year, but not osmium.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td>1804 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">H. Wollaston</a> </td> <td>1804 </td> <td>H. Wollaston </td> <td>Wollaston discovered and isolated it from crude platinum samples from South America.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td>1811 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Courtois" title="Bernard Courtois">B. Courtois</a> </td> <td>1811 </td> <td>B. Courtois </td> <td>Courtois discovered it in the ashes of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The name iode was given in French by Gay-Lussac and published in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> Davy gave it the English name iodine in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td>1817 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johan_August_Arfwedson" title="Johan August Arfwedson">A. Arfwedson</a> </td> <td>1821 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">W. T. Brande</a> </td> <td>Arfwedson, a student of Berzelius, discovered the alkali in <a href="/wiki/Petalite" title="Petalite">petalite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Brande isolated it electrolytically from <a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">lithium oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td>1817 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Samuel_Leberecht_Hermann" title="Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann">S. L Hermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">F. Stromeyer</a>, and J.C.H. Roloff </td> <td>1817 </td> <td>S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff </td> <td>All three found an unknown metal in a sample of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td>1817 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">J. Berzelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Gahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlieb Gahn">G. Gahn</a> </td> <td>1817 </td> <td>J. Berzelius and G. Gahn </td> <td>While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought was tellurium, but realized after more investigation that it was different.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td>1825 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">J. Balard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_L%C3%B6wig" title="Carl Jacob Löwig">C. Löwig</a> </td> <td>1825 </td> <td>J. Balard and C. Löwig </td> <td>They both discovered the element in the autumn of 1825. Balard published his results the next year,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> but Löwig did not publish until 1827.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td>1829 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">J. Berzelius</a> </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger </td> <td>Berzelius obtained the oxide of a new earth in <a href="/wiki/Thorite" title="Thorite">thorite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td>1838 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">G. Mosander</a> </td> <td>1841 </td> <td>G. Mosander </td> <td>Mosander found a new element in samples of ceria and published his results in 1842, but later he showed that this <a href="/wiki/Lanthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthana">lanthana</a> contained four more elements.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td>1841 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">G. Mosander</a> </td> <td>1885 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">C. A. von Welsbach</a> </td> <td>Discovered by Mosander and called didymium. Carl Auer von Welsbach later split it into two elements, praseodymium and neodymium. Neodymium had formed the greater part of the old didymium and received the prefix "neo-".<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td>1843 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">G. Mosander</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">T. Cleve</a> </td> <td>Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and <a href="/wiki/Erbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbia">erbia</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Terbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbia">terbia</a> too.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The names underwent some confusion: Mosander's erbia was yellow and his terbia was red. But in 1860, <a href="/wiki/Nils_Johan_Berlin" title="Nils Johan Berlin">Nils Johan Berlin</a> could only find the rose-coloured earth, confusingly renamed as erbia, and questioned the existence of the yellow earth. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Delafontaine" title="Marc Delafontaine">Marc Delafontaine</a> adopted Berlin's nomenclature where erbia was the rose-coloured earth, but proved that the yellow earth also existed. At the prompting of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a>, he named the yellow earth terbia; thus Mosander's names were swapped from his original choices.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td>1843 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">G. Mosander</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">J.C.G. de Marignac</a> </td> <td>Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper and erbia, and later terbia too.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td>1844 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">K. Claus</a> </td> <td>1844 </td> <td>K. Claus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Osann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Osann">Gottfried Wilhelm Osann</a> thought that he found three new metals in Russian platinum samples in 1826, which he named polinium, pluranium, and ruthenium in 1828. But his results were questioned and he did not have enough quantities to isolate them, so he withdrew his claims in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-Osann2-128">[128]</a> However, in 1844 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Karlovich Klaus</a> confirmed that there was one new metal, and reused Osann's name "ruthenium".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td>1860 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">R. Bunsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">R. Kirchhoff</a> </td> <td>1882 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Setterberg" title="Carl Setterberg">C. Setterberg</a> </td> <td>Bunsen and Kirchhoff were the first to suggest finding new elements by <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectrum analysis</a>. They discovered caesium by its two blue <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a> in a sample of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Dürkheim">Dürkheim</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1882 by Setterberg.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">R. Bunsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">G. R. Kirchhoff</a> </td> <td>1863 </td> <td>R. Bunsen </td> <td>Bunsen and Kirchhoff discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The metal was isolated by Bunsen around 1863.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>81 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">W. Crookes</a> </td> <td>1862 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude-Auguste_Lamy" title="Claude-Auguste Lamy">C.-A. Lamy</a> </td> <td>Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample; later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td>1863 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Reich" title="Ferdinand Reich">F. Reich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hieronymous_Theodor_Richter" title="Hieronymous Theodor Richter">T. Richter</a> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td>T. Richter </td> <td>Reich and Richter first identified it in <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> by its bright indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Richter isolated the metal the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td> <td>1868 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Norman_Lockyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Norman Lockyer">N. Lockyer</a> </td> <td>1895 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Ramsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Ramsay">W. Ramsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per_Theodor_Cleve" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Theodor Cleve">T. Cleve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nils_Langlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Langlet">N. Langlet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">P. Janssen</a> and Lockyer observed independently a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element. However, only Lockyer made the correct conclusion that it was due to a new element. This was the first observation of a noble gas, located in the Sun. Years later after the isolation of argon on Earth, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently helium trapped in <a href="/wiki/Cleveite" title="Cleveite">cleveite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1869 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. I. Mendeleev</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mendeleev arranges the 63 elements known at that time (omitting terbium, as chemists were unsure of its existence, and helium, as it was not found on Earth) into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others. </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td>1875 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Emile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">P. E. L. de Boisbaudran</a> </td> <td>1878 </td> <td>P. E. L. de Boisbaudran and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jungfleisch" title="Emil Jungfleisch">E. Jungfleisch</a> </td> <td>Boisbaudran observed on a pyrenea <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">blende</a> sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminium that was <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">predicted</a> by Mendeleev in 1871. He and Jungfleisch isolated the metal three years later by electrolysis.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec2-52">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td>1878 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">J.C.G. de Marignac</a> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">C. A. von Welsbach</a> </td> <td>On 22 October 1878, Marignac reported splitting terbia into two new earths, terbia proper and <a href="/wiki/Ytterbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbia">ytterbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td>1878 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Soret" title="Jacques-Louis Soret">J.-L. Soret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Delafontaine" title="Marc Delafontaine">M. Delafontaine</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">T. Cleve</a> </td> <td>Soret found it in <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> and later, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium. Delafontaine's philippium turned out to be identical to what Soret found.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lars_Fredrik_Nilson" title="Lars Fredrik Nilson">F. Nilson</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>F. Nilson </td> <td>Nilson split Marignac's ytterbia into pure ytterbia and a new element that matched Mendeleev's 1871 predicted eka-boron.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>T. Cleve </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>T. Cleve </td> <td>Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>P.E.L. de Boisbaudran </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>E.-A. Demarçay </td> <td>Boisbaudran noted a new earth in samarskite and named it samaria after the mineral. The pure element was produced only in 1901 by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Anatole_Demar%C3%A7ay" title="Eugène-Anatole Demarçay">Eugène-Anatole Demarçay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td>1880 </td> <td>J. C. G. de Marignac </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>P.E.L. de Boisbaudran </td> <td>Marignac initially observed the new earth in terbia, and later Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from samarskite.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td>1885 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">C. A. von Welsbach</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered it in Mosander's didymia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Winkler" title="Clemens Winkler">C. A. Winkler</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>In February 1886 Winkler found in <a href="/wiki/Argyrodite" title="Argyrodite">argyrodite</a> the eka-silicon that Mendeleev had predicted in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>P.E.L. de Boisbaudran </td> <td>1905 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">G. Urbain</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td> <td>De Boisbaudran found a new earth in erbia.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">W. Ramsay</a> </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay </td> <td>They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases" title="Liquefaction of gases">liquefaction</a> from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td>1896 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Anatole_Demar%C3%A7ay" title="Eugène-Anatole Demarçay">E.-A. Demarçay</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>E.-A. Demarçay </td> <td>Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, and separated this element several years later.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and <a href="/wiki/Morris_W._Travers" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris W. Travers">W. Travers</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and W. Travers </td> <td>On May 30, 1898, Ramsay separated a noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and W. Travers </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and W. Travers </td> <td>In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and W. Travers </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and W. Travers </td> <td>On 12 July 1898, Ramsay separated a third noble gas within three weeks, from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>84 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td> </td> <td>In an experiment done on 13 July 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a>, which they ascribed to an unknown element. Independently rediscovered and isolated in 1902 by Marckwald, who named it radiotellurium.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Pure polonium was obtained in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>88 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>Marie Curie and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> </td> <td>The Curies reported on 26 December 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">uraninite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In September 1910, Marie Curie and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> announced that they had isolated radium as a pure <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ColbyChurchill1911-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>86 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td> <td>1899 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">E. Rutherford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Owens" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Owens">R. B. Owens</a> </td> <td>1910 </td> <td>W. Ramsay and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whytlaw-Gray" title="Robert Whytlaw-Gray">R. Whytlaw-Gray</a> </td> <td>Rutherford and Owens discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of thorium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray. In 1900, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ernst_Dorn" title="Friedrich Ernst Dorn">Friedrich Ernst Dorn</a> discovered a longer-lived isotope of the same gas from the radioactive decay of radium. Since "radon" was first used to specifically designate Dorn's isotope before it became the name for the element, he is often mistakenly given credit for the latter instead of the former.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>89 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Oskar_Giesel" title="Friedrich Oskar Giesel">F. O. Giesel</a> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>F. O. Giesel and A.-L. Debierne </td> <td>Giesel obtained from pitchblende a substance that had properties similar to those of lanthanum and named it emanium.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> had previously (in 1899 and 1900) reported the discovery of a new element actinium that was supposedly similar to titanium and thorium, which cannot have included much actual element 89. But by 1904, when Giesel and Debierne met, both had radiochemically pure element 89, and so Debierne has generally been given credit for the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">C. A. von Welsbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">G. Urbain</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td> </td> <td>von Welsbach proved that the old <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> also contained a new element, which he named cassiopeium (he renamed the larger part of the old ytterbium to aldebaranium). Urbain also proved this at about the same time (von Welsbach's paper was published first, but Urbain sent his to the editor first), naming the new element lutetium and the old one neoytterbium (which later reverted to ytterbium). However, Urbain's samples were very impure and only contained trace quantities of the new element. Despite this, his chosen name lutetium was adopted by the International Committee of Atomic Weights, whose membership included Urbain. The German Atomic Weights Commission adopted cassiopeium for the next forty years. Finally in 1949 IUPAC decided in favour of the name lutetium as it was more often used.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Pure lutetium metal was first produced in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley240-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Ogawa" title="Masataka Ogawa">M. Ogawa</a> </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>M. Ogawa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Ogawa" title="Masataka Ogawa">Masataka Ogawa</a> found it in <a href="/wiki/Thorianite" title="Thorianite">thorianite</a> in 1908, but assigned it as element 43 and named it nipponium. (Elements 43 and 75 are in the same group of the periodic table.)<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Because of the erroneous assignment, and because some of his key results were published only in Japanese, his claim was not widely recognised. However, the optical emission spectrum described by Ogawa and the X-ray photographic plate for one of his samples match element 75, and his claim has thus been rehabilitated in much of the modern literature.<a href="#cite_note-nipponium2022-165">[165]</a> In 1925 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Noddack" title="Walter Noddack">Walter Noddack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Noddack" title="Ida Noddack">Ida Eva Tacke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Berg_(scientist)" title="Otto Berg (scientist)">Otto Berg</a> announced its separation from <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a>, identified it correctly as element 75, and gave it the present name.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>91 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td>1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Helmuth_G%C3%B6hring" title="Oswald Helmuth Göhring">O. H. Göhring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasimir_Fajans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasimir Fajans">K. Fajans</a> </td> <td>1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristid_von_Grosse" title="Aristid von Grosse">A. von Grosse</a> </td> <td>The two obtained the first isotope of this element, 234mPa, that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as a member of the natural decay of 238U: they named it brevium. A longer-lived isotope 231Pa was found in 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, and was named by them protoactinium: since it is longer-lived, it gave the element its name. Protoactinium was changed to protactinium in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Originally isolated in 1900 by William Crookes, who nevertheless did not recognize that it was a new element.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>72 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td>1922 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Coster" title="Dirk Coster">D. Coster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hevesy" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Hevesy">G. von Hevesy</a> </td> <td>1924 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">Georges Urbain</a> claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> independently found it in <a href="/wiki/Orthite" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthite">orthite</a>. Neither claim was confirmed due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and neither could be confirmed later, as the chemistry they reported does not match that now known for hafnium. After the war, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetraiodide vapor over a heated <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> filament in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Ark1924b-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ark1925-172">[172]</a> Hafnium was the last stable element to be discovered (noting however the difficulties regarding the discovery of rhenium). </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Perrier" title="Carlo Perrier">C. Perrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">E. Segrè</a> </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>C. Perrier & E. Segrè </td> <td>The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum sample that was used in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>, the first element to be discovered by synthesis. It had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as eka-manganese.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Merrill" title="Paul W. Merrill">Paul W. Merrill</a> found its spectral lines in <a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Minuscule trace quantities were finally found on Earth in 1962 by B. T. Kenna and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kuroda" title="Paul Kuroda">Paul K. Kuroda</a>: they isolated it from Belgian Congo <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a>, where it occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> product of uranium.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The Noddacks (rediscoverers of rhenium) claimed to have discovered element 43 in 1925 as well and named it masurium (after <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>), but their claims were disproven by Kuroda, who calculated that there cannot have been enough technetium in their samples to have enabled a true detection.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>87 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td>1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">M. Perey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Perey discovered it as a decay product of 227Ac.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Francium was the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although four of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine, and promethium) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-180">[180]</a> Before Perey, it is likely that <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Meyer_(physicist)" title="Stefan Meyer (physicist)">Stefan Meyer</a>, Viktor F. Hess, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paneth" title="Friedrich Paneth">Friedrich Paneth</a> had observed the decay of 227Ac to 223Fr in Vienna in 1914, but they could not follow up and secure their work because of the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-180">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>93 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td>1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">E.M. McMillan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Abelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip H. Abelson">H. Abelson</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it was the first <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a> discovered.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Shortly before that, <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Nishina" title="Yoshio Nishina">Yoshio Nishina</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenjiro_Kimura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenjiro Kimura (page does not exist)">Kenjiro Kimura</a> discovered the uranium isotope 237U and found that it beta decays into 23793, but were unable to measure the activity of the element 93 product because its half-life was too long. McMillan and Abelson succeeded because they used 239U, as 23993 has a much shorter half-life.<a href="#cite_note-Ikeda-182">[182]</a> McMillan and Abelson found that 23993 itself undergoes beta decay and must produce an isotope of element 94, but the quantities they used were not enough to isolate and identify element 94 along with 93.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Natural traces were found in Belgian Congo pitchblende by D. F. Peppard et al. in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-4n1-184">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>85 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td>1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dale_R._Corson" title="Dale R. Corson">D. R. Corson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Ross_MacKenzie" title="Kenneth Ross MacKenzie">K. R. MacKenzie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">E. Segrè</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Berta_Karlik" title="Berta Karlik">Berta Karlik</a> and Traude Bernert found it in nature; due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, they were initially unaware of Corson et al.'s results.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horia_Hulubei" title="Horia Hulubei">Horia Hulubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cauchois" title="Yvette Cauchois">Yvette Cauchois</a> had previously claimed its discovery as a natural radioelement from 1936, naming it dor: they likely did have the isotope 218At, and probably did have enough sensitivity to distinguish its spectral lines. But they could not chemically identify their discovery, and their work was doubted because of an earlier false claim by Hulubei to having discovered element 87.<a href="#cite_note-findingekaiodine-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>94 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wahl" title="Arthur Wahl">Arthur C. Wahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Kennedy" title="Joseph W. Kennedy">W. Kennedy</a> and E.M. McMillan </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Seaborg and Morris L. Perlman then found it as traces in natural Canadian <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> in 1941–1942, though this work was kept secret until 1948.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>96 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>Glenn T. Seaborg, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._James" title="Ralph A. James">Ralph A. James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>95 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>G. T. Seaborg, R. A. James, <a href="/wiki/Leon_O._Morgan" title="Leon O. Morgan">O. Morgan</a> and A. Ghiorso </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Coryell" title="Charles D. Coryell">Charles D. Coryell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Marinsky" title="Jacob A. Marinsky">Jacob A. Marinsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>F. Weigel </td> <td>It was probably first prepared at the Ohio State University in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the Manhattan Project in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The metal was later isolated by F. Weigel in 1963, by reducing <a href="/wiki/Promethium_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium fluoride">promethium fluoride</a> with lithium.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Found on Earth in trace quantities by <a href="/wiki/Olavi_Er%C3%A4mets%C3%A4" title="Olavi Erämetsä">Olavi Erämetsä</a> in 1965; so far, promethium is the most recent element to have been found on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley G. Thompson">G. Thompson</a>, A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>98 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>S. G. Thompson, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Street,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Street, Jr.">K. Street, Jr.</a>, A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bombardment of curium with alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>99 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso et al. (<a href="/wiki/Argonne_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Argonne Laboratory">Argonne Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> and University of California, Berkeley) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; first identified in early 1953; kept secret for several years.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_G._Harvey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard G. Harvey (page does not exist)">G. Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Choppin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory R. Choppin">G. R. Choppin</a>, S. G. Thompson and G. T. Seaborg (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley Radiation Laboratory</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>103 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso, <a href="/wiki/Torbj%C3%B8rn_Sikkeland" title="Torbjørn Sikkeland">T. Sikkeland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almon_E._Larsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almon E. Larsh (page does not exist)">E. Larsh</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_M._Latimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert M. Latimer (page does not exist)">M. Latimer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley Radiation Laboratory</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td>1965–1966 </td> <td>E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev and V. A. Ermakov (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>First prepared by bombardment of uranium with neon atoms.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Although earlier claims exist, the first complete and incontrovertible report of its detection only came in 1966 from JINR in Dubna.<a href="#cite_note-93TWG-203">[203]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>104 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td>1969 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso et al. (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley Radiation Laboratory</a>) and I. Zvara et al. (JINR in Dubna) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of californium with carbon atoms by Albert Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of plutonium with neon atoms by Zvara's team.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>105 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso et al. (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley Radiation Laboratory</a>) and V. A. Druin et al. (JINR in Dubna) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of californium with nitrogen atoms by Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of americium with neon atoms by Druin's team.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>106 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>A. Ghiorso et al. (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley Radiation Laboratory</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of californium with oxygen atoms.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>107 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Gottfried Münzenberg">G.Münzenberg</a> et al. (<a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI in Darmstadt</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>109 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>G. Münzenberg, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Armbruster" title="Peter Armbruster">P. Armbruster</a> et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of lead with iron atoms<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Hofmann" title="Sigurd Hofmann">S. Hofmann</a> et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of lead with nickel<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with nickel<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>112 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of lead with zinc.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>114 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Y. Oganessian</a> et al. (JINR in Dubna) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with calcium. It may have already been found at Dubna in 1998, but that result has not been confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>116 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Y. Oganessian et al. 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(<a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a> in Wako, Japan) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by decay of moscovium by Oganessian's team<a href="#cite_note-113+115-217">[217]</a> and bombardment of bismuth with zinc by Morita's team.<a href="#cite_note-04Mo01-218">[218]</a> Both teams began their experiments in 2003; Oganessian's team detected its first atom in 2003, but Morita's only in 2004. However, both teams published in 2004. </td></tr> <tr> <td>117 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prepared by bombardment of berkelium with calcium<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History of the periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Matter" title="The Mystery of Matter">The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements (2014/2015 PBS film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a 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Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Lead+%E2%80%93+Part+3&rft.pub=Lead.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lead.org.au%2Flanv2n3%2Flanv2n3-22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopherTsukShalevGophna1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. (August–October 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". Current Anthropology. 31 (4): 436–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203868">10.1086/203868</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743275">2743275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143173212">143173212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Earliest+Gold+Artifacts+in+the+Levant&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1990-08%2F1990-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143173212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203868&rft.aulast=Gopher&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Tsuk%2C+T.&rft.au=Shalev%2C+S.&rft.au=Gophna%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ag">"47 Silver"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=47+Silver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121190719/http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/silver.htm">"Silver Facts – Periodic Table of the Elements"</a>. Chemistry.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/silver.htm">the original</a> on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+Facts+%E2%80%93+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.pub=Chemistry.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.about.com%2Fod%2Felementfacts%2Fa%2Fsilver.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=fe">"26 Iron"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26+Iron&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeksLeichester,_Henry_M.1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a>; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). "Elements Known to the Ancients". Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 29–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0"><bdi>0-7661-3872-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-15217">68-15217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elements+Known+to+the+Ancients&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-15217&rft.isbn=0-7661-3872-0&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.au=Leichester%2C+Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his101%5Cmisc%5Cpersia.htm">"Notes on the Significance of the First Persian Empire in World History"</a>. Courses.wcupa.edu. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Significance+of+the+First+Persian+Empire+in+World+History&rft.pub=Courses.wcupa.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.wcupa.edu%2Fjones%2Fhis101%255Cmisc%255Cpersia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=sn">"50 Tin"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+Tin&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dsn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauptmannMaddinPrange2002" class="citation cs2">Hauptmann, A.; Maddin, R.; Prange, M. (2002), "On the structure and composition of copper and tin ingots excavated from the shipwreck of Uluburun", Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, vol. 328, no. 328, American Schools of Oriental Research, pp. 1–30, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357777">1357777</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+School+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=On+the+structure+and+composition+of+copper+and+tin+ingots+excavated+from+the+shipwreck+of+Uluburun&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=328&rft.pages=pp.+1-30&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hauptmann&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Maddin%2C+R.&rft.au=Prange%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108015008/http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/cramb/Processing/history.html">"History of Metals"</a>. Neon.mems.cmu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/cramb/Processing/history.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Metals&rft.pub=Neon.mems.cmu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneon.mems.cmu.edu%2Fcramb%2FProcessing%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moorey-20"><a href="#cite_ref-moorey_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1994" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, P. R. S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA241">Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence</a>. New York: Clarendon Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+the+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=P.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1999" class="citation book cs1">Healy, John F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz6D4H-s5psC">Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198146872" title="Special:BookSources/9780198146872"><bdi>9780198146872</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder+on+Science+and+Technology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780198146872&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHz6D4H-s5psC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarton-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarton_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarton_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarton1927–1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">Sarton, George</a> (1927–1948). Introduction to the History of Science. Vol. I–III. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476555889">476555889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Science&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1927%2F1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476555889&rft.aulast=Sarton&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> vol. I, p. 532: "We find in them [sc. the works attributed to Jabir] [...] preparation of various substances (e. g., basic lead carbonate; arsenic and antimony from their sulphides)." On the dating of the writings attributed to Jabir, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiringuccio1959" class="citation book cs1">Biringuccio, Vannoccio (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKVGDwAAQBAJ">Pirotechnia</a>. Courier Corporation. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486261348" title="Special:BookSources/9780486261348"><bdi>9780486261348</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2018. <q>Probably metallic antimony was being produced in Germany in Biringuccio's time, for later in this chapter he mentions importation of cakes of the smelted (or melted) metal to alloy with pewter or bell metal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirotechnia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780486261348&rft.aulast=Biringuccio&rft.aufirst=Vannoccio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKVGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916201636/http://georgiagulfsulfur.com/history.htm">"Sulfur History"</a>. Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiagulfsulfur.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulfur+History&rft.pub=Georgiagulfsulfur.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiagulfsulfur.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebers1875-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Ebers1875_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stern, Ludwig Christian (1875). <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ebers" title="Georg Ebers">Ebers, Georg</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LjBxSQAACAAJ&q=Papyros+Ebers:+Das+hermetische+Buch+%C3%BCber+die+Arzeneimittel+der+alten+%C3%84gypter+in+hieratischer+Schrift+Georg+Ebers">Papyros Ebers: Das hermetische Buch über die Arzeneimittel der alten Ägypter in hieratischer Schrift, herausgegeben mit Inhaltsangabe und Einleitung versehen von Georg Ebers, mit Hieroglyphisch-Lateinischem Glossar von Ludwig Stern, mit Unterstützung des Königlich Sächsischen Cultusministerium</a> (in German). Vol. 2 (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: W. Englemann. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/25012078">25012078</a>. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papyros+Ebers%3A+Das+hermetische+Buch+%C3%BCber+die+Arzeneimittel+der+alten+%C3%84gypter+in+hieratischer+Schrift%2C+herausgegeben+mit+Inhaltsangabe+und+Einleitung+versehen+von+Georg+Ebers%2C+mit+Hieroglyphisch-Lateinischem+Glossar+von+Ludwig+Stern%2C+mit+Unterst%C3%BCtzung+des+K%C3%B6niglich+S%C3%A4chsischen+Cultusministerium&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=W.+Englemann&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F25012078&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLjBxSQAACAAJ%26q%3DPapyros%2BEbers%3A%2BDas%2Bhermetische%2BBuch%2B%25C3%25BCber%2Bdie%2BArzeneimittel%2Bder%2Balten%2B%25C3%2584gypter%2Bin%2Bhieratischer%2BSchrift%2BGeorg%2BEbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2009" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, George Robert (4 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ed0yC98aAKYC&pg=PA242">Archaeomineralogy</a>. Springer. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78593-4"><bdi>978-3-540-78593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeomineralogy&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78593-4&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ded0yC98aAKYC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1942–1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487091150" title="Special:BookSources/9783487091150"><bdi>9783487091150</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468740510">468740510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam.+I.+Le+corpus+des+%C3%A9crits+j%C3%A2biriens.+II.+J%C3%A2bir+et+la+science+grecque&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.date=1942%2F1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468740510&rft.isbn=9783487091150&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> vol. II, p. 1, note 1; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisser1980" class="citation book cs1">Weisser, Ursula (1980). Spies, Otto (ed.). Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110866933">10.1515/9783110866933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007333-1"><bdi>978-3-11-007333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+%22Buch+%C3%BCber+das+Geheimnis+der+Sch%C3%B6pfung%22+von+Pseudo-Apollonios+von+Tyana&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110866933&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007333-1&rft.aulast=Weisser&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> p. 199. On the dating and historical background of the Sirr al-khalīqa, see Kraus 1942−1943, vol. II, pp. 270–303; Weisser 1980, pp. 39–72. On the dating of the writings attributed to Jābir, see Kraus 1942−1943, vol. I, pp. xvii–lxv. A more detailed and speculative account of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals is given by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1931" class="citation book cs1">Holmyard, E.J. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makersofchemistr029725mbp">Makers of Chemistry</a>. 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(1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1456/report.pdf">Geological Survey Bulletin 1456: Mercury Deposits in Turkey</a> (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Geological+Survey+Bulletin+1456%3A+Mercury+Deposits+in+Turkey&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Edgar+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fbul%2F1456%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115042236/http://www.ec.gc.ca/MERCURY/EN/bf.cfm">"Mercury and the environment – Basic facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>, Federal Government of Canada. 2004. 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Indian Journal of History of Science. 28 (4): 309–330. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Primacy+of+India+in+Ancient+Brass+and+Zinc+Metallurgy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcahc.jainuniversity.ac.in%2Fassets%2Fijhs%2FVol28_4_3_AKBiswas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craddock-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Craddock_32-0">^</a> Craddock, P. T. et al. (1983), "Zinc production in medieval India", World Archaeology 15 (2), Industrial Archaeology, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=zn">"30 Zinc"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 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Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0"><bdi>0-7661-3872-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Some+Eighteenth-Century+Metals&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=0-7661-3872-0&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Scott_and_Warwick_Bray1980" class="citation journal cs1">David A. Scott and Warwick Bray (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053426/https://www.technology.matthey.com/article/24/4/147-157/">"Ancient Platinum Technology in South America: Its use by the Indians in Pre-Hispanic Times"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technology.matthey.com/article/24/4/147-157/">the original</a> on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Ancient+Platinum+Technology+in+South+America%3A+Its+use+by+the+Indians+in+Pre-Hispanic+Times&rft.date=1980&rft.au=David+A.+Scott+and+Warwick+Bray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F24%2F4%2F147-157%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelot1901" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berthelot, M. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30888/f778.image">"Sur les métaux égyptiens: Présence du platine parmi les caractères d'inscriptions hiéroglyphiques, confié à mon examn"</a> [On Egyptian metals: Presence of platinum among the characters of hieroglyphic inscriptions, entrusted to my examination]. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 132: 729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sur+les+m%C3%A9taux+%C3%A9gyptiens%3A+Pr%C3%A9sence+du+platine+parmi+les+caract%C3%A8res+d%27inscriptions+hi%C3%A9roglyphiques%2C+confi%C3%A9+%C3%A0+mon+examn&rft.volume=132&rft.pages=729&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k30888%2Ff778.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner_W._Hesse2007" class="citation book cs1">Rayner W. Hesse (2007). Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia. 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New York: Mineralogical Society of America. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Natura+Fossilium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+America&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgious&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarlang.com%2Fbooks%2Fagricola-bandy-de-natura-fossilium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1819" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, William (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL5PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT181">"Bismuth"</a>. 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"The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9...11W">1932JChEd...9...11W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p11">10.1021/ed009p11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+II.+Elements+known+to+the+alchemists&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p11&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9...11W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiunta" class="citation web cs1">Giunta, Carmen J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/archems.html">"Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_College" title="Le Moyne College">Le Moyne College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Archaic+Chemical+Terms&rft.pub=Le+Moyne+College&rft.aulast=Giunta&rft.aufirst=Carmen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~giunta%2Farchems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> See also for other terms for bismuth, including stannum glaciale (glacial tin or ice-tin). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPott1738" class="citation book cs1">Pott, Johann Heinrich (1738). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA134">"De Wismutho"</a>. 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Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/4">4–1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%2C+US%29&rft.pages=4-1&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffroy1753" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy" title="Claude François Geoffroy">Geoffroy, C.F.</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3551g/f197.image.r=royal.langEN">"Sur Bismuth"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+Sodium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=k">"19 Potassium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=19+Potassium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=co">"27 Cobalt"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 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Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=41+Niobium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dnb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ta">"73 Tantalum"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=73+Tantalum&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=pd">"46 Palladium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=46+Palladium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dpd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ce">"58 Cerium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=58+Cerium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=os">"76 Osmium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=76+Osmium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ir">"77 Iridium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=77+Iridium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-116"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=rh">"45 Rhodium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45+Rhodium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Drh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=i">"53 Iodine"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=53+Iodine&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=li">"03 Lithium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=03+Lithium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cd">"48 Cadmium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=48+Cadmium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dcd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=se">"34 Selenium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=34+Selenium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=br">"35 Bromine"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=35+Bromine&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dbr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Carl Löwig (1827) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA31">"Über Brombereitung und eine auffallende Zersetzung des Aethers durch Chlor"</a> (On the preparation of bromine and a striking decomposition of ether by chlorine), Magazine für Pharmacie, vol. 21, pages 31–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=th">"90 Thorium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=90+Thorium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=la">"57 Lanthanum"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=57+Lanthanum&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-125"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=nd">"60 Neodymium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=60+Neodymium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dnd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/68/erbium">"Erbium"</a>. RSC.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erbium&rft.pub=RSC.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F68%2Ferbium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/65/terbium">"Terbium"</a>. RSC.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terbium&rft.pub=RSC.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F65%2Fterbium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osann2-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Osann2_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried_Osann1829" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gottfried Osann (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE">"Berichtigung, meine Untersuchung des uralschen Platins betreffend"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a> (in German). 15: 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poggendorffs+Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=Berichtigung%2C+meine+Untersuchung+des+uralschen+Platins+betreffend&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1829&rft.au=Gottfried+Osann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ru">"44 Ruthenium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=44+Ruthenium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cs">"55 Caesium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=55+Caesium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.shef.ac.uk/chm131-2001/chb01jms/caesium.html">Caesium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309030116/http://www.chem.shef.ac.uk/chm131-2001/chb01jms/caesium.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=rb">"37 Rubidium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=37+Rubidium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Drb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=tl">"81 Thallium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=81+Thallium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dtl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=in">"49 Indium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=49+Indium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=he">"02 Helium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=02+Helium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ga">"31 Gallium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=31+Gallium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-metal-gallium-1878-06-15/">"The New Metal Gallium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 15 June 1878. Retrieved 16 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+New+Metal+Gallium&rft.date=1878-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-new-metal-gallium-1878-06-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=yb">"70 Ytterbium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=70+Ytterbium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dyb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ho">"67 Holmium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=67+Holmium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaniCostaOrna2014" class="citation book cs1">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199383344" title="Special:BookSources/9780199383344"><bdi>9780199383344</bdi></a>. <q>...today's inclination to re-evaluate the work of Delafontaine and Soret has led justifiably to their being included as co-discoverers of holmium.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Elements%3A+The+Periodic+Table%27s+Shadow+Side&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199383344&rft.aulast=Fontani&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Costa%2C+Mariagrazia&rft.au=Orna%2C+Mary+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=sc">"21 Scandium"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=62+Samarium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dsm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=gd">"64 Gadolinium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=64+Gadolinium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dgd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-145"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=pr">"59 Praseodymium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=59+Praseodymium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ge">"32 Germanium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 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Retrieved 6 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fn-t.ru%2Fri%2Fps%2Fpb3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Dy">"66 Dysprosium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 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Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 268–269: 107259. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JEnvR.26807259S">2023JEnvR.26807259S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2023.107259">10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107259</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523833">37523833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Radioactivity&rft.atitle=Polonium+on+the+125th+anniversary+of+its+discovery%3A+its+chemistry%2C+radiotoxicity+and+application&rft.volume=268-269&rft.pages=107259&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37523833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2023.107259&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023JEnvR.26807259S&rft.aulast=Skwarzec&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft.au=Bory%C5%82o%2C+Alicja&rft.au=Wieczorek%2C+Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Lanczewska%2C+Klaudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jenvrad.2023.107259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ra">"88 Radium"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taleofseveneleme0000scer/page/188">188–190, 206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539131-2"><bdi>978-0-19-539131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+7+Elements&rft.pages=188-190%2C+206&rft.edition=Google+Play&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539131-2&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaleofseveneleme0000scer%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=pu">"94 Plutonium"</a>. 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Soc. 70 (4): 1571–1573. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948JAChS..70.1571S">1948JAChS..70.1571S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01184a083">10.1021/ja01184a083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18915775">18915775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Search+for+Elements+94+and+93+in+Nature.+Presence+of+94%3Csup%3E239%3C%2Fsup%3E+in+Pitchblende&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1571-%3C%2Fspan%3E1573&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18915775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01184a083&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948JAChS..70.1571S&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft.au=Perlman%2C+Morris+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cm">"96 Curium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=96+Curium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dcm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=am">"95 Americium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=95+Americium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Pm">"61 Promethium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=61+Promethium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DPm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA428">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EfYXzwPo3UC%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a22_607">10.1002/14356007.a22_607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rare+Earth+Elements&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a22_607&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=McGill&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=bk">"97 Berkelium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=97+Berkelium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=cf">"98 Californium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=98+Californium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dcf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=es">"99 Einsteinium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=99+Einsteinium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=fm">"100 Fermium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Fermium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=md">"101 Mendelevium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=101+Mendelevium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dmd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=lr">"103 Lawrencium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=103+Lawrencium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=no">"102 Nobelium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=102+Nobelium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93TWG-203"><a href="#cite_ref-93TWG_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarberGreenwoodHrynkiewiczJeannin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, Robert C.; Greenwood, Norman N.; Hrynkiewicz, Andrzej Z.; Jeannin, Yves P.; Lefort, Marc; Sakai, Mitsuo; Úlehla, Ivan M.; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik; Wilkinson, Denys H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199365081757">"Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 65 (8): 1757. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199365081757">10.1351/pac199365081757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195819585">195819585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+transfermium+elements.+Part+II%3A+Introduction+to+discovery+profiles.+Part+III%3A+Discovery+profiles+of+the+transfermium+elements&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1757&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199365081757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195819585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.&rft.au=Hrynkiewicz%2C+Andrzej+Z.&rft.au=Jeannin%2C+Yves+P.&rft.au=Lefort%2C+Marc&rft.au=Sakai%2C+Mitsuo&rft.au=%C3%9Alehla%2C+Ivan+M.&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Denys+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1351%252Fpac199365081757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> (Note: for Part I see Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 879–886, 1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=rf">"104 Rutherfordium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=104+Rutherfordium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Drf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=db">"105 Dubnium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=105+Dubnium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Ddb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=sg">"106 Seaborgium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=106+Seaborgium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=bh">"107 Bohrium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=107+Bohrium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dbh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=mt">"109 Meitnerium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=109+Meitnerium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dmt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=hs">"108 Hassium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=108+Hassium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ds">"110 Darmstadtium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=110+Darmstadtium&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3Dds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=rg">"111 Roentgenium"</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. 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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (10): 2593–2596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JPSJ...73.2593M">2004JPSJ...73.2593M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143%2FJPSJ.73.2593">10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Physical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Experiment+on+the+Synthesis+of+Element+113+in+the+Reaction+%3Csup%3E209%3C%2Fsup%3EBi%28%3Csup%3E70%3C%2Fsup%3EZn%2Cn%29%3Csup%3E278%3C%2Fsup%3E113&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2593-%3C%2Fspan%3E2596&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1143%2FJPSJ.73.2593&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JPSJ...73.2593M&rft.aulast=Morita&rft.aufirst=Kosuke&rft.au=Morimoto%2C+Kouji&rft.au=Kaji%2C+Daiya&rft.au=Akiyama%2C+Takahiro&rft.au=Goto%2C+Sin-ichi&rft.au=Haba%2C+Hiromitsu&rft.au=Ideguchi%2C+Eiji&rft.au=Kanungo%2C+Rituparna&rft.au=Katori%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Koura%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=Kudo%2C+Hisaaki&rft.au=Ohnishi%2C+Tetsuya&rft.au=Ozawa%2C+Akira&rft.au=Suda%2C+Toshimi&rft.au=Sueki%2C+Keisuke&rft.au=Xu%2C+HuShan&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+Takayuki&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+Akira&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Zhao%2C+YuLiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1143%252FJPSJ.73.2593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOganessianAbdullinBaileyBenker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oganessian, Yu. 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(April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.104.142502">"Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>. 104 (14): 142502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhRvL.104n2502O">2010PhRvL.104n2502O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.104.142502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20481935">20481935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+a+New+Element+with+Atomic+Number+Z%3D117&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=142502&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20481935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.104.142502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PhRvL.104n2502O&rft.aulast=Oganessian&rft.aufirst=Yu.+Ts.&rft.au=Abdullin%2C+F.+Sh.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Benker%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Dmitriev%2C+S.+N.&rft.au=Ezold%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Itkis%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Yu.+V.&rft.au=Mezentsev%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Moody%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+A.+N.&rft.au=Porter%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Ramayya%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Riley%2C+F.+D.&rft.au=Roberto%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Ryabinin%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Rykaczewski%2C+K.+P.&rft.au=Sagaidak%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Shaughnessy%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Shirokovsky%2C+I.+V.&rft.au=Stoyer%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Subbotin%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Sudowe%2C+R.&rft.au=Sukhov%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Tsyganov%2C+Yu.+S.&rft.au=Utyonkov%2C+V.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.104.142502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiscovery+of+chemical+elements" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discovery_of_chemical_elements&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/content/elements.html">History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers</a> Last updated by Boris Pritychenko on 30 March 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausetute.com.au/elemhist.html">History of Elements of the Periodic Table</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa030303a.htm">Timeline of Element Discoveries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208130034/http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa030303a.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyscoper.com/chemicalelementscope.html">The Historyscoper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9n8AyOsGRM">Discovery of the Elements – The Movie – YouTube</a> (1:18)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/">The History Of Metals Timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220182822/http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/">Archived</a> 2021-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A timeline showing the discovery of metals and the development of metallurgy.</li> <li>—Eric Scerri, 2007, The periodic table: Its story and its significance, Oxford University Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305739" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305739">9780195305739</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">Atomic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory" title="History of molecular theory">Molecular theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrochemistry" title="History of electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy" title="History of spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" title="Timeline of thermodynamics">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_fusion" title="History of nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_power" title="History of nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">Material science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic World alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_elements11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fluorine" title="History of fluorine">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aluminium" title="History of aluminium">Al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On specific discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">Battery</a></li> <li>Carbon nanotubes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Timeline of carbon nanotubes">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrophoresis" title="History of electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_fuel_gases" title="History of manufactured fuel gases">Gaseous fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_graphene" title="Discovery of graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Haber_process" title="History of the Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">Element naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drexler%E2%80%93Smalley_debate_on_molecular_nanotechnology" title="Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology">Drexler–Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Joule–von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chemistry" title="Women in chemistry">Women in chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-lxlgv","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.579","walltime":"2.852","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37144,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":574673,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16960,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":806788,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2453.421 1 -total"," 57.20% 1403.264 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.48% 428.933 118 Template:Cite_web"," 16.94% 415.681 47 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.83% 363.742 118 Template:Element_cell"," 12.53% 307.333 372 Template:Element_color"," 8.71% 213.575 43 Template:Cite_book"," 5.46% 133.909 1 Template:Harvnb"," 4.56% 111.903 1 Template:Lang"," 4.14% 101.658 1 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[\"CITEREFE.-M._Péligot1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerchault_de_Réaumur1722\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaniCostaOrna2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Moore_ColbyAllen_Leon_Churchill1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadolin1796\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffroy1753\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiunta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGliozzo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopherTsukShalevGophna1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordonRutledge1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottfried_Osann1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabashi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauptmannMaddinPrange2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiserman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHisamatsuEgashiraMaeno2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmyard1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmyard1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUPAC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkeda2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennaKuroda1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraus1942–1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2007–2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._H._Klaproth1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarggraf1761\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallMarshall2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuirk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiśkowiec2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMoorey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoritaMorimotoKajiAkiyama2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson1819\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoddack,_W.Tacke,_I.Berg,_O1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianAbdullinBaileyBenker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovDmitrievLobanov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovLobanovAbdullin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovLobanovAbdullin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOganessianUtyonkovLobanovAbdullin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgden1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington,_J._R.1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeppardMasonGrayMech1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPott1738\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay,_W.Gray,_R._W.1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner_W._Hesse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoza2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarton1927–1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScerri2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeaborgPerlman1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkwarzecBoryłoWieczorekLanczewska2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStasińska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVauquelin1798\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaggoner1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeksLeichester,_Henry_M.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisser1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWöhler1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshihara2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYıldızBailey1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdu_Monceau1702–1797\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Arkelde_Boer,_J._H.1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Arkelde_Boer1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Krogt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖrsted1825\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Branches of chemistry\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n 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