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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides,_niobates_and_sulfides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides,_niobates_and_sulfides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Oxides, niobates and sulfides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides,_niobates_and_sulfides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrides_and_carbides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrides_and_carbides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nitrides and carbides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrides_and_carbides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steel_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Steel production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superalloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superalloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Superalloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superalloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niobium-based_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niobium-based_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Niobium-based alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niobium-based_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superconducting_magnets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superconducting_magnets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Superconducting magnets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superconducting_magnets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_superconductors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_superconductors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Other superconductors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_superconductors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electroceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Electroceramics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypoallergenic_applications:_medicine_and_jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypoallergenic_applications:_medicine_and_jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Hypoallergenic applications: medicine and jewelry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypoallergenic_applications:_medicine_and_jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numismatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numismatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Numismatics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numismatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Niobium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኒዮቢየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒዮቢየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نيوبيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيوبيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Niobiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Niobiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="নাইওবিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইওবিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ніобій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніобій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Ніоб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніоб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नियोबियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नियोबियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobyo" title="Niobyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Niobyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ནེའོ་བྷིམ་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནེའོ་བྷིམ་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobij" title="Niobij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niobij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiom" title="Niobiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niobiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niobi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyobyo" title="Niyobyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Niyobyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Niobiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiwm" title="Niobiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niobiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نيوبيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيوبيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioobium" title="Nioobium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nioobium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νιόβιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιόβιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobo_(elemento)" title="Niobo (elemento) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Niobo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نیوبیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوبیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Niobi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaibiam" title="Niaibiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niaibiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeobium" title="Neeobium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Neeobium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="નાયોબિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાયોબિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ниобиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниобиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%80" title="나이오븀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나이오븀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Նիոբիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիոբիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नायोबियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नायोबियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobij" title="Niobij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niobij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INobo" title="INobo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INobo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B3b%C3%ADn" title="Níóbín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níóbín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ניאוביום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניאוביום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%A9y%C9%94b%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Nɩyɔbɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nɩyɔbɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಿಯೋಬಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಯೋಬಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნიობიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიობიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiom" title="Niobiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niobiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Niobi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobel" title="Niobel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Niobel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyoby%C3%B2m" title="Nyobyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nyobyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyoby%C3%BBm" title="Niyobyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niyobyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobijs" title="Niobijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Niobijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobis" title="Niobis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niobis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobii" title="Niobii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Niobii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrni,obi" title="jinmrni,obi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrni,obi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Niobio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B3bium" title="Nióbium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nióbium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ниобиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ниобиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B4bioma" title="Niôbioma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Niôbioma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="നയോബിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നയോബിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नायोबियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नायोबियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نيوبيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيوبيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ниоби – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ниоби" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ниоби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ниоби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="နိုင်အိုဘီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်အိုဘီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextictepoztli" title="Nextictepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nextictepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नायोबियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नायोबियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96" title="ニオブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニオブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioobium" title="Nioobium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nioobium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B2bi" title="Niòbi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Niòbi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ନିଓବିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିଓବିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiy" title="Niobiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niobiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨਾਇਓਬੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਇਓਬੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नायोबियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नायोबियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="نیوبیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوبیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="نايوبيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نايوبيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B2bio" title="Niòbio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Niòbio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B3bio" title="Nióbio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nióbio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niobiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwpiyu" title="Niwpiyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niwpiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नायोबियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नायोबियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B2biu" title="Niòbiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Niòbiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumi" title="Niobiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Niobiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niobiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B3b" title="Niób – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Niób" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobij" title="Niobij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niobij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyobiyaam" title="Niyobiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Niyobiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="نیۆبیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیۆبیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ниобијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ниобијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobijum" title="Niobijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niobijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niob" title="Niob – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niob" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyobyo" title="Niyobyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niyobyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நையோபியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நையோபியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="నియోబియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నియోబియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ไนโอเบียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไนโอเบียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ниобий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyobyum" title="Niyobyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niyobyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ніобій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніобій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="نیوبیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوبیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A" title="نىئوبىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىئوبىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobii" title="Niobii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Niobii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niobi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%AE" title="鈮 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈮" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobyo" title="Niobyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Niobyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ניאביום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניאביום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Niobium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%AE" title="鈮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Niobium, 41Nb</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A lump of gray shining crystals with hexagonal facetting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5356" data-file-height="3229" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Niobium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/naɪˈoʊbiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ny-OH-bee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Gray metallic, bluish when oxidized</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Nb)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>92.90637±0.00001<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>92.906±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Niobium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td 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title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> ↑ Nb ↓ <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> ← niobium → <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">41</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">group 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d4 5s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 12, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2750 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (2477 °C, 4491 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5017 K (4744 °C, 8571 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.582 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">689.9 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.60 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2942 </td> <td>3207 </td> <td>3524 </td> <td>3910 </td> <td>4393 </td> <td>5013 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +5 −3,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.6 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 652.1 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1380 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2416 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 146 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">164±6 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niobium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Niobium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niobium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Niobium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niobium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Niobium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of niobium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cubic body-centered crystal structure for niobium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="949" /></a></div>a = 330.05 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.07×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">53.7 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">paramagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3480 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.40 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">870–1320 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">735–2450 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-03-1 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a> in Greek mythology, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> (1801)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Blomstrand" title="Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand">Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand</a> (1864)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a> (1844)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium" title="Isotopes of niobium">Isotopes of niobium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_niobium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox niobium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_niobium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox niobium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-6">[6]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">91Nb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">680 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium-91" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium-91">91Zr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">91mNb </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">60.86 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium-91" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-91">91Nb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium-91" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium-91">91Zr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">92Nb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.47×107 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium-92" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium-92">92Zr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">93Nb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">93mNb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.12 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">IT </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-93">93Nb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">94Nb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.04×104 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum-94" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum-94">94Mo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">95Nb </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">34.991 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum-95">95Mo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Niobium" title="Category:Niobium">Category: Niobium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_niobium" title="Template:Infobox niobium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_niobium" title="Template talk:Infobox niobium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_niobium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox niobium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Niobium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Nb (formerly columbium, Cb) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 41. It is a light grey, crystalline, and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>. Pure niobium has a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a> rating similar to pure <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r1-7">[7]</a> and it has similar ductility to <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. Niobium oxidizes in Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> very slowly, hence its application in jewelry as a <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a> alternative to <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. Niobium is often found in the minerals <a href="/wiki/Pyrochlore" title="Pyrochlore">pyrochlore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</a>. Its name comes from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>, the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>. The name reflects the great similarity between the two elements in their physical and chemical properties, which makes them difficult to distinguish.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> English chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801 and named it columbium. In 1809, English chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. German chemist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a> determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. Niobium was officially adopted as the name of the element in 1949, but the name columbium remains in current use in metallurgy in the United States. It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially. Niobium is an important addition to high-strength low-alloy steels. Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and <a href="/wiki/Ferroniobium" title="Ferroniobium">ferroniobium</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of 60–70% niobium with iron. Niobium is used mostly in alloys, the largest part in special <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> such as that used in gas <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>. Although these alloys contain a maximum of 0.1%, the small percentage of niobium enhances the strength of the steel by scavenging <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitride</a>. The temperature stability of niobium-containing <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a> is important for its use in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a>. Niobium is used in various <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> materials. These <a href="/wiki/Type-II_superconductor" title="Type-II superconductor">alloys</a>, also containing <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, are widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI scanners</a>. Other applications of niobium include welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, and jewelry. In the last two applications, the low toxicity and iridescence produced by <a href="/wiki/Anodization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodization">anodization</a> are highly desired properties. Niobium is considered a <a href="/wiki/Technology-critical_element" title="Technology-critical element">technology-critical element</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oval black and white painting of a man with a prominent shirt collar and necktie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Charles_Hatchett._Soft-ground_etching_by_F._C._Lewis_after_T_Wellcome_V0002614_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>English chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> identified the element columbium in 1801 within a mineral discovered in Connecticut, US.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sommer,_Giorgio_(1834-1914)_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white image of a marmor sculpture of a bowing woman with a child nestling in her lap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg/110px-Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg/165px-Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg/220px-Sommer%2C_Giorgio_%281834-1914%29_-_n._2990_-_Niobe_madre_-_Firenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Picture of a Hellenistic sculpture representing Niobe by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Sommer" title="Giorgio Sommer">Giorgio Sommer</a></figcaption></figure> Niobium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">identified</a> by English chemist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-Hatchett_1802a-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hatchett_1802b-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hatchett_1802c-11">[11]</a> He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, United States in 1734 by John Winthrop <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_the_Younger" title="John Winthrop the Younger">John Winthrop the Younger</a>) and named the mineral "columbite"" and the new element "columbium" after <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a>, the poetic name for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Noyes-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-1853_Mining_Journal-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum.<a href="#cite_note-Noyes-12">[12]</a> Subsequently, there was considerable confusion<a href="#cite_note-Wolla-15">[15]</a> over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. In 1809, English chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm3, and tantalum—<a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">tantalite</a>, with a density over 8 g/cm3, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, were identical; thus he kept the name tantalum.<a href="#cite_note-Wolla-15">[15]</a> This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by German chemist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a>, who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>: niobium (from <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pelopium" title="Pelopium">pelopium</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Pelop-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. The claimed new elements pelopium, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenium" title="Ilmenium">ilmenium</a>, and dianium<a href="#cite_note-Dianium-18">[18]</a> were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum.<a href="#cite_note-Ilmen-19">[19]</a> The differences between tantalum and niobium were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Blomstrand" title="Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand">Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilmen-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_%C3%89tienne_Sainte-Claire_Deville" title="Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville">Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Troost" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis J. Troost">Louis J. Troost</a>, who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865<a href="#cite_note-Ilmen-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-20">[20]</a> and finally by Swiss chemist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> in 1866, who all proved that there were only two elements. Articles on ilmenium continued to appear until 1871.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> De Marignac was the first to prepare the metal in 1864, when he <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> niobium chloride by heating it in an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nauti-23">[23]</a> Although de Marignac was able to produce tantalum-free niobium on a larger scale by 1866, it was not until the early 20th century that niobium was used in <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a> filaments, the first commercial application.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-20">[20]</a> This use quickly became obsolete through the replacement of niobium with <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, which has a higher melting point. That niobium improves the <a href="/wiki/Microalloyed_steel" title="Microalloyed steel">strength of steel</a> was first discovered in the 1920s, and this application remains its predominant use.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-20">[20]</a> In 1961, the American physicist <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Kunzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Kunzler">Eugene Kunzler</a> and coworkers at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93tin" title="Niobium–tin">niobium–tin</a> continues to exhibit superconductivity in the presence of strong electric currents and magnetic fields,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> making it the first material to support the high currents and fields necessary for useful high-power magnets and electrical power <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>. This discovery enabled—two decades later—the production of long multi-strand cables wound into coils to create large, powerful <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a> for rotating machinery, particle accelerators, and particle detectors.<a href="#cite_note-geballe-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_the_element">Naming the element</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naming the element">edit</a>]</div> Columbium (symbol Cb)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> was the name originally given by Hatchett upon his discovery of the metal in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-Hatchett_1802b-10">[10]</a> The name reflected that the type specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> came from the United States of America (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_1809-28">[28]</a> This name remained in use in American journals—the last paper published by <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> with columbium in its title dates from 1953<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>—while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Contro-30">[30]</a> A year later this name was officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name columbium.<a href="#cite_note-Contro-30">[30]</a> This was a compromise of sorts;<a href="#cite_note-Contro-30">[30]</a> the IUPAC accepted <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> instead of wolfram in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium in deference to European usage. While many US chemical societies and government organizations typically use the official IUPAC name, some metallurgists and metal societies still use the original American name, "columbium".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-patel-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gree-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> Niobium is a <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustrous</a>, grey, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">group 5</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> (see table), with an electron configuration in the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shells</a> atypical for group 5. Similarly atypical configurations occur in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> (44) and <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> (45).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:10px; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">No. of electrons/shell</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 11, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>niobium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 12, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> Although it is thought to have a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> crystal structure from absolute zero to its melting point, high-resolution measurements of the thermal expansion along the three crystallographic axes reveal anisotropies which are inconsistent with a cubic structure.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Therefore, further research and discovery in this area is expected. Niobium becomes a <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors at 9.2 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pein-37">[37]</a> Niobium has the greatest <a href="/wiki/Superconductor#Meissner_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">magnetic penetration depth</a> of any element.<a href="#cite_note-Pein-37">[37]</a> In addition, it is one of the three elemental <a href="/wiki/Type_II_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II superconductor">Type II superconductors</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>. The superconductive properties are strongly dependent on the purity of the niobium metal.<a href="#cite_note-Moura-38">[38]</a> When very pure, it is comparatively soft and ductile, but impurities make it harder.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> The metal has a low <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture#Capture_cross_section" title="Neutron capture">capture cross-section</a> for thermal <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>;<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> thus it is used in the nuclear industries where neutron transparent structures are desired.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> The metal takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods.<a href="#cite_note-Rubber-42">[42]</a> Despite a high melting point in elemental form (2,468 °C), it is less dense than other <a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">refractory metals</a>. Furthermore, it is corrosion-resistant, exhibits superconductivity properties, and forms <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> layers. Niobium is slightly less <a href="/wiki/Electropositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropositive">electropositive</a> and more compact than its predecessor in the periodic table, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, whereas it is virtually identical in size to the heavier tantalum atoms, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_contraction" title="Lanthanide contraction">lanthanide contraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> As a result, niobium's chemical properties are very similar to those for tantalum, which appears directly below niobium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-20">[20]</a> Although its corrosion resistance is not as outstanding as that of tantalum, the lower price and greater availability make niobium attractive for less demanding applications, such as vat linings in chemical plants.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium" title="Isotopes of niobium">Isotopes of niobium</a></div> Almost all of the niobium in Earth's crust is the one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, 93Nb.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-43">[43]</a> By 2003, at least 32 <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> had been synthesized, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> from 81 to 113. The most stable is 92Nb with <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> 34.7 million years. 92Nb, along with 94Nb, has been detected in refined samples of terrestrial niobium and may originate from bombardment by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muons</a> in Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> One of the least stable niobium isotopes is 113Nb; estimated half-life 30 milliseconds. Isotopes lighter than the stable 93Nb tend to <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β+ decay</a>, and those that are heavier tend to β− decay, with some exceptions. 81Nb, 82Nb, and 84Nb have minor β+-delayed <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a> decay paths, 91Nb decays by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">positron emission</a>, and 92Nb decays by both <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">β+</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">β−</a> decay.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-43">[43]</a> At least 25 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> have been described, ranging in atomic mass from 84 to 104. Within this range, only 96Nb, 101Nb, and 103Nb do not have isomers. The most stable of niobium's isomers is 93mNb with half-life 16.13 years. The least stable isomer is 84mNb with a half-life of 103 ns. All of niobium's isomers decay by <a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">isomeric transition</a> or beta decay except 92m1Nb, which has a minor electron capture branch.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Niobium_minerals" title="Category:Niobium minerals">Category:Niobium minerals</a></div> Niobium is estimated to be the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">33rd most abundant element in the Earth's crust</a>, at 20 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Some believe that the abundance on Earth is much greater, and that the element's high density has concentrated it in Earth's core.<a href="#cite_note-patel-32">[32]</a> The free element is not found in nature, but niobium occurs in combination with other elements in minerals.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> Minerals that contain niobium often also contain tantalum. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Ferrocolumbite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrocolumbite">columbite</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>(Fe,Mn)Nb2O6) and <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">columbite–tantalite</a> (or coltan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6).<a href="#cite_note-ICE-46">[46]</a> Columbite–tantalite minerals (the most common species being columbite-(Fe) and tantalite-(Fe), where "-(Fe)" is the Levinson suffix indicating the prevalence of iron over other elements such as manganese<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burke-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrmima.nrm.se-50">[50]</a>) that are most usually found as accessory minerals in <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> intrusions, and in <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive rocks</a>. Less common are the niobates of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>. Examples of such niobates are <a href="/wiki/Pyrochlore" title="Pyrochlore">pyrochlore</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F)) (now a group name, with a relatively common example being, e.g., fluorcalciopyrochlore<a href="#cite_note-Burke-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrmima.nrm.se-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Euxenite" title="Euxenite">euxenite</a> (correctly named euxenite-(Y)<a href="#cite_note-Burke-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrmima.nrm.se-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6). These large deposits of niobium have been found associated with <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">(carbonate</a>-<a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a>) and as a constituent of pyrochlore.<a href="#cite_note-Pyrochlore-55">[55]</a> The three largest currently mined deposits of pyrochlore, two in Brazil and one in Canada, were found in the 1950s, and are still the major producers of niobium mineral concentrates.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-20">[20]</a> The largest deposit is hosted within a <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatite</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">intrusion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arax%C3%A1" title="Araxá">Araxá</a>, state of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil, owned by CBMM (<a href="/wiki/Companhia_Brasileira_de_Metalurgia_e_Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração">Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração</a>); the other active Brazilian deposit is located near <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A3o" title="Catalão">Catalão</a>, state of <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>, and owned by <a href="/wiki/China_Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="China Molybdenum">China Molybdenum</a>, also hosted within a carbonatite intrusion.<a href="#cite_note-tesla-56">[56]</a> Together, those two mines produce about 88% of the world's supply.<a href="#cite_note-g1-57">[57]</a> Brazil also has a large but still unexploited deposit near <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, state of <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, as well as a few smaller deposits, notably in the state of <a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g1-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-rio_negro-58">[58]</a> The third largest producer of niobium is the carbonatite-hosted <a href="/wiki/Niobec" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobec">Niobec</a> mine, in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Honor%C3%A9,_Quebec" title="Saint-Honoré, Quebec">Saint-Honoré</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Chicoutimi" title="Chicoutimi">Chicoutimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, owned by Magris Resources.<a href="#cite_note-niobec-magris-59">[59]</a> It produces between 7% and 10% of the world's supply.<a href="#cite_note-tesla-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-g1-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grey and white world map with Brazil colored red representing 90% of niobium world production and Canada colored in dark blue representing 5% of niobium world production" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg/310px-World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg/465px-World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg/620px-World_Niobium_Production_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Niobium producers in 2006 to 2015 </figcaption></figure> After the separation from the other minerals, the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxide" title="Mixed oxide">mixed oxides</a> of tantalum <a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoxide" title="Tantalum pentoxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ta2O5</a> and niobium <a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nb2O5</a> are obtained. The first step in the processing is the reaction of the oxides with <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ICE-46">[46]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ta2O5 + 14 HF → 2 H2[TaF7] + 5 H2O</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nb2O5 + 10 HF → 2 H2[NbOF5] + 3 H2O</dd></dl> The first industrial scale separation, developed by <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">de Marignac</a>, exploits the differing <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubilities</a> of the complex niobium and tantalum <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluorides</a>, dipotassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2[NbOF5]·H2O) and dipotassium heptafluorotantalate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2[TaF7]) in water. Newer processes use the liquid extraction of the fluorides from <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a> solution by <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvents">organic solvents</a> like <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanone" title="Cyclohexanone">cyclohexanone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICE-46">[46]</a> The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organic solvent</a> with water and either precipitated by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_fluoride" title="Potassium fluoride">potassium fluoride</a> to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> as the pentoxide:<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-60">[60]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2[NbOF5] + 2 KF → K2[NbOF5]↓ + 2 HF</dd></dl> Followed by: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 H2[NbOF5] + 10 NH4OH → Nb2O5↓ + 10 NH4F + 7 H2O</dd></dl> Several methods are used for the <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (chemistry)">reduction</a> to metallic niobium. The <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Molten_salt" title="Molten salt">molten mixture</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbOF5] and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> is one; the other is the reduction of the fluoride with <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>. With this method, a relatively high purity niobium can be obtained. In large scale production, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nb2O5 is reduced with hydrogen or carbon.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-60">[60]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic reaction</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> and niobium oxide is reacted with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">3 Nb2O5 + Fe2O3 + 12 Al → 6 Nb + 2 Fe + 6 Al2O3</dd></dl> Small amounts of oxidizers like <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> are added to enhance the reaction. The result is <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferroniobium" title="Ferroniobium">ferroniobium</a>, an alloy of iron and niobium used in steel production.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Ferroniobium contains between 60 and 70% niobium.<a href="#cite_note-tesla-56">[56]</a> Without iron oxide, the aluminothermic process is used to produce niobium. Further purification is necessary to reach the grade for <a href="/wiki/Superconductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductive">superconductive</a> alloys. <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam melting">Electron beam melting</a> under vacuum is the method used by the two major distributors of niobium.<a href="#cite_note-Aguly-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chou-64">[64]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Brasileira_de_Metalurgia_e_Minera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração">CBMM</a> from Brazil controlled 85 percent of the world's niobium production.<a href="#cite_note-lucchesi2013-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> estimates that the production increased from 38,700 tonnes in 2005 to 44,500 tonnes in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2006-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2007-67">[67]</a> Worldwide resources are estimated to be 4.4 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS2007-67">[67]</a> During the ten-year period between 1995 and 2005, the production more than doubled, starting from 17,800 tonnes in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-USGSCS1997-68">[68]</a> Between 2009 and 2011, production was stable at 63,000 tonnes per year,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> with a slight decrease in 2012 to only 50,000 tonnes per year.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Mine production (t)<a href="#cite_note-USGSNiobi-71">[71]</a> (USGS estimate)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">2000 </th> <th scope="col">2001 </th> <th scope="col">2002 </th> <th scope="col">2003 </th> <th scope="col">2004 </th> <th scope="col">2005 </th> <th scope="col">2006 </th> <th scope="col">2007 </th> <th scope="col">2008 </th> <th scope="col">2009 </th> <th scope="col">2010 </th> <th scope="col">2011 </th> <th scope="col">2012 </th> <th scope="col">2013 </th> <th scope="col">2014 </th> <th scope="col">2015 </th> <th scope="col">2016 </th> <th scope="col">2017 </th> <th scope="col">2018 </th> <th scope="col">2019 </th> <th scope="col">2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>30,000</td> <td>22,000</td> <td>26,000</td> <td>29,000</td> <td>29,900</td> <td>35,000</td> <td>40,000</td> <td>57,300</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>63,000</td> <td>53,100</td> <td>53,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>57,000</td> <td>60,700</td> <td>59,000</td> <td>88,900</td> <td>59,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>2,290</td> <td>3,200</td> <td>3,410</td> <td>3,280</td> <td>3,400</td> <td>3,310</td> <td>4,167</td> <td>3,020</td> <td>4,380</td> <td>4,330</td> <td>4,420</td> <td>4,630</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>5,260</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>5,750</td> <td>6,100</td> <td>6,980</td> <td>7,700</td> <td>6,800</td> <td>6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>160</td> <td>230</td> <td>290</td> <td>230</td> <td>200</td> <td>200</td> <td>200</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>190</td> <td>170</td> <td>40</td> <td>35</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>29</td> <td>104</td> <td>122</td> <td>181</td> <td>150</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td>28</td> <td>120</td> <td>76</td> <td>22</td> <td>63</td> <td>63</td> <td>80</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>5</td> <td>34</td> <td>130</td> <td>34</td> <td>29</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>4</td> <td>10</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>20</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo D.R.</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>50</td> <td>50</td> <td>13</td> <td>52</td> <td>25</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></td> <td>32,600</td> <td>25,600</td> <td>29,900</td> <td>32,800</td> <td>34,000</td> <td>38,700</td> <td>44,500</td> <td>60,400</td> <td>62,900</td> <td>62,900</td> <td>62,900</td> <td>63,000</td> <td>50,100</td> <td>59,400</td> <td>59,000</td> <td>64,300</td> <td>63,900</td> <td>69,100</td> <td>68,200</td> <td>97,000</td> <td>67,700 </td></tr></tbody></table> Lesser amounts are found in Malawi's Kanyika Deposit (<a href="/wiki/Kanyika_mine" title="Kanyika mine">Kanyika mine</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Niobium_compounds" title="Category:Niobium compounds">Category:Niobium compounds</a></div> In many ways, niobium is similar to <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. It reacts with most nonmetals at high temperatures; with <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> at room temperature; with <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> at 150 °C and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> at 200 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>; and with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> at 400 °C, with products that are frequently interstitial and nonstoichiometric.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> The metal begins to <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidize</a> in air at 200 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-60">[60]</a> It resists corrosion by acids, including <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> Niobium is attacked by hot concentrated sulfuric acid, <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> and hydrofluoric/nitric acid mixtures. It is also attacked by hot, saturated alkali metal hydroxide solutions. Although niobium exhibits all of the formal oxidation states from +5 to −1, the most common compounds have niobium in the +5 state.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> Characteristically, compounds in oxidation states less than 5+ display Nb–Nb bonding. In aqueous solutions, niobium only exhibits the +5 oxidation state. It is also readily prone to hydrolysis and is barely soluble in dilute solutions of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acids</a> due to the precipitation of hydrous Nb oxide.<a href="#cite_note-Aguly-63">[63]</a> Nb(V) is also slightly soluble in alkaline media due to the formation of soluble polyoxoniobate species.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides,_niobates_and_sulfides">Oxides, niobates and sulfides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oxides, niobates and sulfides">edit</a>]</div> Niobium forms <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> +5 (<a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nb2O5</a>),<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> +4 (<a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbO2</a>), and the rarer oxidation state, +2 (<a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a>).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Most common is the pentoxide, precursor to almost all niobium compounds and alloys.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli-78">[78]</a> Niobates are generated by dissolving the pentoxide in <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> solutions or by melting it in alkali metal oxides. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Lithium_niobate" title="Lithium niobate">lithium niobate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">LiNbO3) and lanthanum niobate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">LaNbO4). In the lithium niobate is a trigonally distorted <a href="/wiki/Perovskite_(structure)" title="Perovskite (structure)">perovskite</a>-like structure, whereas the lanthanum niobate contains lone NbO3− 4 ions.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-60">[60]</a> The layered niobium sulfide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbS2) is also known.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-39">[39]</a> Materials can be coated with a thin film of niobium(V) oxide <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition" title="Atomic layer deposition">atomic layer deposition</a> processes, produced by the thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_ethoxide" title="Niobium(V) ethoxide">niobium(V) ethoxide</a> above 350 °C.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Watch glass on a black surface with a small portion of yellow crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg/180px-Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg/270px-Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg/360px-Niobium_pentachloride_solid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A very pure sample of niobium pentachloride</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/180px-Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/270px-Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/360px-Niobium-pentachloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of <a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium pentachloride">niobium pentachloride</a>, which exists as a <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimer</a></figcaption></figure> Niobium forms halides in the oxidation states of +5 and +4 as well as diverse <a href="/wiki/Nonstoichiometric_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstoichiometric compound">substoichiometric compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aguly-63">[63]</a> The pentahalides (NbX 5) feature octahedral Nb centres. Niobium pentafluoride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 79.0 °C and <a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium pentachloride">niobium pentachloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbCl5) is yellow (see image at right) with a melting point of 203.4 °C. Both are <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed">hydrolyzed</a> to give oxides and oxyhalides, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbOCl3. The pentachloride is a versatile reagent used to generate the <a href="/wiki/Organometallic" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic">organometallic</a> compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Niobocene_dichloride" title="Niobocene dichloride">niobocene dichloride</a> ((C 5H 5) 2NbCl 2).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The tetrahalides (NbX 4) are dark-coloured polymers with Nb-Nb bonds; for example, the black <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_fluoride" title="Niobium(IV) fluoride">niobium tetrafluoride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbF4)<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and dark violet <a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_chloride" title="Niobium(IV) chloride">niobium tetrachloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbCl4).<a href="#cite_note-Macintyre-83">[83]</a> Anionic halide compounds of niobium are well known, owing in part to the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acidity</a> of the pentahalides. The most important is [NbF7]2−, an intermediate in the separation of Nb and Ta from the ores.<a href="#cite_note-ICE-46">[46]</a> This heptafluoride tends to form the oxopentafluoride more readily than does the tantalum compound. Other halide complexes include octahedral [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbCl6]−: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nb2Cl10 + 2 Cl− → 2 [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NbCl6]−</dd></dl> As with other metals with low atomic numbers, a variety of reduced halide cluster ions is known, the prime example being [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Nb6Cl18]4−.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrides_and_carbides">Nitrides and carbides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nitrides and carbides">edit</a>]</div> Other <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary compounds</a> of niobium include <a href="/wiki/Niobium_nitride" title="Niobium nitride">niobium nitride</a> (NbN), which becomes a <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a> at low temperatures and is used in detectors for infrared light.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Niobium_carbide" title="Niobium carbide">niobium carbide</a> is NbC, an extremely <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> material, commercially used in cutting <a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">tool bits</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium_metal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three pieces of metallic foil with yellow taint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Niobium_metal.jpg/220px-Niobium_metal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Niobium_metal.jpg/330px-Niobium_metal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Niobium_metal.jpg/440px-Niobium_metal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>A niobium foil</figcaption></figure> Out of 44,500 tonnes of niobium mined in 2006, an estimated 90% was used in high-grade structural steel. The second-largest application is <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2006-86">[86]</a> Niobium alloy superconductors and electronic components account for a very small share of the world production.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2006-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_production">Steel production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Steel production">edit</a>]</div> Niobium is an effective <a href="/wiki/Microalloyed_steel" title="Microalloyed steel">microalloying</a> element for steel, within which it forms <a href="/wiki/Niobium_carbide" title="Niobium carbide">niobium carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niobium_nitride" title="Niobium nitride">niobium nitride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patel-32">[32]</a> These compounds improve the <a href="/wiki/Grain_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain refining">grain refining</a>, and retard recrystallization and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">precipitation hardening</a>. These effects in turn increase the <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formability" title="Formability">formability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weldability" title="Weldability">weldability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patel-32">[32]</a> Within microalloyed <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steels</a>, the niobium content is a small (less than 0.1%)<a href="#cite_note-heister-87">[87]</a> but important addition to <a href="/wiki/High-strength_low-alloy_steel" title="High-strength low-alloy steel">high-strength low-alloy steels</a> that are widely used structurally in modern automobiles.<a href="#cite_note-patel-32">[32]</a> Niobium is sometimes used in considerably higher quantities for highly <a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">wear-resistant</a> machine components and knives, as high as 3% in Crucible CPM S110V stainless steel.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> These same niobium alloys are often used in pipeline construction.<a href="#cite_note-eggert-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superalloys">Superalloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Superalloys">edit</a>]</div> Quantities of niobium are used in nickel-, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>-, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a> in proportions as great as 6.5%<a href="#cite_note-heister-87">[87]</a> for such applications as <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> components, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a>, rocket subassemblies, turbo charger systems, heat resisting, and combustion equipment. Niobium precipitates a hardening γ''-phase within the grain structure of the superalloy.<a href="#cite_note-Donachie-91">[91]</a> One example superalloy is <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel 718</a>, consisting of roughly 50% <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, 18.6% <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, 18.5% <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, 5% niobium, 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-super-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> These superalloys were used, for example, in advanced air frame systems for the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini program">Gemini program</a>. Another niobium alloy[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] was used for the nozzle of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo Service Module</a>. Because niobium is oxidized at temperatures above 400 °C, a protective coating is necessary for these applications to prevent the alloy from becoming <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hightemp-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niobium-based_alloys">Niobium-based alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Niobium-based alloys">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Niobium_alloy" title="Niobium alloy">Niobium alloy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Apollo Service Module with the moon in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/220px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/330px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/440px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 15 CSM in lunar orbit; dark nozzle of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module#Service_propulsion_system" title="Apollo command and service module">service propulsion system</a> is made from niobium–titanium alloy </figcaption></figure> C-103 alloy was developed in the early 1960s jointly by the <a href="/wiki/Wah_Chang_Corporation" title="Wah Chang Corporation">Wah Chang Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> Co. <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a> Corp., <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> Co. and several other companies were developing <a href="/wiki/Niobium_alloy" title="Niobium alloy">Nb-base alloys</a> simultaneously, largely driven by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. It is composed of 89% niobium, 10% <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> and 1% titanium and is used for <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid-rocket</a> <a href="/wiki/Thrusters_(spacecraft)" title="Thrusters (spacecraft)">thruster</a> <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzles</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">descent engine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Modules</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hightemp-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity</a> of niobium with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> requires it to be worked in a <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">vacuum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert atmosphere</a>, which significantly increases the cost and difficulty of production. <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a> (VAR) and <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam melting">electron beam melting</a> (EBM), novel processes at the time, enabled the development of niobium and other reactive metals. The project that yielded C-103 began in 1959 with as many as 256 experimental niobium alloys in the "C-series" (C arising possibly from columbium) that could be melted as buttons and rolled into <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wah_Chang_Corporation" title="Wah Chang Corporation">Wah Chang Corporation</a> had an inventory of <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, refined from nuclear-grade <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium alloy">zirconium alloys</a>, that it wanted to put to commercial use. The 103rd experimental composition of the C-series alloys, Nb-10Hf-1Ti, had the best combination of formability and high-temperature properties. Wah Chang fabricated the first 500 lb heat of C-103 in 1961, ingot to sheet, using EBM and VAR. The intended applications included <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine engines</a> and liquid metal <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a>. Competing niobium alloys from that era included FS85 (Nb-10W-28Ta-1Zr) from <a href="/wiki/Fansteel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fansteel">Fansteel Metallurgical Corp</a>., Cb129Y (Nb-10W-10Hf-0.2Y) from Wah Chang and Boeing, Cb752 (Nb-10W-2.5Zr) from Union Carbide, and Nb1Zr from Superior Tube Co.<a href="#cite_note-hightemp-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg/220px-Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg/330px-Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg/440px-Merlin_nozzle_4105129088_9659a4df4e_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin#Merlin_Vacuum_(1C)" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin Vacuum</a> nozzle made from a niobium alloy</figcaption></figure> The nozzle of the <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)#Merlin_Vacuum_(1C)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlin (rocket engine family)">Merlin Vacuum</a> series of engines developed by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> for the upper stage of its <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket is made from a niobium alloy[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>].<a href="#cite_note-NSPO-95">[95]</a> Niobium-based superalloys are used to produce components to <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_weapon" title="Hypersonic weapon">hypersonic missile</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superconducting_magnets">Superconducting magnets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Superconducting magnets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Room-high yellow-grey medical machine with a man-size hole in the middle and a stretcher directly in front of it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/220px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/330px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/440px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A 3-<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a> clinical <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">magnetic resonance imaging</a> scanner using niobium superconducting alloy</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Niobium-germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-germanium">Niobium-germanium</a> (Nb 3Ge), <a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93tin" title="Niobium–tin">niobium–tin</a> (Nb 3Sn), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Niobium%E2%80%93titanium" title="Niobium–titanium">niobium–titanium</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> are used as a <a href="/wiki/Type_II_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II superconductor">type II superconductor</a> wire for <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> These superconducting magnets are used in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> instruments as well as in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> uses 600 tons of superconducting strands, while the <a href="/wiki/International_Thermonuclear_Experimental_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor">International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor</a> uses an estimated 600 tonnes of Nb3Sn strands and 250 tonnes of NbTi strands.<a href="#cite_note-alstrom-100">[100]</a> In 1992 alone, more than US$1 billion worth of clinical magnetic resonance imaging systems were constructed with niobium-titanium wire.<a href="#cite_note-geballe-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_superconductors">Other superconductors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other superconductors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG/220px-A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG/330px-A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG/440px-A_1.3_GHz_nine-cell_superconducting_radio_frequency.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A 1.3 GHz 9-cell <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_radio_frequency" title="Superconducting radio frequency">superconducting radio frequency</a> cavity made from niobium is on display at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Superconducting_radio_frequency" title="Superconducting radio frequency">superconducting radio frequency</a> (SRF) cavities used in the <a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">free-electron lasers</a> <a href="/wiki/FLASH" title="FLASH">FLASH</a> (result of the cancelled TESLA linear accelerator project) and <a href="/wiki/European_x-ray_free_electron_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="European x-ray free electron laser">XFEL</a> are made from pure niobium.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cryomodule" title="Cryomodule">cryomodule</a> team at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> used the same SRF technology from the FLASH project to develop 1.3 GHz nine-cell SRF cavities made from pure niobium. The cavities will be used in the 30-kilometre (19 mi) <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear particle accelerator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Linear_Collider" title="International Linear Collider">International Linear Collider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The same technology will be used in <a href="/wiki/LCLS-II" class="mw-redirect" title="LCLS-II">LCLS-II</a> at <a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/PIP-II" class="mw-redirect" title="PIP-II">PIP-II</a> at Fermilab.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The high sensitivity of superconducting <a href="/wiki/Niobium_nitride" title="Niobium nitride">niobium nitride</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolometer" title="Bolometer">bolometers</a> make them an ideal detector for <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> in the THz frequency band. These detectors were tested at the <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz_Submillimeter_Telescope" title="Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope">Submillimeter Telescope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a>, the Receiver Lab Telescope, and at <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Pathfinder_Experiment" title="Atacama Pathfinder Experiment">APEX</a>, and are now used in the HIFI instrument on board the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electroceramics">Electroceramics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electroceramics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lithium_niobate" title="Lithium niobate">Lithium niobate</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferroelectric">ferroelectric</a>, is used extensively in mobile telephones and <a href="/wiki/Optical_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical modulators">optical modulators</a>, and for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Surface_acoustic_wave" title="Surface acoustic wave">surface acoustic wave</a> devices. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">ABO3</a> structure ferroelectrics like <a href="/wiki/Lithium_tantalate" title="Lithium tantalate">lithium tantalate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium_titanate" title="Barium titanate">barium titanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niobium_capacitor" title="Niobium capacitor">Niobium capacitors</a> are available as alternative to <a href="/wiki/Tantalum_capacitor" title="Tantalum capacitor">tantalum capacitors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> but tantalum capacitors still predominate. Niobium is added to glass to obtain a higher <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, making possible thinner and lighter <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">corrective glasses</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypoallergenic_applications:_medicine_and_jewelry">Hypoallergenic applications: medicine and jewelry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hypoallergenic applications: medicine and jewelry">edit</a>]</div> Niobium and some niobium alloys are physiologically inert and <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a>. For this reason, niobium is used in prosthetics and implant devices, such as pacemakers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Niobium treated with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> forms a porous layer that aids <a href="/wiki/Osseointegration" title="Osseointegration">osseointegration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Like titanium, tantalum, and aluminium, niobium can be heated and <a href="/wiki/Anodize" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodize">anodized</a> ("reactive metal <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodization</a>") to produce a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> colours for jewelry,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> where its hypoallergenic property is highly desirable.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numismatics">Numismatics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Numismatics">edit</a>]</div> Niobium is used as a precious metal in commemorative coins, often with silver or gold. For example, Austria produced a series of silver niobium <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> coins starting in 2003; the colour in these coins is created by the <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> of light by a thin anodized oxide layer.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2012, ten coins are available showing a broad variety of colours in the centre of the coin: blue, green, brown, purple, violet, or yellow. Two more examples are the 2004 Austrian €25 <a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Austria)#2004_coinage" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)">150-Year Semmering Alpine Railway commemorative coin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and the 2006 Austrian €25 <a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Austria)#2006_coinage" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)">European Satellite Navigation commemorative coin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The Austrian mint produced for Latvia a similar series of coins starting in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> with one following in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2011, the Royal Canadian Mint started production of a $5 <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> and niobium coin named Hunter's Moon<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> in which the niobium was selectively oxidized, thus creating unique finishes where no two coins are exactly alike. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_Austria_25_Euro_150_Years_Semmering_Alpine_Railway_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin with a dark green center and a silvery outer rim. The rim reads: Republik Österreich 25 Euro. The centere shows electric and a steam driven locomotive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/2004_Austria_25_Euro_150_Years_Semmering_Alpine_Railway_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>A 150 Years <a href="/wiki/Semmering_railway" title="Semmering railway">Semmering Alpine Railway</a> Coin made of niobium and silver </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> The arc-tube seals of high pressure <a href="/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium vapor lamp">sodium vapor lamps</a> are made from niobium, sometimes alloyed with 1% of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>; niobium has a very similar coefficient of thermal expansion, matching the <a href="/wiki/Sintered" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintered">sintered</a> <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> <a href="/wiki/Arc_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc tube">arc tube</a> ceramic, a translucent material which resists chemical attack or <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> by the hot liquid sodium and sodium vapour contained inside the operating lamp.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Niobium is used in <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a> rods for some stabilized grades of stainless steel<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and in anodes for cathodic protection systems on some water tanks, which are then usually plated with platinum.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Niobium is used to make the high voltage wire of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a> particles receptor module of the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Niobium is a constituent of a lightfast chemically-stable inorganic yellow pigment that has the trade name NTP Yellow. It is Niobium Sulfur Tin Zinc Oxide, a <a href="/wiki/Pyrochlore" title="Pyrochlore">pyrochlore</a>, produced via high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcination</a>. The pigment is also known as pigment yellow 227, commonly listed as PY 227 or PY227.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Niobium is employed in the atomic energy industry for its high temperature and corrosion resistance, as well as its stability under <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> It is used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a> for components like fuel rods and reactor cores.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Niobium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is often used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Short- and long-term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two water-soluble chemicals, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD50) between 10 and 100 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Haley-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> For oral administration the toxicity is lower; a study with rats yielded a LD50 after seven days of 940 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Haley-131">[131]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/niobium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Niobium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Niobium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fniobium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Nb(–3) occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cs3Nb(CO)5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-6"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-r1_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsonov1968" class="citation book cs1">Samsonov, G. V. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123344/http://ihtik.lib.ru/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar">"Mechanical Properties of the Elements"</a>. In G.V. Samsonov (ed.). Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements. New York, US: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6066-7_7">10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6066-7"><bdi>978-1-4684-6066-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihtik.lib.ru/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika/2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Properties+of+the+Elements&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Physicochemical+Properties+of+the+Elements&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=387-446&rft.pub=IFI-Plenum&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-6066-7_7&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-6066-7&rft.aulast=Samsonov&rft.aufirst=G.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fihtik.lib.ru%2F2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika%2F2011.08_ihtik_nauka-tehnika_3560.rar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Knapp, Brian (2002). Francium to Polonium. Atlantic Europe Publishing Company, p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717256774" title="Special:BookSources/0717256774">0717256774</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatchett_1802a-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatchett_1802a_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchett1802" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Hatchett, Charles</a> (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-Q_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49">"An analysis of a mineral substance from North America, containing a metal hitherto unknown"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 92: 49–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1800.0045">10.1098/rspl.1800.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107114">107114</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503233004/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-Q_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+a+mineral+substance+from+North+America%2C+containing+a+metal+hitherto+unknown&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=49-66&rft.date=1802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1800.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hatchett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-Q_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatchett_1802b-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchett_1802b_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchett_1802b_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchett1802" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Hatchett, Charles</a> (1802), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylZwOmyBA7IC&pg=PA32">"Outline of the Properties and Habitudes of the Metallic Substance, lately discovered by Charles Hatchett, Esq. and by him denominated Columbium"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Natural_Philosophy,_Chemistry,_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts">Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts</a>, I (January): 32–34, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224164852/https://books.google.com/books?id=ylZwOmyBA7IC&pg=PA32">archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019, retrieved 13 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Philosophy%2C+Chemistry%2C+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Outline+of+the+Properties+and+Habitudes+of+the+Metallic+Substance%2C+lately+discovered+by+Charles+Hatchett%2C+Esq.+and+by+him+denominated+Columbium&rft.volume=I+%28January%29&rft.pages=32-34&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Hatchett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylZwOmyBA7IC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatchett_1802c-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatchett_1802c_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatchett1802" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Hatchett, Charles</a> (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120">"Eigenschaften und chemisches Verhalten des von Charles Hatchett entdeckten neuen Metalls, Columbium"</a> [Properties and chemical behavior of the new metal, columbium, (that was) discovered by Charles Hatchett]. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a> (in German). 11 (5): 120–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1802AnP....11..120H">1802AnP....11..120H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18020110507">10.1002/andp.18020110507</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509100435/https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Eigenschaften+und+chemisches+Verhalten+des+von+Charles+Hatchett+entdeckten+neuen+Metalls%2C+Columbium&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=120-122&rft.date=1802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18020110507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1802AnP....11..120H&rft.aulast=Hatchett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSYwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noyes-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noyes_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noyes_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyes1918" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, William Albert (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UupHAAAAIAAJ&q=columbium+discovered+by+Hatchett+was+a+mixture+of+two+elements&pg=PA523">A Textbook of Chemistry</a>. H. Holt & Co. p. 523. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602091834/https://books.google.com/books?id=UupHAAAAIAAJ&q=columbium+discovered+by+Hatchett+was+a+mixture+of+two+elements&pg=PA523">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=H.+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=William+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUupHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcolumbium%2Bdiscovered%2Bby%2BHatchett%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bmixture%2Bof%2Btwo%2Belements%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1853_Mining_Journal-13"><a href="#cite_ref-1853_Mining_Journal_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercival1853" class="citation journal cs1">Percival, James (January 1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=MFILAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-MFILAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1">"Middletown Silver and Lead Mines"</a>. Journal of Silver and Lead Mining Operations. 1: 186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603002528/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=MFILAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-MFILAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Silver+and+Lead+Mining+Operations&rft.atitle=Middletown+Silver+and+Lead+Mines&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=186&rft.date=1853-01&rft.aulast=Percival&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DMFILAAAAYAAJ%26rdid%3Dbook-MFILAAAAYAAJ%26rdot%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithMorris,_Peter_J._T.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, William P.; Morris, Peter J. T. (2003). "Charles Hatchett FRS (1765–1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium". 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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 99: 246–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1809.0017">10.1098/rstl.1809.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107264">107264</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110567235">110567235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Identity+of+Columbium+and+Tantalum&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=246-252&rft.date=1809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110567235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1809.0017&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.aufirst=William+Hyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelop-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Pelop_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1844" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Rose, Heinrich</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15148n/f327.table">"Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Tantalite und ein im Tantalite von Baiern enthaltenes neues Metall"</a>. Annalen der Physik (in German). 139 (10): 317–341. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1844AnP...139..317R">1844AnP...139..317R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18441391006">10.1002/andp.18441391006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620093605/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15148n/f327.table">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+Zusammensetzung+der+Tantalite+und+ein+im+Tantalite+von+Baiern+enthaltenes+neues+Metall&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=317-341&rft.date=1844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18441391006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1844AnP...139..317R&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k15148n%2Ff327.table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1847" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Rose, Heinrich</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15155x/f586.table">"Ueber die Säure im Columbit von Nordamérika"</a>. Annalen der Physik (in German). 146 (4): 572–577. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1847AnP...146..572R">1847AnP...146..572R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18471460410">10.1002/andp.18471460410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140511114909/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15155x/f586.table">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2014. 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Environmental Science & Policy. 111: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ESPol.111....1S">2020ESPol.111....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envsci.2020.05.012">10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-9011">1462-9011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219469278">219469278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Keep+the+Amazon+niobium+in+the+ground&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envsci.2020.05.012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219469278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-9011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ESPol.111....1S&rft.aulast=Siqueira-Gay&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Luis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-niobec-magris-59"><a href="#cite_ref-niobec-magris_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niobec.com/en/2015/01/magris-resources-officially-owner-of-niobec/">"Magris Resources, officially owner of Niobec"</a> (Press release). Niobec. 23 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605092511/http://niobec.com/en/2015/01/magris-resources-officially-owner-of-niobec/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magris+Resources%2C+officially+owner+of+Niobec&rft.pub=Niobec&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniobec.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F01%2Fmagris-resources-officially-owner-of-niobec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollemanAF-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_60-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleman,_Arnold_F.Wiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Niob". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1075–1079. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niob&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1075-1079&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTither,_Geoffrey2001" class="citation book cs1">Tither, Geoffrey (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100553/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf">Progress in Niobium Markets and Technology 1981–2001</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9712068-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9712068-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9712068-0-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbmm.com/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+in+Niobium+Markets+and+Technology+1981%E2%80%932001&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9712068-0-9&rft.au=Tither%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbmm.com%2Fportug%2Fsources%2Ftechlib%2Fscience_techno%2Ftable_content%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2Foppening.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufresneGoyette,_Ghislain2001" class="citation book cs1">Dufresne, Claude; Goyette, Ghislain (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100559/http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf">The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec mine 1981–2001</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9712068-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9712068-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9712068-0-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbmm.com/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Production+of+Ferroniobium+at+the+Niobec+mine+1981%E2%80%932001&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9712068-0-9&rft.aulast=Dufresne&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Goyette%2C+Ghislain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbmm.com%2Fportug%2Fsources%2Ftechlib%2Fscience_techno%2Ftable_content%2Fsub_1%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2Fstart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguly-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aguly_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aguly_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aguly_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgulyansky2004" class="citation book cs1">Agulyansky, Anatoly (2004). 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Elsevier. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51604-6"><bdi>978-0-444-51604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Tantalum+and+Niobium+Fluoride+Compounds&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-444-51604-6&rft.aulast=Agulyansky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chou-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Chou_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhuryHengsberger,_Eckart1992" class="citation journal cs1">Choudhury, Alok; Hengsberger, Eckart (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2355%2Fisijinternational.32.673">"Electron Beam Melting and Refining of Metals and Alloys"</a>. The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan International. 32 (5): 673–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2355%2Fisijinternational.32.673">10.2355/isijinternational.32.673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Iron+and+Steel+Institute+of+Japan+International&rft.atitle=Electron+Beam+Melting+and+Refining+of+Metals+and+Alloys&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=673-681&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2355%2Fisijinternational.32.673&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Alok&rft.au=Hengsberger%2C+Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2355%252Fisijinternational.32.673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lucchesi2013-65"><a href="#cite_ref-lucchesi2013_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucchesiCuadros2013" class="citation cs2">Lucchesi, Cristane; Cuadros, Alex (April 2013), "Mineral Wealth", <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Markets" title="Bloomberg Markets">Bloomberg Markets</a> (paper), p. 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Markets&rft.atitle=Mineral+Wealth&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2013-04&rft.aulast=Lucchesi&rft.aufirst=Cristane&rft.au=Cuadros%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSCS2006-66"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS2006_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp" class="citation web cs1">Papp, John F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs06.pdf">"Niobium (Columbium)"</a> (PDF). USGS 2006 Commodity Summary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217100548/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs06.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niobium+%28Columbium%29&rft.pub=USGS+2006+Commodity+Summary&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fniobium%2Fcolummcs06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSCS2007-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS2007_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS2007_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp" class="citation web cs1">Papp, John F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs07.pdf">"Niobium (Columbium)"</a> (PDF). USGS 2007 Commodity Summary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805170910/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs07.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niobium+%28Columbium%29&rft.pub=USGS+2007+Commodity+Summary&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fniobium%2Fcolummcs07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSCS1997-68"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSCS1997_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp" class="citation web cs1">Papp, John F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/230397.pdf">"Niobium (Columbium)"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 20 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niobium+%28Columbium%29&rft.pub=USGS+1997+Commodity+Summary&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fniobium%2F230397.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2011-niobi.pdf">Niobium (Colombium)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708152542/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2011-niobi.pdf">Archived</a> 8 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2016-niobi.pdf">Niobium (Colombium)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306095041/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2016-niobi.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSNiobi-71"><a href="#cite_ref-USGSNiobi_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_Larry_D.2012" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Larry D. (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/">"USGS Minerals Information: Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum"</a>. Minerals.usgs.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128101220/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013. 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Retrieved 4 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+Euro+%E2%80%93+150+Years+Semmering+Alpine+Railway+%282004%29&rft.pub=Austrian+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustrian-mint.at%2Fbimetallmuenzen%3Fl%3Den%26muenzeSubTypeId%3D113%26muenzeId%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720002739/http://www.austrian-mint.at/cms/download.php?downloadId=131">"150 Jahre Semmeringbahn"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mint" title="Austrian Mint">Austrian Mint</a>. 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(2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (ed.). Niobium and Niobium 1% Zirconium for High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Discharge Lamps. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9712068-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9712068-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9712068-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niobium+and+Niobium+1%25+Zirconium+for+High+Pressure+Sodium+%28HPS%29+Discharge+Lamps&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9712068-0-9&rft.au=Michaluk%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Huber%2C+Louis+E.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5254836">US patent 5254836</a>, Okada, Yuuji; Kobayashi, Toshihiko; Sasabe, Hiroshi; Aoki, Yoshimitsu; Nishizawa, Makoto; Endo, Shunji, "Method of arc welding with a ferrite stainless steel welding rod", issued 19 October 1993<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5254836&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+of+arc+welding+with+a+ferrite+stainless+steel+welding+rod&rft.inventor=Okada%2C+Yuuji%3B+Kobayashi%2C+Toshihiko%3B+Sasabe%2C+Hiroshi%3B+Aoki%2C+Yoshimitsu%3B+Nishizawa%2C+Makoto%3B+Endo%2C+Shunji&rft.date=19 October 1993">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoavenzadeh,_Fred1990" class="citation book cs1">Moavenzadeh, Fred (14 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiJaEAUj258C&pg=PA157">Concise Encyclopedia of Building and Construction Materials</a>. 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American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 26 (4): 337–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00028896509342740">10.1080/00028896509342740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5854670">5854670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Industrial+Hygiene+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Toxicity+of+Niobium+Salts&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337-346&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00028896509342740&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5854670&rft.au=Downs%2C+William+L.&rft.au=Scott%2C+James+K.&rft.au=Yuile%2C+Charles+L.&rft.au=Caruso%2C+Frank+S.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Lawrence+C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder,_Henry_A.Mitchener,_MarianNason,_Alexis_P.1970" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, Henry A.; Mitchener, Marian; Nason, Alexis P. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219052439/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7730/157588b8312d9076f95fcfb78d404a893033.pdf">"Zirconium, Niobium, Antimony, Vanadium and Lead in Rats: Life term studies"</a> (PDF). Journal of Nutrition. 100 (1): 59–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F100.1.59">10.1093/jn/100.1.59</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5412131">5412131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4444415">4444415</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7730/157588b8312d9076f95fcfb78d404a893033.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Zirconium%2C+Niobium%2C+Antimony%2C+Vanadium+and+Lead+in+Rats%3A+Life+term+studies&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-68&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4444415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5412131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F100.1.59&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Henry+A.&rft.au=Mitchener%2C+Marian&rft.au=Nason%2C+Alexis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F7730%2F157588b8312d9076f95fcfb78d404a893033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niobium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:niobium">niobium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/41.shtml">Los Alamos National Laboratory – Niobium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanb.org/">Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061002182416/http://www.symmetrymag.org/cms/?pid=1000173">Niobium for particle accelerators eg ILC. 2005</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Niobium">"Niobium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). 1884. p. 513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niobium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Columbium">"Columbium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columbium&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiobium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Niobium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Niobium_compounds" title="Template:Niobium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Niobium_compounds" title="Template talk:Niobium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Niobium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niobium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niobium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Niobium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium compounds">Niobium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Niobium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_monosulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium monosulfide (page does not exist)">NbS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_diboride" title="Niobium diboride">NbB2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Niobium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_nitride" title="Niobium nitride">NbN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_trisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium trisulfide (page does not exist)">Nb2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium(III)_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium(III) bromide (page does not exist)">NbBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium(III)_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium(III) fluoride (page does not exist)">NbF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(III)_chloride" title="Niobium(III) chloride">NbCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_phosphide" title="Niobium phosphide">NbP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Niobium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_chloride" title="Niobium(IV) chloride">NbCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_carbide" title="Niobium carbide">NbC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_fluoride" title="Niobium(IV) fluoride">NbF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(IV)_iodide" title="Niobium(IV) iodide">NbI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_disulfide" title="Niobium disulfide">NbS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_diselenide" title="Niobium diselenide">NbSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_triselenide" title="Niobium triselenide">NbSe3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">NbO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Niobium(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_bromide" title="Niobium(V) bromide">NbBr5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_chloride" title="Niobium(V) chloride">NbCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_fluoride" title="Niobium(V) fluoride">NbF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentaiodide" title="Niobium pentaiodide">NbI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_oxychloride" title="Niobium oxychloride">NbOCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">Nb2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_perchlorate" title="Niobium perchlorate">Nb(ClO4)5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_oxynitrate" title="Niobium(V) oxynitrate">NbO(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_niobate" title="Lithium niobate">LiNbO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_niobate" title="Potassium niobate">KNbO3</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoniobium(V)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoniobium(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niobocene_dichloride" title="Niobocene dichloride">(C5H5)2NbCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium(V)_ethoxide" title="Niobium(V) ethoxide">Nb2(OC2H5)10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042362-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091993">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12257830n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12257830n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568530">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX543817">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531486605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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