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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_voyages_to_the_East_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_voyages_to_the_East_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early voyages to the East Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_voyages_to_the_East_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foothold_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foothold_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Foothold in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foothold_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_present_day_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_present_day_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Expansion in present day South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_present_day_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_throughout_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_throughout_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Expansion throughout Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_throughout_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_1621–1834" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_1621–1834"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Slavery 1621–1834</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_1621–1834-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Mughal_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Mughal_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Anglo-Mughal war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Mughal_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mughal_convoy_piracy_incident_of_1695" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_convoy_piracy_incident_of_1695"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6.1</span> <span>Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_convoy_piracy_incident_of_1695-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Opium_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Opium_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>The Opium Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Opium_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forming_a_complete_monopoly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forming_a_complete_monopoly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Forming a complete monopoly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forming_a_complete_monopoly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_monopoly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_monopoly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Trade monopoly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_monopoly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saltpetre_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saltpetre_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Saltpetre trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saltpetre_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basis_for_the_monopoly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basis_for_the_monopoly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Basis for the monopoly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basis_for_the_monopoly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_monopoly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_monopoly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Colonial monopoly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_monopoly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disestablishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disestablishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Disestablishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disestablishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishments_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishments_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Establishments in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishments_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchant_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchant_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Merchant mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchant_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Early governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_India_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_India_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>East India Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_India_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Oos-Indiese_Kompanjie" title="Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse Oos-Indiese Kompanjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92astindea_T%C4%93oh" title="Ēastindea Tēoh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēastindea Tēoh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شركة الهند الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شركة الهند الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Brit%C3%A1nica_de_les_Indies_Orientales" title="Compañía Británica de les Indies Orientales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compañía Británica de les Indies Orientales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost-Hind_%C5%9Firk%C9%99ti_(B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya)" title="Ost-Hind şirkəti (Böyük Britaniya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ost-Hind şirkəti (Böyük Britaniya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بریتانیانین دوغو هیندوستان شیرکتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بریتانیانین دوغو هیندوستان شیرکتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Брытанская Ост-Індская кампанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанская Ост-Індская кампанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британска източноиндийска компания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британска източноиндийска компания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="East India Company" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companyia_Brit%C3%A0nica_de_les_%C3%8Dndies_Orientals" title="Companyia Britànica de les Índies Orientals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Companyia Britànica de les Índies Orientals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_V%C3%BDchodoindick%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Britská Východoindická společnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britská Východoindická společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmni_India%27r_Dwyrain" title="Cwmni India'r Dwyrain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwmni India'r Dwyrain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_britiske_Ostindiske_kompagni" title="Det britiske Ostindiske kompagni – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det britiske Ostindiske kompagni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_Ostindien-Kompanie" title="Britische Ostindien-Kompanie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britische Ostindien-Kompanie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7_%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ބްރިޓިޝް އީސްޓް އިންޑިޔާ ކޮންޕެނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބްރިޓިޝް އީސްޓް އިންޑިޔާ ކޮންޕެނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="इस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_Ida-India_Kompanii" title="Briti Ida-India Kompanii – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti Ida-India Kompanii" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Βρετανική Εταιρεία Ανατολικών Ινδιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανική Εταιρεία Ανατολικών Ινδιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Brit%C3%A1nica_de_las_Indias_Orientales" title="Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_Orienthinda_Kompanio" title="Brita Orienthinda Kompanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita Orienthinda Kompanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Indietako_Britainiar_Konpainia" title="Ekialdeko Indietako Britainiar Konpainia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Indietako Britainiar Konpainia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کمپانی هند شرقی بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمپانی هند شرقی بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_britannique_des_Indes_orientales" title="Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhlacht_na_nIndiacha_Thoir" title="Comhlacht na nIndiacha Thoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhlacht na nIndiacha Thoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Brit%C3%A1nica_das_Indias_Orientais" title="Compañía Británica das Indias Orientais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compañía Británica das Indias Orientais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6_%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="બ્રિટિશ ઈસ્ટ ઇન્ડિયા કંપની – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રિટિશ ઈસ્ટ ઇન્ડિયા કંપની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%ED%9A%8C%EC%82%AC" title="영국 동인도 회사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 동인도 회사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արևելահնդկական ընկերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելահնդկական ընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casna_Isto%C4%8Dnoindijska_kompanija" title="Časna Istočnoindijska kompanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Časna Istočnoindijska kompanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_Hindia_Timur_Britania_Raya" title="Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breska_Austur-Ind%C3%ADaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Breska Austur-Indíafélagið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breska Austur-Indíafélagið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_britannica_delle_Indie_orientali" title="Compagnia britannica delle Indie orientali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compagnia britannica delle Indie orientali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חברת הודו המזרחית הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברת הודו המזרחית הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="East India Company" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಈಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡಿಯ ಕಂಪನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಈಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡಿಯ ಕಂಪನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრიტანეთის ოსტინდოეთის კომპანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანეთის ოსტინდოეთის კომპანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampuni_ya_Kiingereza_kwa_Uhindi_ya_Mashariki" title="Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi ya Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Britannica_Indiarum_Orientalium" title="Societas Britannica Indiarum Orientalium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Societas Britannica Indiarum Orientalium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_Austrumindijas_komp%C4%81nija" title="Britu Austrumindijas kompānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu Austrumindijas kompānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Kelet-indiai_T%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Brit Kelet-indiai Társaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit Kelet-indiai Társaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" title="British East India Company – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="British East India Company" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇന്ത്യ കമ്പനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇന്ത്യ കമ്പനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_Hindia_Timur_Inggeris" title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syarikat Hindia Timur Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parusahoan_Hindia_Timur_Baritania" title="Parusahoan Hindia Timur Baritania – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parusahoan Hindia Timur Baritania" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AE" title="အင်္ဂလိပ် အရှေ့အိန္ဒိယ ကုမ္ပဏီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်္ဂလိပ် အရှေ့အိန္ဒိယ ကုမ္ပဏီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Oost-Indische_Compagnie" title="Britse Oost-Indische Compagnie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse Oost-Indische Compagnie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE" title="イギリス東インド会社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス東インド会社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_britiske_ostindiske_kompani" title="Det britiske ostindiske kompani – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det britiske ostindiske kompani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_britiske_austindiske_kompaniet" title="Det britiske austindiske kompaniet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det britiske austindiske kompaniet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhi%C3%A1_Anglesa_deis_%C3%8Dndias_Orientalas" title="Companhiá Anglesa deis Índias Orientalas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Companhiá Anglesa deis Índias Orientalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଇଷ୍ଟ ଇଣ୍ଡିଆ କମ୍ପାନୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଷ୍ଟ ଇଣ୍ଡିଆ କମ୍ପାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britaniya_Ost-Indiya_kompaniyasi" title="Britaniya Ost-Indiya kompaniyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Britaniya Ost-Indiya kompaniyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਆ ਕੰਪਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਸਟ ਇੰਡੀਆ ਕੰਪਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برطانوی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانوی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8D" title="ختيځ هند کمپنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختيځ هند کمپنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjska_Kompania_Wschodnioindyjska" title="Brytyjska Kompania Wschodnioindyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brytyjska Kompania Wschodnioindyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhia_Brit%C3%A2nica_das_%C3%8Dndias_Orientais" title="Companhia Britânica das Índias Orientais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Companhia Britânica das Índias Orientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compania_Britanic%C4%83_a_Indiilor_de_Est" title="Compania Britanică a Indiilor de Est – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Compania Britanică a Indiilor de Est" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британская Ост-Индская компания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская Ост-Индская компания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East India Company" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_vzhodnoindijska_dru%C5%BEba" title="Britanska vzhodnoindijska družba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Britanska vzhodnoindijska družba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کۆمپانیای ھیندستانی ڕۆژھەڵات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمپانیای ھیندستانی ڕۆژھەڵات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Британска источноиндијска компанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британска источноиндијска компанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_isto%C4%8Dnoindijska_kompanija" title="Britanska istočnoindijska kompanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Britanska istočnoindijska kompanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_It%C3%A4-Intian_kauppakomppania" title="Englannin Itä-Intian kauppakomppania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin Itä-Intian kauppakomppania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_ostindiska_kompaniet" title="Brittiska ostindiska kompaniet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska ostindiska kompaniet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompanya_sa_Silangang_Indiya" title="Kompanya sa Silangang Indiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kompanya sa Silangang Indiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரித்தானிய கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய கிழக்கிந்திய நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britan_K%C3%B6n%C3%A7%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F_Hindstan_%C5%9Firk%C3%A4te" title="Britan Könçığış Hindstan şirkäte – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Britan Könçığış Hindstan şirkäte" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="ఈస్టిండియా కంపెనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈస్టిండియా కంపెనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริษัทอินเดียตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="East India Company" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Британська Ост-Індійська компанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська Ост-Індійська компанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برطانوی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ty_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_Anh" title="Công ty Đông Ấn Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ty Đông Ấn Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="East India Company" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="不列颠东印度公司 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="不列颠东印度公司" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="東印度公司 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東印度公司" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国东印度公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英国东印度公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83164#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British trading company (1600–1874)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the British East India Company. For the Dutch East India Company, see <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. For the chartered East India Companies of other countries, see <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="East India Company (disambiguation)">East India Company (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"John Company" redirects here. For the board game, see <a href="/wiki/John_Company_(board_game)" title="John Company (board game)"><i>John Company</i> (board game)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">East India Company</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_East_India_Company" title="Flag of the East India Company">Company flag</a> (1801)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="#Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</a> (1698)<br /><br /><b>Motto:</b> <i>Auspicio Regis et Senatus Angliae</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "By command of the King and Parliament of England"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> partially <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a><sup id="cite_ref-topic/East_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topic/East-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />State-owned enterprise (after <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1600<span class="noprint">; 423 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1600-12-31</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">George Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harte_(mayor)" title="John Harte (mayor)">John Harte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="John Spencer (Lord Mayor of London)">John Spencer</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Formation"><i>et. al.</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1874<span class="noprint">; 150 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1874-06-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalised</a>: <div><ul><li>Territories and responsibilities ceded to the British Government by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a></li><li>Dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Stock_Dividend_Redemption_Act_1873" title="East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873">East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a>, <div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Thomas Smythe</a><br />1st Governor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpetre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 (1710s)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>East India Company</b> (<b>EIC</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1600–1874) was an English, and later British, <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a> founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">trade in the Indian Ocean region</a>, initially with the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> (South Asia and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia. The company gained <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world by various measures and had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">presidency armies</a>, totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> at certain times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally <a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">chartered</a> as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies,"<sup id="cite_ref-jiscuk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jiscuk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the company rose to account for half of the world's trade during the mid-1700s and early 1800s,<sup id="cite_ref-onlinegallery_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinegallery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in basic commodities including <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpetre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>. The company also initiated the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinegallery_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinegallery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company-ruled areas in the region gradually expanded after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 and by 1858 most of modern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh was either ruled by the company or <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> closely tied to it by treaty. Following the <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion of 1857</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> assuming direct control of present-day Bangladesh, Pakistan and India in the form of the new <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conquests_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conquests-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company subsequently experienced recurring problems with its finances, despite frequent government intervention. The company was dissolved in 1874 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Stock_Dividend_Redemption_Act_1873" title="East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873">East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act</a> enacted one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official government machinery of the British Empire had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_by_British_Information_Services,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colonial India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/250px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/375px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/500px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6118" data-file-height="9000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Map of colonial <i>India</i>, distributed by the British Information Services (1942)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian India">Austrian India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1778–1785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1731–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1605–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1620–1869</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1668–1954</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1505–1961)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1434–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">Portuguese East India Company</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1628–1633</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1600–1947)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">EIC in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1600–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1757–1858</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Portuguese_India" title="British rule in Portuguese India">British rule in Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1797–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1858–1947</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1824–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1721–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1947</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_India" title="Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_India" title="Template talk:Colonial India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jameslancaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jameslancaster.jpg/290px-Jameslancaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jameslancaster.jpg/435px-Jameslancaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jameslancaster.jpg/580px-Jameslancaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a> commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1577, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> set out on <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">an expedition</a> from England to plunder Spanish settlements in South America in search of gold and silver. Sailing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hind" title="Golden Hind">Golden Hind</a></i> he achieved this, and then sailed across the Pacific Ocean in 1579, known then only to the Spanish and Portuguese. Drake eventually sailed into the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> and came across the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a>, also known as the Spice Islands, and met <a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Sultan Babullah</a>. In exchange for linen, gold, and silver, the English obtained a large haul of exotic spices, including cloves and nutmeg. Drake returned to England in 1580 and became a hero; his circumnavigation raised an enormous amount of money for England's coffers, and investors received a return of some 5,000 per cent. Thus started an important element in the eastern design during the late sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawson2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawson2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>'s defeat in 1588, the captured Spanish and Portuguese ships and cargoes enabled English voyagers to travel the globe in search of riches.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London merchants presented a petition to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-ii-p454-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of far-eastern trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth granted her permission and in 1591, <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Bonaventure_(1567)" title="English ship Bonaventure (1567)"><i>Bonaventure</i></a> with two other ships,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> financed by the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a>, sailed from England around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, becoming the first English expedition to reach India that way.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anarchy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Having sailed around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-ii-p454-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest prize that galvanised English trade was the seizure of a large Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">Earl of Cumberland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">Battle of Flores</a> on 13 August 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-McCulloch_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCulloch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she was brought in to <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a> she was the largest vessel ever seen in England and she carried chests of jewels, pearls, gold, silver coins, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a>, cloth, tapestries, pepper, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, <a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">benjamin</a> (a highly aromatic balsamic resin used for perfumes and medicines), red dye, <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> and ebony.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally valuable was the ship's <a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">rutter</a> (mariner's handbook) containing vital information on the <a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">China</a>, India, and Japan trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-McCulloch_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCulloch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1596, three more English ships sailed east but all were lost at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-ii-p454-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later however saw the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fitch" title="Ralph Fitch">Ralph Fitch</a>, an adventurer merchant who, with his companions, had made a remarkable nine year overland journey to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the Indian Ocean, India and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitch was consulted on Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History <span class="anchor" id="East_India_Company_Act_1776"></span><span class="anchor" id="East_India_Company_Act_1806"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1599, a group of prominent merchants and explorers met to discuss a potential East Indies venture under a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anarchy_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> Besides Fitch and Lancaster,<sup id="cite_ref-Anarchy_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> the group included <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Soame" title="Stephen Soame">Stephen Soame</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Thomas Smythe</a>, a powerful London politician and administrator who had established the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, writer and proponent of <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a>; and several other sea-farers who had served with Drake and Raleigh.<sup id="cite_ref-Anarchy_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anarchy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p><p>On 22 September, the group stated their intention "to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies (the which it may please the Lord to prosper)" and to themselves invest £30,133 (over £4,000,000 in today's money).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, the "Adventurers" reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their first attempt had not been completely successful, they sought the Queen's unofficial approval to continue. They bought ships for the venture and increased their investment to £68,373.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They convened again a year later, on 31 December 1600, and this time they succeeded; the Queen responded favourably to a petition by <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">George, Earl of Cumberland</a> and 218 others,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including James Lancaster, <a href="/wiki/John_Harte_(mayor)" title="John Harte (mayor)">Sir John Harte</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="John Spencer (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir John Spencer</a> (both of whom had been <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>), the adventurer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Michelborne" title="Edward Michelborne">Edward Michelborne</a>, the nobleman <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a> and citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-EIC-Charters_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIC-Charters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She granted her charter to their corporation named <b>Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igi-ii-p454-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a period of fifteen years, the charter awarded the company a monopoly<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any traders there without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo (half of which would go to the Crown and half to the company), as well as imprisonment at the "royal pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charter named Thomas Smythe as the first governor<sup id="cite_ref-EIC-Charters_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIC-Charters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> of the company, and 24 <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company_directors" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company directors">directors</a> (including James Lancaster)<sup id="cite_ref-EIC-Charters_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIC-Charters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> or "committees", who made up a Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to a Court of Proprietors, who appointed them. Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. By tradition, business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite <a href="/wiki/St_Botolph-without-Bishopsgate" title="St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate">St Botolph's</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a>, before moving to East India House in <a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Street" title="Leadenhall Street">Leadenhall Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_voyages_to_the_East_Indies">Early voyages to the East Indies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early voyages to the East Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Lancaster">Sir James Lancaster</a> commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard <a href="/wiki/Red_Dragon_(1595)" title="Red Dragon (1595)"><i>Red Dragon</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, whilst sailing in the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Strait">Malacca Straits</a>, Lancaster took the rich 1,200 ton Portuguese carrack <i>Sao Thome</i> carrying pepper and spices. The booty enabled the voyagers to set up two "<a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a>" (trading posts) – one at <a href="/wiki/Bantam_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantam (city)">Bantam</a> on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and another in the <a href="/wiki/Molucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Molucca">Moluccas</a> (Spice Islands) before leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-Dulles106_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulles106-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On return to England in 1603, they learned of Elizabeth's death, but Lancaster was knighted by the new king, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, on account of the voyage's success.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war with Spain</a> had ended but the company had profitably breached the Spanish-Portuguese duopoly; new horizons opened for the English.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1604, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton_(captain)" title="Henry Middleton (captain)">Henry Middleton</a> commanded the company's <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_to_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Second voyage to Asia">second voyage</a>. General <a href="/wiki/William_Keeling" title="William Keeling">William Keeling</a>, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage aboard <i>Red Dragon</i> from 1607 to 1610 along with <i>Hector</i> under Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Hawkins">William Hawkins</a> and <i>Consent</i> under Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Middleton_(mariner)" title="David Middleton (mariner)">David Middleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-East_India_Company_1897_vi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_India_Company_1897_vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1608, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sharpeigh" title="Alexander Sharpeigh">Alexander Sharpeigh</a> was made captain of the company's <i>Ascension</i>, and general or commander of the fourth voyage. Thereafter two ships, <i>Ascension</i> and <i>Union</i> (captained by Richard Rowles), sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-East_India_Company_1897_vi_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-East_India_Company_1897_vi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expedition was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Mill1817_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mill1817-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; float:center; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>East India Company Initial expeditions<sup id="cite_ref-Mill1817_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mill1817-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Vessels</th> <th>Total Invested £</th> <th>Bullion sent £</th> <th>Goods sent £</th> <th>Ships & Provisions £</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td>3</td> <td><b>60,450</b></td> <td>11,160</td> <td>1,142</td> <td>48,140</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1606</td> <td>3</td> <td><b>58,500</b></td> <td>17,600</td> <td>7,280</td> <td>28,620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1607</td> <td>2</td> <td><b>38,000</b></td> <td>15,000</td> <td>3,400</td> <td>14,600</td> <td>Vessels lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1608</td> <td>1</td> <td><b>13,700</b></td> <td>6,000</td> <td>1,700</td> <td>6,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1609</td> <td>3</td> <td><b>82,000</b></td> <td>28,500</td> <td>21,300</td> <td>32,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1610</td> <td>4</td> <td><b>71,581</b></td> <td>19,200</td> <td>10,081</td> <td>42,500</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1611</td> <td>4</td> <td><b>76,355</b></td> <td>17,675</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>48,700</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1612</td> <td>1</td> <td><b>7,200</b></td> <td>1,250</td> <td>650</td> <td>5,300</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1613</td> <td>8</td> <td rowspan="4"><b>272,544</b></td> <td>18,810</td> <td>12,446</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1614</td> <td>8</td> <td>13,942</td> <td>23,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1615</td> <td>6</td> <td>26,660</td> <td>26,065</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1616</td> <td>7</td> <td>52,087</td> <td>16,506</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Initially, the company struggled in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> because of competition from the well-established <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. This rivalry led to military skirmishes, with each company establishing fortified trading posts, fleets, and alliances with local rulers. The Dutch, better financed and supported by their government, gained the upper hand by establishing a stronghold in the spice islands (now Indonesia), enforcing a near-monopoly through aggressive policies that eventually drove the EIC to seek trade opportunities in India instead. The English company opened a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> (trading post) in <a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a> on Java on its first voyage, and imports of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> from Java remained an important part of the company's trade for twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reddragonship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Reddragonship.jpg/220px-Reddragonship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Reddragonship.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Dragon_(1595)" title="Red Dragon (1595)"><i>Red Dragon</i></a> fought the Portuguese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Battle of Swally</a> in 1612, and made several voyages to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe,_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18,_and_others.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe%2C_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18%2C_and_others.jpg/275px-Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe%2C_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18%2C_and_others.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe%2C_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18%2C_and_others.jpg/413px-Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe%2C_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18%2C_and_others.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Jahangir_investing_a_courtier_with_a_robe_of_honour_watched_by_Sir_Thomas_Roe%2C_English_ambassador_to_the_court_of_Jahangir_at_Agra_from_1615-18%2C_and_others.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>The emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> investing a courtier with a robe of honour, watched by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Roe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Roe">Sir Thomas Roe</a>, English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618, and others</figcaption></figure> <p>English traders frequently fought their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Battle of Swally</a> in 1612, at <a href="/wiki/Suvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Suvali">Suvali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>. The company decided to explore the feasibility of a foothold in mainland India, with official sanction from both Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission.<sup id="cite_ref-fordham1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foothold_in_India">Foothold in India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foothold in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata#Establishment_of_English_trade_in_Bengal_(1610–1900)" title="History of Kolkata">Establishment of English trade in Bengal (1610–1900)</a></div> <p>Company ships docked at <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Mughal Empire">Gujarat</a> in 1608.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's first Indian factory was established in 1611 at <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Andhra" title="Coastal Andhra">Andhra Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, and its second in 1615 at Surat.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tracy_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. However, in 1609, he renewed the East India Company's charter for an indefinite period, with the proviso that its privileges would be annulled if trade was unprofitable for three consecutive years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1615, James I instructed Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roe" title="Thomas Roe">Thomas Roe</a> to visit the Mughal Emperor Nur-ud-din Salim <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (r. 1605–1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:<sup id="cite_ref-fordham1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure. For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, Letter to James I.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_in_present_day_South_Asia">Expansion in present day South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion in present day South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Indian_wars" title="List of Anglo-Indian wars">List of Anglo-Indian wars</a></div> <p>The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. It eclipsed the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Estado_da_%C3%8Dndia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado da Índia">Estado da Índia</a>, which had established bases in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>; Portugal later ceded Bombay to England as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> on her marriage to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch <a href="/wiki/United_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United East India Company">United East India Company</a> (VOC) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China that helped secure EIC ports in China,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independently attacking the Portuguese in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residencies</a> primarily for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company established <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> (1619) and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> (1639).<sup id="cite_ref-Cadell1956_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadell1956-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1647, the company had 23 factories and settlements in India, and 90 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the major factories became some of the most populated and commercially influential cities in Bengal, including the walled forts of <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a> in Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St George">Fort St George</a> in Madras, and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Castle" title="Bombay Castle">Bombay Castle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first century of the Company, despite its original profits coming primarily from piracy in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a> between competing European powers and their companies,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saw the East India Company change focus after suffering a major setback in 1623 when their factory in <a href="/wiki/Amboyna_massacre" title="Amboyna massacre">Amboyna</a> in the Moluccas was attacked by the Dutch. This compelled the company to formally abandon their efforts in the Spice Islands, and turn their attention to Bengal where, by this time, they were making steady, if less exciting, profits.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After gaining the indifferent patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, whose cities were 'the megacities of their time' and whose wealth was unrivaled outside of Asia in the 17th Century,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Company's first century in the Mughal-ruled areas was spent cultivating their relationship with the Mughal Dynasty, and conducting peaceful trade at great profit. At first it should be said the EIC was drawn into the Mughal system, acting as a kind of vassal to Mughal authority in present-day Bangladesh: from this position that the EIC would ultimately outplay and outmaneuver everyone else in the region, to eventually use that same system to hold power.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What started as trading posts on undesirable land were developed into sprawling factory complexes with hundreds of workers sending exotic goods to England and managing protected points to export English finished goods to local merchants. The Company's initial rise in Bengal and successes generally came at the expense of competing European powers through the art of currying favors and well-placed bribes, as the company was matched at every step with French expansion in the region (whose equivalent company carried substantial royal support). See <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>. Throughout the entire century the company only resorted to force against the Mughals once, with terrible consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_war_(1686%E2%80%931690)" title="Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)">Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)</a> was a complete defeat, ending when the EIC effectively swore fealty to the Mughals to get their factories back. </p><p>The East India Company's fortunes changed for the better in 1707 when Bengal and other regions under Mughal rule fell into anarchy after the death of the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of large-scale rebellions, and the collapse of the Mughal taxation system led to the effective independence of virtually all of the pre-1707 Mughal fiefs and holdings, with their capital Delhi routinely under the control of Maratha, Afghan, or usurper generals' armies. The EIC was able to take advantage of this chaos, slowly assuming direct control of the province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and fighting <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">numerous wars against the French</a> for control of the east coast. The Company's position in the Mughal court as it fell apart made it possible to sponsor various powerful people on the continent as they individually contended with others, steadily amassing more land and power in India to themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 18th Century, the primary source of the Company's profits in Bengal became taxation in conquered and controlled provinces, as the factories became fortresses and administrative hubs for networks of tax collectors that expanded into enormous cities. The Mughal Empire was the richest in the world in 1700, and the East India Company tried to strip it bare for a century thereafter. Dalrymple calls it "the single largest transfer of wealth until the Nazis."<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What was in the 17th century the production capital of the world for textiles was forced to become a market for British-made textiles. Statues, jewels, and various other valuables were moved from the palaces of Bengal to the townhouses of the English countryside. Bengal in particular suffered the worst of Company tax farming, highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary tool of expansion for the company was the Sepoy. The <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoys</a> were locally raised, mostly Muslim, soldiers with European training and equipment, who changed warfare in present-day South Asia. Mounted forces and their superior mobility had been king on the region's battlefields for a thousand years, with cannon so well integrated that the Mughals fought with cannon mounted on elephants; all were no match to line infantry with decent discipline supported with field cannon. Repeatedly, a few thousand company sepoys fought vastly larger Mughal forces numerically and came out victorious. Afghan, Mughal, and Maratha factions started creating their own European-style forces, often with French equipment, as the chaos widened and the stakes were raised. Ultimately, the company won out, generally through as much diplomacy and state-craft(fraud and deception). The gradual rise of the EIC within the Mughal network culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>, in which the Company successfully ousted the Empire's official protectors in the Maratha, the Maratha high water point in their rise to power, and installed a young Mughal Prince as Emperor with the Company as the de jure protectors of the Empire from their position of direct control in Bengal. This relationship was repeatedly strained as the Company continued its expansion and exploitation, however it lasted in some form until 1858 when the last Mughal Emperor was exiled as the Company was disbanded and its assets were taken over by the British Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1634, the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> extended his hospitality to the English traders to the richest region of the Mutual Empire <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1717 customs duties were completely waived for the English in Bengal. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, opium, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpetre</a>, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a> by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–1641. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch wars">Anglo-Dutch wars</a> of the 17th and 18th centuries. The British were also interested in trans-Himalayan trade routes, as they would create access to untapped markets for British manufactured goods in Tibet and China.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This economic interest was showcased by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Nepalese war">Anglo-Nepalese war (1814–1816).</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_throughout_Asia">Expansion throughout Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expansion throughout Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Qingshi_gao" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingshi gao">The Draft History of the Qing</a></i> records the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> as formally commencing trade with the British in 1698.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the first two decades of the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company or <i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i>, (VOC) was the wealthiest commercial operation in the world with 50,000 employees worldwide and a private fleet of 200 ships. It specialised in the spice trade and gave its shareholders 40% annual dividend.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British East India Company was fiercely competitive with the Dutch and French throughout the 17th and 18th centuries over spices from the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a>. Some spices, at the time, could only be found on these islands, such as nutmeg and cloves; and they could bring profits as high as 400 per cent from one voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-Suijk2015_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suijk2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tension was so high between the Dutch and the British East Indies Trading Companies that it escalated into at least four Anglo-Dutch wars:<sup id="cite_ref-Suijk2015_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suijk2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674 and 1780–1784. </p><p>Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Courten" title="William Courten">William Courteen</a>, which permitted the rival <a href="/wiki/Courteen_association" title="Courteen association">Courteen association</a> to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II granted the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1689, a Mughal fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Yaqub" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Yaqub">Sidi Yaqub</a> attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690, and the company sent envoys to <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. The emperor withdrew his troops, and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indian exports of textiles to Europe (pieces per year)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Years</th> <th colspan="5">EIC</th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United East India Company">VOC</a></th> <th>France</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Estado_da_%C3%8Dndia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado da Índia">EdI</a></th> <th>Denmark</th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bengal</th> <th>Madras</th> <th>Bombay</th> <th>Surat</th> <th>EIC (total)</th> <th>VOC (total)</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1665–1669</td> <td>7,041</td> <td>37,078</td> <td>95,558</td> <td></td> <td>139,677</td> <td>126,572</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>266,249 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1670–1674</td> <td>46,510</td> <td>169,052</td> <td>294,959</td> <td></td> <td>510,521</td> <td>257,918</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>768,439 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1675–1679</td> <td>66,764</td> <td>193,303</td> <td>309,480</td> <td></td> <td>569,547</td> <td>127,459</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>697,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1680–1684</td> <td>107,669</td> <td>408,032</td> <td>452,083</td> <td></td> <td>967,784</td> <td>283,456</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,251,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1685–1689</td> <td>169,595</td> <td>244,065</td> <td>200,766</td> <td></td> <td>614,426</td> <td>316,167</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>930,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1690–1694</td> <td>59,390</td> <td>23,011</td> <td>89,486</td> <td></td> <td>171,887</td> <td>156,891</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>328,778 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1695–1699</td> <td>130,910</td> <td>107,909</td> <td>148,704</td> <td></td> <td>387,523</td> <td>364,613</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>752,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700–1704</td> <td>197,012</td> <td>104,939</td> <td>296,027</td> <td></td> <td>597,978</td> <td>310,611</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>908,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1705–1709</td> <td>70,594</td> <td>99,038</td> <td>34,382</td> <td></td> <td>204,014</td> <td>294,886</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>498,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1710–1714</td> <td>260,318</td> <td>150,042</td> <td>164,742</td> <td></td> <td>575,102</td> <td>372,601</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>947,703 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1715–1719</td> <td>251,585</td> <td>20,049</td> <td>582,108</td> <td></td> <td>534,188</td> <td>435,923</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>970,111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1720–1724</td> <td>341,925</td> <td>269,653</td> <td>184,715</td> <td></td> <td>796,293</td> <td>475,752</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,272,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1725–1729</td> <td>558,850</td> <td>142,500</td> <td>119,962</td> <td></td> <td>821,312</td> <td>399,477</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,220,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1730–1734</td> <td>583,707</td> <td>86,606</td> <td>57,503</td> <td></td> <td>727,816</td> <td>241,070</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>968,886 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1735–1739</td> <td>580,458</td> <td>137,233</td> <td>66,981</td> <td></td> <td>784,672</td> <td>315,543</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,100,215 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1740–1744</td> <td>619,309</td> <td>98,252</td> <td>295,139</td> <td></td> <td>812,700</td> <td>288,050</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,100,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1745–1749</td> <td>479,593</td> <td>144,553</td> <td>60,042</td> <td></td> <td>684,188</td> <td>262,261</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>946,449 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1750–1754</td> <td>406,706</td> <td>169,892</td> <td>55,576</td> <td></td> <td>632,174</td> <td>532,865</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,165,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1755–1759</td> <td>307,776</td> <td>106,646</td> <td>55,770</td> <td></td> <td>470,192</td> <td>321,251</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>791,443 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery_1621–1834"><span id="Slavery_1621.E2.80.931834"></span>Slavery 1621–1834</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slavery 1621–1834"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The East India Company's archives suggest its involvement in the slave trade began in 1684, when a Captain Robert Knox was ordered to buy and transport 250 slaves from Madagascar to <a href="/wiki/St._Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helena">St. Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East India Company began using and transporting slaves in Asia and the Atlantic in the early 1620s, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica,<sup id="cite_ref-topic/East_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topic/East-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in 1621, according to Richard Allen.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the company ended the trade in 1834 after numerous legal threats from the British state and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a>, which discovered various ships had contained evidence of the illegal trade.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg/220px-Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg/330px-Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg/440px-Bodleian_Library_MS._Jap._b.2_Shuinjo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>A document with the original <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> seal of <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1613, during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada" title="Tokugawa Hidetada">Tokugawa Hidetada</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, the British ship <a href="/wiki/Clove_(ship)" title="Clove (ship)"><i>Clove</i></a>, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Saris" title="John Saris">John Saris</a>, was the first English ship to call on Japan. Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in Java, and with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/William_Adams_(sailor,_born_1564)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Adams (sailor, born 1564)">William Adams</a>, an English sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600, he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in <a href="/wiki/Hirado,_Nagasaki" title="Hirado, Nagasaki">Hirado</a> on the Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine, Sir Thomas Smythe, Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise, without any hindrance to them or their goods, and to abide, buy, sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations, to tarry here as long as they think good, and to depart at their pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Unable to obtain Japanese <a href="/wiki/Raw_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw silk">raw silk</a> for export to China, and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> from 1616 onwards, the company closed its factory in 1623.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-Mughal_war">Anglo-Mughal war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anglo-Mughal war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_war_(1686%E2%80%931690)" title="Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)">Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_English_ask_pardon_of_Aurangzeb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_English_ask_pardon_of_Aurangzeb.jpg/220px-The_English_ask_pardon_of_Aurangzeb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/The_English_ask_pardon_of_Aurangzeb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Child" title="Josiah Child">Sir Josiah Child</a> requesting a pardon from the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian wars">Anglo-Indian wars</a> occurred in 1686 when the company conducted naval operations against <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>. This led to the siege of Bombay and the subsequent intervention of the Mughal Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. Subsequently, the English company was defeated and fined.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mughal_convoy_piracy_incident_of_1695">Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></div> <p>In September 1695, Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a>, an English pirate on board the <a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)"><i>Fancy</i></a>, reached the Straits of <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet returning from the annual pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden <i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i>, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the <i>Fateh Muhammed</i>. They were spotted passing the straits en route to <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>. The pirates gave chase and caught up with the <i>Fateh Muhammed</i> some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £40,000 of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgess_2009_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgess_2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136–137">: 136–137 </span></sup> </p><p>Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul <i>Ganj-i-Sawai</i>, which resisted strongly before eventually <a href="/wiki/Striking_the_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Striking the colours">striking</a>. <i>Ganj-i-Sawai</i> carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Aurangazeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangazeb">Grand Mughal</a>, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the <i>Ganj-i-Sawai</i> had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. To appease Aurangzeb, the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations, while <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> declared the pirates <i><a href="/wiki/Hostis_humani_generis" title="Hostis humani generis">hostis humani generis</a></i> ("the enemy of humanity").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In mid-1696 the government issued a £500 bounty on Every's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts. The first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgess_2009_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgess_2009-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> </p><p>The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Daud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab Daud Khan">Nawab Daud Khan</a> to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry <a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughals</a>, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Asad_Khan_(Mughal_noble)" title="Asad Khan (Mughal noble)">Asad Khan</a>, Parliament exempted Every from all of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of Grace</a> (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (October 2022)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:East_India_Company#Henry_Avery_and_Acts_of_Grace" title="Talk:East India Company">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English, Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha"><img alt="English, Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg/220px-Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg/330px-Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg/440px-Mocha_Dapper_1680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English, Dutch and Danish factories at <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Every.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="An 18th-century depiction of Henry Every, with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background"><img alt="An 18th-century depiction of Henry Every, with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Henry_Every.gif/185px-Henry_Every.gif" decoding="async" width="185" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Henry_Every.gif/277px-Henry_Every.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Henry_Every.gif/370px-Henry_Every.gif 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 18th-century depiction of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a>, with the <i>Fancy</i> shown engaging its prey in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British pirates that fought during the Child's War engaging the Ganj-i-Sawai"><img alt="British pirates that fought during the Child's War engaging the Ganj-i-Sawai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg/220px-Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg/330px-Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg/440px-Every_engaging_the_Great_Mogul%27s_Ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British pirates that fought during the <a href="/wiki/Child%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's War">Child's War</a> engaging the <a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Every_(Works_of_Daniel_Defoe).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of Captain Every's encounter with the Mughal Emperor's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj-i-Sawai"><img alt="Depiction of Captain Every's encounter with the Mughal Emperor's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj-i-Sawai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Captain_Every_%28Works_of_Daniel_Defoe%29.png/220px-Captain_Every_%28Works_of_Daniel_Defoe%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Captain_Every_%28Works_of_Daniel_Defoe%29.png/330px-Captain_Every_%28Works_of_Daniel_Defoe%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Captain_Every_%28Works_of_Daniel_Defoe%29.png/440px-Captain_Every_%28Works_of_Daniel_Defoe%29.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Captain Every</a>'s encounter with the Mughal Emperor's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj-i-Sawai</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Opium_Wars">The Opium Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Opium Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The East India Company started selling opium to Chinese merchants in the 1770s in exchange for goods like <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing a series of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">opioid addiction</a> outbreaks across China in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> outlawed the opium trade in 1796 and 1800,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but British merchants continued illegally nonetheless.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing took measures to prevent the East India Company from selling opium, and destroyed tens of thousands of chests of opium already in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This series of events led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> in 1839, which involved a succession of British naval attacks along the Chinese coast over the course of several months. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanjing</a> in 1842, the Qing were forced to give British merchants special treatment and the right to sell opium. The Chinese also ceded territory to the British, including the island of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forming_a_complete_monopoly">Forming a complete monopoly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Forming a complete monopoly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_monopoly">Trade monopoly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade monopoly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, and to obtain political power, such as seats in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2016_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2016-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ship captains sold their appointments to successors for up to £500. As recruits aimed to return to Britain wealthy by securing Indian money, their loyalties to their homeland increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Guha2016_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guha2016-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company developed a <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> in the English parliament. Pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former company associates (pejoratively termed <i>Interlopers</i> by the company), who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, led to the passing of the deregulating act in 1694.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianweb.org_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianweb.org-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="East_India_Company_Act_1697"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">East India Company Act 1697</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for raising a Sum not exceeding Two Millions upon a Fund for Payment of Annuities after the Rate of Eight Pounds per Cent. per Annum; and for settling the Trade to the East Indies.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/9_Will._3" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Will. 3">9 Will. 3</a>. c. 44</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1698</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1871" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1871">Statute Law Revision Act 1871</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1888" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1888">Statute Law Revision Act 1888</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1892" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1892">Statute Law Revision Act 1892</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>This act allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. When the East India Company Act 1697 (<a href="/wiki/9_Will._3" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Will. 3">9 Will. 3</a>. c. 44) was passed in 1697, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the <i>English Company Trading to the East Indies</i>) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggart_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggart-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianweb.org_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianweb.org-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state, with the charter and agreement for the new <i>United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies</i> being awarded by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this arrangement, the merged company lent a sum of £3,200,000 to the Treasury, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the <i>United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianweb.org_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianweb.org-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="East_India_Company_Act_1711"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">East India Company Act 1711</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for continuing the Trade and Corporation-capacity of the United East India Company, although their Fund should be redeemed.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="10 Ann.">10 Ann.</a> c. 35<br />Ruffhead c. 28</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1712</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">15 July 1867</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1867" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1867">Statute Law Revision Act 1867</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>A constant battle between the company lobby and Parliament followed for decades. The company sought a permanent establishment, while Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">defence of its territorial possessions</a> in Europe and its <a href="/wiki/English_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonization of the Americas">colonies in North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddnb.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddnb.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war partly took place in the Indian theatre, between the company troops and the French forces. In 1757, the <a href="/wiki/Law_Officers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Officers of the Crown">Law Officers of the Crown</a> delivered the <a href="/wiki/Pratt%E2%80%93Yorke_opinion" title="Pratt–Yorke opinion">Pratt–Yorke opinion</a> distinguishing overseas territories acquired by <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a> from those acquired by private <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>. The opinion asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddnb.com_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddnb.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its ever-growing cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. In 1801 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas</a> reported to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... on the 1st March, 1801, the debts of the East India Company amounted to 5,393,989<i><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">l.</a></i> their effects to 15,404,736<i>l.</i> and that their sales had increased since February 1793, from 4,988,300<i>l.</i> to 7,602,041<i>l.</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rear view of the East India Company's factory at Cossimbazar"><img alt="Rear view of the East India Company's factory at Cossimbazar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg/200px-Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg/300px-Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg/400px-Rear_view_of_the_East_India_Company%27s_Factory_at_Cossimbazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rear view of the East India Company's <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cossimbazar" title="Cossimbazar">Cossimbazar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company, c. 1760"><img alt="Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company, c. 1760" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg/167px-Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg/251px-Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg/335px-Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Company_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Company painting">Company painting</a> depicting an official of the East India Company, c. 1760</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saltpetre_trade">Saltpetre trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Saltpetre trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium_nitrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium_nitrate.jpg/170px-Potassium_nitrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium_nitrate.jpg/255px-Potassium_nitrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Potassium_nitrate.jpg/340px-Potassium_nitrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Saltpetre</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> was one of the major trade goods of the company</figcaption></figure> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Banks,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Banks, 1st Baronet">John Banks</a>, a businessman from <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company, began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for <a href="/wiki/Victualling_Commissioners" title="Victualling Commissioners">victualling the navy</a>, an interest he kept up for most of his life. He knew that <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> had amassed a substantial fortune from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and Indian trades. </p><p>He became a director and later, as governor of the East India Company in 1672, he arranged a contract which included a loan of £20,000 and £30,000 worth of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpetre</a>—also known as potassium nitrate, a primary ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>—for the King "at the price it shall <a href="/wiki/Candle_auction" title="Candle auction">sell by the candle</a>"—that is by auction—where bidding could continue as long as an inch-long candle remained alight.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So high was the demand from armed forces that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basis_for_the_monopoly">Basis for the monopoly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Basis for the monopoly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_monopoly">Colonial monopoly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colonial monopoly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone,_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone%2C_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg/220px-The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone%2C_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone%2C_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg/330px-The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone%2C_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone%2C_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg/440px-The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone%2C_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_East_Offering_its_Riches_to_Britannia" title="The East Offering its Riches to Britannia">The East Offering its Riches to Britannia</a></i> - Roma Spiridone, 1778 - BL Foster 245</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_India_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E_India_House.jpg/220px-E_India_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E_India_House.jpg/330px-E_India_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/E_India_House.jpg/440px-E_India_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a>, Leadenhall Street (1766)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a>, the Governor-General, led the company to a victory against <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix" title="Joseph François Dupleix">Joseph François Dupleix</a>, the commander of the French forces in India, and recaptured Fort St George from the French. The company took this respite to seize <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila</a> in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation is to a hobbyist website; there must be peer reviewed academically published sources for this. (November 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (<a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanam,_French_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanam, French India">Yanam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandernagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagar">Chandernagar</a>) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 1772 the EIC stock price rose significantly. In June <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fordyce" title="Alexander Fordyce">Alexander Fordyce</a> lost £300,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">shorting</a> EIC stock, leaving his partners liable for an estimated £243,000 in debts.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this information became public, 20–30 banks across Europe collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772-1773" class="mw-redirect" title="British credit crisis of 1772-1773">British credit crisis of 1772-1773</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India alone, the company had bill debts of £1.2 million. It seems that EIC directors <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Cockburn,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet">James Cockburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Colebrooke" title="George Colebrooke">George Colebrooke</a> were "<a href="/wiki/Bull_(stock_market_speculator)" title="Bull (stock market speculator)">bulling</a>" the Amsterdam market during 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root of this crisis in relation to the East India Company came from the prediction by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Pinto" title="Isaac de Pinto">Isaac de Pinto</a> that 'peace conditions plus an abundance of money would push East Indian shares to 'exorbitant heights.'<sup id="cite_ref-sro.sussex.ac.uk_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sro.sussex.ac.uk-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In September the company took out a loan from the Bank of England, to be repaid from the sale of goods later that month. But with buyers scarce, most of the sale had to be postponed, and when the loan fell due, the company's coffers were empty. On October 29 the bank refused to renew the loan. That decision set in motion a chain of events that made the American Revolution inevitable. The East India Company had eighteen million pounds of tea sitting in British warehouses. A huge amount of tea as assets which were lying unsold. Selling it in a hurry would do wonders for its finances.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>On 14 January 1773 the directors of the EIC asked for a government loan and unlimited access to the tea market in the American colonies, both of which were granted.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1773 the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> assisted the EIC with a loan.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The East India Company had also been granted competitive advantages over colonial American tea importers to sell tea from its colonies in Asia in American colonies. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> of 1773 in which protesters boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard. When protesters successfully prevented the unloading of tea in three other colonies and in Boston, Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain. This was one of the incidents which led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and independence of the American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company's trade monopoly with India was abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Charter_Act_1813" title="Charter Act 1813">Charter Act 1813</a>. The monopoly with China was ended in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Act_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena Act 1833">1833</a>, ending the trading activities of the company and rendering its activities purely administrative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disestablishment">Disestablishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disestablishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> and under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, the British Government nationalised the company. The British government took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">armed forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conquests_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conquests-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company had already divested itself of its commercial trading assets in India in favour of the UK government in 1833, with the latter assuming the debts and obligations of the company, which were to be serviced and paid from tax revenue raised in India. In return, the shareholders voted to accept an annual dividend of 10.5%, guaranteed for forty years, likewise to be funded from India, with a final pay-off to redeem outstanding shares. The debt obligations continued beyond dissolution and were only extinguished by the UK government during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company remained in existence in vestigial form, continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government (and the supply of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>) until the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Stock_Dividend_Redemption_Act_1873" title="East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873">East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873</a> came into effect, on 1 January 1874. This act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874, after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> commented on 8 April 1873:<sup id="cite_ref-Times_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted, and such as none, surely, is likely to attempt in the years to come.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishments_in_Britain">Establishments in Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Establishments in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg/220px-East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg/330px-East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg/440px-East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>The expanded <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a>, London, painted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malton" title="Thomas Malton">Thomas Malton</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was <a href="/wiki/East_India_House" title="East India House">East India House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Street" title="Leadenhall Street">Leadenhall Street</a>. After occupying premises in <a href="/wiki/Philpot_Lane" title="Philpot Lane">Philpot Lane</a> from 1600 to 1621; in <a href="/wiki/Crosby_Hall,_London" title="Crosby Hall, London">Crosby House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a> from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726–1729 and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–1862.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building" title="Lloyd's building">Lloyd's building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1607, the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a>. By 1614, the yard having become too small, an alternative site was acquired at <a href="/wiki/Blackwall_Yard" title="Blackwall Yard">Blackwall</a>: the new yard was fully operational by 1617. It was sold in 1656, although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803 an act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Docks" title="East India Docks">East India Docks</a>) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the <a href="/wiki/West_India_Docks" title="West India Docks">West India Dock Company</a>. The docks were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a> in 1909 and closed in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg/220px-Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg/330px-Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg/440px-Addiscombe_Seminary_photo_c.1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Addiscombe_Military_Seminary" title="Addiscombe Military Seminary">Addiscombe Seminary</a>, photographed in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1859</span>, with cadets in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_College" title="East India Company College">East India College</a> was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for "writers" (i.e. clerks) in the company's service. It was initially located in <a href="/wiki/Hertford_Castle" title="Hertford Castle">Hertford Castle</a>, but moved in 1809 to purpose-built premises at <a href="/wiki/Hertford_Heath" title="Hertford Heath">Hertford Heath</a>, Hertfordshire. In 1858 the college closed; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public school</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College" title="Haileybury and Imperial Service College">Haileybury and Imperial Service College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrington_1976-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Addiscombe_Military_Seminary" title="Addiscombe Military Seminary">East India Company Military Seminary</a> was founded in 1809 at <a href="/wiki/Addiscombe" title="Addiscombe">Addiscombe</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, Surrey, to train young officers for service in the company's armies in India. It was based in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The government took it over in 1858 and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861 it was closed, and the site was subsequently redeveloped.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrington_1976-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111–123">: 111–123 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1818, the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House, <a href="/wiki/Hackney_(parish)" title="Hackney (parish)">Hackney</a>, London, a private <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychiatric_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of psychiatric institutions">lunatic asylum</a> run by Dr George Rees until 1838, and thereafter by Dr William Williams. The arrangement outlasted the company itself, continuing until 1870, when the India Office opened its own asylum, the <a href="/wiki/Hanwell#Healthcare" title="Hanwell">Royal India Asylum</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Hanwell" title="Hanwell">Hanwell</a>, Middlesex.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrington_1976-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125–132">: 125–132 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Club" title="East India Club">East India Club</a> in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company. The Club still exists today as a private <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">gentlemen's club</a> with its club house situated at 16 <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Square" title="St James's Square">St James's Square</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_East_India_Company" title="Flag of the East India Company">Flag of the East India Company</a></div> <div style="float:right;"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Historical depictions</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downman (1685)"><img alt="Downman (1685)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg/129px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg/193px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Downman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Downman (1685)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lens (1700)"><img alt="Lens (1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg/89px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg/134px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg/179px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lens (1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NatGeog1917EastIndiaCompanyFlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Geographic (1917)"><img alt="National Geographic (1917)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/NatGeog1917EastIndiaCompanyFlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="76" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> (1917)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Rees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rees (1820)"><img alt="Rees (1820)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Rees.jpg/135px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Rees.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Rees.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rees (1820)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laurie (1842)"><img alt="Laurie (1842)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg/122px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg/183px-British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Laurie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Laurie (1842)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Modern depictions</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_East_India_Company_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1600–1707"><img alt="1600–1707" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_East_India_Company_flag.svg/120px-British_East_India_Company_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_East_India_Company_flag.svg/180px-British_East_India_Company_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_East_India_Company_flag.svg/240px-British_East_India_Company_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1600–1707</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1707).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1707–1801"><img alt="1707–1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/117px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/175px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/234px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1707–1801</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1801–1874"><img alt="1801–1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/117px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/175px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/234px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1801–1874</div> </li> </ul></div> <p>The English East India Company flag changed over time, with a <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a> based on the flag of the contemporary Kingdom, and a field of 9-to-13 alternating red and white stripes. </p><p>From 1600, the canton consisted of a <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, the canton was changed to the new <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_UK_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of UK Flag">Union Flag</a>—consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">St Andrew's cross</a>—representing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire" title="Saint Patrick's Saltire">Saint Patrick's Saltire</a>. </p><p>There has been much debate about the number and order of stripes in the field of the flag. Historical documents and paintings show variations from 9-to-13 stripes, with some images showing the top stripe red and others showing it white. </p><p>At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Grand Union Flag</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fawcett_(historian)" title="Charles Fawcett (historian)">Charles Fawcett</a> argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Stars and Stripes of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_(1600-1709).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_%281600-1709%29.svg/146px-Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_%281600-1709%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_%281600-1709%29.svg/219px-Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_%281600-1709%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_%281600-1709%29.svg/292px-Coat_of_Arms_of_East_India_Company_%281600-1709%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="958" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The original coat of arms of the East India Company (1600)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg/158px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg/237px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg/316px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_East_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The later coat of arms of the East India Company (1698)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The East India Company's original <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> was granted in 1600. The blazon of the arms is as follows: "Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The shield had as a <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a>: "A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deus indicat</i></span>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: God Indicates). The <a href="/wiki/Supporter_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporter (heraldry)">supporters</a> were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deo ducente nil nocet</i></span> (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Harms).<sup id="cite_ref-heraldry_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldry-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The East India Company's later arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">arms of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">England</a> quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Auspicio regis et senatus angliæ</i></span> (Latin: Under the auspices of the King and the Parliament of England).<sup id="cite_ref-heraldry_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldry-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merchant_mark">Merchant mark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Merchant mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right;"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HEIC Merchant's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp (1852)"><img alt="HEIC Merchant's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp (1852)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg/120px-Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg/180px-Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HEIC <a href="/wiki/Merchant%27s_mark" title="Merchant's mark">Merchant's mark</a> on a Blue <a href="/wiki/Scinde_Dawk" title="Scinde Dawk">Scinde Dawk</a> postage stamp (1852)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1 Pice (1⁄64 Rupee) copper coin of the Bombay Presidency with bale mark (1821)"><img alt="1 Pice (1⁄64 Rupee) copper coin of the Bombay Presidency with bale mark (1821)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg/120px-1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg/180px-1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg/240px-1_Pice_copper_coin_of_the_Bombay_Presidency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1 Pice (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> Rupee) copper coin of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> with bale mark (1821)</div> </li> </ul></div> <p>When the East India Company was chartered in 1600, it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers of London">Company of Merchant Adventurers</a> to have a distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Merchant%27s_mark" title="Merchant's mark">merchant's mark</a> which often included the mystical <a href="/wiki/Merchant%27s_mark#The_East_India_Company's_Merchant's_Mark" title="Merchant's mark">"Sign of Four"</a> and served as a trademark. The East India Company's merchant mark consisted of a "Sign of Four" atop a heart within which was a <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> between the lower arms of which were the initials "EIC". This mark was a central motif of the East India Company's coinage<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forms the central emblem displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Scinde_Dawk" title="Scinde Dawk">Scinde Dawk</a> postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ships">Ships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_of_call_of_the_British_East_India_Company" title="List of ports of call of the British East India Company">List of ports of call of the British East India Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour,_1731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg/310px-Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg/465px-Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg/620px-Ships_in_Bombay_Harbour%2C_1731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Ships in <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Harbour">Bombay Harbour</a>, c. 1731</figcaption></figure> <p>Ships of the East India Company were called <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiamen</a> or simply "Indiamen".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their names were sometimes prefixed with the initials "HCS", standing for "Honourable Company's Service"<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Honourable Company's Ship",<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/HCS_Vestal_(1809)" title="HCS Vestal (1809)">HCS <i>Vestal</i> (1809)</a> and <a href="/wiki/HCS_Intrepid_(1780)" title="HCS Intrepid (1780)">HCS <i>Intrepid</i> (1780)</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg/310px-Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg/465px-Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg/620px-Indiaman_Royal_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_George_(East_Indiaman)" title="Royal George (East Indiaman)"><i>Royal George</i></a> was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the East India Company arranged for <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque</a> for its vessels such as <i>Lord Nelson</i>. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers, and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, <i>Earl of Mornington</i>, an East India Company <a href="/wiki/Packet_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet ship">packet ship</a> of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque. </p><p>In addition, the company had its own navy, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="History of the Indian Navy">Bombay Marine</a>, equipped with warships such as <a href="/wiki/HCS_Grappler_(1804)" title="HCS Grappler (1804)"><i>Grappler</i></a>. These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Invasion of Java</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pulo_Aura" title="Battle of Pulo Aura">Battle of Pulo Aura</a>, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Dance" title="Nathaniel Dance">Nathaniel Dance</a>, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the <a href="/wiki/Warley_(1796_ship)" title="Warley (1796 ship)"><i>Warley</i></a>, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, <i>Woodford</i>, under Captain Charles Lennox, <i>Taunton-Castle</i>, Captain Edward Studd, <i>Canton</i>, Captain Abel Vyvyan, <i>Boddam</i>, Captain George Palmer, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_(1788_EIC_ship)" title="Ocean (1788 EIC ship)"><i>Ocean</i></a>, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre_C%C3%A9sar_Charles_de_Sercey" title="Pierre César Charles de Sercey">de Sercey</a> and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, <i>General Goddard</i> played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St Helena</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/East_Indiamen" class="mw-redirect" title="East Indiamen">East Indiamen</a> were large and strongly built, and when the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was desperate for vessels to escort merchant convoys, it bought several of them to convert to warships. <i>Earl of Mornington</i> became HMS <i>Drake</i>. Other examples include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Calcutta_(1795)" title="HMS Calcutta (1795)">HMS <i>Calcutta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Glatton_(1795)" title="HMS Glatton (1795)">HMS <i>Glatton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hindostan_(1795)" title="HMS Hindostan (1795)">HMS <i>Hindostan</i></a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hindostan_(1804)" title="HMS Hindostan (1804)">HMS <i>Hindostan</i></a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Malabar_(1804)" title="HMS Malabar (1804)">HMS <i>Malabar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Buffalo_(1813)" title="HMS Buffalo (1813)">HMS <i>Buffalo</i></a></li></ul> </div> <p>Their design as merchant vessels meant that their performance in the warship role was underwhelming and the Navy converted them to transports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India_Office_Records" title="India Office Records">India Office Records</a></div> <p>Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a>) are not in <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a>, London, but are held by the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in London as part of the <a href="/wiki/Asia,_Pacific_and_Africa_Collections,_British_Library" title="Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections, British Library">Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections</a>. The catalogue is searchable online in the <i><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to Archives">Access to Archives</a></i> catalogues.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the <a href="/wiki/Families_in_British_India_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Families in British India Society">Families in British India Society</a> has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834;<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accompanying catalogues also cover the company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrington_1976-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Journal_and_Monthly_Register_for_British_India_and_its_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies">The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies</a></i>, first issued in 1816, was sponsored by the East India Company, and includes much information relating to its work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_governors">Early governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Early governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1600–1601: Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Thomas Smythe</a> (first governor)</li> <li>1601–1602: <a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(merchant)" title="John Watts (merchant)">Sir John Watts</a></li> <li>1602–1603: Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Harte_(mayor)" title="John Harte (mayor)">John Hart</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1603–1606: Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Thomas Smythe</a> (re-elected)</li> <li>1606–1607: Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Romney" title="William Romney">William Romney</a></li> <li>1607–1621: Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Thomas Smythe</a> (re-elected)</li> <li>1621–1624: Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Holliday_(merchant)" title="William Holliday (merchant)">William Halliday</a></li> <li>1624–1638: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Abbot" title="Maurice Abbot">Sir Maurice (Morris) Abbot</a></li> <li>1638–1641: Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clitherow" title="Christopher Clitherow">Christopher Clitherow</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Category:Medals_of_the_Honourable_East_India_Company" title="Category:Medals of the Honourable East India Company">Category:Medals of the Honourable East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate-General_of_Bengal" title="Advocate-General of Bengal">Advocate-General of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Bengal">Chief Justice of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Madras">Chief Justice of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_Company_rule" title="Economy of India under Company rule">Economy of India under Company rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">Presidency armies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_East_India_Company_directors" title="List of East India Company directors">List of East India Company directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trading_companies" title="List of trading companies">List of trading companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Protestant_Cemetery_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Protestant Cemetery in Macau">East India Company Cemetery in Macau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Nepalese war">Anglo-Nepalese war (1814–1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Imperial_Lifeline" class="mw-redirect" title="British Imperial Lifeline">British Imperial Lifeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">Lascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare_in_British_colonial_India" title="Political warfare in British colonial India">Political warfare in British colonial India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_between_Western_Europe_and_the_Mughal_Empire_in_the_17th_century" title="Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century">Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whampoa_anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa anchorage">Whampoa anchorage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the <b>Honourable East India Company</b> (<b>HEIC</b>), <b>East India Trading Company</b> (<b>EITC</b>), the <b>English East India Company</b>, or (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">after 1707</a>) the <b>British East India Company</b>, and informally known as <b>John Company</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Company Bahadur</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>The Company</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-topic/East-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-topic/East_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-topic/East_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-India-Company">"East India Company | Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910045538/https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-India-Company">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=East+India+Company+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEast-India-Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1882" class="citation book cs1">Carey, W. H. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/empire/good/1882good.html"><i>1882 – The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company</i></a>. Simla: Argus Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225934/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/texts/empire/good/1882good.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1882+%E2%80%93+The+Good+Old+Days+of+Honourable+John+Company&rft.place=Simla&rft.pub=Argus+Press&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Flanglit%2Ftexts%2Fempire%2Fgood%2F1882good.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Company-Bahadur">"Company Bahadur"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209125206/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Company-Bahadur">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Company+Bahadur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCompany-Bahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Not many days ago the House of Commons passed". <i>Times</i>. London. 8 April 1873. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times&rft.atitle=Not+many+days+ago+the+House+of+Commons+passed&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1873-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos2020" class="citation web cs1">Roos, Dave (23 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/east-india-company-england-trade">"How the East India Company Became the World's Most Powerful Monopoly"</a>. History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+East+India+Company+Became+the+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Monopoly&rft.pub=History&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Feast-india-company-england-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jiscuk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jiscuk_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation web cs1">Scott, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/a9ee8afa-3ebe-340e-83c6-2e45bd014d1c">"East India Company, 1817–1827"</a>. <i>Archives Hub</i>. Senate House Library Archives, University of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921212228/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/a9ee8afa-3ebe-340e-83c6-2e45bd014d1c">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+Hub&rft.atitle=East+India+Company%2C+1817%E2%80%931827&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fsearch%2Farchives%2Fa9ee8afa-3ebe-340e-83c6-2e45bd014d1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament_of_England1600" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> (31 December 1600). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_granted_by_Queen_Elizabeth_to_the_East_India_Company"><i>Charter Granted by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charter+Granted+by+Queen+Elizabeth+to+the+East+India+Company&rft.date=1600-12-31&rft.au=Parliament+of+England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinegallery-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinegallery_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinegallery_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington2002" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Anthony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6g5XwAEACAAJ"><i>Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia 1600–1834</i></a>. British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712347563" title="Special:BookSources/9780712347563"><bdi>9780712347563</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727135431/https://books.google.com/books?id=6g5XwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trading+Places%3A+The+East+India+Company+and+Asia+1600%E2%80%931834&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780712347563&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6g5XwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330215843/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/trading/booksgifts1.html">"Books associated with Trading Places – the East India Company and Asia 1600–1834, an Exhibition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/trading/booksgifts1.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Books+associated+with+Trading+Places+%E2%80%93+the+East+India+Company+and+Asia+1600%E2%80%931834%2C+an+Exhibition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Ffeatures%2Ftrading%2Fbooksgifts1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conquests-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conquests_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conquests_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/east-india-company-and-raj-1785-1858/">"East India Company and Raj 1785-1858"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=East+India+Company+and+Raj+1785-1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny%2Fparliament-and-empire%2Fparliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765%2Feast-india-company-and-raj-1785-1858%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawson2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawson2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1993" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Philip (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1876665/the-east-india-company-a-history"><i>The East India Company: A History</i></a>. London: Longman. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07386-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07386-9"><bdi>978-0-582-07386-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112002757/https://www.questia.com/library/1876665/the-east-india-company-a-history">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-582-07386-9&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1876665%2Fthe-east-india-company-a-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai1984" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Tripta (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdoKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The East India Company: A Brief Survey from 1599 to 1857</i></a>. Kanak Publications. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727145519/https://books.google.com/books?id=JdoKAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+A+Brief+Survey+from+1599+to+1857&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Kanak+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Tripta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdoKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igi-ii-p454-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igi-ii-p454_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_489.gif&volume=2">"Early European Settlements"</a>. <i>Imperial Gazetteer of India</i>. Vol. II. 1908. p. 454. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225230756/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_489.gif&volume=2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+European+Settlements&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pages=454&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V02_489.gif%26volume%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernham-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Wernham" title="R. B. Wernham">Wernham, R.B</a> (1994). <i>The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 333–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+Armadas%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+Elizabethan+Wars+Against+Spain+1595%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=333-334&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820443-5&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holmes" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Sir George Charles Vincent (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND8EAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient and Modern Ships Part I</i></a>. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 93, 95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Modern+Ships+Part+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93%2C+95&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Sir+George+Charles+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND8EAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anarchy-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anarchy_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anarchy_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anarchy_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anarchy_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a> (2021) [First published 2019]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUMIEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-3401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-3401-6"><bdi>978-1-5266-3401-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchy%3A+The+Relentless+Rise+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxxv&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5266-3401-6&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUMIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCulloch-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCulloch_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCulloch_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch,_John_Ramsay1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch" title="John Ramsay McCulloch">McCulloch, John Ramsay</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog"><i>A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce</i></a>. Baldwin and Cradock. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog/page/n138">120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Principles%2C+Practice%2C+%26+History+of+Commerce&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Baldwin+and+Cradock&rft.date=1833&rft.au=McCulloch%2C+John+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonprin00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinwand1999" class="citation book cs1">Leinwand, Theodore B. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theatrefinanceso0000lein/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Theatre, Finance and Society in Early Modern England</i></a></span>. Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64031-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64031-8"><bdi>0-521-64031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre%2C+Finance+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Renaissance+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-64031-8&rft.aulast=Leinwand&rft.aufirst=Theodore+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheatrefinanceso0000lein%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Ralph Fitch: An Elizabethan Merchant in Chiang Mai; and 'Ralph Fitch's Account of Chiang Mai in 1586–1587' in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i> Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1980" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Ram Chandra (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC&pg=PA45"><i>Early English Travellers in India: A Study in the Travel Literature of the Elizabethan and Jacobean Periods with Particular Reference to India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120824652" title="Special:BookSources/9788120824652"><bdi>9788120824652</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133757/https://books.google.com/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+English+Travellers+in+India%3A+A+Study+in+the+Travel+Literature+of+the+Elizabethan+and+Jacobean+Periods+with+Particular+Reference+to+India&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9788120824652&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Ram+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nUx8ZzIHBsC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbur1945" class="citation book cs1">Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18"><i>The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East</i></a>. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-28645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-28645"><bdi>978-0-8047-28645</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530230720/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+And+the+British+Empire+in+the+Far+East&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Cal.&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-28645&rft.aulast=Wilbur&rft.aufirst=Marguerite+Eyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTCsAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=68624">"East Indies: September 1599"</a>. <i>british-history.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119094335/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=68624">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=East+Indies%3A+September+1599&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D68624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-IRAAAAYAAJ"><i>United Service Magazine - and Naval and Military Journal (1875 - Part III)</i></a>. London: Hursett and Blackett. 1875. p. 148 (History of the Indian Navy)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chennai: R. Hill, Government of Madras (British India). p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. II: The Indian Empire, Historical. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theodora.com&rft.atitle=East+India+Company+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheodora.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fe%2Feast_india_company.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1813" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kerr_(writer)" title="Robert Kerr (writer)">Kerr, Robert</a> (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=tCwwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA102"><i>A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels</i></a>. Vol. 8. W. Blackwood. p. 102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225153802/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=tCwwAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+and+Collection+of+Voyages+and+Travels&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=W.+Blackwood&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DtCwwAAAAYAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26output%3Dreader%26pg%3DGBS.PA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimbs1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Timbs" title="John Timbs">Timbs, John</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curiositieslond01timbgoog"><i>Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis</i></a>. D. Bogue. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curiositieslond01timbgoog/page/n279">264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+London%3A+Exhibiting+the+Most+Rare+and+Remarkable+Objects+of+Interest+in+the+Metropolis&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=D.+Bogue&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Timbs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcuriositieslond01timbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1990" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Brian (1990) [1971]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard"><i>The East India Company: A History</i></a></span>. Dorset Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/page/23">23</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-530-7"><bdi>978-0-88029-530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+A+History&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-530-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastindiacompany00gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dulles106-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dulles106_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulles,_Foster_Rhea1931" class="citation book cs1">Dulles, Foster Rhea (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlsf8tQYLroC"><i>Eastward ho! The first English adventurers to the Orient</i></a> (1969 ed.). Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-1256-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-1256-2"><bdi>978-0-8369-1256-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416084711/https://books.google.com/books?id=wlsf8tQYLroC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastward+ho%21+The+first+English+adventurers+to+the+Orient&rft.place=Freeport%2C+New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=1969&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-1256-2&rft.au=Dulles%2C+Foster+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwlsf8tQYLroC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster,_Sir_William1998" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Sir William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp6wBJx0-igC&pg=PA154"><i>England's quest of eastern trade</i></a> (1933 ed.). London: A. & C. Black. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415155182" title="Special:BookSources/9780415155182"><bdi>9780415155182</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133852/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp6wBJx0-igC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+quest+of+eastern+trade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=1933&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780415155182&rft.au=Foster%2C+Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGp6wBJx0-igC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-East_India_Company_1897_vi-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-East_India_Company_1897_vi_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-East_India_Company_1897_vi_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEast_India_Company1897" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East India Company</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023223757"><i>List of Factory Records of the late East India Company: preserved in the Record Department of the India Office, London</i></a>. p. vi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+of+Factory+Records+of+the+late+East+India+Company%3A+preserved+in+the+Record+Department+of+the+India+Office%2C+London&rft.pages=vi&rft.date=1897&rft.au=East+India+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023223757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill1817-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mill1817_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mill1817_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Mill1817" class="citation book cs1">James Mill (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ncIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA481">"1"</a>. <i>The History of British India</i>. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. pp. 15–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727133629/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ncIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA481">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+India&rft.pages=15-18&rft.pub=Baldwin%2C+Cradock%2C+and+Joy&rft.date=1817&rft.au=James+Mill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ncIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhistorycommons.org/rivalry-between-english-and-dutch-east-india-companies#:~:text=The%20two%20companies%20were,%20from,for%20the%20Amboyna%20conspiracy%20trial.">"Rivalry Between English and Dutch East India Companies | World History Commons"</a>. <i>worldhistorycommons.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldhistorycommons.org&rft.atitle=Rivalry+Between+English+and+Dutch+East+India+Companies+%7C+World+History+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldhistorycommons.org%2Frivalry-between-english-and-dutch-east-india-companies%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520two%2520companies%2520were%2C%2520from%2Cfor%2520the%2520Amboyna%2520conspiracy%2520trial.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordham1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fordham1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fordham1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/india/1617englandindies.html">"Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 CE"</a>. Fordham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818010509/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/india/1617englandindies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+History+Sourcebook%3A+England%2C+India%2C+and+The+East+Indies%2C+1617+CE&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Findia%2F1617englandindies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tracy-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tracy_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tracy_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tracy_(historian)" title="James Tracy (historian)">Tracy, James D.</a> (2015). "Dutch and English Trade to the East". In <a href="/wiki/Jerry_H._Bentley" title="Jerry H. Bentley">Bentley, Jerry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merry_Wiesner-Hanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Merry Wiesner-Hanks">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJtrCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 2, Patterns of Change</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_World_History" title="The Cambridge World History">The Cambridge World History</a>. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521192460" title="Special:BookSources/9780521192460"><bdi>9780521192460</bdi></a>. <q>In 1608 an EIC ship called at Surat, the main port of Gujarat, and a good place to obtain the Gujarati cottons that had an established market in the Moluccas. But the English were not allowed to establish a factory here until 1615...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dutch+and+English+Trade+to+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+a+Global+World%2C+1400%E2%80%931800+CE%2C+Part+2%2C+Patterns+of+Change&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+World+History&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780521192460&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJtrCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keay 1993, pp. 61, 67: "By late August 1611 [the Company's] factors were ashore at Petapoli and Masulipatnam ... the factory established at Masulipatnam survived and continued to supply the eastern market and to look for new maritime outlets."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyacke2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Tyacke" title="Sarah Tyacke">Tyacke, Sarah</a> (2008). "Gabriel Tatton's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies, 1620–1621: Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum, Admiralty Library Manuscript, MSS 352". <i>Imago Mundi</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 39–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085690701669293">10.1080/03085690701669293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-5694">0308-5694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162239597">162239597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Tatton%27s+Maritime+Atlas+of+the+East+Indies%2C+1620%E2%80%931621%3A+Portsmouth+Royal+Naval+Museum%2C+Admiralty+Library+Manuscript%2C+MSS+352&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-62&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162239597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-5694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085690701669293&rft.aulast=Tyacke&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1999" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, K. N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dyn3oh06ue8C&pg=PA64"><i>The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415190763" title="Special:BookSources/9780415190763"><bdi>9780415190763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+East+India+Company%3A+The+Study+of+an+Early+Joint-stock+Company+1600-1640&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415190763&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDyn3oh06ue8C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadell1956-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cadell1956_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadell1956" class="citation journal cs1">Cadell, Patrick (1956). "The Raising of the British Indian Army". <i>Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research</i>. <b>34</b> (139): 96, 98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44226533">44226533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Raising+of+the+British+Indian+Army&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=96%2C+98&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44226533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cadell&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mason" title="Philip Mason">Woodruff, Philip</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menwhoruledindia0001unse/page/55/mode/1up"><i>The Men Who Ruled India: The Founders</i></a>. Vol. 1. St. Martin's Press. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Ruled+India%3A+The+Founders&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenwhoruledindia0001unse%2Fpage%2F55%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalrymple2019-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2019_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2019" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William (2019). <i>The anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company</i>. 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Mountain Research and Development 5, no. 1 (1985): 61–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhao, Erxun 趙爾巽 ed. (1927). Qingshi Gao 清史稿, book 155. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32280-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32280-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32280-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004144230/https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Slave+Trading+in+the+Indian+Ocean%2C+1500%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780821421062&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohioswallow.com%2Fbook%2FEuropean%2BSlave%2BTrading%2Bin%2Bthe%2BIndian%2BOcean%252C%2B1500%25E2%2580%25931850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/the-slave-trade-and-abolition/sites-of-memory/ending-slavery/1834-the-end-of-slavery/">"1834: the end of slavery?"</a>. 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Stanford University Press. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2864-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-2864-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530110805/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-431-55142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-431-55142-3"><bdi>978-4-431-55142-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426104735/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-1rCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690". <i>Britain and the World</i>. <b>11</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britain+and+the+World&rft.atitle=John+Company+Armed%3A+The+English+East+India+Company%2C+the+Anglo-Mughal+War+and+Absolutist+Imperialism%2C+c.+1675%E2%80%931690&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Vaugn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess_2009-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_2009_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_2009_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Burgess" title="Douglas Burgess">Burgess, Douglas R</a> (2009). <i>The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147476-4"><bdi>978-0-07-147476-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirates%27+Pact%3A+The+Secret+Alliances+Between+History%27s+Most+Notorious+Buccaneers+and+Colonial+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-147476-4&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams" class="citation web cs1">Sims-Williams, Ursula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2013/03/the-highjacking-of-the-ganj-i-sawa%CA%BCi.html#">"The highjacking of the Ganj-i Sawaʼi"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616232224/https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2013/03/the-highjacking-of-the-ganj-i-sawa%CA%BCi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=The+highjacking+of+the+Ganj-i+Sawa%CA%BCi&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fasian-and-african%2F2013%2F03%2Fthe-highjacking-of-the-ganj-i-sawa%25CA%25BCi.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, E. T. (2008). <i>King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every</i>. London: Tempus Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4718-6">978-0-7524-4718-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/opium-war-1839-1842">"Opium War | National Army Museum"</a>. <i>www.nam.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 15 February 2008 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyne1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pyne" title="William Henry Pyne">Pyne, William Henry</a> (1904) [1808]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microcosmoflondo02pyneuoft"><i>The Microcosm of London, or London in Miniature</i></a>. Vol. 2. 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Asp / Vubpress / Upa. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-618-2"><bdi>978-90-5487-618-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140752/https://books.google.com/books?id=ir6UHACu7zMC&pg=PA366">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+Du+17e+Congr%C3%A8s+D%27Associationi+Internationale+Pour+L%27histoire+Du+Verre&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Asp+%2F+Vubpress+%2F+Upa&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-618-2&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Koen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dir6UHACu7zMC%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salt.org.il/frame_saltpet.html">"SALTPETER the secret salt – Salt made the world go round"</a>. salt.org.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706161200/http://salt.org.il/frame_saltpet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SALTPETER+the+secret+salt+%E2%80%93+Salt+made+the+world+go+round&rft.pub=salt.org.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalt.org.il%2Fframe_saltpet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040710132157/http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/56philip.htm">"The Seven Years' War in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Land+Forces+of+Britain%2C+the+Empire+and+Commonwealth&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Years%27+War+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regiments.org%2Fwars%2F18thcent%2F56philip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Goodspeed" title="Tyler Goodspeed">Tyler Goodspeed</a>: <i>Legislating Instability: Adam Smith, Free Banking, and the Financial Crisis of 1772</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders">"The East India Company: The original corporate raiders | William Dalrymple"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 4 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+The+original+corporate+raiders+%7C+William+Dalrymple&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fmar%2F04%2Feast-india-company-original-corporate-raiders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recession.tips/the-credit-crisis-of-1772/">"The Credit Crisis of 1772 – Recession Tips"</a>. 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Credit+Crisis+of+1772+%E2%80%93+Recession+Tips&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecession.tips%2Fthe-credit-crisis-of-1772%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Sutherland" title="Lucy Sutherland">Sutherland, L.</a> (1952) The East India Company in eighteenth-century politics, Oxford UP, p. 228; SAA 735, 1155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sro.sussex.ac.uk-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sro.sussex.ac.uk_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55337/1/Joanna_Rudd_New_Commercial_Voices_Paper.pdf">"The International Lender of Last Resort- An Historical Perspective by Joanna Rudd"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Lender+of+Last+Resort-+An+Historical+Perspective+by+Joanna+Rudd&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsro.sussex.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F55337%2F1%2FJoanna_Rudd_New_Commercial_Voices_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/1772two-hundred-and-twenty-five-years-ago">"1772 Two Hundred And Twenty-five Years Ago. Tea and Antipathy by Frederic D. Schwarz"</a>. American Heritage Volume 48. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1772+Two+Hundred+And+Twenty-five+Years+Ago.+Tea+and+Antipathy+by+Frederic+D.+Schwarz&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Volume+48&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2F1772two-hundred-and-twenty-five-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, L. (1952), pp. 249–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clapham, J. (1944) The Bank of England, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Stacy (19 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/7/19/stacy-mitchell"><i>The big box swindle</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721154922/https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/7/19/stacy-mitchell">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+big+box+swindle&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strongtowns.org%2Fjournal%2F2016%2F7%2F19%2Fstacy-mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2012" class="citation cs2">Robins, Nick (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pcr6.16">"A Skulking Power"</a>, <i>The Corporation That Changed the World</i>, How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational, Pluto Press, pp. 171–198, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt183pcr6.16">10.2307/j.ctt183pcr6.16</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3195-9"><bdi>978-0-7453-3195-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pcr6.16">j.ctt183pcr6.16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203145408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pcr6.16">archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Corporation+That+Changed+the+World&rft.atitle=A+Skulking+Power&rft.pages=171-198&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt183pcr6.16%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt183pcr6.16&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3195-9&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt183pcr6.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/East_India_Stock_Dividend_Redemption_Act_1873" title="East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873">East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873</a> (<a href="/wiki/36_%26_37_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="36 & 37 Vict.">36 & 37 Vict.</a> c. 17) s. 36: "On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein-before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein-before contained, the powers of the East India Company shall cease, and the said Company shall be dissolved." Where possible, the stock was redeemed through commutation (i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money) on terms agreed with the stockholders (ss. 5–8), but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £200 for every £100 of stock held (s. 13).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1924" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Sir William (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177522"><i>The East India House: its History and Associations</i></a>. London: John Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+House%3A+its+History+and+Associations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Lane&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.177522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2017/01/east-india-company-headquarters-on-leadenhall-street.html">"East India Company headquarters on Leadenhall Street"</a>. 25 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+India+Company+headquarters+on+Leadenhall+Street&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fasian-and-african%2F2017%2F01%2Feast-india-company-headquarters-on-leadenhall-street.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermione_Hobhouse" title="Hermione Hobhouse">Hobhouse, Hermione</a>, ed. (1994). "Blackwall Yard". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp575-582"><i>Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs: the parish of All Saints</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" title="Survey of London">Survey of London</a>. Vol. 44. London: Athlone Press/Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England. pp. 553–565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780485482447" title="Special:BookSources/9780485482447"><bdi>9780485482447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020230005/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp575-582">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span> – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blackwall+Yard&rft.btitle=Poplar%2C+Blackwall+and+Isle+of+Dogs%3A+the+parish+of+All+Saints&rft.place=London&rft.series=Survey+of+London&rft.pages=553-565&rft.pub=Athlone+Press%2FRoyal+Commission+on+the+Historical+Monuments+of+England&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780485482447&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-london%2Fvols43-4%2Fpp575-582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermione_Hobhouse" title="Hermione Hobhouse">Hobhouse, Hermione</a>, ed. (1994). "The East India Docks". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp575-582"><i>Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs: the parish of All Saints</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" title="Survey of London">Survey of London</a>. Vol. 44. London: Athlone Press/Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England. pp. 575–582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780485482447" title="Special:BookSources/9780485482447"><bdi>9780485482447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020230005/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp575-582">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span> – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East+India+Docks&rft.btitle=Poplar%2C+Blackwall+and+Isle+of+Dogs%3A+the+parish+of+All+Saints&rft.place=London&rft.series=Survey+of+London&rft.pages=575-582&rft.pub=Athlone+Press%2FRoyal+Commission+on+the+Historical+Monuments+of+England&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780485482447&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-london%2Fvols43-4%2Fpp575-582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanversMartineauMonier-WilliamsBayley1894" class="citation book cs1">Danvers, Frederick Charles; <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau, Harriet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steuart_Bayley" title="Steuart Bayley">Bayley, Steuart Colvin</a>; Wigram, Percy; Sapte, Brand (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog"><i>Memorials of Old Haileybury College</i></a>. Westminster: Archibald Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+Old+Haileybury+College&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Danvers&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Charles&rft.au=Martineau%2C+Harriet&rft.au=Monier-Williams%2C+Monier&rft.au=Bayley%2C+Steuart+Colvin&rft.au=Wigram%2C+Percy&rft.au=Sapte%2C+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialsoldhai00collgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrington_1976-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrington_1976_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington1976" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Anthony, ed. (1976). <i>The Records of the East India College, Haileybury, & other institutions</i>. London: H.M.S.O.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Records+of+the+East+India+College%2C+Haileybury%2C+%26+other+institutions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.M.S.O.&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVibart1894" class="citation book cs1">Vibart, H. M. (1894). <i>Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note</i>. Westminster: Archibald Constable. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23336661M">23336661M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addiscombe%3A+its+heroes+and+men+of+note&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23336661M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Vibart&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonCrootHicks1982" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Diane K.; Croot, Patricia E. C.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Hicks, M. A.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol7/pp147-149">"Ealing and Brentford: Public services"</a>. In Baker, T. F. T.; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Elrington" title="Christopher Elrington">Elrington, C. R.</a> (eds.). <i>A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7, Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden</i>. London: Victoria County History. pp. 147–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ealing+and+Brentford%3A+Public+services&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Middlesex%3A+Volume+7%2C+Acton%2C+Chiswick%2C+Ealing+and+Brentford%2C+West+Twyford%2C+Willesden&rft.place=London&rft.pages=147-149&rft.pub=Victoria+County+History&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Diane+K.&rft.au=Croot%2C+Patricia+E.+C.&rft.au=Hicks%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fmiddx%2Fvol7%2Fpp147-149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111074553/http://www.eastindiaclub.com/">"East India Club"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastindiaclub.com/">the original</a> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+India+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastindiaclub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest1982" class="citation book cs1">Forrest, Denys Mostyn (1982). <i>Foursome in St James's: the story of the East India, Devonshire, Sports, and Public Schools Club</i>. London: East India, Devonshire, Sports and Public Schools Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foursome+in+St+James%27s%3A+the+story+of+the+East+India%2C+Devonshire%2C+Sports%2C+and+Public+Schools+Club&rft.place=London&rft.pub=East+India%2C+Devonshire%2C+Sports+and+Public+Schools+Club&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Denys+Mostyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fawcett_(historian)" title="Charles Fawcett (historian)">Fawcett, Charles</a> (30 July 2013). Rob Raeside (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-eic2.html">"The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its Connexion with the American "Stars and Stripes"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030618121222/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-eic2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Striped+Flag+of+the+East+India+Company%2C+and+its+Connexion+with+the+American+%22Stars+and+Stripes%22&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fgb-eic2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heraldry-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heraldry_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldry_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm">"East India Company"</a>. <i>Hubert Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031727/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hubert+Herald&rft.atitle=East+India+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hubert-herald.nl%2FBhaHEIC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East India Company coin 1791, half pice, as illustrated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027143019/http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/scinde/scinde.html">"Scinde District Dawks"</a>. 27 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/mjshah.geo/scinde/scinde.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scinde+District+Dawks&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fmjshah.geo%2Fscinde%2Fscinde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutton, Jean (1981) <i>Lords of the East: The East India Company and Its Ships</i>. London: Conway Maritime</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiafamily.bl.uk/ui/Dictionary.aspx">"Dictionary & Glossary"</a>. <i>India Office Family History Search</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903005354/http://indiafamily.bl.uk/UI/Dictionary.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Office+Family+History+Search&rft.atitle=Dictionary+%26+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiafamily.bl.uk%2Fui%2FDictionary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Ross (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24583017">"New source for EIC vessel and crew lost on the Western Australian coast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Association_for_Maritime_History" title="Australian Association for Maritime History">The Great Circle</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Australian_Association_for_Maritime_History" title="Australian Association for Maritime History">Australian Association for Maritime History</a>: 33–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0156-8698">0156-8698</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24583017">24583017</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805060906/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24583017">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Circle&rft.atitle=New+source+for+EIC+vessel+and+crew+lost+on+the+Western+Australian+coast&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24583017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0156-8698&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24583017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">"The Discovery Service"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224022652/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington1999" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Anthony, ed. (1999). <i>Catalogue of East India Company ships' journals and logs: 1600–1834</i>. London: British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-4646-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-4646-7"><bdi>978-0-7123-4646-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+East+India+Company+ships%27+journals+and+logs%3A+1600%E2%80%931834&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-4646-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/hart-sir-john-1604#footnote2_ed031o8">"HART, Sir John (d.1604), of St. Swithin's, London and Scampton, Lincs"</a>. <i>History of parliament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+parliament&rft.atitle=HART%2C+Sir+John+%28d.1604%29%2C+of+St.+Swithin%27s%2C+London+and+Scampton%2C+Lincs.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1558-1603%2Fmember%2Fhart-sir-john-1604%23footnote2_ed031o8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Emergence of International Business, 1200–1800: The English East India Company</i>. p. Appendix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+International+Business%2C+1200%E2%80%931800%3A+The+English+East+India+Company&rft.pages=Appendix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1985" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Kenneth R. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tradeplundersett0000andr"><i>Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25760-2"><bdi>978-0-521-25760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Plunder%2C+and+Settlement%3A+Maritime+Enterprise+and+the+Genesis+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1480%E2%80%931630&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25760-2&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftradeplundersett0000andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1991" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, H. V. (1991). <i>Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics, 1757–1773</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40316-0"><bdi>978-0-521-40316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenue+and+Reform%3A+The+Indian+Problem+in+British+Politics%2C+1757%E2%80%931773&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40316-0&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, H. V. (2003). Margarette Lincoln; Nigel Rigby (eds.). <i>The Worlds of the East India Company</i>. Rochester, NY: Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-877-8"><bdi>978-0-85115-877-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Brewer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-877-8&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span>; 14 essays by scholars</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner1993" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Robert (1993). <i>Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550–1653</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05594-7"><bdi>978-0-691-05594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+and+Revolution%3A+Commercial+Change%2C+Political+Conflict%2C+and+London%27s+Overseas+Traders%2C+1550%E2%80%931653&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05594-7&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers1996" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, Bruce G. (1996). <i>City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04455-2"><bdi>978-0-691-04455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Capital%3A+Politics+and+Markets+in+the+English+Financial+Revolution&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04455-2&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirti_N._Chaudhuri" title="Kirti N. Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, K. N.</a> (1965). <i>The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company, 1600–1640</i>. London: Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+East+India+Company%3A+The+Study+of+an+Early+Joint-Stock+Company%2C+1600%E2%80%931640&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cass&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1978" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, K. N. (1978). <i>The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21716-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21716-3"><bdi>978-0-521-21716-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trading+World+of+Asia+and+the+English+East+India+Company%2C+1660%E2%80%931760&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21716-3&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhury1999" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhury, S. (1999). <i>Merchants, Companies, and Trade: Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era</i>. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants%2C+Companies%2C+and+Trade%3A+Europe+and+Asia+in+the+Early+Modern+Era&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Chaudhury&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Collins, G. M. (2019). "The Limits of Mercantile Administration: Adam Smith and Edmund Burke on Britain's East India Company". <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>, 41(3), 369–392.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a> (March 2015). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders?">The East India Company: The original corporate raiders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226080858/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i> "For a century, the East India Company conquered, subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia. The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian (UK)">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a> <i>The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company</i>, Bloomsbury, London, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-6437-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-6437-1">978-1-4088-6437-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirks2006" class="citation book cs1">Dirks, Nicholas (2006). <i>The Scandal of Empire: India and the creation of Imperial Britain</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02166-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02166-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scandal+of+Empire%3A+India+and+the+creation+of+Imperial+Britain&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02166-2&rft.aulast=Dirks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2019" class="citation book cs1">Dann, John (2019). <i>Mr Bridgman's Accomplice – Long Ben's Coxswain 1660–1722</i>. Upfront Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-178456-636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-178456-636-4"><bdi>978-178456-636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr+Bridgman%27s+Accomplice+%E2%80%93+Long+Ben%27s+Coxswain+1660%E2%80%931722&rft.pub=Upfront+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-178456-636-4&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dodwell, Henry (1968). <i>Dupleix and Clive: Beginning of Empire</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington2002" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Anthony (2002). <i>Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia, 1600–1834</i>. London: British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-4756-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-4756-3"><bdi>978-0-7123-4756-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trading+Places%3A+The+East+India+Company+and+Asia%2C+1600%E2%80%931834&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-4756-3&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnSmith2018" class="citation book cs1">Finn, Margot; Smith, Kate, eds. (2018). <i>The East India Company at Home, 1757–1857</i>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-028-1"><bdi>978-1-78735-028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company+at+Home%2C+1757%E2%80%931857&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78735-028-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Furber, Holden. <i>John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the Late Eighteenth century</i> (Harvard University Press, 1948)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurber1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holden_Furber" title="Holden Furber">Furber, Holden</a> (1976). <i>Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0787-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-0787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rival+Empires+of+Trade+in+the+Orient%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0787-7&rft.aulast=Furber&rft.aufirst=Holden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gardner, Brian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard"><i>The East India Company: A History</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Greenwood" title="Adrian Greenwood">Greenwood, Adrian</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html"><i>Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde</i></a>. UK: History Press. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5685-7"><bdi>978-0-7509-5685-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127072840/http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%27s+Scottish+Lion%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+Campbell%2C+Lord+Clyde&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5685-7&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fvictoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2010" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Jack (2010). <i>Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10885-1"><bdi>978-0-230-10885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Malcolm+and+the+Creation+of+British+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10885-1&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hutková, K. (2017). "Technology transfers and organization: the English East India Company and the transfer of Piedmontese silk reeling technology to Bengal, 1750s–1790s" <i>Enterprise & Society</i>, 18(4), 921–951.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay1993" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (1993) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL114574W/The_Honourable_Company?edition=key%3A/books/OL1294612M"><i>The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company</i></a>. HarperCollins UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002175150" title="Special:BookSources/0002175150"><bdi>0002175150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Company%3A+A+History+of+the+English+East+India+Company&rft.pub=HarperCollins+UK&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0002175150&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL114574W%2FThe_Honourable_Company%3Fedition%3Dkey%253A%2Fbooks%2FOL1294612M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kumar, Deepak (2017). "The evolution of colonial science in India: natural history and the East India Company". <i>Imperialism and the natural world</i> (Manchester University Press, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1993" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Philip (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1876665/the-east-india-company-a-history"><i>The East India Company: A History</i></a>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07386-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07386-9"><bdi>978-0-582-07386-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112002757/https://www.questia.com/library/1876665/the-east-india-company-a-history">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-582-07386-9&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1876665%2Fthe-east-india-company-a-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McAleer, John. (2017). <i>Picturing India: People, Places, and the World of the East India Company</i> (University of Washington Press).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacGregor" title="Arthur MacGregor">MacGregor, Arthur</a> (2018). <i>Company Curiosities: nature, culture and the East India Company, 1600–1874</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789140033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789140033"><bdi>978-1789140033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+Curiosities%3A+nature%2C+culture+and+the+East+India+Company%2C+1600%E2%80%931874&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1789140033&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marshall, P. J. <i>Problems of Empire: Britain and India 1757–1813</i> (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemsofempire00mars">Online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Misra, B. B. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/2283315/the-central-administration-of-the-east-india-company">The Central Administration of the East India Company, 1773–1834</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112002751/https://www.questia.com/library/2283315/the-central-administration-of-the-east-india-company">Archived</a> 12 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottram1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._H._Mottram" class="mw-redirect" title="R. H. Mottram">Mottram, R. H.</a> (1939). <i>Trader's Dream: The Romance of the [British] East India Company</i>. New York: D. Appleton-Century.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trader%27s+Dream%3A+The+Romance+of+the+%5BBritish%5D+East+India+Company&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton-Century&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Mottram&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Daniel (2012). <i>The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601–1858</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7534-2"><bdi>978-1-4411-7534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaplains+of+the+East+India+Company%2C+1601%E2%80%931858&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7534-2&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oak, Mandar, and Anand V. Swamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Oak/publication/254408832_Myopia_or_strategic_behavior_Indian_regimes_and_the_East_India_Company_in_late_eighteenth_century_India/links/55d569f108ae1e651663798e.pdf">"Myopia or strategic behavior? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826154644/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mandar_Oak/publication/254408832_Myopia_or_strategic_behavior_Indian_regimes_and_the_East_India_Company_in_late_eighteenth_century_India/links/55d569f108ae1e651663798e.pdf">Archived</a> 26 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Explorations in economic history</i> 49.3 (2012): 352–366.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrewGopalan2017" class="citation book cs1">Pettigrew, William A.; Gopalan, Mahesh, eds. (2017). <i>The East India Company, 1600–1857: essays on Anglo-Indian connection</i>. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317191971" title="Special:BookSources/9781317191971"><bdi>9781317191971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%2C+1600%E2%80%931857%3A+essays+on+Anglo-Indian+connection&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317191971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Philips, C. H. <i>The East India Company 1784–1834</i> (2nd ed. 1961), on its internal workings.</li> <li>Raman, Bhavani. "Sovereignty, property and land development: the East India Company in Madras." <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i> 61.5–6 (2018): 976–1004.</li> <li>Rees, L. A. (2017). Welsh sojourners in India: the East India Company, networks and patronage, c. 1760–1840. <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History,</i> 45(2), 165–187.</li> <li>Riddick, John F. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC">The history of British India: a chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114151138/https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC">Archived</a> 14 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2006), covers 1599–1947</li> <li>Riddick, John F. <i>Who Was Who in British India</i> (1998), covers 1599–1947</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffner2015" class="citation web cs1">Ruffner, Murray (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkingpast.com/seldenmapatlas/eicvoyage3.htm">"Selden Map Atlas"</a>. Thinking Past. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107223228/http://www.thinkingpast.com/seldenmapatlas/eicvoyage3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selden+Map+Atlas&rft.pub=Thinking+Past&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.aulast=Ruffner&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkingpast.com%2Fseldenmapatlas%2Feicvoyage3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisley1908" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hope_Risley" title="Herbert Hope Risley">Risley, Sir Herbert H.</a>, ed. (1908), <i>The Indian Empire: Historical</i>, Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, under the authority of H.M. <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">Secretary of State for India</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+Historical&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+under+the+authority+of+H.M.+Secretary+of+State+for+India&rft.date=1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisley1908" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hope_Risley" title="Herbert Hope Risley">Risley, Sir Herbert H.</a>, ed. (1908), <i>The Indian Empire: Administrative</i>, Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+Administrative&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+under+the+authority+of+H.M.+Secretary+of+State+for+India&rft.date=1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robins, Nick (December 2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/worlds-first-multinational">The world's first multinational</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224085927/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2014/04/worlds-first-multinational">Archived</a> 24 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2006" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Nick (2006). <i>The Corporation that Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational</i>. London: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2524-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2524-8"><bdi>978-0-7453-2524-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corporation+that+Changed+the+World%3A+How+the+East+India+Company+Shaped+the+Modern+Multinational&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2524-8&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1998" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sudipta (1998). <i>Empire of Free Trade: The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3426-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-3426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Free+Trade%3A+The+East+India+Company+and+the+Making+of+the+Colonial+Marketplace&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3426-8&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sudipta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2015" class="citation web cs1">Sharpe, Brandon (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkingpast.com/seldenmapatlas/eicvoyage1.htm">"Selden Map Atlas"</a>. Thinkingpast.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230181518/http://thinkingpast.com/seldenmapatlas/eicvoyage1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selden+Map+Atlas&rft.pub=Thinkingpast.com&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkingpast.com%2Fseldenmapatlas%2Feicvoyage1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>St. John, Ian. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120085766/the-making-of-the-raj-india-under-the-east-india">The Making of the Raj: India Under the East India Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220093831/https://www.questia.com/library/120085766/the-making-of-the-raj-india-under-the-east-india">Archived</a> 20 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (ABC-CLIO, 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteensgaard1975" class="citation book cs1">Steensgaard, Niels (1975). <i>The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77138-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77138-0"><bdi>978-0-226-77138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Trade+Revolution+of+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+The+East+India+Companies+and+the+Decline+of+the+Caravan+Trade&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77138-0&rft.aulast=Steensgaard&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stern, Philip J. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120076623/the-company-state-corporate-sovereignty-and-the-early">The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923122959/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">Archived</a> 23 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1952" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Lucy S. (1952). <i>The East India Company in Eighteenth-Century Politics</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company+in+Eighteenth-Century+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Lucy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span> (also): "The East India Company in Eighteenth-Century Politics." <i>Economic History Review</i> 17.1 (1947): 15–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590689">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165140/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590689">Archived</a> 14 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vaughn, J. M. (2019). <i>The Politics of Empire at the Accession of George III: The East India Company and the Crisis and Transformation of Britain's Imperial State</i> (Lewis Walpole Series in Eighteenth-Century Culture and History).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Roger (2015). <i>London's Lost Global Giant: In Search of the East India Company</i>. London: Bristol Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9928466-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9928466-2-6"><bdi>978-0-9928466-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%27s+Lost+Global+Giant%3A+In+Search+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bristol+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9928466-2-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Philip J. (2009). "History and historiography of the English East India Company: Past, present, and future!". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 1146–1180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00617.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=History+and+historiography+of+the+English+East+India+Company%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+and+future%21&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1146-1180&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00617.x&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Van Meersbergen, G. (2017). "Writing East India Company History after the Cultural Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Seventeenth-Century East India Company and Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie". <i>Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies</i>, 17(3), 10–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80791376.pdf">online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202125/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80791376.pdf">Archived</a> 28 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="extiw" title="commons:British East India Company"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">British East India Company</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_Granted_by_Queen_Elizabeth_to_the_East_India_Company" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Charter Granted by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company">Charter Granted by Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0054906">East India Company</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/eastindiacompany/eastindiacompany.html">Seals and Insignias of East India Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salt.org.il/india.html">Salt Monopolies 1 - The Secret Monopoly</a>—The basis of the monopoly</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/tradingplaces.html">Trading Places</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028234754/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/tradingplaces.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a learning resource from the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.136/The-East-India-Company.html">Port Cities: History of the East India Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330065505/http://www.eicships.info/index.html">Ships of the East India Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630085209/http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/themes/empires_landing.html">Plant Cultures: East India Company in India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130704144020/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html">History and Politics: East India Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/07/11.htm">"East India Company: Its History and Results"</a>—article by Karl Marx, <i><a href="/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works" title="Marx/Engels Collected Works">Marx/Engels Collected Works</a></i> Volume 12, p. 148 in <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909080353/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc009.htm">Text of East India Company Act 1773</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909081557/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Political_History/ABKeithDoc013.htm">Text of East India Company Act 1784</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030626.shtml">"The East India Company – a corporate route to Europe"</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a></i> featuring Huw Bowen, Linda Colley and Maria Misra</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historymole.com/cgi-bin/main/results.pl?theme=10006825">HistoryMole Timeline: The British East India Company</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026014752/http://www.historymole.com/cgi-bin/main/results.pl?theme=10006825">Archived</a> 26 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/0472-003">William Howard Hooker Collection: East Indiaman Thetis Logbook (#472-003), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chartered_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chartered_companies" title="Template talk:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chartered_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Company" title="Barbary Company">Barbary Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Land_Company" title="British American Land Company">British American Land Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">British East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Company" title="Canada Company">Canada Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers of London">Company of Merchant Adventurers of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_to_New_Lands" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands">Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland" title="Company of Scotland">Company of Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Company" title="Eastern Archipelago Company">Eastern Archipelago Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastland_Company" title="Eastland Company">Eastland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Company_(London)" title="Guinea Company (London)">Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_and_Bristol_Company" title="London and Bristol Company">London and Bristol Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Bank" title="Royal British Bank">Royal British Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Company" title="Sierra Leone Company">Sierra Leone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Company" title="South Australian Company">South Australian Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Company" title="Spanish Company">Spanish Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Company" title="Venice Company">Venice Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Company" title="Plymouth Company">Plymouth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_American_Islands" title="Company of the American Islands">Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Habitants" title="Company of Habitants">Company of Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_du_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Compagnie du Sénégal">Senegal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburg African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company" title="German East Africa Company">East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden_Company" title="Emden Company">Emden Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea_Company" title="German New Guinea Company">New Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_African_Company" title="German West African Company">West African Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacheu_and_Cape_Verde_Company" title="Cacheu and Cape Verde Company">Cacheu and Cape Verde Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o_Company" title="Grão Pará and Maranhão Company">Grão Pará and Maranhão Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_Guin%C3%A9" title="Casa da Guiné">Company of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">House of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Company" title="Zambezia Company">Zambezia Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austrian and<br />Low Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantsche_Compagnie" title="Brabantsche Compagnie">Brabantsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_East_India_Company" title="Austrian East India Company">Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Privileged_Oriental_Company" title="Imperial Privileged Oriental Company">Imperial Privileged Oriental Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_Company" title="New Netherland Company">New Netherland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_Verre" title="Compagnie van Verre">Compagnie van Verre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_De_Moucheron" title="Compagnie van De Moucheron">Compagnie van De Moucheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerse_Compagnie" title="Veerse Compagnie">Veerse Compagnie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_the_Philippines" title="Royal Company of the Philippines">Royal Company of the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swedish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Africa_Company" title="Swedish Africa Company">Swedish Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Levant_Company" title="Swedish Levant Company">Swedish Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_South_Company" title="Swedish South Company">Swedish South Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_West_India_Company" title="Swedish West India Company">Swedish West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Asiatic_Company" title="Danish Asiatic Company">Danish Asiatic Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_India_Company" title="Danish West India Company">Danish West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenland_Trading_Department" title="Royal Greenland Trading Department">Royal Greenland Trading Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chartered_companies" title="Category:Chartered companies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_and_American_trade_in_Qing_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_trade_in_Imperial_China" title="Template:Foreign trade in Imperial China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_trade_in_Imperial_China" title="Template talk:Foreign trade in Imperial China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_trade_in_Imperial_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign trade in Imperial China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_and_American_trade_in_Qing_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European and American trade in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohong" title="Cohong">Cohong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East India Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Flint_(merchant)" title="James Flint (merchant)">James Flint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Factories" title="Thirteen Factories">Thirteen Factories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Hongs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ewo_(hong)" title="Ewo (hong)"> Ewo Hong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howqua" title="Howqua">Howqua</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">Foreign Hongs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Heard_%26_Co." title="Augustine Heard & Co.">Augustine Heard & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Heard" title="Augustine Heard">Augustine Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Heard" title="Albert Heard">Albert Heard</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dent_%26_Co." title="Dent & Co.">Dent & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Dent" title="Lancelot Dent">Lancelot Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dent_(merchant)" title="John Dent (merchant)">John Dent</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dodwell_%26_Co." title="Dodwell & Co.">Dodwell & Co.</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibb,_Livingston_%26_Co." title="Gibb, Livingston & Co.">Gibb, Livingston & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bold_Gibb" title="Hugh Bold Gibb">Hugh Bold Gibb</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jardine_Matheson_%26_Co." title="History of Jardine Matheson & Co.">Jardine, Matheson & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jardine_(merchant)" title="William Jardine (merchant)">William Jardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Matheson" title="James Matheson">James Matheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abel_Smith" title="John Abel Smith">John Abel Smith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Magniac & Co. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Beale" title="Daniel Beale">Daniel Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beale" title="Thomas Beale">Thomas Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chay_Beale" title="Thomas Chay Beale">Thomas Chay Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollingworth_Magniac" title="Hollingworth Magniac">Hollingworth Magniac</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olyphant_%26_Co." title="Olyphant & Co.">Olyphant & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Olyphant" title="David Olyphant">David Olyphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_Olyphant" title="Robert Morrison Olyphant">Robert Morrison Olyphant</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_%26_Company" title="Russell & Company">Russell & Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennet_Forbes" title="Robert Bennet Forbes">Robert Bennet Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleve_Green" title="John Cleve Green">John Cleve Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Abbot_Low" title="Abiel Abbot Low">Abiel Abbot Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Low" title="William Henry Low">William Henry Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Russell" title="Samuel Russell">Samuel Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Sturgis_(1805%E2%80%931887)" title="Russell Sturgis (1805–1887)">Russell Sturgis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shewan,_Tomes_%26_Co." title="Shewan, Tomes & Co.">Shewan, Tomes & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shewan" title="Robert Shewan">Robert Shewan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_%26_Co." title="David Sassoon & Co.">David Sassoon & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_(treasurer)" title="David Sassoon (treasurer)">David Sassoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E.D._Sassoon_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="E.D. Sassoon & Co.">E.D. Sassoon & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elias_David_Sassoon" title="Elias David Sassoon">Elias David Sassoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong#Imperial_China_era_(221_BC_–_1911_AD)" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2052078-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79118917">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516315z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516315z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="East India Company"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=olak2003164500&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260658805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509112806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02088024?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027501884">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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