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class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Heart_Association_/_World_Cancer_Research_Fund_/_American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Heart_Association_/_World_Cancer_Research_Fund_/_American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard_School_of_Public_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Harvard School of Public Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard_School_of_Public_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specific conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diabetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obesity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obesity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Obesity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obesity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gluten-related_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gluten-related_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gluten-related disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gluten-related_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Epilepsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affordability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affordability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affordability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affordability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unhealthy_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unhealthy_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unhealthy diets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unhealthy_diets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unhealthy diets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unhealthy_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fad_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fad_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fad diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fad_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Healthy diet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesonde_dieet" title="Gesonde dieet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gesonde dieet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="نظام غذائي صحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام غذائي صحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="স্বাস্থ্যকর খাদ্যাভ্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বাস্থ্যকর খাদ্যাভ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Здравословно хранене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Здравословно хранене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_sana" title="Dieta sana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dieta sana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Υγιεινή διατροφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υγιεινή διατροφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_sana" title="Dieta sana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dieta sana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_orekatu" title="Dieta orekatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dieta orekatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="رژیم سالم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رژیم سالم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentation_saine" title="Alimentation saine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alimentation saine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diait%C3%A9itic" title="Diaitéitic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diaitéitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="સ્વસ્થ આહાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વસ્થ આહાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EA%B1%B4%EC%8B%9D" title="보건식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보건식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Բուժական սնունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուժական սնունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="स्वस्थ आहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वस्थ आहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_sehat" title="Diet sehat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diet sehat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukudla_okunempilo" title="Ukudla okunempilo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukudla okunempilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollustuf%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hollustufæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hollustufæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlo_kamili" title="Mlo kamili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlo kamili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%A9szs%C3%A9ges_%C3%A9trend" title="Egészséges étrend – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egészséges étrend" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Здрава исхрана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Здрава исхрана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemakanan_seimbang" title="Pemakanan seimbang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemakanan seimbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Эрүүл хооллолт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрүүл хооллолт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8C%87%E9%87%9D" title="食生活指針 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食生活指針" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikringskost" title="Sikringskost – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikringskost" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sog%CA%BBlom_ovqatlanish" title="Sogʻlom ovqatlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sogʻlom ovqatlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95" title="ਸਿਹਤਮੰਦ ਖੁਰਾਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਹਤਮੰਦ ਖੁਰਾਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_optymalna" title="Dieta optymalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dieta optymalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieta_saud%C3%A1vel" title="Dieta saudável – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dieta saudável" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Здоровое питание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Здоровое питание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD" title="සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්න ආහාර වේල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Healthy diet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Здрава дијета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Здрава дијета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terveellinen_ruokavalio" title="Terveellinen ruokavalio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terveellinen ruokavalio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="சத்துணவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சத்துணவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఆరోగ్యకరమైన ఆహారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆరోగ్యకరమైన ఆహారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%E1%B8%BDiwa_zwi_re_na_pfushi" title="Zwiḽiwa zwi re na pfushi – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Zwiḽiwa zwi re na pfushi" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Здорове харчування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Здорове харчування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_%C4%83n_l%C3%A0nh_m%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Chế độ ăn lành mạnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ ăn lành mạnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="均衡飲食 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="均衡飲食" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of diet</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/220px-Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/330px-Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg/440px-Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Some healthy foods including <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantaloupe" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey as food">turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_pea" title="Snow pea">snowpeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">string beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_squash" title="Summer squash">summer squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lean_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Lean beef">lean beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>healthy diet</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> that maintains or improves overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential <a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">nutrition</a>: fluid, <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, and adequate <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary fibre">fibre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lean_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A healthy diet may contain fruits, vegetables, and <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, and may include little to no <a href="/wiki/Ultra-processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-processed foods">ultra-processed foods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">sweetened beverages</a>. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based</a> and animal-based foods, although additional sources of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> are needed for those following a <a href="/wiki/Vegan_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan diet">vegan diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/List_of_nutrition_guides" title="List of nutrition guides">nutrition guides</a> are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy. Advertising may drive preferences towards unhealthy foods. To reverse this trend, consumers should be informed, motivated and empowered to choose healthy diets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts labels</a> are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health.<sup id="cite_ref-EU1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO123_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO123-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that in 2023 40% of the world population couldn't afford a healthy diet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> have formulated four core principles of what constitutes healthy diets. According to these two organizations, health diets are: </p> <ul><li><b>Adequate</b>, as they meet, without exceeding, our body’s energy and essential nutrient requirements in support of all the many body functions.</li> <li><b>Diverse</b>, as they include various nutritious foods within and across food groups to help secure the sufficient nutrients needed by our bodies.</li> <li><b>Balanced</b>, as they include energy from the three primary sources (protein, fats, and carbohydrates) in a balanced way and foster healthy weight, growth and activity, and to prevent disease.</li> <li><b>Moderate</b>, as they include only small quantities (or none) of foods that may have a negative impact on health, such as highly salty and sugary foods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recommendations">Recommendations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Health_Organization">World Health Organization</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) makes the following five recommendations with respect to both populations and individuals:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Maintain a healthy weight by eating roughly the same number of calories that your body is using.</li> <li>Limit intake of fats to no more than 30% of total caloric intake, preferring <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fats">unsaturated fats</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fats">saturated fats</a>. Avoid <a href="/wiki/Trans_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a>.</li> <li>Eat at least 400 grams of <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a> and vegetables per day (not counting potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and other starchy roots). A healthy diet also contains <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a> (e.g. lentils, beans), <a href="/wiki/Whole_grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole grains">whole grains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limit the intake of simple sugars to less than 10% of caloric intake (below 5% of calories or 25 grams may be even better).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limit salt/<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> from all sources and ensure that <a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">salt is iodized</a>. Less than 5 grams of salt per day can reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The WHO has stated that insufficient vegetables and fruit is the cause of 2.8% of deaths worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other WHO recommendations include: </p> <ul><li>ensuring that the foods chosen have sufficient <a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">vitamins</a> and certain minerals;</li> <li>avoiding directly poisonous (e.g. heavy metals) and carcinogenic (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>) substances;</li> <li>avoiding foods contaminated by human <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworm</a> eggs);</li> <li>and replacing saturated fats with <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a> in the diet, which can reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Department_of_Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_USDA_nutrition_guides" class="mw-redirect" title="History of USDA nutrition guides">History of USDA nutrition guides</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans" title="Dietary Guidelines for Americans">Dietary Guidelines for Americans</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) recommends three healthy patterns of diet, summarized in the table below, for a 2000 kcal diet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGuidelines2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGuidelines2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These guidelines are increasingly adopted by various groups and institutions for recipe and meal plan development.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The guidelines emphasize both health and environmental sustainability and a flexible approach. The committee that drafted it wrote: "The major findings regarding sustainable diets were that a diet higher in plant-based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and lower in calories and animal-based foods is more health promoting and is associated with less environmental impact than is the current U.S. diet. This pattern of eating can be achieved through a variety of dietary patterns, including the "Healthy U.S.-style Pattern", the "Healthy Vegetarian Pattern" and the "Healthy Mediterranean-style Pattern".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food group amounts are per day, unless noted per week. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The three healthy patterns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Food group/subgroup (units) </th> <th>U.S. style </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Med-style</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a> (cup eq)</b> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Vegetables (cup eq)</b> </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dark green </td> <td>1.5/wk </td> <td>1.5/wk </td> <td>1.5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red/orange </td> <td>5.5/wk </td> <td>5.5/wk </td> <td>5.5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Starchy </td> <td>5/wk </td> <td>5/wk </td> <td>5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Legumes </td> <td>1.5/wk </td> <td>3/wk </td> <td>1.5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>4/wk </td> <td>4/wk </td> <td>4/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grains (oz eq)</b> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Whole </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Refined </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> (cup eq)</b> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_by_protein_content" title="List of foods by protein content">Protein Foods</a> (oz eq)</b> </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meat (red and processed) </td> <td>12.5/wk </td> <td>– </td> <td>12.5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poultry </td> <td>10.5/wk </td> <td>– </td> <td>10.5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seafood </td> <td>8/wk </td> <td>– </td> <td>15/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eggs </td> <td>3/wk </td> <td>3/wk </td> <td>3/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuts/seeds </td> <td>4/wk </td> <td>7/wk </td> <td>4/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Processed Soy (including tofu) </td> <td>0.5/wk </td> <td>8/wk </td> <td>0.5/wk </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oils</a> (grams)</b> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Solid fats</a> limit (grams)</b> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugars</a> limit (grams)</b> </td> <td>30 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>29 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Heart_Association_/_World_Cancer_Research_Fund_/_American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research"><span id="American_Heart_Association_.2F_World_Cancer_Research_Fund_.2F_American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research"></span>American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Cancer_Research_Fund" title="World Cancer Research Fund">World Cancer Research Fund</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Cancer_Research" title="American Institute for Cancer Research">American Institute for Cancer Research</a> recommend a diet that consists mostly of unprocessed plant foods, with emphasis on a wide range of whole grains, legumes, and non-starchy vegetables and fruits. This healthy diet includes a wide range of non-starchy vegetables and fruits which provide different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange. The recommendations note that tomato cooked with oil, allium vegetables like garlic, and <a href="/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables" title="Cruciferous vegetables">cruciferous vegetables</a> like cauliflower, provide some protection against cancer. This healthy diet is low in energy density, which may protect against weight gain and associated diseases. Finally, limiting consumption of sugary drinks, limiting energy-rich foods, including "fast foods" and red meat, and avoiding processed meats improves health and longevity. Overall, researchers and medical policymakers conclude that this healthy diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.cancer.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.cancer.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is recommended that children consume 25 grams or less of added sugar (100 calories) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Vos2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recommendations include no extra sugars in those under two years old and less than one soft drink per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Vos2016_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, decreasing total fat is no longer recommended, but instead, the recommendation to lower risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> is to increase consumption of <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a>, while decreasing consumption of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard_School_of_Public_Health">Harvard School of Public Health</h3></div> <p>The Nutrition Source of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard School of Public Health">Harvard School of Public Health</a> (HSPH) makes the following dietary recommendations:<sup id="cite_ref-nsm_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Eat healthy fats: healthy fats are necessary and beneficial for health.<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-fats_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-fats-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HSPH "recommends the opposite of the low-fat message promoted for decades by the USDA" and "does not set a maximum on the percentage of calories people should get each day from healthy sources of fat."<sup id="cite_ref-nsm_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy fats include polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and fish. Foods containing trans fats are to be avoided, while foods high in saturated fats like red meat, butter, cheese, ice cream, coconut and palm oil negatively impact health and should be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-fats_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-fats-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-coconutoil_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-coconutoil-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eat healthy protein: the majority of protein should come from plant sources when possible: lentils, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains; avoid processed meats like bacon.<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-protein_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-protein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eat mostly vegetables, fruit, and whole grains.<sup id="cite_ref-nsm_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Drink water. Consume sugary beverages, juices, and milk only in moderation. Artificially sweetened beverages contribute to weight gain because sweet drinks cause cravings. 100% fruit juice is high in calories. The ideal amount of milk and calcium is not known today.<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-drinks_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-drinks-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pay attention to salt intake from commercially prepared foods: most of the dietary salt comes from processed foods, "not from salt added to cooking at home or even from salt added at the table before eating."<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-salt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-salt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vitamins and minerals: must be obtained from food because they are not produced in our body. They are provided by a diet containing healthy fats, healthy protein, vegetables, fruit, milk and whole grains.<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-vitamins_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-vitamins-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-drinks_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-drinks-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pay attention to the carbohydrates package: the type of carbohydrates in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrates. Good sources for carbohydrates are vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole grains. Avoid sugared sodas, 100% fruit juice, artificially sweetened drinks, and other highly processed food.<sup id="cite_ref-HSPH-drinks_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSPH-drinks-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsm_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other than nutrition, the guide recommends staying active and maintaining a healthy <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">body weight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nsm_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_L._Katz" title="David L. Katz">David L. Katz</a>, who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted: </p> <blockquote><p>The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, predominantly plants, is decisively associated with health promotion and disease prevention and is consistent with the salient components of seemingly distinct dietary approaches. Efforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about the optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Marion_Nestle" title="Marion Nestle">Marion Nestle</a> expresses the mainstream view among scientists who study nutrition:<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The basic principles of good diets are so simple that I can summarize them in just ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of fruits and vegetables. For additional clarification, a five-word modifier helps: go easy on <a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">junk foods</a>. Follow these precepts and you will go a long way toward preventing the major diseases of our overfed society—coronary heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, stroke, osteoporosis, and a host of others.... These precepts constitute the bottom line of what seem to be the far more complicated dietary recommendations of many health organizations and national and international governments—the forty-one "key recommendations" of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines, for example. ... Although you may feel as though advice about nutrition is constantly changing, the basic ideas behind my four precepts have not changed in half a century. And they leave plenty of room for enjoying the pleasures of food.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestle2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestle2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historically, a healthy diet was defined as a diet comprising more than 55% of carbohydrates, less than 30% of fat and about 15% of proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is currently shifting towards a more comprehensive framing of dietary needs as a global need of various nutrients with complex interactions, instead of per nutrient type needs.<sup id="cite_ref-USDietaryGuidelines2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDietaryGuidelines2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_conditions">Specific conditions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes">Diabetes</h3></div> <p>A healthy diet in combination with being active can help those with diabetes keep their blood sugar in check.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">US CDC</a> advises individuals with diabetes to plan for regular, balanced meals and to include more nonstarchy vegetables, reduce added sugars and refined grains, and focus on whole foods instead of highly processed foods.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, people with diabetes and those at risk are encouraged to increase their fiber intake.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypertension">Hypertension</h3></div> <p>A low-sodium diet is beneficial for people with high blood pressure. A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> concluded that a long-term (more than four weeks) low-sodium diet lowers blood pressure, both in people with <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> (high blood pressure) and in those with normal blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-cochrane2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cochrane2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH diet</a> (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is a diet promoted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute" title="National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a>, a United States government organization) to control hypertension. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dashguide_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dashguide-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the diet also generally encourages the consumption of nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits, and vegetables while lowering the consumption of red meats, sweets, and sugar. It is also "rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as protein". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, which includes limiting consumption of red meat and using olive oil in cooking, has also been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_C,_Reamy_BV_2009_571–8_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_C,_Reamy_BV_2009_571–8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obesity">Obesity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></div> <p>It is estimated that more than 675 million adults are obese.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy diets in combination with <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a> can be used by people who are <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a> to <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">lose weight</a>, although this approach is not by itself an effective long-term <a href="/wiki/Management_of_obesity" title="Management of obesity">treatment for obesity</a> and is primarily effective for only a short period (up to one year), after which some of the weight is typically regained.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> found no difference between diet types (<a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">low-fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">low-carbohydrate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">low-calorie</a>), with a 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Strychar_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strychar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This level of weight loss is by itself insufficient to move a person from an 'obese' <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) category to a 'normal' BMI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gluten-related_disorders">Gluten-related disorders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free diet</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> found in wheat and related grains including <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a>, and all their species and hybrids (such as <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">kamut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Biesiekierski2017_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biesiekierski2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causes health problems for those with <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluten_ataxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten ataxia">gluten ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LudvigssonLeffler_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LudvigssonLeffler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these people, the gluten-free diet is the only available treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-MulderWanrooijQuotation_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MulderWanrooijQuotation-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VoltaCaio2015Quotation_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio2015Quotation-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_diet" title="Ketogenic diet">Ketogenic diet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_diet" title="Ketogenic diet">ketogenic diet</a> is a treatment to reduce <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizures">epileptic seizures</a> for adults and children when managed by a <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health care team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EatrightKeto_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EatrightKeto-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diet_and_cancer" title="Diet and cancer">Diet and cancer</a></div> <p>Preliminary research indicated that a diet high in fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, but not cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eating a healthy diet and <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">getting enough exercise</a> can maintain body weight within the normal range and reduce the risk of obesity in most people.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">scientific review</a> of evidence on diets for lowering the risk of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> found that:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>low consumption of salt and foods of animal origin, and increased intake of plant-based foods—whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts—are linked with reduced atherosclerosis risk. The same applies for the replacement of butter and other animal/tropical fats with olive oil and other unsaturated-fat-rich oil. [...] With regard to meat, new evidence differentiates processed and red meat—both associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">CVD</a> risk—from poultry, showing a neutral relationship with CVD for moderate intakes. [...] New data endorse the replacement of most high <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">glycemic index</a> (GI) foods with both whole grain and low GI cereal foods.</p></blockquote> <p>Scientific research is also investigating impacts of nutrition on health- and lifespans beyond any specific range of diseases. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Healthy_diet" title="Life extension">Life extension#Healthy diet</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_extension&action=edit#Healthy_diet">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_extension&action=history#Healthy_diet">history</a>)</span></div> <p>Research suggests that increasing adherence to <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> patterns is associated with a reduction in total and cause-specific mortality, extending health- and lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-niha_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niha-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is identifying the key beneficial components of the Mediterranean diet.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies suggest dietary changes are a factor of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">national</a> relative rises in life-span.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, not only do the components of diets matter but the total caloric content and eating patterns may also impact health – <a href="/wiki/Life_extension#Dietary_restriction" title="Life extension">dietary restriction such as caloric restriction</a> is considered to be potentially healthy to include in eating patterns in various ways in terms of health- and lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affordability">Affordability</h2></div> <p>The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that in 2023 40% of the world population couldn't afford a healthy diet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unhealthy_diets">Unhealthy diets</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg/220px-SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg/330px-SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg/440px-SOFI2024_EN_figure-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Three-quarters of the people who are unable to afford a healthy diet live in low- and lower-middle-income countries.</figcaption></figure> <p>An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for a number of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic diseases</a> including: <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">abnormal blood lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a>/<a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>, and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOD_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOD-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates indicate that, each year, <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable diseases</a> (NCDs) such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are responsible for 41 million deaths – almost two-thirds of all deaths globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Health Organization has estimated that 2.7 million deaths each year are attributable to a diet low in fruit and vegetables during the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 1.2 billion women are low of vitamins and minerals, which increases the risk of being exposed to chronic fatigue, low resistance to infections and birth defects in their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>Globally, such diets are estimated to cause about 19% of <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal cancer</a>, 31% of <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>, and 11% of <a href="/wiki/Strokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strokes">strokes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO123_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO123-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus making it one of the leading <a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">preventable causes of death</a> worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 4th leading risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">any disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebden2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebden2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example, the <a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western pattern diet</a> is "rich in red meat, dairy products, processed and artificially sweetened foods, and salt, with minimal intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, and whole grains," contrasted by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> which is associated with less <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dietary patterns that lead to non-communicable diseases generate productivity losses. A <a href="/wiki/True_cost_accounting" title="True cost accounting">true cost accounting (TCA)</a> assessment on the hidden impacts of agrifood systems estimated that unhealthy dietary patterns generate more than USD 9 trillion in health-related hidden costs in 2020, which is 73 percent of the total quantified hidden costs of global agrifood systems (USD 12.7 trillion). Globally, the average productivity losses per person from dietary intake is equivalent to 7 percent of GDP <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) in 2020; low-income countries report the lowest value (4 percent), while other income categories report 7 percent or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fad_diet">Fad diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></div> <p>Some publicized diets, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fad_diets" class="mw-redirect" title="Fad diets">fad diets</a>, make <a href="/wiki/Health_claim#Objections_by_consumer_advocates" title="Health claim">exaggerated claims</a> of fast weight loss or other health advantages, such as longer life or <a href="/wiki/Detox_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Detox diet">detoxification</a> without <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">clinical evidence</a>; many fad diets are based on highly restrictive or unusual food choices.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart2018_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart2018-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanky2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanky2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams2013_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebrity endorsements (including celebrity doctors) are frequently associated with such diets, and the individuals who develop and promote these programs often profit considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–12">: 11–12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StJames_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StJames-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health">Public health</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia,_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg/220px-Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg/330px-Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg/440px-Most_of_the_people_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_in_2021_lived_in_southern_Asia%2C_and_in_eastern_and_western_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Consumers are generally aware of the elements of a healthy diet, but find nutrition labels and diet advice in popular media confusing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridder2017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridder2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machines</a> are criticized for being avenues of entry into schools for <a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">junk food</a> promoters, but there is little in the way of regulation and it is difficult for most people to properly analyze the real merits of a company referring to itself as "healthy." The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Advertising_Practice" title="Committee of Advertising Practice">Committee of Advertising Practice</a> in the United Kingdom launched a proposal to limit media advertising for food and soft drink products high in fat, salt, or sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Heart_Foundation" title="British Heart Foundation">British Heart Foundation</a> released its own government-funded advertisements, labeled "Food4Thought", which were targeted at children and adults to discourage unhealthy habits of consuming junk food.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> perspective, a healthier diet may be difficult to achieve for people with poor eating habits.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be due to tastes acquired in childhood and preferences for sugary, salty, and fatty foods.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the UK chief medical officer recommended that sugar and salt be taxed to discourage consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK government 2020 Obesity Strategy encourages healthier choices by restricting <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale_display" title="Point of sale display">point-of-sale promotions</a> of less-healthy foods and drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1b_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effectiveness of population-level health interventions has included food pricing strategies, mass media campaigns and worksite wellness programs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) price intervention implemented in Mexico produced a 12% reduction in SSB purchasing.<sup id="cite_ref-afshin_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afshin-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass media campaigns in Pakistan and the USA aimed at increasing vegetable and fruit consumption found positive changes in dietary behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-afshin_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afshin-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviews of the effectiveness of worksite wellness interventions found evidence linking the programs to weight loss and increased fruit and vegetable consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <p>Animals that are kept by humans also benefit from a healthy diet, but the requirements of such diets may be very different from the ideal human diet.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_food_trends" title="Health food trends">Health food trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionism" title="Nutritionism">Nutritionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_scale" title="Nutrition scale">Nutrition scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_rating_systems" title="Nutritional rating systems">Nutritional rating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary diet">Planetary Health Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_food_nutrients" title="Table of food nutrients">Table of food nutrients</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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FAO. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd1587en">10.4060/cd1587en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139116-7"><bdi>978-92-5-139116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+quest+for+healthy+diets&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcd1587en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-139116-7&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14283%2Fcd1587en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EU1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169">"Food information to consumers – legislation"</a>. <i>EU</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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FAO. 7 June 2024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd0683en">10.4060/cd0683en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138763-4"><bdi>978-92-5-138763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2024&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2024-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcd0683en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138763-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14283%2Fcd0683en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd2223en"><i>What are healthy diets?</i></a>. WHO; FAO. 25 October 2024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd2223en">10.4060/cd2223en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139083-2"><bdi>978-92-5-139083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+healthy+diets%3F&rft.pub=WHO%3B+FAO&rft.date=2024-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcd2223en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-139083-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14283%2Fcd2223en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet">"WHO | Diet"</a>. <i>WHO</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=WHO+%26%23124%3B+Diet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fhealthy-diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet">"Healthy Diet – WHO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthy+Diet+%E2%80%93+WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fhealthy-diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/">"WHO guideline: sugar consumption recommendation"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Derivatives of these grains such as triticale and malt and other ancient wheat varieties such as spelt and kamut also contain gluten. The gluten found in all of these grains has been identified as the component capable of triggering the immune-mediated disorder, coeliac disease.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Gastroenterol+Hepatol&rft.atitle=What+is+gluten%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjgh.13703&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28244676&rft.aulast=Biesiekierski&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjgh.13703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LudvigssonLeffler-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LudvigssonLeffler_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudvigssonLefflerBaiBiagi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, et al. 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"Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders". <i>Dig. Dis.</i> (Review). <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000347180">10.1159/000347180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23797124">23797124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14124370">14124370</a>. <q>The only treatment for CD, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and gluten ataxia is lifelong adherence to a GFD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dig.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Gluten-free+diet+in+gluten-related+disorders&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14124370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23797124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000347180&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=van+Wanrooij%2C+RL&rft.au=Bakker%2C+SF&rft.au=Wierdsma%2C+N&rft.au=Bouma%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HischenhuberCrevelQuotation_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHischenhuberCrevelJarryMäki2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, et al. (1 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.02768.x">"Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease"</a>. <i>Aliment Pharmacol Ther</i>. <b>23</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">559–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.02768.x">10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16480395">16480395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9970042">9970042</a>. <q>For both wheat allergy and coeliac disease the dietary avoidance of wheat and other gluten-containing cereals is the only effective treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aliment+Pharmacol+Ther&rft.atitle=Review+article%3A+safe+amounts+of+gluten+for+patients+with+wheat+allergy+or+coeliac+disease&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9970042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16480395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2006.02768.x&rft.aulast=Hischenhuber&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Crevel%2C+R&rft.au=Jarry%2C+B&rft.au=M%C3%A4ki%2C+M&rft.au=Moneret-Vautrin%2C+DA&rft.au=Romano%2C+A&rft.au=Troncone%2C+R&rft.au=Ward%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2036.2006.02768.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoltaCaio2015Quotation-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VoltaCaio2015Quotation_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoltaCaioDe_GiorgioHenriksen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (June 2015). 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RSPCA. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heathlthy+and+Balanced+Diet+for+Dogs&rft.pub=RSPCA&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rspca.org.uk%2Fadviceandwelfare%2Fpets%2Fdogs%2Fdiet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthy+diet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet">WHO fact sheet on healthy diet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827024356/http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/dietnutrition_and_chronicdiseases/en/">Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases</a>, by a Joint <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> Expert consultation (2003)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuCheungOtisOliveira2021" class="citation web cs1">Hu, Frank; Cheung, Lilian; Otis, Brett; Oliveira, Nancy; Musicus, Aviva, eds. (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/">"The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living"</a>. <i>www.hsph.harvard.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: Department of Nutrition at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005072821/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Diets" title="Template:Diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diets" title="Template talk:Diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Main articles</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional <br />advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img 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id="Public_health650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of public health in the United Kingdom">History of public health in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">History of public health in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene 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