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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages_of_the_Newtonian_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_of_the_Newtonian_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Advantages of the Newtonian design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_of_the_Newtonian_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages_of_the_Newtonian_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages_of_the_Newtonian_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Disadvantages of the Newtonian design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages_of_the_Newtonian_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schmidt–Newtonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schmidt–Newtonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Schmidt–Newtonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schmidt–Newtonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maksutov–Newtonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maksutov–Newtonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Maksutov–Newtonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maksutov–Newtonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jones–Bird" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jones–Bird"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jones–Bird</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jones–Bird-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="مقراب نيوتن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقراب نيوتن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopi_de_Newton" title="Telescopi de Newton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telescopi de Newton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-teleskop" title="Newton-teleskop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Newton-teleskop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonteleskop" title="Newtonteleskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Newtonteleskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_newtoniano" title="Telescopio newtoniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telescopio newtoniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopio_newtondar" title="Teleskopio newtondar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teleskopio newtondar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تلسکوپ نیوتنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلسکوپ نیوتنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_de_Newton" title="Télescope de Newton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télescope de Newton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teileasc%C3%B3p_Newton" title="Teileascóp Newton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teileascóp Newton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA" title="પરાવર્તિત ટેલીસ્કોપ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પરાવર્તિત ટેલીસ્કોપ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4%EC%8B%9D_%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="뉴턴식 망원경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴턴식 망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95" title="ನ್ಯೂಟೋನಿಯನ್ ದೂರದರ್ಶಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂಟೋನಿಯನ್ ದೂರದರ್ಶಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-Teleskop" title="Newton-Teleskop – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Newton-Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niutono_teleskopas" title="Niutono teleskopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niutono teleskopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtontelescoop" title="Newtontelescoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Newtontelescoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="ニュートン式望遠鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュートン式望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-teleskop" title="Newton-teleskop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Newton-teleskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B2pi_de_Newton" title="Telescòpi de Newton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Telescòpi de Newton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop_Newtona" title="Teleskop Newtona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teleskop Newtona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio_newtoniano" title="Telescópio newtoniano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telescópio newtoniano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescop_newtonian" title="Telescop newtonian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telescop newtonian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope" title="Newtonian telescope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newtonian telescope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonov_%C4%8Falekoh%C4%BEad" title="Newtonov ďalekohľad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Newtonov ďalekohľad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تەلیسکۆپی نیوتنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلیسکۆپی نیوتنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Њутнов телескоп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њутнов телескоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonteleskop" title="Newtonteleskop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Newtonteleskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์แบบนิวตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์แบบนิวตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_teleskobu" title="Newton teleskobu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Newton teleskobu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Ньютонівський телескоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ньютонівський телескоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="牛顿望远镜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牛顿望远镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1055065#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Newton telescope" redirects here. For the observatory at the Canary Islands, see <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png/220px-Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png/330px-Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png/440px-Newtonian_telescope_with_woman_looking_through_it.png 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption> Woman looking through a Newtonian telescope</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Newtonian telescope</b>, also called the <b>Newtonian reflector</b> or just a <b>Newtonian</b>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a> invented by the English scientist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Curved_mirror#Concave_mirrors" title="Curved mirror">concave</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> and a flat diagonal <a href="/wiki/Secondary_mirror" title="Secondary mirror">secondary mirror</a>. Newton's <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_reflector" title="Newton's reflector">first reflecting telescope</a> was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Newtonian telescope's simple design has made it very popular with <a href="/wiki/Amateur_telescope_making" title="Amateur telescope making">amateur telescope makers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ingalls1935_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingalls1935-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newtonian_telescope2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Newtonian_telescope2.svg/220px-Newtonian_telescope2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Newtonian_telescope2.svg/330px-Newtonian_telescope2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Newtonian_telescope2.svg/440px-Newtonian_telescope2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Newtonian telescope design</figcaption></figure> <p>A Newtonian telescope is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Primary_mirror" title="Primary mirror">primary mirror</a> or <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic</a> in shape, and a smaller flat <a href="/wiki/Secondary_mirror" title="Secondary mirror">secondary mirror</a>. The primary mirror makes it possible to <a href="/wiki/Etendue" title="Etendue">collect light</a> from the pointed region of the sky, while the secondary mirror redirects the light out of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">optical axis</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angle</a> so it can be viewed with an <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_of_the_Newtonian_design">Advantages of the Newtonian design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages of the Newtonian design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>They are free of <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> found in refracting telescopes.</li> <li>Newtonian telescopes are usually less expensive for any given objective diameter (or <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>) than comparable quality telescopes of other types.</li> <li>Since there is only one surface that needs to be ground and polished into a complex shape, overall fabrication is much simpler than other telescope designs (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_telescope" title="Gregorian telescope">Gregorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">cassegrains</a>, and early refractors had two surfaces that need <a href="/wiki/Figuring" title="Figuring">figuring</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic</a> refractor objectives had four surfaces that have to be figured).</li> <li>A short <a href="/wiki/Focal_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal ratio">focal ratio</a> can be more easily obtained, leading to a wider <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view#Astronomy" title="Field of view">field of view</a>.</li> <li>The eyepiece is located at the top end of the telescope. Combined with short f-<a href="/wiki/Ratios" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratios">ratios</a> this can allow for a much more compact mounting system, reducing cost and adding to portability.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages_of_the_Newtonian_design">Disadvantages of the Newtonian design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of the Newtonian design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telescope_trailer_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Telescope_trailer_22.jpg/220px-Telescope_trailer_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Telescope_trailer_22.jpg/330px-Telescope_trailer_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Telescope_trailer_22.jpg/440px-Telescope_trailer_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A large Newtonian with ladder to reach the eyepiece</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Newtonians, like other reflecting telescope designs using <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic mirrors</a>, suffer from <a href="/wiki/Coma_(optics)" title="Coma (optics)">coma</a>, an off-axis aberration which causes imagery to flare inward and towards the <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">optical axis</a> (stars towards edge of the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> take on a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>-like shape). This flare is zero on-axis, and is <a href="/wiki/Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linear</a> with increasing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_angle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field angle (page does not exist)">field angle</a> and inversely proportional to the square of the mirror <a href="/wiki/Focal_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal ratio">focal ratio</a> (the mirror <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> divided by the mirror diameter). The formula for third order <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangential_coma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangential coma (page does not exist)">tangential coma</a> is 3θ / 16F², where θ is the angle off axis to the image in <a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radians</a> and F is the focal ratio. Newtonians with a <a href="/wiki/Focal_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal ratio">focal ratio</a> of f/6 or lower (f/5 for example) are considered to have increasingly serious coma for visual or photographic use.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low focal ratio primary mirrors can be combined with lenses that correct for coma to increase image sharpness over the field.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Newtonians have a central obstruction due to the secondary mirror in the light path. This obstruction and also the <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_spike" title="Diffraction spike">diffraction spikes</a> caused by the support structure (called the "spider") of the secondary mirror reduce contrast. Visually, these effects can be reduced by using a two or three-legged curved spider. This reduces the diffraction <a href="/wiki/Sidelobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelobe">sidelobe</a> intensities by a factor of about four and helps to improve image contrast, with the potential penalty that circular spiders are more prone to wind-induced vibration.</li> <li>For portable Newtonians <a href="/wiki/Collimated_light#Collimation_and_decollimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimated light">collimation</a> can be a problem. The primary and secondary can get out of alignment from the shocks associated with transport and handling. This means the telescope may need to be re-aligned (collimated) every time it is set up. Other designs such as refractors and catadioptrics (specifically <a href="/wiki/Maksutov_telescope" title="Maksutov telescope">Maksutov cassegrains</a>) have fixed collimation.</li> <li>The focal plane is at an asymmetrical point and at the top of the optical tube assembly. For visual observing, most notably on <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_mount" title="Equatorial mount">equatorial mounts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tube orientation can put the <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> in a very poor viewing position, and larger telescopes require <a href="/wiki/Ladder" title="Ladder">ladders</a> or support structures to access it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some designs provide mechanisms for rotating the eyepiece mount or the entire tube assembly to a better position. For research telescopes, counterbalancing very heavy instruments mounted at this focus has to be taken into consideration.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several variations on the Newtonian design that add a lens to the system creating a <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_system#Catadioptric_telescopes" title="Catadioptric system">catadioptric telescope</a>. This is done to correct <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> or reduce cost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schmidt–Newtonian"><span id="Schmidt.E2.80.93Newtonian"></span>Schmidt–Newtonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Schmidt–Newtonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Newtonian_telescope" title="Schmidt–Newtonian telescope">Schmidt–Newtonian telescope</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schmidt-Newton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schmidt-Newton.png/300px-Schmidt-Newton.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schmidt-Newton.png/450px-Schmidt-Newton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Schmidt-Newton.png/600px-Schmidt-Newton.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Schmidt–Newtonian telescope.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Schmidt–Newtonian telescope combines the Newtonian optical design with a full-aperture <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt corrector plate">Schmidt corrector plate</a> in front of the primary mirror that not only corrects <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> but can also support the secondary mirror. The resulting system has less <a href="/wiki/Coma_(optics)" title="Coma (optics)">coma</a> and secondary mirror support induced diffraction effects.<sup id="cite_ref-telOpt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telOpt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maksutov–Newtonian"><span id="Maksutov.E2.80.93Newtonian"></span>Maksutov–Newtonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maksutov–Newtonian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maksutov_telescope" title="Maksutov telescope">Maksutov telescope</a></div> <p>Similar to a Schmidt–Newtonian, a <a href="/wiki/Maksutov_telescope" title="Maksutov telescope">Maksutov</a> telescope's <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_corrector" title="Meniscus corrector">meniscus shaped corrector</a> can be added to the Newtonian configuration, which gives it minimal aberration over a wide <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>, with one-fourth the coma of a similar standard Newtonian and one-half the coma of a Schmidt-Newtonian.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diffraction can also be minimized by using a high <a href="/wiki/Focal_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal ratio">focal ratio</a> with a proportionally small diagonal mirror mounted on the corrector.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jones–Bird"><span id="Jones.E2.80.93Bird"></span>Jones–Bird</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jones–Bird"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Jones–Bird Newtonian (sometimes called a Bird–Jones) uses a spherical primary mirror in place of a parabolic one, with spherical aberrations corrected by <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric_system#Sub-aperture_correctors" title="Catadioptric system">sub-aperture corrector</a> lens<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually mounted inside the focusser tube or in front of the secondary mirror. This design reduces the size and cost of the telescope with a shorter overall telescope tube length (with the corrector extending the focal length in a "<a href="/wiki/Telephoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephoto">telephoto</a>" type layout) combined with a less costly spherical mirror. Commercially produced versions of this design have been noted to be optically compromised, due to the difficulty of producing a correctly shaped sub-aperture corrector, and are targeted at the inexpensive end of the telescope market.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">History of the telescope</a></div> <p>Newton's idea for a reflecting telescope was not new. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Sagredo" title="Giovanni Francesco Sagredo">Giovanni Francesco Sagredo</a> had discussed using a mirror as the image forming <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> soon after the invention of the refracting telescope,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others, such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi">Niccolò Zucchi</a>, claimed to have experimented with the idea as far back as 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton may even have read <a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician)">James Gregory's</a> 1663 book <i><a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(mathematician)#Optica_Promota" title="James Gregory (mathematician)">Optica Promota</a></i> which described reflecting telescope designs using <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabolic mirrors</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a telescope Gregory had been trying unsuccessfully to build).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newton built his reflecting telescope because he suspected it could prove his theory that <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum#Visible_radiation_.28light.29" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">white light</a> is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of colours.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colour distortion (<a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a>) was the primary fault of <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescopes</a> of Newton's day, and there were many theories as to what caused it. During the mid-1660s with his work on <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_early_life_and_achievements#Newton's_theory_of_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Newton's early life and achievements">the theory of colour</a>, Newton concluded this defect was caused by the lens of the refracting telescope behaving the same as <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> he was experimenting with, breaking white light into a rainbow of colours around bright <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this were true, then chromatic aberration could be eliminated by building a telescope which did not use a lens – a reflecting telescope. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg/220px-Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg/330px-Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg/440px-Newton_telescope_replica_1668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>A replica of a second reflecting telescope Newton presented to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1672 (the first one he made in 1668 was loaned to an instrument maker but there is no further record of what happened to it).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1668 Isaac Newton built his <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_reflector" title="Newton's reflector">first reflecting telescope</a>. He chose an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speculum_metal" title="Speculum metal">speculum metal</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> as the most suitable material for his <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a> mirror. He later devised means for shaping and grinding the mirror and may have been the first to use a <a href="/wiki/Amateur_telescope_making#Mirror_making" title="Amateur telescope making">pitch lap</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to polish the optical surface. He chose a spherical shape for his mirror instead of a parabola to simplify construction; even though it would introduce <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>, it would still correct chromatic aberration. He added to his reflector what is the hallmark of the design of a Newtonian telescope, a secondary diagonally mounted mirror near the primary mirror's focus to reflect the image at a 90° angle to an <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> mounted on the side of the telescope. This unique addition allowed the image to be viewed with minimal obstruction of the objective mirror. He also made the tube, <a href="/wiki/Telescope_mount" title="Telescope mount">mount</a>, and fittings. Newton's first version had a primary mirror diameter of 1.3 inches (33 mm) and a <a href="/wiki/F-number#Focal_ratio_in_telescopes" title="F-number">focal ratio</a> of f/5.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found that the telescope worked without colour distortion and that he could see the four <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">crescent phase of the planet Venus</a> with it. Newton's friend <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> showed a second telescope to a small group from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> at the end of 1671. They were so impressed with it that they demonstrated it to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in January 1672. Newton was admitted as a fellow of the society in the same year. </p><p>Like Gregory before him, Newton found it hard to construct an effective reflector. It was difficult to grind the speculum metal to a regular curvature. The surface also <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnished</a> rapidly; the consequent low reflectivity of the mirror and also its small size meant that the view through the telescope was very dim compared to contemporary refractors. Because of these difficulties in construction, the Newtonian reflecting telescope was initially not widely adopted. In 1721 <a href="/wiki/John_Hadley" title="John Hadley">John Hadley</a> showed a much-improved model to the Royal Society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadley had solved many of the problems of making a <a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">parabolic</a> mirror. His Newtonian with a mirror diameter of 6 inches (150 mm) compared favourably with the large <a href="/wiki/Aerial_telescope" title="Aerial telescope">aerial refracting telescopes</a> of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobsonian_telescope" title="Dobsonian telescope">Dobsonian telescope</a> - type of portable Newtonian telescope</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telescope_types" title="List of telescope types">List of telescope types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Newton_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt–Newton telescope">Schmidt–Newton telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, A. Rupert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R8LsvMcUioC&pg=PA67"><i>Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521566698" title="Special:BookSources/9780521566698"><bdi>9780521566698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%3A+Adventurer+in+Thought&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521566698&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=A.+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R8LsvMcUioC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ingalls1935-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingalls1935_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngalls1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Graham_Ingalls" title="Albert Graham Ingalls">Ingalls, Albert G.</a>, ed. (1935). <i><a href="/wiki/Amateur_Telescope_Making" title="Amateur Telescope Making">Amateur Telescope Making</a></i> (4th ed.). Munn and Co., Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateur+Telescope+Making&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Munn+and+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37314">[1]</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacek2006" class="citation web cs1">Sacek, Vladimir (2006-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telescope-optics.net/newtonian_off_axis_aberrations.htm">"8.1.1. Newtonian off-axis aberrations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-29</span></span>. <q>off-axis performance of the paraboloidal mirror drops so quickly with the increase in relative aperture beyond ~ƒ/6</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8.1.1.+Newtonian+off-axis+aberrations&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft.aulast=Sacek&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelescope-optics.net%2Fnewtonian_off_axis_aberrations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnisely2004" class="citation web cs1">Knisely, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cloudynights.com/documents/paracorr.pdf">"Tele Vue Paracor Coma Corrector for Newtonians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cloudy Nights Telescope Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cloudy+Nights+Telescope+Review&rft.atitle=Tele+Vue+Paracor+Coma+Corrector+for+Newtonians&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Knisely&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudynights.com%2Fdocuments%2Fparacorr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebra2010" class="citation book cs1">Hebra, Alex (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mds4BpM3hdYC&pg=PA258"><i>The Physics of Metrology: All about Instruments: From Trundle Wheels to Atomic Clocks</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-78381-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-78381-8"><bdi>978-3-211-78381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Metrology%3A+All+about+Instruments%3A+From+Trundle+Wheels+to+Atomic+Clocks&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-211-78381-8&rft.aulast=Hebra&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmds4BpM3hdYC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2009" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Antony (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARS84_3BMTMC&pg=PA21"><i>Make Time for the Stars: Fitting Astronomy into Your Busy Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89341-9"><bdi>978-0-387-89341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+Time+for+the+Stars%3A+Fitting+Astronomy+into+Your+Busy+Life&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-89341-9&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARS84_3BMTMC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telOpt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telOpt_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/SN.htm">"Schmidt-Newton telescope"</a>. telescopeOptics.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schmidt-Newton+telescope&rft.pub=telescopeOptics.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telescope-optics.net%2FSN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttenvan_Venrooij1988" class="citation book cs1">Rutten, Harrie G. J.; van Venrooij, Martin A.M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3LvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Telescope Optics: Evaluation and design</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780943396187" title="Special:BookSources/9780943396187"><bdi>9780943396187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telescope+Optics%3A+Evaluation+and+design&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780943396187&rft.aulast=Rutten&rft.aufirst=Harrie+G.+J.&rft.au=van+Venrooij%2C+Martin+A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3LvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollise2009" class="citation book cs1">Mollise, Rod (28 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kszsAxOHym0C&pg=PA101"><i>Choosing and Using a New CAT</i></a>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387097725" title="Special:BookSources/9780387097725"><bdi>9780387097725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+and+Using+a+New+CAT&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2009-02-28&rft.isbn=9780387097725&rft.aulast=Mollise&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkszsAxOHym0C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/sub_aperture_corrector.htm#bottom">10.1.2. Sub-aperture corrector examples: Single-mirror systems – Jones-Bird</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811162820/http://www.whichtelescope.com/">"TELESCOPES – OVERVIEW AND TELESCOPE TYPES, CATADIOPTRIC NEWTONIAN"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whichtelescope.com/">the original</a> on 2020-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TELESCOPES+%E2%80%93+OVERVIEW+AND+TELESCOPE+TYPES%2C+CATADIOPTRIC+NEWTONIAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whichtelescope.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Watson2007" class="citation book cs1">Fred Watson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LZZginzib4C&pg=PA40"><i>Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-392-8"><bdi>978-1-74176-392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stargazer%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Telescope&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74176-392-8&rft.au=Fred+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2LZZginzib4C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zucchi.html">The Galileo Project > Science > Zucchi, Niccolo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Gjertsen1986" class="citation book cs1">Derek Gjertsen (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA562"><i>The Newton Handbook</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0279-6"><bdi>978-0-7102-0279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newton+Handbook&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0279-6&rft.au=Derek+Gjertsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqIOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_White1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael White (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2C3NV38tM0C&pg=PA169"><i>Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0143-6"><bdi>978-0-7382-0143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%3A+The+Last+Sorcerer&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0143-6&rft.au=Michael+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2C3NV38tM0C%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_White1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael White (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2C3NV38tM0C&pg=PA169"><i>Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0143-6"><bdi>978-0-7382-0143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%3A+The+Last+Sorcerer&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0143-6&rft.au=Michael+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2C3NV38tM0C%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton thought little could be done to correct aberration short of making lenses that were <a href="/wiki/F-number#Focal_ratio_in_telescopes" title="F-number">f/50</a> or more."<i>the object-glass of any telescope cannot collect all the rays which come from one point of an object, so as to make them convene at its focus in less room than in a circular space, whose diameter is the 50th part of the diameter of its aperture</i>”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Parkinson1870" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Parkinson (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonopti03parkgoog"><i>A Treatise on Optics</i></a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonopti03parkgoog/page/n123">112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Optics&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Stephen+Parkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonopti03parkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_C._King1955" class="citation book cs1">Henry C. King (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&q=history+of+the+telescope"><i>The History of the Telescope</i></a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43265-6"><bdi>978-0-486-43265-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Telescope&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43265-6&rft.au=Henry+C.+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKAWwzHlDVksC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btelescope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_N._Wilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Raymond N. Wilson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isH9fTnpc7YC&pg=PA9"><i>Reflecting Telescope Optics I: Basic Design Theory and its Historical Development</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40106-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40106-3"><bdi>978-3-540-40106-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflecting+Telescope+Optics+I%3A+Basic+Design+Theory+and+its+Historical+Development&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40106-3&rft.au=Raymond+N.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisH9fTnpc7YC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANewtonian+telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telescope-optics.net/reflecting.htm">telescope-optics.net Reflecting Telescopes: Newtonian, two- and three-mirror systems</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations//groundup/lesson/scopes/hadley/index.php">amazing-space.stsci.edu – Hadley’s Reflector</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labbey.com/Telescopes/Hadley.html">The complete Amateur Astronomer – John Hadley's Reflector</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonian_telescope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newtonian_telescopes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Newtonian telescopes">Newtonian telescopes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Smith, Warren J., <i>Modern Optical Engineering</i>, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1966, p. 400</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sir_Isaac_Newton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isaac_Newton" title="Template:Isaac Newton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Isaac_Newton" title="Template talk:Isaac Newton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isaac_Newton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isaac Newton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sir_Isaac_Newton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions" title="Method of Fluxions">Fluxions</a></i> (1671)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum" title="De motu corporum in gyrum">De Motu</a></i> (1684)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i> (1687)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queries">Queries</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis" title="Arithmetica Universalis">Arithmetica</a></i> (1707)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analysi_per_aequationes_numero_terminorum_infinitas" title="De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas">De Analysi</a></i> (1711)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_quaedam_philosophicae" title="Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae">Quaestiones</a></i> (1661–1665)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants" title="Standing on the shoulders of giants">standing on the shoulders of giants</a>" (1675)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Notes on the Jewish Temple">Notes on the Jewish Temple</a></i> (c. 1680)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/General_Scholium" title="General Scholium">General Scholium</a>" (1713; <i>"<a href="/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo" title="Hypotheses non fingo">hypotheses non fingo</a>"</i> )</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronology_of_Ancient_Kingdoms_Amended" title="The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended">Ancient Kingdoms Amended</a></i> (1728)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Account_of_Two_Notable_Corruptions_of_Scripture" title="An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture">Corruptions of Scripture</a></i> (1754)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluxion" title="Fluxion">fluxion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_depth" title="Impact depth">Impact depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_disc" title="Newton disc">Newton disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_polygon" title="Newton polygon">Newton polygon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Okounkov_body" title="Newton–Okounkov body">Newton–Okounkov body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_reflector" title="Newton's reflector">Newton's reflector</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newtonian telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_scale" title="Newton scale">Newton scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_metal" title="Newton's metal">Newton's metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_argument" title="Bucket argument">Bucket argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_inequalities" title="Newton's inequalities">Newton's inequalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_cooling" title="Newton's law of cooling">Newton's law of cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Newtonian_expansion" title="Post-Newtonian expansion">post-Newtonian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">parameterized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Newton–Cartan theory">Newton–Cartan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93Newton_equation" title="Schrödinger–Newton equation">Schrödinger–Newton equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_dynamics" title="Newtonian dynamics">Newtonian dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_method_in_optimization" title="Newton's method in optimization">Newton's method in optimization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Apollonius's problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncated_Newton_method" title="Truncated Newton method">truncated Newton method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_algorithm" title="Gauss–Newton algorithm">Gauss–Newton algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_rings" title="Newton's rings">Newton's rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_about_ovals" title="Newton's theorem about ovals">Newton's theorem about ovals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Pepys_problem" title="Newton–Pepys problem">Newton–Pepys problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_potential" title="Newtonian potential">Newtonian potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_fluid" title="Newtonian fluid">Newtonian fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpuscular_theory_of_light" title="Corpuscular theory of light">Corpuscular theory of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy" title="Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy">Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's notation">Newton's notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_spheres" title="Rotating spheres">Rotating spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball" title="Newton's cannonball">Newton's cannonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Cotes_formulas" title="Newton–Cotes formulas">Newton–Cotes formulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_method" title="Newton's method">Newton's method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_method" title="Generalized Gauss–Newton method">generalized Gauss–Newton method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_fractal" title="Newton fractal">Newton fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_identities" title="Newton's identities">Newton's identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_polynomial" title="Newton polynomial">Newton polynomial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_of_revolving_orbits" title="Newton's theorem of revolving orbits">Newton's theorem of revolving orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Euler_equations" title="Newton–Euler equations">Newton–Euler equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_number" title="Power number">Newton number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_number" title="Kissing number">kissing number problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_quotient" title="Difference quotient">Newton's quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelogram_of_force" title="Parallelogram of force">Parallelogram of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puiseux_series" title="Puiseux series">Newton–Puiseux theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time#Newton" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">Luminiferous aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_difference" title="Finite difference">Newtonian series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Newtonian_series" title="Table of Newtonian series">table</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woolsthorpe_Manor" title="Woolsthorpe Manor">Woolsthorpe Manor</a> (birthplace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranbury_Park" title="Cranbury Park">Cranbury Park</a> (home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Early life of Isaac Newton">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Later life of Isaac Newton">Later life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_apple_tree" title="Isaac Newton's apple tree">Apple tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Religious views of Isaac Newton">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_occult_studies" title="Isaac Newton's occult studies">Occult studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Barton" title="Catherine Barton">Catherine Barton</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conduitt" title="John Conduitt">John Conduitt</a> (nephew-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> (professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clarke_(apothecary)" title="William Clarke (apothecary)">William Clarke</a> (mentor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pulleyn" title="Benjamin Pulleyn">Benjamin Pulleyn</a> (tutor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Cotes" title="Roger Cotes">Roger Cotes</a> (student)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> (student)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keill" title="John Keill">John Keill</a> (disciple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> (friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)" title="William Jones (mathematician)">William Jones</a> (friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_Moivre" title="Abraham de Moivre">Abraham de Moivre</a> (friend)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_in_popular_culture" title="Isaac Newton in popular culture">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)"><i>Newton</i> by Blake</a> (monotype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Paolozzi)" title="Newton (Paolozzi)"><i>Newton</i> by Paolozzi</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Gargoyle" title="Isaac Newton Gargoyle">Isaac Newton Gargoyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Isaac_Newton" title="List of things named after Isaac Newton">Namesake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">Newton (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cradle" title="Newton's cradle">Newton's cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Institute" title="Isaac Newton Institute">Isaac Newton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Isaac_Newton_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal">Isaac Newton Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton_Sixth_Form" title="Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form">Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statal_Institute_of_Higher_Education_Isaac_Newton" title="Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton">Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_International_Fellowship" title="Newton International Fellowship">Newton International Fellowship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Isaac_Newton" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Isaac_Newton" title="Category:Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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