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class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Advisory body during the Qing dynasty</div> <p>The <b>Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">議政王大臣會議</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">议政王大臣会议</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yìzhèng Wáng Dàchén Huìyì</span></i>), also known as the <b>Council of Princes and High Officials</b> and <b>Assembly of Princes and High Officials</b>, or simply as the <b>Deliberative Council</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">議政處</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">议政处</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yìzhèng Chù</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <span title="Manchu-language text"><span lang="mnc" style="font-style: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡥᡝᠪᡝ ᡳ <br />ᠪᠠ</span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Möllendorff</a>: <i>hebe-i ba</i>), was an advisory body for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperors</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912). Derived from informal deliberative groups created by <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> (1559–1626) in the 1610s and early 1620s, the Council was formally established by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> (1592–1643) in 1626 and expanded in 1637. Staffed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> dignitaries, this <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> institution served as the chief source of advice on military matters for Hong Taiji and the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi</a> (r. 1643–1661) and <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> (r. 1661–1722) emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851Bartlett1991267Hucker1985266Rawski1998123_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851Bartlett1991267Hucker1985266Rawski1998123-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was particularly powerful during the regencies of <a href="/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon">Dorgon</a> (1643–1650) and <a href="/wiki/Oboi" title="Oboi">Oboi</a> (1661–1669), who used it to enhance their personal influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After serving as the most influential policymaking body of the dynasty for more than a century, the Deliberative Council was displaced and then made obsolete by the more ethnically mixed <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> (r. 1722–1735) created in the late 1720s to circumvent the influence of the deliberative princes and ministers. The Deliberative Council was formally abolished in 1792. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_formal_establishment">Origins and formal establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and formal establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-face painted portrait of a corpulent man with a thin mustachio wearing a red hat and a multi-layered yellow robe with dragon decorations, and sitting on a throne mounted on a low podium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/150px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/225px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/300px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97%E5%B4%87%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a>, seen here in imperial regalia, formally established the Council of Deliberative Ministers in 1627.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oxnam" title="Robert Oxnam">Robert Oxnam</a> has called the origin of the Council "a complicated and often confusing process."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521,_note_17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521,_note_17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council originated in informal institutions created by <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> (1559–1626) to promote <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegial rule</a> among his sons. In 1601, Nurhaci had organized Manchu society into four "Banners" that were doubled in number in 1615 to become the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1622, he gave eight of his sons (who were called "princes," or <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">beile</a></i>) control over one banner each<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ordered them to meet to deliberate major policies, especially military matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521Bartlett199125_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521Bartlett199125-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurhaci's eight sons were known collectively as the "princes who deliberate on government" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">議政王</span></span> <i>yìzhèng wáng</i>; Manchu: <i>doro jafaha beise</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another precursor to the Council was a group of "five high officials" and "ten judges" (<i>jarguci</i>), all Manchu, that Nurhaci put in charge of administrative and judicial tasks in 1615 or 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_(1615)Wu197011_(1616)Michael194267_(1616)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_(1615)Wu197011_(1616)Michael194267_(1616)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Oxnam claims that this group was then referred to as "high officials who deliberate on government" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">議政大臣</span></span> <i>yìzhèng dàchén</i>; Manchu: <i>hebe-i amban</i>) and assisted the princes in discussing policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_and_30_respectively_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_and_30_respectively-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franz Michael, however, claims that they were mere "technical advisors", a point of view supported by Silas Wu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael194267Wu197011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael194267Wu197011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1623, "eight high officials" were also made deliberative officials, but their functions were chiefly censorial and their primary role was to let Nurhaci know of conspiracies among the princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010Wakeman1985850_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010Wakeman1985850-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nurhaci was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> (r. 1626–1643), who, instead of following his father's wish for <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegial rule</a>, became a strong ruler who laid the institutional foundation of the Qing dynasty. In 1627 he placed the Eight Banners under the command of eight "high officials" (Ma.: <i>gusai ejen</i>; Ch.: <i>dachen</i>), who were also told to assist the princes in policy deliberations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530_and_31,_note_38Wakeman1985850–851_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530_and_31,_note_38Wakeman1985850–851-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silas Wu identifies this reform as the <i>bona fide</i> origin of the Deliberative Council, which then became Hong Taiji's main policymaking structure and was consulted on foreign and military matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197011Oxnam197530_(main_policymaking_body)Wakeman1985_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197011Oxnam197530_(main_policymaking_body)Wakeman1985-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1637, one year after he had declared himself <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Hong Taiji officially excluded imperial princes from the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010Oxnam197530_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010Oxnam197530-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the Council was manned by eight lieutenant-generals (later called <i>dutong</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-TW">都統</span></span> in Chinese) with two deputies (<i>fu dutong</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-TW">副都統</span></span>) each, who were put in charge of managing the Eight Manchu Banners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530Kessler197611_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530Kessler197611-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By limiting Council membership to Manchu military leaders from outside the imperial clan, Hung Taiji enhanced his personal power at the expense of the other princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless the Council remained a bastion of "collective aristocratic rule" within the Qing government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_role_in_the_early_Qing">Central role in the early Qing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Central role in the early Qing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oboi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-face painted portrait of a severe-looking sitting man wearing a black-and-red round cap adorned with a peacock feather and dressed in dark blue robes decorated with four-clawed golden dragons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oboi.jpg/180px-Oboi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oboi.jpg/270px-Oboi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oboi.jpg/360px-Oboi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oboi" title="Oboi">Oboi</a> used the Deliberative Council as his main policymaking tool from 1661 to 1669 during his <a href="/wiki/Four_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Regents">co-regency</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Hong Taiji died in 1643, he was replaced by the young <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> and two co-regents: <a href="/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon">Dorgon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jirgalang" title="Jirgalang">Jirgalang</a>. In 1644, under their leadership, the Qing dynasty replaced the collapsed <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> and moved its capital to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. The Deliberative Council of Ministers was Dorgon's main policymaking body during his regency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after moving to Beijing, he gave the Council control over both military and civil affairs, and expanded its membership to all lieutenant-generals and deputy lieutenant-generals in the Manchu and Mongol Banners, as well as to all Mongols and Manchus who held posts of Grand Secretary or Board president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far from limiting Dorgon's power, the Council served as his tool to denounce and arraign other princes who challenged his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1644, for instance, he had Hong Taiji's son <a href="/wiki/Hooge_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooge (prince)">Hooge</a> accused of <a href="/wiki/Seditious" class="mw-redirect" title="Seditious">seditious</a> behavior and made Hooge's enemies testify against him in front of the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985300_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985300-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used the same method to purge Hooge for good in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650, the Shunzhi Emperor started his personal rule: he ordered the members of the Council to <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne" title="Memorial to the throne">memorialize to him</a> directly on important matters of state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985896_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985896-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Dorgon's supporters had been purged from the court (by March 1651), his former co-regent Jirgalang made a number of special appointments to the Council to foster loyalty among the Manchu elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570–71_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570–71-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1651 and 1653, he added thirty new members who lacked official positions in the Banners or the metropolitan bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the new appointees were Chinese Bannermen <a href="/wiki/Fan_Wencheng" title="Fan Wencheng">Fan Wencheng</a> 范文程 (1597–1666) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ning_Wanwo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ning Wanwo (page does not exist)">Ning Wanwo</a> 寗完我 (d. 1665), two of only three Chinese who were ever appointed to the Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four of the future <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oboi" title="Oboi">Oboi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suksaha" title="Suksaha">Suksaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebilun" title="Ebilun">Ebilun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/He%C5%A1eri_Sonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hešeri Sonin">Soni</a>) were also appointed to the Council at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1656, the emperor issued an edict abolishing the automatic appointment to the Council of Manchu and Mongol Grand Secretaries, yet by the end of his reign in 1661, the Council still counted more than fifty members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Shunzhi reign, the Council was often convened to investigate important officials who had been accused of corruption or malfeasance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985925,_948,_and_985_(for_three_examples)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985925,_948,_and_985_(for_three_examples)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661) was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Four_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Regents">four regents</a> led by Oboi, who took care of state affairs during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). Under the Oboi regency (1661–1669), the Deliberative Council became "the most prominent Manchu institution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While keeping their own seats on the Council, the regents limited membership to lieutenant-generals of the Manchu and Mongol Banners and to Manchu and Mongol presidents of the Six Ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also decided to grant membership to the president of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Colonial_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Colonial Affairs">Court of Colonial Affairs</a>, whose independence the Shunzhi Emperor had compromised by subjugating it to the Board of Rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197569_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1662, the Deliberative Council had been reduced to 31 members, chiefly senior Manchu leaders who had significant experience in both military affairs and civil government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_and_74_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_and_74-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> reverted many of the bureaucratic reforms of the Oboi faction after 1669, but continued to rely on the Deliberative Council as a body of Manchu counselors whom he consulted on a wide variety of military and civil matters, especially those that were too sensitive or complex to handle through the regular bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197572_and_199_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197572_and_199-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor allowed the president of the <a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a> to sit on the Council, then in 1683, after the rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Feudatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Feudatories">Three Feudatories</a> had been suppressed and peace reestablished, he decided that the lieutenant-generals of the Banners would no longer be automatic members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the Deliberative Council became more oriented toward civil administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless during the <a href="/wiki/First_Oirat%E2%80%93Manchu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Oirat–Manchu War">First Oirat–Manchu War</a>, fought from 1687 to 1697 between the Qing Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>, the Kangxi Emperor often consulted the Council on how to deal with <a href="/wiki/Galdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdan">Galdan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungars</a>, and with the Dzungars' enemies the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005148_and_159_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005148_and_159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign, the Council met on imperial request and transmitted the result of its deliberations to the emperor, who usually followed the Council's advice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197574_(usually_followed_the_council's_advice)Wu197018_(rest_of_the_information)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197574_(usually_followed_the_council's_advice)Wu197018_(rest_of_the_information)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replacement_by_the_Grand_Council">Replacement by the Grand Council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Replacement by the Grand Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painted portrait of a man with small eyes and a thin mustache sitting cross-legged on what appears to be a large embroidered cushion placed on a low platform. He is holding a folded string-bound book in his left hand, and flanked on each side by a low table on which are posed boxes of books (to his left) and a cup containing brushes (on his right). He is wearing an opulent yellow imperial robe with five-clawed dragons, clouds, and water patterns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG/170px-Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG/255px-Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG/340px-Emperor_Yongzheng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>To diminish the influence of Manchu nobles, the <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a>, a new deliberative body that bypassed the Deliberative Council.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> succeeded the Kangxi Emperor after a <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Disputed_succession" title="Kangxi Emperor">crisis</a> that pitted many of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Sons" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor's sons</a> against one another. Many Manchu nobles who had sided with the Yongzheng Emperor's rivals during the succession struggle were still members of the Deliberative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid alienating these grandees, the Yongzheng Emperor still made new appointments to the Council and consulted it on various military matters, but he also worked to undermine its power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199148_and_p._307,_note_46_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199148_and_p._307,_note_46-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To bypass the Council, he created smaller parallel bodies which he found more reliable and less entrenched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slowly, he transferred deliberative powers to these more trusted ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1970105_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1970105-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1730, these informal institutions crystallized into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Deliberative Council, whose membership was almost exclusively Manchu, the Grand Council counted many Chinese among its ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197589_(Manchu_membership)Bartlett1991267_(open_to_Chinese)_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197589_(Manchu_membership)Bartlett1991267_(open_to_Chinese)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This more ethnically mixed <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a> served as the empire's main policymaking body for the rest of the Qing dynasty. </p><p>After the stabilization of the Grand Council in the 1730s, the influence of the Deliberative Council quickly declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong period</a> (1736–1796), the titles of "deliberative minister" and "deliberative prince" became mainly honorific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1970105_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1970105-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchu Grand Secretaries held such titles until 1792, when the Council was formally abolished by the Qianlong Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991308,_note_61_(Manchu_Grand_secretaries,_1792),_and_p._312,_note_116_(abolition_by_Qianlong)_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991308,_note_61_(Manchu_Grand_secretaries,_1792),_and_p._312,_note_116_(abolition_by_Qianlong)-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was revived in the second half of the nineteenth century for <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong_(Qing_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gong (Qing dynasty)">Prince Gong</a> and others when Prince Gong was head of the Grand Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991312,_note_116,_and_p._350,_note_23_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991312,_note_116,_and_p._350,_note_23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851Bartlett1991267Hucker1985266Rawski1998123-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851Bartlett1991267Hucker1985266Rawski1998123_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 851; <a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 267; <a href="#CITEREFHucker1985">Hucker 1985</a>, p. 266; <a href="#CITEREFRawski1998">Rawski 1998</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197531_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521,_note_17-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521,_note_17_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 21, note 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521Bartlett199125-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521Bartlett199125_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_(1615)Wu197011_(1616)Michael194267_(1616)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_(1615)Wu197011_(1616)Michael194267_(1616)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 21 (1615); <a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 11 (1616); <a href="#CITEREFMichael1942">Michael 1942</a>, p. 67 (1616).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_and_30_respectively-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197521_and_30_respectively_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, pp. 21 and 30 respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael194267Wu197011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael194267Wu197011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichael1942">Michael 1942</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010Wakeman1985850-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010Wakeman1985850_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530_and_31,_note_38Wakeman1985850–851-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530_and_31,_note_38Wakeman1985850–851_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, pp. 30 and 31, note 38; <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 850–851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197011Oxnam197530_(main_policymaking_body)Wakeman1985-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197011Oxnam197530_(main_policymaking_body)Wakeman1985_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 30 (main policymaking body); <a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu197010Oxnam197530-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu197010Oxnam197530_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530Kessler197611-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197530Kessler197611_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFKessler1976">Kessler 1976</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985851_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197543_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985885_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985300-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985300_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 300, note 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985896-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985896_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, p. 896.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570–71-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570–71_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197570_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985925,_948,_and_985_(for_three_examples)-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeman1985925,_948,_and_985_(for_three_examples)_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWakeman1985">Wakeman 1985</a>, pp. 925, 948, and 985 (for three examples).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197569-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197569_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_and_74-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197571_and_74_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, pp. 71 and 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197572_and_199-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197572_and_199_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, pp. 72 and 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005148_and_159-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2005148_and_159_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerdue2005">Perdue 2005</a>, pp. 148 and 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197574_(usually_followed_the_council's_advice)Wu197018_(rest_of_the_information)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197574_(usually_followed_the_council's_advice)Wu197018_(rest_of_the_information)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 74 (usually followed the council's advice); <a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 18 (rest of the information).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199127_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett199148_and_p._307,_note_46-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett199148_and_p._307,_note_46_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 48 and p. 307, note 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu1970105-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1970105_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu1970105_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu1970">Wu 1970</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxnam197589_(Manchu_membership)Bartlett1991267_(open_to_Chinese)-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxnam197589_(Manchu_membership)Bartlett1991267_(open_to_Chinese)_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxnam1975">Oxnam 1975</a>, p. 89 (Manchu membership); <a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 267 (open to Chinese).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991308,_note_61_(Manchu_Grand_secretaries,_1792),_and_p._312,_note_116_(abolition_by_Qianlong)-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991308,_note_61_(Manchu_Grand_secretaries,_1792),_and_p._312,_note_116_(abolition_by_Qianlong)_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 308, note 61 (Manchu Grand secretaries, 1792), and p. 312, note 116 (abolition by Qianlong).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991312,_note_116,_and_p._350,_note_23-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett1991312,_note_116,_and_p._350,_note_23_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett1991">Bartlett 1991</a>, p. 312, note 116, and p. 350, note 23.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1991" class="citation cs2">Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991), <i>Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820</i>, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08645-6"><bdi>978-0-520-08645-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchs+and+Ministers%3A+The+Grand+Council+in+Mid-Ch%27ing+China%2C+1723%E2%80%931820&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08645-6&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Beatrice+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hucker" title="Charles Hucker">Hucker, Charles O.</a> (1985), <i>A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China</i>, Stanford: Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1193-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1193-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-1193-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Official+Titles+in+Imperial+China&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1193-7&rft.aulast=Hucker&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler1976" class="citation cs2">Kessler, Lawrence (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kanghsiconsolida0000kess"><i>K'ang-Hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661–1684</i></a>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43203-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43203-8"><bdi>978-0-226-43203-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%27ang-Hsi+and+the+Consolidation+of+Ch%27ing+Rule%2C+1661%E2%80%931684&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-226-43203-8&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkanghsiconsolida0000kess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1942" class="citation cs2">Michael, Franz (1942), <i>The Origin of Manchu Rule in China: Frontier and Bureaucracy as Interacting Forces in the Chinese Empire</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Manchu+Rule+in+China%3A+Frontier+and+Bureaucracy+as+Interacting+Forces+in+the+Chinese+Empire&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxnam1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Oxnam" title="Robert Oxnam">Oxnam, Robert B.</a> (1975), <i>Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669</i>, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64244-4"><bdi>978-0-226-64244-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+from+Horseback%3A+Manchu+Politics+in+the+Oboi+Regency%2C+1661%E2%80%931669&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-226-64244-4&rft.aulast=Oxnam&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Perdue" title="Peter C. Perdue">Perdue, Peter C.</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinamarcheswest00pete"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a>, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01684-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01684-X"><bdi>0-674-01684-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%2C+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-674-01684-X&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinamarcheswest00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawski1998" class="citation cs2">Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chingimperialhou0000torb"><i>The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions</i></a>, Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-12761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-12761-6"><bdi>978-0-674-12761-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Emperors%3A+A+Social+History+of+Qing+Imperial+Institutions&rft.place=Los+Angeles+and+Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-12761-6&rft.aulast=Rawski&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchingimperialhou0000torb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1970" class="citation cs2">Wu, Silas H. L. (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communicationimp00sila"><i>Communication and Imperial Control in China: Evolution of the Palace Memorial System, 1693–1735</i></a>, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-14801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-14801-7"><bdi>978-0-674-14801-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+and+Imperial+Control+in+China%3A+Evolution+of+the+Palace+Memorial+System%2C+1693%E2%80%931735&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-674-14801-7&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Silas+H.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunicationimp00sila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Wakeman, Frederic Jr.</a> (1985), <i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China</i>, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04804-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04804-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04804-1&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeliberative+Council+of+Princes+and+Ministers" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a 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