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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Three Feudatories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Three_Feudatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaring_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaring_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Declaring rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaring_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_Qing_armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_of_Qing_armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition of Qing armies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_Qing_armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campaigning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam-phoan_chi_lo%C4%81n" title="Sam-phoan chi loān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sam-phoan chi loān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_t%C5%99%C3%AD_vazal%C5%AF" title="Povstání tří vazalů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání tří vazalů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tre_feudalherrers_opr%C3%B8r" title="De tre feudalherrers oprør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De tre feudalherrers oprør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_los_Tres_Feudatarios" title="Rebelión de los Tres Feudatarios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de los Tres Feudatarios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_des_trois_feudataires" title="Rébellion des trois feudataires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rébellion des trois feudataires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EB%B2%88%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="삼번의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼번의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Tiga_Vasal" title="Pemberontakan Tiga Vasal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Tiga Vasal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_dei_Tre_Feudatari" title="Rivolta dei Tre Feudatari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta dei Tre Feudatari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstand_van_de_Drie_Leengoederen" title="Opstand van de Drie Leengoederen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opstand van de Drie Leengoederen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩の乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三藩の乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tre_f%C3%B8ydalherrenes_oppr%C3%B8r" title="De tre føydalherrenes opprør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De tre føydalherrenes opprør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uch_feodator_qo%E2%80%98zg%E2%80%98oloni" title="Uch feodator qo‘zg‘oloni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uch feodator qo‘zg‘oloni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_dos_Tr%C3%AAs_Feudat%C3%B3rios" title="Revolta dos Três Feudatórios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta dos Três Feudatórios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Война саньфань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война саньфань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="กบฏสามเจ้าศักดินา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กบฏสามเจ้าศักดินา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_Feudatoryum_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="Üç Feudatoryum Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üç Feudatoryum Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Повстання трьох уділів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повстання трьох уділів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%E1%BA%A1n_Tam_phi%C3%AAn" title="Loạn Tam phiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loạn Tam phiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩之乱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三藩之乱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82" title="三藩之亂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三藩之亂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典範條目"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="三藩之乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三藩之乱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1673–1681 revolt in Qing dynasty China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards" title="Rebellion of the Three Guards">Rebellion of the Three Guards</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Feudatories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Three_Feudatories.png/300px-Three_Feudatories.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Three_Feudatories.png/450px-Three_Feudatories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Three_Feudatories.png/600px-Three_Feudatories.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a></span><br />Map showing Qing's campaigns against Three Feudatories</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 1673 – November 1681</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Chinese provinces south of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Qing victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> provinces recovered by <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Shang_Zhixin" title="Shang Zhixin">Shang Zhixin</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong" title="Geng Jingzhong">Geng Jingzhong</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Chinggisid <br /> <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar Mongol</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Zheng's Taiwan</a> <br /> Other rebels <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tiandihui" title="Tiandihui">Tiandihui</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a></b> <br /><a href="/wiki/Giyesu" title="Giyesu">Giyesu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yolo_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yolo (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Yolo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shang_Kexi" title="Shang Kexi">Shang Kexi</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wu_Shifan" title="Wu Shifan">Wu Shifan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong" title="Geng Jingzhong">Geng Jingzhong</a> (1674–76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shang_Zhixin" title="Shang Zhixin">Shang Zhixin</a> (1676–79)</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Borni (Burni) <br /><a href="/wiki/Abunai" title="Abunai">Abunai</a><br />Lubuzung <br /><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 400,000</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Wu Sangui: 200,000 <br /> Shang Zhixin: 100,000 <br /> Geng Jingzhong: 200,000</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Chahar Mongols: 10,000 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>: 10,000 <br /><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuchen" title="Wang Fuchen">Wang Fuchen</a>: several thousands <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yanling" title="Sun Yanling">Sun Yanling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kong_Sizhen" title="Kong Sizhen">Kong Sizhen</a>: 10,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Template:Campaignbox Kangxi Emperor"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Kangxi Emperor"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Kangxi Emperor"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conquests_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor888" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Feudatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Penghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Against Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulan_Butung" title="Battle of Ulan Butung">Ulan Butung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo" title="Battle of Jao Modo">Jao Modo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Expedition to Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Revolt of the Three Feudatories</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">三藩之亂</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sānfān zhī luàn</span></i>) also known as the <b>Rebellion of Wu Sangui</b>, was a rebellion lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> (r. 1661–1722). The revolt was led by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shang_Zhixin" title="Shang Zhixin">Shang Zhixin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong" title="Geng Jingzhong">Geng Jingzhong</a>, the three <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">ethnic Han</a> lords of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> provinces whose hereditary titles were given to them for defecting to and helping <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">the Qing dynasty conquer China proper</a>, who rebelled after the Qing central government started abolishing their fiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feudatories were supported by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> on the island of Taiwan, which sent forces to invade <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. Additionally, minor Han military figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuchen" title="Wang Fuchen">Wang Fuchen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar Mongols">Chahar Mongols</a>, also revolted against Qing rule. </p><p>Due to their history as defectors that helped to topple the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming dynasty</a>, the Three Feudatories failed to win over the support of the general Han populace and were eventually defeated by the Qing forces. After the last remaining Han resistance had been put down, the former princely titles were abolished. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> (1643–1661), the central government's authority was not strong enough to control the provinces in southern China directly. The government initiated a policy of "letting the Han Chinese govern the Han Chinese" (以漢制漢). Some generals of the former <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> who had surrendered to the Qing were allowed to help govern the provinces in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That was the result of the crucial contributions those generals had made at decisive moments during the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Qing conquest of China</a>. For instance, the navy of Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi brought about the quick capitulation of Joseon in 1636, allowing rapid advance into Ming territories without worrying about what was behind. The defection and subsequent cooperation of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> allowed swift capture and settlement of the Ming capital <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. In return, the Qing government had to reward their achievements, and acknowledge their military and political influence. </p><p>In 1655, Wu Sangui was granted the title of "Pingxi Prince" (平西王; "West Pacifying Prince") and granted governorship of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shang_Kexi" title="Shang Kexi">Shang Kexi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geng_Zhongming" title="Geng Zhongming">Geng Zhongming</a> were granted the titles of "Pingnan Prince" and "Jingnan Prince" (both mean "South Pacifying Prince") respectively, and were put in charge of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. The three lords had great influence over their lands and wielded far greater power than any other regional or provincial governors. They had their own military forces and had the authority to alter tax rates in their fiefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Three_Feudatories">The Three Feudatories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Three Feudatories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WuSangui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WuSangui.jpg/220px-WuSangui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WuSangui.jpg/330px-WuSangui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/WuSangui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a>, titled "Prince Who Pacifies the West"（平西王）</figcaption></figure> <p>In Yunnan and Guizhou, Wu Sangui was granted permission by the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> to appoint and promote his own personal group of officials, as well as the privilege of choosing warhorses first before the Qing armies. Wu Sangui's forces took up several million taels of silver in military pay, taking up a third of the Qing government's revenue from taxes. Wu was also in charge of handling the Qing government's diplomatic relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and Tibet. Most of Wu's troops were formerly <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong" title="Zhang Xianzhong">Zhang Xianzhong</a>'s forces and they were well-versed in warfare. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province, <a href="/wiki/Geng_Zhongming" title="Geng Zhongming">Geng Zhongming</a> ruled as a tyrant over his fief, allowing his subordinates to extort food supplies and money from the common people. After Geng's death, his son <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jimao" title="Geng Jimao">Geng Jimao</a> inherited his father's title and fiefdom, and Geng Jimao was later succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong" title="Geng Jingzhong">Geng Jingzhong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Nieuhof-Ambassade-vers-la-Chine-1665_0748-2.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4704" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shang_Kexi" title="Shang Kexi">Shang Kexi</a>, known to the Dutch as the "Old Viceroy" of Guangdong, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Nieuhof" title="Johan Nieuhof">Johan Nieuhof</a> in 1655.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province, Shang Kexi ruled his fief in a similar fashion to Geng Jingzhong. In total, much of the central government's revenue and reserves were spent on the Three Feudatories, and their expenditure emptied almost half of the imperial treasury. When the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> came to the throne, he felt that the Three Feudatories posed a great threat to his sovereignty and wanted to reduce their power. </p><p>In 1667, Wu Sangui submitted a request to the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, asking for permission to be relieved of his duties in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> provinces, on the premise that he was ill. Kangxi, not yet ready for a trial of strength with him, refused Wu's request.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdue2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdue2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1673, Shang Kexi asked for permission to retire,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in July, Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong followed suit. Kangxi sought advice from his council on the issue and received divided responses. Some thought that the Three Feudatories should be left as they were, while others supported the idea of reducing the three lords' powers. Kangxi went against the views of the majority in the council and accepted the three lords' requests for retirement, ordering them to leave their respective fiefs and resettle in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaring_rebellion">Declaring rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Declaring rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1673, Wu Sangui ended his connection to the Qing dynasty and instigated the rebellion under the banner of "opposing Qing and restoring Ming" (反清復明). Wu courted Han Chinese officials to join the rebellion by restoring Ming customs and cutting off <a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">queues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence_1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence_1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wu's forces captured <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> provinces. In 1674 both Geng Jingzhong in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and after Shang Zhixin, the man who massacred Guangzhou, died, his son followed suit in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yanling" title="Sun Yanling">Sun Yanling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuchen" title="Wang Fuchen">Wang Fuchen</a> also rose in revolt in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> provinces. <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a>, led an army from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and landed in Fujian and Guangdong to fight and join the rebel forces.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wu entrusted the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> to negotiate with the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> about dividing China along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, with Wu ruling the south and Qing retaining the north, but the Emperor refused.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on in 1678, he declared a new dynasty, the Zhou, invoking <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">the name</a> of the great pre-imperial dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_Qing_armies">Composition of Qing armies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition of Qing armies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_(State_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_%28State_1%29.jpg/250px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_%28State_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_%28State_1%29.jpg/375px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_%28State_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_%28State_1%29.jpg/500px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_young_Viceroy_of_Canton_%28State_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shang_Zhixin" title="Shang Zhixin">Shang Zhixin</a>, known to the Dutch as the "Young Viceroy of Canton", armed on horseback and protected by his bodyguards.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qing forces were initially defeated by Wu in 1673–1674.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchu Generals and <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Bannermen</a> were put to shame by the performance of the Han Chinese <a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a>, who fought better than them against the rebels. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and the Han elite, as they did not join the Three Feudatories. Different sources offer different account of the Han and Manchu forces deployed against the rebels. According to one, 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to another, 213 Han Chinese Banner companies, and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a third, the Qing mustered a massive army of more than 900,000 northern Han Chinese to fight the Three Feudatories.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting in northwestern China against Wang Fuchen, the Qing put Bannermen in the rear as reserves while they used Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Chinese Generals like Zhang Liangdong, Wang Jinbao, and Zhang Yong as their main military force.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing thought that Han Chinese soldiers were superior at fighting other Han people and so used the Green Standard Army as their main army against the rebels instead of Bannermen.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennys1888_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennys1888-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, after 1676, the tide turned in favor of the Qing forces. In the northwest, Wang Fuchen surrendered after a three-year-long stalemate, while Geng Jingzhong and Shang Zhixin surrendered in turn as their forces weakened.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigning">Campaigning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaigning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Feudatories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Three_Feudatories.png/500px-Three_Feudatories.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Three_Feudatories.png/750px-Three_Feudatories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Three_Feudatories.png/1000px-Three_Feudatories.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Qing's armies suppressing the rebellion</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1676 <a href="/wiki/Shang_Zhixin" title="Shang Zhixin">Shang Zhixin</a> joined the rebellion, consolidating <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> under his rule and sending troops north into <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1677, Wu Sangui suspected <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yanling" title="Sun Yanling">Sun Yanling</a> would surrender to the Qing in Guangxi and he sent his relative Wu Shizong, to assassinate Sun. Sun's wife <a href="/wiki/Kong_Sizhen" title="Kong Sizhen">Kong Sizhen</a> took control of his troops after his death, although she may already have had control beforehand. </p><p>In the south, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> moved his armies north after conquering Hunan,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> while the Qing forces concentrated on recapturing Hunan from him. In 1678, Wu finally proclaimed himself emperor of the Great Zhou Dynasty (大周)<sup id="cite_ref-KeeganWheatcroft2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeeganWheatcroft2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Hengzhou (衡州; present-day <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a>, Hunan province) and established his own imperial court. However Wu died of illness in August (lunar month) that year and was succeeded by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Wu_Shifan" title="Wu Shifan">Wu Shifan</a>, who ordered a retreat back to Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the rebel army's morale was low, Qing forces launched an attack on Yuezhou (岳州; present-day <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a>, Hunan province) and captured it, along with the rebel territories of Changde, Hengzhou and others. Wu Shifan's forces retreated to the Chenlong Pass. Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were retaken by the Han Chinese Green Standard Army under Wang Jinbao and Zhao Liangdong in 1680,<sup id="cite_ref-CosmoCosmo2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CosmoCosmo2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Manchu forces involved only in dealing with logistics and provisions, not combat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1680, the provinces of Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan were recovered by the Qing, and Wu Shifan retreated to <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> in October. </p><p>In 1681, the Qing general Zhao Liangdong proposed a three-pronged attack on Yunnan, with imperial armies from Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Yurong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cai Yurong (page does not exist)">Cai Yurong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Viceroy of Yun-Gui</a>, led the attack on the rebels together with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Tai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Tai (page does not exist)">Zhang Tai</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laita_Giyesu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laita Giyesu (page does not exist)">Laita Giyesu</a>, conquering Mount Wuhua and besieging Kunming. In October, Zhao Liandong's army was the first to break through into Kunming and the others followed suit, swiftly capturing the city. Wu Shifan committed suicide in December and the rebels surrendered the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmo2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmo2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>'s forces were defeated near <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> in 1680 and forced to withdraw to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hang2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hang2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final victory over the revolt was the Qing conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> on Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lang" title="Shi Lang">Shi Lang</a> was appointed as admiral of the Qing navy and led an invasion of Taiwan, defeating the Tungning navy under <a href="/wiki/Liu_Guoxuan" title="Liu Guoxuan">Liu Guoxuan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zheng Jing's son <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Keshuang" title="Zheng Keshuang">Zheng Keshuang</a> surrendered in October 1683, and Taiwan became part of the Qing Empire. Zheng Keshuang was awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> with the title "Duke of Haicheng" (海澄公) and he and his soldiers were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1925_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1925-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hsieh_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsieh-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shang_Zhixin" title="Shang Zhixin">Shang Zhixin</a> was forced to commit suicide in 1680;<sup id="cite_ref-TagliacozzoSiu2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TagliacozzoSiu2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of his thirty six brothers, four were executed when he committed suicide, while the rest of his family was allowed to live. <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong" title="Geng Jingzhong">Geng Jingzhong</a> was executed; his brother Geng Juzhong <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E8%81%9A%E5%BF%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:耿聚忠">耿聚忠</a> was in Beijing with the Qing court with the Kangxi Emperor, during the rebellion, and was not punished for his brother's revolt. Geng Juzhong died of natural causes in 1687. Several Ming princes had accompanied <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> to Taiwan in 1661–1662, including the Prince of Ningjing, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shugui" title="Zhu Shugui">Zhu Shugui</a> and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yihai" title="Zhu Yihai">Zhu Yihai</a>. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Manthorpe2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manthorpe2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1685, the Qing used former Ming loyalist <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> naval specialists who had served under the Zheng family in Taiwan in the siege of <a href="/wiki/Albazino#The_Russian_-_Chinese_conflict_over_Albazin" title="Albazino">Albazin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence1991_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Ming loyalist Han Chinese troops who had served under <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chenggong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zheng Chenggong">Zheng Chenggong</a> and who specialized at fighting with rattan shields and swords (Tengpaiying) 藤牌营 were recommended to the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> to reinforce Albazin against the Russians. Kangxi was impressed by a demonstration of their techniques and ordered 500 of them to defend Albazin, under Ho Yu, a former Koxinga follower, and Lin Hsing-chu, a former General of Wu Sangui. These rattan shield troops did not suffer a single casualty when they defeated and cut down Russian forces traveling by rafts on the river, only using the rattan shields and swords while fighting naked.<sup id="cite_ref-Felsing1979_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsing1979-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lux1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lux1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mancall1971_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancall1971-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>"[the Russian reinforcements were coming down to the fort on the river] Thereupon he [Marquis Lin] ordered all our marines to take off their clothes and jump into the water. Each wore a rattan shield on his head and held a huge sword in his hand. Thus they swam forward. The Russians were so frightened that they all shouted: 'Behold, the big-capped Tartars!' Since our marines were in the water, they could not use their firearms. Our sailors wore rattan shields to protect their heads so that enemy bullets and arrows could not pierce them. Our marines used long swords to cut the enemy's ankles. The Russians fell into the river, most of them either killed or wounded. The rest fled and escaped. [Lin[ Hsing-chu had not lost a single marine when he returned to take part in besieging the city.", written by Yang Hai-Chai, who was related to Marquis Lin, a participant in the war<sup id="cite_ref-Fu1966_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu1966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revolt is featured in <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Louis Cha</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron" title="The Deer and the Cauldron">The Deer and the Cauldron</a></i>. The story tells of how the protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Wei_Xiaobao" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei Xiaobao">Wei Xiaobao</a>, helps the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> suppress the rebellion. </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTsao" class="citation book cs1">Tsao, Kai-Fu. <i>The Rebellion of the Three Feudatories Against the Manchu Throne in China, 1673–1681: Its Setting and Significance</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebellion+of+the+Three+Feudatories+Against+the+Manchu+Throne+in+China%2C+1673%E2%80%931681%3A+Its+Setting+and+Significance&rft.aulast=Tsao&rft.aufirst=Kai-Fu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (19 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiBmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>Dictionary of Chinese History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-16681-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-16681-6"><bdi>978-1-135-16681-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Chinese+History&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-135-16681-6&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCiBmAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanner2009_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Miles_Tanner2009" class="citation book cs1">Harold Miles Tanner (13 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA347"><i>China: A History</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.au=Harold+Miles+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence" title="Jonathan D. Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> (1990). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchformodernc00spen/page/50">50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span> - Registration required</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdue2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perdue2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C_Perdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA137"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04202-5&rft.au=Peter+C+Perdue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQizhi_Zhang2015" class="citation book cs1">Qizhi Zhang (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QhJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture</i></a>. Springer. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-46482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-46482-3"><bdi>978-3-662-46482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Chinese+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.isbn=978-3-662-46482-3&rft.au=Qizhi+Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QhJCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, <i>Emperor of China</i>, p. xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence_1990-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spence_1990_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2002" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C"><i>The Cambridge History of China</i></a>. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243346" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243346"><bdi>9780521243346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521243346&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhi2THl2FUZ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF三軍大學2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Defense University (Republic of China)">三軍大學</a>, ed. (2013). <i>《中國歷代戰爭史第16冊清（中）》</i>. Taiwan: 中信出版社. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787508637112" title="Special:BookSources/9787508637112"><bdi>9787508637112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%8F%B2+%E7%AC%AC16%E5%86%8A+%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Taiwan&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9787508637112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF孟鴻2018" class="citation journal cs1">孟鴻 (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw/NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A17014472&cn%5B0%5D=627&q%5B0%5D.f=JT&q%5B0%5D.i=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%82%8A%E6%94%BF&page=15&pageSize=1&orderField=score&orderType=desc">"康熙、吳三桂、五世達賴與噶爾丹"</a>. <i>中國邊政</i> (214): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%82%8A%E6%94%BF&rft.atitle=%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E3%80%81%E5%90%B3%E4%B8%89%E6%A1%82%E3%80%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E8%88%87%E5%99%B6%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%B9&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2018&rft.au=%E5%AD%9F%E9%B4%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpl.ncl.edu.tw%2FNclService%2FJournalContentDetail%3FSysId%3DA17014472%26cn%255B0%255D%3D627%26q%255B0%255D.f%3DJT%26q%255B0%255D.i%3D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%2582%258A%25E6%2594%25BF%26page%3D15%26pageSize%3D1%26orderField%3Dscore%26orderType%3Ddesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1999" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <i>The Search for Modern China</i>. W. W. Morton & Company. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4"><bdi>0-393-97351-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=W.+W.+Morton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-393-97351-4&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Andrew_GraffRobin_Higham2012" class="citation book cs1">David Andrew Graff; Robin Higham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn3QpyJn9JIC&pg=PA119"><i>A Military History of China</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 119–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3584-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-3584-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=119-&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3584-7&rft.au=David+Andrew+Graff&rft.au=Robin+Higham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSn3QpyJn9JIC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2006). <i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China</i>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2006). <i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Andrew_GraffRobin_Higham2012" class="citation book cs1">David Andrew Graff; Robin Higham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn3QpyJn9JIC&pg=PA120"><i>A Military History of China</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3584-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-3584-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3584-7&rft.au=David+Andrew+Graff&rft.au=Robin+Higham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSn3QpyJn9JIC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2006). <i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78955-8"><bdi>978-1-135-78955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China%3A+%22My+Service+in+the+Army%22%2C+by+Dzengseo&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78955-8&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennys1888-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dennys1888_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Belfield_Dennys1888" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Belfield Dennys (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA234"><i>The China Review, Or, Notes and Queries on the Far East</i></a>. "China Mail" Office. pp. 234–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+Review%2C+Or%2C+Notes+and+Queries+on+the+Far+East&rft.pages=234-&rft.pub=%22China+Mail%22+Office&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Nicholas+Belfield+Dennys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5hVBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2006). <i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China</i>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">24–25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2006). <i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF三軍大學2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Defense University (Republic of China)">三軍大學</a>, ed. (2013). <i>《中國歷代戰爭史第16冊清（中）》</i>. Taiwan: 中信出版社. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787508637112" title="Special:BookSources/9787508637112"><bdi>9787508637112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%8F%B2+%E7%AC%AC16%E5%86%8A+%E6%B8%85%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Taiwan&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9787508637112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence1991-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spence1991_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence1991_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_D._Spence1991" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan D. Spence (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA56"><i>The Search for Modern China</i></a>. Norton. pp. 56–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30780-1"><bdi>978-0-393-30780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30780-1&rft.au=Jonathan+D.+Spence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvI1RRslLNSwC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KeeganWheatcroft2014-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KeeganWheatcroft2014_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_KeeganAndrew_Wheatcroft2014" class="citation book cs1">John Keegan; Andrew Wheatcroft (12 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA323"><i>Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day</i></a>. Routledge. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-41409-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-41409-1"><bdi>978-1-136-41409-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Military+History%3A+From+1453+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-41409-1&rft.au=John+Keegan&rft.au=Andrew+Wheatcroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqCOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson2016_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Bennett_Peterson2016" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Bennett Peterson (17 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ4ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT243"><i>Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46372-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46372-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46372-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Women+of+China%3A+Shang+Dynasty+to+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-09-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46372-6&rft.au=Barbara+Bennett+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJ4ECwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CosmoCosmo2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CosmoCosmo2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Luce_Foundation_Professor_of_East_Asian_Studies_Nicola_Di_CosmoNicola_Di_Cosmo2007" class="citation book cs1">Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo; Nicola Di Cosmo (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo</i></a>. Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78955-8"><bdi>978-1-135-78955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China%3A+%22My+Service+in+the+Army%22%2C+by+Dzengseo&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78955-8&rft.au=Henry+Luce+Foundation+Professor+of+East+Asian+Studies+Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8piRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Andrew_GraffRobin_Higham2012" class="citation book cs1">David Andrew Graff; Robin Higham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn3QpyJn9JIC&pg=PA121"><i>A Military History of China</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3584-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-3584-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3584-7&rft.au=David+Andrew+Graff&rft.au=Robin+Higham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSn3QpyJn9JIC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (2006). <i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8piRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cosmo2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cosmo2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Di_Cosmo2007" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Di Cosmo (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zviQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT38"><i>The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78954-1"><bdi>978-1-135-78954-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+a+Manchu+Soldier+in+Seventeenth-Century+China%3A+%22My+Service+in+the+Army%22%2C+by+Dzengseo&rft.pages=38-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78954-1&rft.au=Nicola+Di+Cosmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzviQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hang2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hang2016_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXing_Hang2016" class="citation book cs1">Xing Hang (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-45384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-45384-1"><bdi>978-1-316-45384-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Commerce+in+Maritime+East+Asia%3A+The+Zheng+Family+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+World%2C+c.1620%E2%80%931720&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-316-45384-1&rft.au=Xing+Hang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQ10CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong2017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong2017_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung-tsu_Wong2017" class="citation book cs1">Young-tsu Wong (5 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tL4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon</i></a>. Springer Singapore. pp. 168–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-2248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-2248-7"><bdi>978-981-10-2248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Conquest+of+Taiwan+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Victory+at+Full+Moon&rft.pages=168-&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.isbn=978-981-10-2248-7&rft.au=Young-tsu+Wong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtL4vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1925-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1925_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Baxter_Adams1925" class="citation book cs1">Herbert Baxter Adams (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_poJAAAAIAAJ&q=The+descendants+of+the+royal+family+of+the+Ming+dynasty+were+also+put+under+the+banners."><i>Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science: Extra volumes</i></a>. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johns+Hopkins+University+Studies+in+Historical+and+Political+Science%3A+Extra+volumes&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Herbert+Baxter+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_poJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bdescendants%2Bof%2Bthe%2Broyal%2Bfamily%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMing%2Bdynasty%2Bwere%2Balso%2Bput%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bbanners.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsieh-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hsieh_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPao_Chao_Hsieh2013" class="citation book cs1">Pao Chao Hsieh (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XW4AQAAQBAJ&q=The+descendants+of+the+royal+family+of+the+Ming+dynasty+were+also+put+under+the+banners.&pg=PA57"><i>Government of China 1644- Cb: Govt of China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90274-1"><bdi>978-1-136-90274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+of+China+1644-+Cb%3A+Govt+of+China&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-136-90274-1&rft.au=Pao+Chao+Hsieh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XW4AQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bdescendants%2Bof%2Bthe%2Broyal%2Bfamily%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMing%2Bdynasty%2Bwere%2Balso%2Bput%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bbanners.%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPao_C._Hsieh1967" class="citation book cs1">Pao C. Hsieh (May 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_7ZF4IlixsC&q=The+descendants+of+the+royal+family+of+the+Ming+dynasty+were+also+put+under+the+banners.&pg=PA57"><i>The Government of China, 1644-1911</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1026-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1026-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-1026-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+China%2C+1644-1911&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1967-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1026-9&rft.au=Pao+C.+Hsieh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_7ZF4IlixsC%26q%3DThe%2Bdescendants%2Bof%2Bthe%2Broyal%2Bfamily%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMing%2Bdynasty%2Bwere%2Balso%2Bput%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bbanners.%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TagliacozzoSiu2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TagliacozzoSiu2015_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_TagliacozzoHelen_F._SiuPeter_C._Perdue2015" class="citation book cs1">Eric Tagliacozzo; Helen F. Siu; Peter C. Perdue (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-iaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153"><i>Asia Inside Out: Changing Times</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-59850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-59850-8"><bdi>978-0-674-59850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Inside+Out%3A+Changing+Times&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-674-59850-8&rft.au=Eric+Tagliacozzo&rft.au=Helen+F.+Siu&rft.au=Peter+C.+Perdue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-iaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manthorpe2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manthorpe2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Manthorpe2008" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Manthorpe (15 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3D6a7bK_t0C&q=12%2C000+koxinga&pg=PA108"><i>Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 108–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61424-6"><bdi>978-0-230-61424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Nation%3A+A+History+of+Taiwan&rft.pages=108-&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61424-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Manthorpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3D6a7bK_t0C%26q%3D12%252C000%2Bkoxinga%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2005-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2005_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._Grant2005" class="citation book cs1">R. G. Grant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8qAQAAMAAJ&q=Albazin+Kangxi+had+a+substantial+force+sent+to+attack+the+outpost.+This+included+some+of+the+Zhengs%27+followers+recently+defeated+in+Taiwan%2C+who+supplied+valuable+naval+expertise+for+navigating+the+northern+rivers"><i>Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat</i></a>. DK Pub. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1360-0"><bdi>978-0-7566-1360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+Visual+Journey+Through+5%2C000+Years+of+Combat&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=DK+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-1360-0&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb8qAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlbazin%2BKangxi%2Bhad%2Ba%2Bsubstantial%2Bforce%2Bsent%2Bto%2Battack%2Bthe%2Boutpost.%2BThis%2Bincluded%2Bsome%2Bof%2Bthe%2BZhengs%2527%2Bfollowers%2Brecently%2Bdefeated%2Bin%2BTaiwan%252C%2Bwho%2Bsupplied%2Bvaluable%2Bnaval%2Bexpertise%2Bfor%2Bnavigating%2Bthe%2Bnorthern%2Brivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felsing1979-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Felsing1979_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Felsing1979" class="citation book cs1">Robert H. Felsing (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsO3AAAAIAAJ&q=Chenggong+Albazin"><i>The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan</i></a>. University of Iowa. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Han%3A+The+Gelaohui+and+the+1911+Revolution+in+Sichuan&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa.&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Robert+H.+Felsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsO3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DChenggong%2BAlbazin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lux1998-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lux1998_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_Lux1998" class="citation book cs1">Louise Lux (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfxVAAAAYAAJ&q=rattan+marines+stripped"><i>The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor</i></a>. Mark One Printing. p. 270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unsullied+Dynasty+%26+the+K%CA%BBang-hsi+Emperor&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Mark+One+Printing&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Louise+Lux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfxVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Drattan%2Bmarines%2Bstripped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mancall1971-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mancall1971_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Mancall1971" class="citation book cs1">Mark Mancall (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEduAAAAMAAJ&q=rattan+shields"><i>Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674781153" title="Special:BookSources/9780674781153"><bdi>9780674781153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+China%3A+their+diplomatic+relations+to+1728&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780674781153&rft.au=Mark+Mancall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEduAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drattan%2Bshields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fu1966-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fu1966_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo-shu_Fu1966" class="citation book cs1">Lo-shu Fu (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuXoAAAAIAAJ&q=Lo-Shu+Fu,+A+Documentary+Chronicle+of+Sino-western+Relations"><i>A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644–1820: Translated texts</i></a>. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816501519" title="Special:BookSources/9780816501519"><bdi>9780816501519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+Chronicle+of+Sino-Western+Relations%2C+1644%E2%80%931820%3A+Translated+texts&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Association+for+Asian+Studies+by+the+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780816501519&rft.au=Lo-shu+Fu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuXoAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DLo-Shu%2BFu%2C%2BA%2BDocumentary%2BChronicle%2Bof%2BSino-western%2BRelations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Three+Feudatories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/hst265/02.kangxi.html">map showing the areas involved in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173534/http://bhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu/hst265/02.kangxi.html">Archived</a> 2018-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> 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