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id="toc-Viability_of_strong_emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective_or_subjective_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective_or_subjective_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Objective or subjective quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective_or_subjective_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In humanity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In religion and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="تولد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تولد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9-hi%C4%81n" title="Thé-hiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thé-hiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propietat_emergent" title="Propietat emergent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Propietat emergent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emergence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergens" title="Emergens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emergens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergenz" title="Emergenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emergenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentsus" title="Emergentsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emergentsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergencia_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Emergencia (filosofía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emergencia (filosofía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapereco" title="Elapereco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elapereco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentzia" title="Emergentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emergentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)" title="برآمدگی (فلسفه علم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برآمدگی (فلسفه علم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mergence" title="Émergence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émergence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propiedade_emerxente" title="Propiedade emerxente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Propiedade emerxente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EB%B0%9C" title="창발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="उदगमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उदगमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemunculan_(filsafat)" title="Kemunculan (filsafat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemunculan (filsafat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comportamento_emergente" title="Comportamento emergente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comportamento emergente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%97%D7%94" title="הגחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentia" title="Emergentia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emergentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergencia" title="Emergencia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emergencia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentie" title="Emergentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emergentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%99%BA" title="創発 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="創発" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergens" title="Emergens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emergens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergens" title="Emergens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emergens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergencja" title="Emergencja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emergencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerg%C3%AAncia" title="Emergência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emergência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Эмерджентность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмерджентность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergenssi" title="Emergenssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emergenssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergens" title="Emergens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emergens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ఆవిర్భావం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవిర్భావం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การอุบัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การอุบัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belirme" title="Belirme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Емерджентність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емерджентність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_l%C3%BD_%C4%91%E1%BB%99t_sinh" title="Nguyên lý đột sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên lý đột sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%99%BC" title="創發 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="創發" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0" title="涌现 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="涌现" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Emergence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Emergence (disambiguation)">Emergence (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emergent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Emergent (disambiguation)">Emergent (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreducibility_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Irreducibility (disambiguation)">Irreducibility (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/330px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/500px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/960px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>The formation of complex symmetrical and <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> <a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">patterns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">snowflakes</a> exemplifies emergence in a physical system.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg/240px-Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg/360px-Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg/480px-Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A termite "cathedral" mound produced by a <a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">termite colony</a> offers a classic example of emergence in nature.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Coupled_map_lattice" title="Coupled map lattice">Coupled map lattices</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Complex_systems" title="Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Complex_systems" title="Template talk:Complex systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Complex_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <b>emergence</b> occurs when a complex entity has properties or behaviors that its parts do not have on their own, and emerge only when they interact in a wider whole. </p><p>Emergence plays a central role in theories of <a href="/wiki/Integrative_level" title="Integrative level">integrative levels</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a>. For instance, the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> as studied in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> is an emergent property of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. </p><p>In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called <a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">emergentism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_philosophy">In philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></div> <p>Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> of a <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann" title="Nicolai Hartmann">Nicolai Hartmann</a> (1882–1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a <i>categorial novum</i> (new category).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meta_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scientists and philosophers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have written on the concept, including <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of Causes">Composition of Causes</a></i>, 1843)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1887–1975). </p><p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">G. H. Lewes</a> coined the term "emergent" in 1875, distinguishing it from the merely "resultant": </p> <blockquote><p>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">commensurable</a>. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong_and_weak_emergence">Strong and weak emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strong and weak emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reductive_materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductive materialism">Reductive materialism</a></div> <p>Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is <i>Weak Emergence</i>, by philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bedau" title="Mark Bedau">Mark Bedau</a>. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flock of starlings in flight or a school of fish, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not, a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated, analysed or reduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> writes that emergence often causes confusion in philosophy and science due to a failure to demarcate strong and weak emergence, which are "quite different concepts".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are <a href="/wiki/Supervenient" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervenient">supervenient</a> rather than metaphysically primitive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at a fundamental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionist</a> analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are <b>scale dependent</b>: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully <a href="/wiki/Deterministic_system" title="Deterministic system">deterministic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bedau" title="Mark Bedau">Bedau</a> notes that weak emergence is not a universal metaphysical solvent, as the hypothesis that <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is weakly emergent would not resolve the traditional <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophical questions</a> about the physicality of consciousness. However, Bedau concludes that adopting this view would provide a precise notion that emergence is involved in consciousness, and second, the notion of weak emergence is metaphysically benign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong emergence describes the direct causal action of a high-level system on its components; qualities produced this way are <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreducible (philosophy)">irreducible</a> to the system's constituent parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole is other than the sum of its parts. It is argued then that no simulation of the system can exist, for such a simulation would itself constitute a reduction of the system to its constituent parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physics lacks well-established examples of strong emergence, unless it is interpreted as the impossibility <i>in practice</i> to explain the whole in terms of the parts. Practical impossibility may be a more useful distinction than one in principle, since it is easier to determine and quantify, and does not imply the use of mysterious forces, but simply reflects the limits of our capability.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viability_of_strong_emergence">Viability of strong emergence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viability of strong emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although strong emergence is logically possible, it is uncomfortably like magic. How does an irreducible but supervenient downward causal power arise, since by definition it cannot be due to the aggregation of the micro-level potentialities? Such causal powers would be quite unlike anything within our scientific ken. This not only indicates how they will discomfort reasonable forms of materialism. Their mysteriousness will only heighten the traditional worry that emergence entails illegitimately getting something from nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Strong emergence can be criticized for leading to causal <a href="/wiki/Overdetermination" title="Overdetermination">overdetermination</a>. The canonical example concerns emergent mental states (M and M∗) that supervene on physical states (P and P∗) respectively. Let M and M∗ be emergent properties. Let M∗ supervene on base property P∗. What happens when M causes M∗? <a href="/wiki/Jaegwon_Kim" title="Jaegwon Kim">Jaegwon Kim</a> says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In our schematic example above, we concluded that M causes M∗ by causing P∗. So M causes P∗. Now, M, as an emergent, must itself have an emergence base property, say P. Now we face a critical question: if an emergent, M, emerges from basal condition P, why cannot P displace M as a cause of any putative effect of M? Why cannot P do all the work in explaining why any alleged effect of M occurred? If causation is understood as <a href="/wiki/Nomological" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomological">nomological</a> (law-based) sufficiency, P, as M's emergence base, is nomologically sufficient for it, and M, as P∗'s cause, is nomologically sufficient for P∗. It follows that P is nomologically sufficient for P∗ and hence qualifies as its cause...If M is somehow retained as a cause, we are faced with the highly implausible consequence that every case of downward causation involves overdetermination (since P remains a cause of P∗ as well). Moreover, this goes against the spirit of emergentism in any case: emergents are supposed to make distinctive and novel causal contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>If M is the cause of M∗, then M∗ is overdetermined because M∗ can also be thought of as being determined by P. One escape-route that a strong emergentist could take would be to deny <a href="/wiki/Downward_causation" title="Downward causation">downward causation</a>. However, this would remove the proposed reason that emergent mental states must supervene on physical states, which in turn would call <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a> into question, and thus be unpalatable for some philosophers and physicists. </p><p>Carroll and Parola propose a taxonomy that classifies emergent phenomena by how the macro-description relates to the underlying micro-dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-CP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Type‑0 (Featureless) Emergence</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>A coarse-graining map Φ from a micro state space <i>A</i> to a macro state space <i>B</i> that commutes with time evolution, without requiring any further decomposition into subsystems.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type‑1 (Local) Emergence</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Emergence where the macro theory is defined in terms of localized collections of micro-subsystems. This category is subdivided into: <dl><dd>Type‑1a (Direct) Emergence: When the emergence map Φ is algorithmically simple (i.e. compressible), so that the macro behavior is easily deduced from the micro-states.</dd> <dd>Type‑1b (Incompressible) Emergence: When Φ is algorithmically complex (i.e. incompressible), making the macro behavior appear more novel despite being determined by the micro-dynamics.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type‑2 (Nonlocal) Emergence</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Cases in which both the micro and macro theories admit subsystem decompositions, yet the macro entities are defined nonlocally with respect to the micro-structure, meaning that macro behavior depends on widely distributed micro information.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type‑3 (Augmented) Emergence</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>A form of strong emergence in which the macro theory introduces additional ontological variables that do not supervene on the micro-states, thereby positing genuinely novel macro-level entities.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective_or_subjective_quality">Objective or subjective quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Objective or subjective quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> <a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">qualities</a> determined by the observer. </p> <blockquote><p>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer's notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer's chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The low <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Laughlin">Robert Laughlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for many-particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. </p><p>Novelist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> used the metaphor of <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> (a symbol of the unity underlying complements like open/shut, peace/war) to illustrate how the two perspectives (strong vs. weak or <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Reductionistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionistic">reductionistic</a>) should be treated as non-exclusive, and should work together to address the issues of emergence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1969_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1969-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theoretical physicist <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a> states it this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply the ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe. The constructionist hypothesis breaks down when confronted with the twin difficulties of scale and complexity. At each level of complexity entirely new properties appear. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry. We can now see that the whole becomes not merely more, but very different from the sum of its parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Meanwhile, others have worked towards developing analytical evidence of strong emergence. <a href="/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group">Renormalization</a> methods in theoretical physics enable physicists to study critical phenomena that are not tractable as the combination of their parts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Gu <i>et al.</i> presented a class of infinite physical systems that exhibits non-computable macroscopic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-morereally_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morereally-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-binder_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binder-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More precisely, if one could compute certain macroscopic properties of these systems from the microscopic description of these systems, then one would be able to solve computational problems known to be undecidable in computer science. These results concern infinite systems, finite systems being considered computable. However, macroscopic concepts which only apply in the limit of infinite systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group">renormalization group</a>, are important for understanding and modeling real, finite physical systems. Gu <i>et al.</i> concluded that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although macroscopic concepts are essential for understanding our world, much of fundamental physics has been devoted to the search for a 'theory of everything', a set of equations that perfectly describe the behavior of all fundamental particles. The view that this is the goal of science rests in part on the rationale that such a theory would allow us to derive the behavior of all macroscopic concepts, at least in principle. The evidence we have presented suggests that this view may be overly optimistic. A 'theory of everything' is one of many components necessary for complete understanding of the universe, but is not necessarily the only one. The development of macroscopic laws from first principles may involve more than just systematic logic, and could require conjectures suggested by experiments, simulations or insight.<sup id="cite_ref-morereally_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morereally-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_humanity">In humanity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In humanity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></div> <p>Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations can be found in <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s most famous work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the global economic system, under <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, growth, accumulation and innovation can be considered emergent processes where not only does technological processes sustain growth, but growth becomes the source of further innovations in a recursive, self-expanding spiral. In this sense, the exponential trend of the growth curve reveals the presence of a long-term positive <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> among growth, accumulation, and innovation; and the emergence of new structures and institutions connected to the multi-scale process of growth. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is reflected in the work of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>, who traces the process by which labor and nature are converted into commodities in the passage from an economic system based on agriculture to one based on industry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift, along with the idea of the self-regulating market, set the stage not only for another economy but also for another society. The principle of emergence is also brought forth when thinking about alternatives to the current economic system based on growth facing social and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">ecological</a> limits. Both <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a> and social <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a> have argued in favor of a co-evolutionary perspective for theorizing about transformations that overcome the dependence of human wellbeing on <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic trends and patterns which emerge are studied intensively by economists.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include <a href="/wiki/SEED-SCALE" title="SEED-SCALE">SEED-SCALE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appreciative_inquiry" title="Appreciative inquiry">appreciative inquiry</a>, Future Search, the world cafe or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge cafe">knowledge cafe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Space_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Space Technology">Open Space Technology</a>, and others (Holman, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In international development, concepts of emergence have been used within a theory of social change termed <a href="/wiki/SEED-SCALE" title="SEED-SCALE">SEED-SCALE</a> to show how standard principles interact to bring forward socio-economic development fitted to cultural values, community economics, and natural environment (local solutions emerging from the larger socio-econo-biosphere). These principles can be implemented utilizing a sequence of standardized tasks that <a href="/wiki/Self-assemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-assemble">self-assemble</a> in individually specific ways utilizing recursive evaluative criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking at emergence in the context of social and <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems</a> change, invites us to reframe our thinking on parts and wholes and their interrelation. Unlike machines, <a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">living systems</a> at all levels of recursion - be it a sentient body, a tree, a family, an organisation, the education system, the economy, the health system, the political system etc - are continuously creating themselves. They are continually growing and changing along with their surrounding elements, and therefore are more than the sum of their parts. As Peter Senge and co-authors put forward in the book <i>Presence: Exploring profound change in People, Organizations and Society</i>, "as long as our thinking is governed by habit - notably industrial, "machine age" concepts such as control, predictability, standardization, and "faster is better" - we will continue to recreate institutions as they have been, despite their disharmony with the larger world, and the need for all living systems to evolve."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While change is predictably constant, it is unpredictable in direction and often occurs at second and nth orders of systemic relationality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding emergence and what creates the conditions for different forms of emergence to occur, either insidious or nourishing vitality, is essential in the search for deep transformations. </p><p>The works of Nora Bateson and her colleagues at the International Bateson Institute delve into this. Since 2012, they have been researching questions such as <i>what makes a living system ready to change? Can unforeseen ready-ness for change be nourished?</i> Here being ready is not thought of as being prepared, but rather as nourishing the <a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(personality)" title="Flexibility (personality)">flexibility</a> we do not yet know will be needed. These inquiries challenge the common view that a theory of change is produced from an identified preferred goal or outcome. As explained in their paper <i>An essay on ready-ing: Tending the prelude to change</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "While linear managing or controlling of the direction of change may appear desirable, tending to how the system becomes ready allows for pathways of possibility previously unimagined." This brings a new lens to the field of emergence in social and systems change as it looks to tending the pre-emergent process. Warm Data Labs are the fruit of their <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>, they are spaces for transcontextual mutual learning in which aphanipoetic phenomena unfold.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having hosted hundreds of Warm Data processes with 1000s of participants, they have found that these spaces of shared poly-learning across contexts lead to a realm of potential change, a necessarily obscured zone of wild interaction of unseen, unsaid, unknown flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is such flexibility that nourishes the ready-ing living systems require to respond to complex situations in new ways and change. In other words, this readying process preludes what will emerge. When exploring questions of social change, it is important to ask ourselves, what is submerging in the current social imaginary and perhaps, rather than focus all our resources and energy on driving direct order responses, to nourish flexibility with ourselves, and the systems we are a part of. </p><p>Another approach that engages with the concept of emergence for social change is Theory U, where "deep emergence" is the result of self-transcending knowledge after a successful journey along the U through layers of awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice nourishes transformation at the inner-being level, which enables new ways of being, seeing and relating to emerge. The concept of emergence has also been employed in the field of <a href="/wiki/Facilitator" title="Facilitator">facilitation</a>. In <i>Emergent Strategy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Maree_Brown" title="Adrienne Maree Brown">adrienne maree brown</a> defines emergent strategies as "ways for humans to practice complexity and grow the future through relatively simple interactions".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the concept of emergence has been applied in the domain of <a href="/wiki/Stylometry" title="Stylometry">stylometry</a> to explain the interrelation between the syntactical structures of the text and the author style (Slautina, Marusenko, 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that the structure and regularity of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, or at least <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a>, is an emergent phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While each speaker merely tries to reach their own communicative goals, they use language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller1994_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller1994-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_technology">In technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bulk conductive response of binary (RC) electrical networks with random arrangements, known as the <a href="/wiki/Universal_dielectric_response" title="Universal dielectric response">Universal dielectric response</a> (UDR), can be seen as emergent properties of such physical systems. Such arrangements can be used as simple physical prototypes for deriving mathematical formulae for the emergent responses of complex systems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications simulate emergent behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is <a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a>, which mimics the <a href="/wiki/Swarming_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarming behavior">swarming behavior</a> of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion_and_art">In religion and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In religion and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In religion, emergence grounds expressions of <a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">religious naturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntheism" title="Syntheism">syntheism</a> in which a sense of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complex</a> forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in <i>The Sacred Emergence of Nature</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Goodenough" title="Ursula Goodenough">Ursula Goodenough</a> & <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Deacon" title="Terrence Deacon">Terrence Deacon</a> and <i>Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a>, both from 2006, as well as <i>Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bard" title="Alexander Bard">Alexander Bard</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jan_S%C3%B6derqvist" title="Jan Söderqvist">Jan Söderqvist</a> from 2014 and <i>Emergentism: A Religion of Complexity for the Metamodern World</i> by Brendan Graham Dempsey (2022).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pearce_(artist)" title="Michael Pearce (artist)">Michael J. Pearce</a> has used emergence to describe the experience of works of art in relation to contemporary neuroscience.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practicing artist <a href="/wiki/Leonel_Moura" title="Leonel Moura">Leonel Moura</a>, in turn, attributes to his "artbots" a real, if nonetheless rudimentary, creativity based on emergent principles.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a> – Life arising from non-living matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a> – Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a> – Cognitive science approach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-phase_evolution" title="Dual-phase evolution">Dual-phase evolution</a> – Process that drives self-organization within complex adaptive systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergenesis" title="Emergenesis">Emergenesis</a> – The result of a specific combination of several interacting genes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_algorithm" title="Emergent algorithm">Emergent algorithm</a> – Algorithm exhibiting emergent behavior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_evolution" title="Emergent evolution">Emergent evolution</a> – Evolutionary biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a> – Aspect of gameplay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropic_gravity" title="Entropic gravity">Emergent gravity</a> – Theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_organization" title="Emergent organization">Emergent organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a> – Philosophical belief in emergence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a> – In economics, an imposed cost or benefit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> – Capacity or ability to make choices without constraints</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_science" title="Generative science">Generative science</a> – Study of how complex behaviour can be generated by deterministic and finite rules and parameters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> – Argument by proponents of intelligent design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langton%27s_ant" title="Langton's ant">Langton's ant</a> – Two-dimensional Turing machine with emergent behavior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Complexity-Consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Complexity-Consciousness">Law of Complexity-Consciousness</a> – Idea that everything in the universe will converge to a final point of unification<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a> – Term in metaphysics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action (sociology)</a> – Simultaneous similar behavior of many people, without coordination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore#Organic_wholes" title="G. E. Moore">Organic Wholes of G.E. Moore</a> – English philosopher (1873–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytely" title="Polytely">Polytely</a> – Problem-solving technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mind" title="Society of Mind">Society of Mind</a> – Book by Marvin Minsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">Superorganism</a> – Group of synergistic organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a> – Collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems" title="System of systems">System of systems</a> – Collection of co-operating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a> – Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wong-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_TimothyWong,_Hong_Yu2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Connor, Timothy; Wong, Hong Yu (February 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/properties-emergent/">"Emergent Properties"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergent+Properties&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2012+Edition%29&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Wong%2C+Hong+Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fproperties-emergent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Nicolai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110246681"><i>Possibility and actuality</i></a>. Translated by Adair, Stephanie; Scott, Alex. Walter De Gruyter. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110246681">10.1515/9783110246681</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110246681" title="Special:BookSources/9783110246681"><bdi>9783110246681</bdi></a>. <q>The higher nexus is, in many of its structural elements, dependent on the lower, but is autonomous in its particular nature (its categorial <i>novum</i>). The chain of conditions of a real thing in the higher stratum contains an ample number of components from the lower strata; but they are only partial aspects of it, and therefore do not make its real possibility complete; they make it, in fact, neither necessary nor actual. The chain becomes complete only through the addition of real components of its own stratum. But these are under a categorially different kind of determination. Structurally, they belong to the higher real nexus itself, and are not found outside of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possibility+and+actuality&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110246681&rft.isbn=9783110246681&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110246681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meta-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meta_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics (Aristotle)</a></i>, Book VIII (Eta) 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinningBechtel2019" class="citation book cs1">Winning, Jason; <a href="/wiki/William_Bechtel" title="William Bechtel">Bechtel, William</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/WINBEV">"Being emergence vs. pattern emergence: complexity, control, and goal-directedness in biological systems"</a>. In Gibb, Sophie; Hendry, Robin Findlay; Lancaster, Tom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tz3DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Emergence</i></a>. Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317381501" title="Special:BookSources/9781317381501"><bdi>9781317381501</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+emergence+vs.+pattern+emergence%3A+complexity%2C+control%2C+and+goal-directedness+in+biological+systems&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Emergence&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks+in+Philosophy&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781317381501&rft.aulast=Winning&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Bechtel%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FWINBEV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" (<a href="#CITEREFHuxleyHuxley1947">Huxley & Huxley 1947</a>, p. 120)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewes1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">Lewes, George Henry</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ"><i>Problems of Life and Mind</i></a>. First Series: The Foundations of a Creed. Vol. 2. Boston: Osgood. p. 369<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Life+and+Mind&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=First+Series%3A+The+Foundations+of+a+Creed&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Osgood&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Lewes&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0J8RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlitz1992_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlitz1992">Blitz 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf">[1]</a> Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) <i>The Re-Emergence of Emergence</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedau1997-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedau1997_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedau1997">Bedau 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughlin2005_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughlin2005">Laughlin 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuisi2006" class="citation book cs1">Luisi, Pier L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology"><i>The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521821179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521821179"><bdi>978-0521821179</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023700/http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/chemistry/organic-chemistry/emergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Life%3A+From+Chemical+Origins+to+Synthetic+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521821179&rft.aulast=Luisi&rft.aufirst=Pier+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Facademic%2Fsubjects%2Fchemistry%2Forganic-chemistry%2Femergence-life-chemical-origins-synthetic-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Jaegwon (2006). "Emergence: Core ideas and issues". <i>Synthese</i>. <b>151</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">547–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-006-9025-0">10.1007/s11229-006-9025-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:875121">875121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Emergence%3A+Core+ideas+and+issues&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-006-9025-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A875121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jaegwon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CP_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrollParola2024" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Sean M.; Parola, Achyuth (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/CARWEC-6">"What Emergence Can Possibly Mean"</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.15468">2410.15468</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Emergence+Can+Possibly+Mean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2410.15468&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft.au=Parola%2C+Achyuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FCARWEC-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrutchfield1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Crutchfield" title="James P. Crutchfield">Crutchfield, James P.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm">"The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction"</a>. <i>Physica</i>. <b>75</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3). Utrecht (published 1994): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PhyD...75...11C">1994PhyD...75...11C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-2789%2894%2990273-9">10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica&rft.atitle=The+Calculi+of+Emergence%3A+Computation%2C+Dynamics%2C+and+Induction&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-2789%2894%2990273-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PhyD...75...11C&rft.aulast=Crutchfield&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsc.ucdavis.edu%2F~cmg%2Fcompmech%2Fpubs%2FCalcEmergTitlePage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Philip W. (2018-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ"><i>Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97374-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97374-1"><bdi>978-0-429-97374-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Notions+Of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97374-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HhQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGirvinYang2019" class="citation book cs1">Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (2019-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Condensed Matter Physics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-57347-4"><bdi>978-1-108-57347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-108-57347-4&rft.aulast=Girvin&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Kun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ESIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKivelsonKivelson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kivelson, Sophia; Kivelson, Steve (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24">"Defining Emergence in Physics"</a>. <i>npj Quantum Materials</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Nature Research: 16024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016npjQM...116024K">2016npjQM...116024K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24">10.1038/npjquantmats.2016.24</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Quantum+Materials&rft.atitle=Defining+Emergence+in+Physics&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16024&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnpjquantmats.2016.24&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016npjQM...116024K&rft.aulast=Kivelson&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft.au=Kivelson%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnpjquantmats.2016.24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoestler1969-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoestler1969_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoestler1969">Koestler 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1972_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1972">Anderson 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongoMontévilPocheville2012" class="citation journal cs1">Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël; Pocheville, Arnaud (2012-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429021">"From bottom-up approaches to levels of organization and extended critical transitions"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>3</b>: 232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2012.00232">10.3389/fphys.2012.00232</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429021">3429021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934001">22934001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=From+bottom-up+approaches+to+levels+of+organization+and+extended+critical+transitions&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=232&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3429021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22934001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2012.00232&rft.aulast=Longo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Mont%C3%A9vil%2C+Ma%C3%ABl&rft.au=Pocheville%2C+Arnaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3429021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morereally-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morereally_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morereally_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gu, Mile; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viritt%C3%A4j%C3%A4&rft.atitle=Kielitieteen+emergenttinen+metateoria&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=498&rft.date=2000-01-04&rft.issn=2242-8828&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4%C3%A4tt%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Urho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fvirittaja%2Farticle%2Fview%2F40040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmondBuddFreitagHunt2013" class="citation journal cs1">Almond, D.P.; Budd, C.J.; Freitag, M.A.; Hunt, G.W.; McCullen, N.J.; Smith, N.D. (2013). "The origin of power-law emergent scaling in large binary networks". <i>Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications</i>. <b>392</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1004–</span>1027. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.5601">1204.5601</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhyA..392.1004A">2013PhyA..392.1004A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physa.2012.10.035">10.1016/j.physa.2012.10.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15801210">15801210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+A%3A+Statistical+Mechanics+and+Its+Applications&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+power-law+emergent+scaling+in+large+binary+networks&rft.volume=392&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1004-%3C%2Fspan%3E1027&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1204.5601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15801210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physa.2012.10.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhyA..392.1004A&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rft.au=Budd%2C+C.J.&rft.au=Freitag%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+G.W.&rft.au=McCullen%2C+N.J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+N.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See review of related research in (<a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, pp. 1–31)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Goren (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452242">"Social behaviour as an emergent property of embodied curiosity: A robotics perspective"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>374</b> (1771). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2018.0029">10.1098/rstb.2018.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452242">6452242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30853006">30853006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Social+behaviour+as+an+emergent+property+of+embodied+curiosity%3A+A+robotics+perspective&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=1771&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6452242%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30853006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2018.0029&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Goren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6452242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIkegamiMototakeKoboriOka2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ikegami, Takashi; Mototake, Yoh-Ichi; Kobori, Shintaro; Oka, Mizuki; Hashimoto, Yasuhiro (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686407">"Life as an emergent phenomenon: Studies from a large-scale boid simulation and web data"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>375</b> (2109). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RSPTA.37560351I">2017RSPTA.37560351I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2016.0351">10.1098/rsta.2016.0351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686407">5686407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29133449">29133449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Life+as+an+emergent+phenomenon%3A+Studies+from+a+large-scale+boid+simulation+and+web+data&rft.volume=375&rft.issue=2109&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5686407%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29133449&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2016.0351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017RSPTA.37560351I&rft.aulast=Ikegami&rft.aufirst=Takashi&rft.au=Mototake%2C+Yoh-Ichi&rft.au=Kobori%2C+Shintaro&rft.au=Oka%2C+Mizuki&rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+Yasuhiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5686407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearce2015" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Michael J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-in-the-age-of-emergence"><i>Art in the Age of Emergence</i></a>. Manchester, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443870573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443870573"><bdi>978-1443870573</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522021953/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/art-in-the-age-of-emergence">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+the+Age+of+Emergence&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1443870573&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgescholars.com%2Fart-in-the-age-of-emergence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonel_Moura2018" class="citation journal cs1">Leonel Moura (16 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Farts7030028">"Robot Art: An Interview with Leonel Moura"</a>. <i>Arts</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Farts7030028">10.3390/arts7030028</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts&rft.atitle=Robot+Art%3A+An+Interview+with+Leonel+Moura&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Farts7030028&rft.au=Leonel+Moura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Farts7030028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertJeongBarabási1999" class="citation journal cs1">Albert, Réka; Jeong, Hawoong; Barabási, Albert-László (9 September 1999). "Diameter of the World-Wide Web". <i>Nature</i>. <b>401</b> (6749): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9907038">cond-mat/9907038</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.401..130A">1999Natur.401..130A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F43601">10.1038/43601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4419938">4419938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Diameter+of+the+World-Wide+Web&rft.volume=401&rft.issue=6749&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1999-09-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F9907038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4419938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F43601&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.401..130A&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9ka&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Hawoong&rft.au=Barab%C3%A1si%2C+Albert-L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1972" class="citation cs2">Anderson, P.W. (1972), "More is Different: Broken Symmetry and the Nature of the Hierarchical Structure of Science", <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, <b>177</b> (4047): <span class="nowrap">393–</span>96, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Sci...177..393A">1972Sci...177..393A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.177.4047.393">10.1126/science.177.4047.393</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17796623">17796623</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34548824">34548824</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=More+is+Different%3A+Broken+Symmetry+and+the+Nature+of+the+Hierarchical+Structure+of+Science&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=4047&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.177.4047.393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34548824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17796623&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Sci...177..393A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBedau1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bedau, Mark A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.reed.edu/~mab/papers/weak.emergence.pdf">"Weak Emergence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">375–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0029-4624.31.s11.17">10.1111/0029-4624.31.s11.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Weak+Emergence&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0029-4624.31.s11.17&rft.aulast=Bedau&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.reed.edu%2F~mab%2Fpapers%2Fweak.emergence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBejan2016" class="citation cs2">Bejan, Adrian (2016), <i>The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything</i>, St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250078827" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250078827"><bdi>978-1250078827</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Life%3A+The+Evolution+of+Everything&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1250078827&rft.aulast=Bejan&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bejan, Adrian; Zane, J. P. (2012). <i>Design in Nature: How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organizations</i>. Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53461-1">978-0-385-53461-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlitz1992" class="citation book cs1">Blitz, David (1992). <i>Emergent Evolution: Qualitative Novelty and the Levels of Reality</i>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Evolution%3A+Qualitative+Novelty+and+the+Levels+of+Reality&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Blitz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorning1983" class="citation cs2">Corning, Peter A. (1983), <i>The Synergism Hypothesis: A Theory of Progressive Evolution</i>, New York: McGraw-Hill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synergism+Hypothesis%3A+A+Theory+of+Progressive+Evolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorning2005" class="citation book cs1">Corning, Peter A. (2005). <i>Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holistic+Darwinism%3A+Synergy%2C+Cybernetics+and+the+Bioeconomics+of+Evolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuxleyHuxley1947" class="citation book cs1">Huxley, J. S.; Huxley, T. H. (1947). <i>Evolution and Ethics: 1983–1934</i>. London: The Pilot Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Ethics%3A+1983%E2%80%931934&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Pilot+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft.au=Huxley%2C+T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoestler1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler, Arthur</a> (1969), A. Koestler; J. R. Smythies (eds.), <i>Beyond Reductionism: New Perspectives in the Life Sciences</i>, London: Hutchinson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Reductionism%3A+New+Perspectives+in+the+Life+Sciences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Koestler&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaughlin2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin, Robert</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/A_Different_Universe:_Reinventing_Physics_from_the_Bottom_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down"><i>A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down</i></a>, Basic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03828-2"><bdi>978-0-465-03828-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+Universe%3A+Reinventing+Physics+from+the+Bottom+Down&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03828-2&rft.aulast=Laughlin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteels1991" class="citation book cs1">Steels, L (1991). "Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality". In Meyer, J.-A.; Wiloson, S. W. (eds.). <i>From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">451–</span>461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Theory+of+Emergent+Functionality&rft.btitle=From+Animals+to+Animats%3A+Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+on+Simulation+of+Adaptive+Behavior&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Steels&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alexander, V. N. (2011). <i>The Biologist's Mistress: Rethinking Self-Organization in Art, Literature and Nature</i>. Litchfield Park AZ: Emergent Publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBateson1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson, Gregory</a> (1972), <i>Steps to an Ecology of Mind</i>, Ballantine Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03905-3"><bdi>978-0-226-03905-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steps+to+an+Ecology+of+Mind&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03905-3&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatty2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Batty" title="Michael Batty">Batty, Michael</a> (2005), <i>Cities and Complexity</i>, MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52479-7"><bdi>978-0-262-52479-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Complexity&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52479-7&rft.aulast=Batty&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunge2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Bunge, Mario Augusto</a> (2003), <i>Emergence and Convergence: Qualitiative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+and+Convergence%3A+Qualitiative+Novelty+and+the+Unity+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=Toronto%3A+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bunge&rft.aufirst=Mario+Augusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chalmers, David J. (2002). "Strong and Weak Emergence" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://consc.net/papers/emergence.pdf">[2]</a> Republished in P. Clayton and P. Davies, eds. (2006) <i>The Re-Emergence of Emergence</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Clayton_(philosopher)" title="Philip Clayton (philosopher)">Philip Clayton</a> & <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (eds.) (2006). <i>The Re-Emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Felipe Cucker and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a> (2007), The Japanese Journal of Mathematics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~smale/papers/math-of-emergence.pdf"><i>The Mathematics of Emergence</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelsemme1998" class="citation cs2">Delsemme, Armand (1998), <i>Our Cosmic Origins: From the Big Bang to the Emergence of Life and Intelligence</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Cosmic+Origins%3A+From+the+Big+Bang+to+the+Emergence+of+Life+and+Intelligence&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Delsemme&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2001" class="citation cs2">Goodwin, Brian (2001), <i>How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Leopard+Changed+Its+Spots%3A+The+Evolution+of+Complexity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoffmann, Peter M. "Life's Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos" (2012), Basic Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Douglas R.</a> (1979), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach"><i>Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid</i></a>, Harvester Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6del%2C+Escher%2C+Bach%3A+an+Eternal+Golden+Braid&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolland1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Holland" title="John Henry Holland">Holland, John H.</a> (1998), <i>Emergence from Chaos to Order</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0142-9"><bdi>978-0-7382-0142-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+from+Chaos+to+Order&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0142-9&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKauffman1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Kauffman, Stuart</a> (1993), <i>The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507951-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507951-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Order%3A+Self-Organization+and+Selection+in+Evolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507951-7&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeller1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudi Keller (page does not exist)">Keller, Rudi</a> (1994), <i>On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language</i>, London/New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07671-5"><bdi>978-0-415-07671-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Language+Change%3A+The+Invisible+Hand+in+Language&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07671-5&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKauffman1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Kauffman, Stuart</a> (1995), <i>At Home in the Universe</i>, New York: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+the+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kelly, Kevin</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell"><i>Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World</i></a>, Perseus Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-48340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-48340-6"><bdi>978-0-201-48340-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Control%3A+The+New+Biology+of+Machines%2C+Social+Systems%2C+and+the+Economic+World&rft.pub=Perseus+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-201-48340-6&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutofcontrolnewb00kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrugman1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman, Paul</a> (1996), <i>The Self-organizing Economy</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-698-1"><bdi>978-1-55786-698-1</bdi></a>, <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87609-177-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87609-177-X">0-87609-177-X</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Self-organizing+Economy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-698-1&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewin2000" class="citation cs2">Lewin, Roger (2000), <i>Complexity - Life at the Edge of Chaos</i> (second ed.), University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47654-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47654-4"><bdi>978-0-226-47654-4</bdi></a>, <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-47655-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-47655-3">0-226-47655-3</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complexity+-+Life+at+the+Edge+of+Chaos&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47654-4&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Licata" title="Ignazio Licata">Ignazio Licata</a> & Ammar Sakaji (eds) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824142338/http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6692.html"><i>Physics of Emergence and Organization</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-277-994-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-277-994-6">978-981-277-994-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">Imperial College Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2009" class="citation cs2">Marshall, Stephen (2009), <i>Cities Design and Evolution</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42329-8"><bdi>978-0-415-42329-8</bdi></a>, <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-42329-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-42329-5">0-415-42329-5</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+Design+and+Evolution&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42329-8&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorowitz2002" class="citation cs2">Morowitz, Harold J. (2002), <i>The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513513-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513513-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Everything%3A+How+the+World+Became+Complex&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513513-8&rft.aulast=Morowitz&rft.aufirst=Harold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearce2015" class="citation cs2">Pearce, Michael J. (2015), <i>Art in the Age of Emergence.</i>, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-443-87057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-443-87057-3"><bdi>978-1-443-87057-3</bdi></a>, <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-443-87057-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-443-87057-9">1-443-87057-9</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+the+Age+of+Emergence.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-443-87057-3&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchelling1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Schelling, Thomas C.</a> (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/micromotivesmacr00sche"><i>Micromotives and Macrobehaviour</i></a>, W. W. Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05701-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05701-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05701-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Micromotives+and+Macrobehaviour&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05701-0&rft.aulast=Schelling&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicromotivesmacr00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithSzathmáry1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Smith, John Maynard</a>; Szathmáry, Eörs (1997), <i>The Major Transitions in Evolution</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850294-4"><bdi>978-0-19-850294-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Transitions+in+Evolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850294-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rft.au=Szathm%C3%A1ry%2C+E%C3%B6rs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation cs2">Smith, Reginald D. (2008), "The Dynamics of Internet Traffic: Self-Similarity, Self-Organization, and Complex Phenomena", <i>Advances in Complex Systems</i>, <b>14</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">905–</span>949, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3374">0807.3374</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008arXiv0807.3374S">2008arXiv0807.3374S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0219525911003451">10.1142/S0219525911003451</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18937228">18937228</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Complex+Systems&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+of+Internet+Traffic%3A+Self-Similarity%2C+Self-Organization%2C+and+Complex+Phenomena&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E905-%3C%2Fspan%3E949&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0807.3374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18937228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0219525911003451&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008arXiv0807.3374S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Reginald+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Solé, Ricard and Goodwin, Brian (2000) Signs of life: how complexity pervades biology, Basic Books, New York</li> <li>Jakub Tkac & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jiri_Kroc">Jiri Kroc</a> (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence (Software) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316989956_Cellular_Automaton_Simulation_of_Dynamic_Recrystallization_Introduction_into_Self-Organization_and_Emergence?ev=prf_high">(PDF) Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317013011_Self-Organization_Video_Sequence_Depicting_Numerical_Experiments_with_Cellular_Automaton_Model_of_Dynamic_Recrystallization_with_source-code_link">"Video - Simulation of DRX"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWan2011" class="citation cs2">Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), "Emergence à la Systems Theory: Epistemological Totalausschluss or Ontological Novelty?", <i>Philosophy of the Social Sciences</i>, <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>210, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0048393109350751">10.1177/0048393109350751</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144965056">144965056</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Emergence+%C3%A0+la+Systems+Theory%3A+Epistemological+Totalausschluss+or+Ontological+Novelty%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0048393109350751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144965056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Poe+Yu-ze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWan2011" class="citation cs2">Wan, Poe Yu-ze (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130311101716/http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409411529"><i>Reframing the Social: Emergentist Systemism and Social Theory</i></a>, Ashgate Publishing, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409411529">the original</a> on 2013-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reframing+the+Social%3A+Emergentist+Systemism+and+Social+Theory&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Poe+Yu-ze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashgate.com%2Fisbn%2F9781409411529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinstock2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Weinstock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Weinstock (page does not exist)">Weinstock, Michael</a> (2010), <i>The Architecture of Emergence - the evolution of form in Nature and Civilisation</i>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06633-1"><bdi>978-0-470-06633-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Emergence+-+the+evolution+of+form+in+Nature+and+Civilisation&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06633-1&rft.aulast=Weinstock&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912083233/http://www.architectureofemergence.com/">architectureofemergence.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Wolfram, Stephen</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/A_New_Kind_of_Science" title="A New Kind of Science"><i>A New Kind of Science</i></a>, Wolfram Media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57955-008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57955-008-0"><bdi>978-1-57955-008-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Kind+of+Science&rft.pub=Wolfram+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57955-008-0&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2002" class="citation cs2">Young, Louise B. (2002), <i>The Unfinished Universe</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508039-1"><bdi>978-0-19-508039-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Universe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508039-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Louise+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Emergence" class="extiw" title="commons:Emergence"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Emergence</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/emergenc">"Emergence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergence&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Femergenc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties-emergent/">"Emergent Properties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergent+Properties&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fproperties-emergent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/browse/emergence">Emergence</a> at <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inphoproject.org/taxonomy/2216">Emergence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161246/http://www.emergentuniverse.org/">The Emergent Universe</a>: An interactive introduction to emergent phenomena, from ant colonies to Alzheimer's.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021205100114/http://llk.media.mit.edu/projects/emergence/">Exploring Emergence</a>: An introduction to emergence using <a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">CA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a> from the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isce.edu/">ISCE group</a>: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neocybernetics.com/lecture3/">Towards modeling of emergence</a>: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biomimetic-architecture.com">Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studiesinemergentorder.org">Studies in Emergent Order</a>: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/papers/granada.html">Emergence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.d-iep.org/diep">DIEP</a>: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subfields_of_and_cyberneticians_involved_in_cybernetics100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cybernetics" title="Template:Cybernetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cybernetics" title="Template talk:Cybernetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cybernetics" 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href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Neurocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_theory" title="Catastrophe theory">Catastrophe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cybernetics" title="Medical cybernetics">Medical cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersemiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersemiotics">Cybersemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergetics_(Haken)" title="Synergetics (Haken)">Synergetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberneticist" title="Cyberneticist">Cyberneticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lerner" title="Alexander Lerner">Alexander Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Lyapunov" title="Alexey Lyapunov">Alexey Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_(systems_scientist)" title="Charles François (systems scientist)">Charles François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Joslyn" title="Cliff Joslyn">Cliff Joslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Holst" title="Erich von Holst">Erich von Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Glasersfeld" title="Ernst von Glasersfeld">Ernst von Glasersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Vickers" title="Geoffrey Vickers">Charles Geoffrey Vickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Pask" title="Gordon Pask">Gordon Pask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Gordon S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Aleksander" title="Igor Aleksander">Igor Aleksander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacque_Fresco" title="Jacque Fresco">Jacque Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Johann_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" title="Jakob Johann von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jixuan_Hu" title="Jason Jixuan Hu">Jason Jixuan Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleyka_Abbaszadeh" title="Maleyka Abbaszadeh">Maleyka Abbaszadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Mazur" title="Marian Mazur">Marian Mazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Katherine_Hayles" title="N. Katherine Hayles">N. Katherine Hayles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Bekhtereva" title="Natalia Bekhtereva">Natalia Bekhtereva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Pyotr Grigorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Glanville" title="Ranulph Glanville">Ranulph Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trappl" title="Robert Trappl">Robert Trappl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_P._Kurdyumov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei P. Kurdyumov">Sergei P. Kurdyumov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Beer" title="Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Stuart Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Umpleby" title="Stuart Umpleby">Stuart Umpleby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulla_Mitzdorf" title="Ulla Mitzdorf">Ulla Mitzdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentino_Braitenberg" title="Valentino Braitenberg">Valentin Braitenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby" title="W. Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_biology122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template talk:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_biology122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springbok_pronk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/80px-Springbok_pronk.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/120px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/160px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to Darwinian evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_biology" title="Category:Philosophers of biology">Philosophers of biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beatty_(philosopher)" title="John Beatty (philosopher)">John Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Darden" title="Lindley Darden">Lindley Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Fehr" title="Carla Fehr">Carla Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Grene" title="Marjorie Grene">Marjorie Grene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Godfrey-Smith" title="Peter Godfrey-Smith">Peter Godfrey-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Griesemer" title="James R. Griesemer">James R. Griesemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Griffiths" title="Paul E. Griffiths">Paul E. Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hull_(philosopher)" title="David Hull (philosopher)">David Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher">Philip Kitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Lewens" title="Tim Lewens">Tim Lewens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Longino" title="Helen Longino">Helen Longino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Maienschein" title="Jane Maienschein">Jane Maienschein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Millstein" title="Roberta Millstein">Roberta Millstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mitchell" title="Sandra Mitchell">Sandra Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Oyama" title="Susan Oyama">Susan Oyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alex Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahotra_Sarkar" title="Sahotra Sarkar">Sahotra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">Elliott Sober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sterelny" title="Kim Sterelny">Kim Sterelny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._Tauber" title="Alfred I. Tauber">Alfred I. Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Verschuuren" title="Gerard Verschuuren">Gerard Verschuuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Wimsatt" title="William C. Wimsatt">William C. Wimsatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ghiselin" title="Michael Ghiselin">Michael Ghiselin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Noble" title="Denis Noble">Denis Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Roughgarden" title="Joan Roughgarden">Joan Roughgarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Sattler" title="Rolf Sattler">Rolf Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&oldid=1280071991">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergence&oldid=1280071991</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergence" title="Category:Emergence">Emergence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_metaphysics" title="Category:Concepts in metaphysics">Concepts in metaphysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphysics_of_mind" title="Category:Metaphysics of mind">Metaphysics of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pattern_formation" title="Category:Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_the_philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Concepts in the philosophy of mind">Concepts in the philosophy of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holism" title="Category:Holism">Holism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontology" title="Category:Ontology">Ontology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_physics" title="Category:Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links">Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 March 2025, at 09:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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