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searchaux" style="display:none">Brain damage caused by events after birth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brain_injury" title="Brain injury">Brain injury</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Acquired brain injury</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg/220px-Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg/330px-Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg/440px-Brain_injury_with_herniation_MRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Brain injury with herniation MRI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neurology</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Acquired brain injury</b> (<b>ABI</b>) is <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a> caused by events after <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>, rather than as part of a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> disorder such as <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">fetal alcohol syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> illness or perinatal hypoxia.<sup id="cite_ref-OBIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABI can result in <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a>, physical, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behavioural</a> impairments that lead to permanent or temporary changes in functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-OBIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These impairments result from either <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">physical trauma</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a>, assaults, <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a> etc.) or nontraumatic <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> derived from either an internal or external source (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumour">brain tumours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OBIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ABI does not include damage to the brain resulting from <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative disorder">neurodegenerative disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OBIA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While research has demonstrated that thinking and behavior may be altered in virtually all forms of ABI, brain injury is itself a very complex phenomenon having dramatically varied effects.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No two persons can expect the same outcome or resulting difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain controls every part of human life: physical, intellectual, behavioral, social and emotional. When the brain is damaged, some part of a person's life will be adversely affected.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequences of ABI often require a major life adjustment around the person's new circumstances, and making that adjustment is a critical factor in recovery and rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the outcome of a given injury depends largely upon the nature and severity of the injury itself, appropriate treatment plays a vital role in determining the level of recovery. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <p><b>Symptoms</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-omh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">Apraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">Aphasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">Amnesia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Behavioral manifestations</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-omh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adynamia" title="Adynamia">Adynamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">Disinhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotional flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseveration" title="Perseveration">Perseveration</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional">Emotional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emotional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ABI has been associated with a number of emotional difficulties such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, issues with self-control, managing <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a> impulses and challenges with <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving">problem-solving</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these challenges also contribute to psychosocial concerns involving <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>, loneliness and lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Self_esteem" class="mw-redirect" title="Self esteem">self esteem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These psychosocial problems have been found to contribute to other dilemmas such as reduced frequency of social contact and leisure activities, unemployment, family problems and marital difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How the patient copes with the injury has been found to influence the level at which they experience the emotional complications correlated with ABI.<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three <a href="/wiki/Coping_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping strategies">coping strategies</a> for emotions related to ABI have presented themselves in the research, approach-oriented coping, passive coping and avoidant coping.<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approach-oriented coping has been found to be the most effective strategy, as it has been negatively correlated with rates of <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a> and depression in ABI patients;<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this coping style is present in individuals who consciously work to minimize the emotional challenges of ABI.<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive coping has been characterized by the person choosing not to express emotions and a lack of motivation which can lead to poor outcomes for the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased levels of depression have been correlated to avoidance coping methods in patients with ABI;<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this strategy is represented in people who actively evade coping with emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These challenges and coping strategies should be kept in consideration when seeking to understand individuals with ABI.<sup id="cite_ref-Finset_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following acquired brain injury it is common for people to experience <a href="/wiki/Memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory loss">memory loss</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> memory disorders are one of the most prevalent cognitive deficits experienced in affected people.<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> are directly linked to attention, it can be challenging to assess what components of a deficit are caused by memory and which are fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Sohlberg_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohlberg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is often partial recovery of memory functioning following the initial recovery phase; however, permanent handicaps are often reported<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with ABI patients reporting significantly more memory difficulties when compared people without an acquired brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to cope more efficiently with memory disorders many people with ABI use memory aids; these included external items such as diaries, notebooks and electronic organizers, internal strategies such as visual associations, and environmental adaptations such as labelling kitchen cupboards.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has found that ABI patients use an increased number of memory aids after their injury than they did prior to it and these aids vary in their degree of effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One popular aid is the use of a diary. Studies have found that the use of a diary is more effective if it is paired with self-instructional training, as training leads to more frequent use of the diary over time and thus more successful use as a memory aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations to Acquired Brain injury can occur in a variety of ways. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>In adults aged 65 plus, 82.9% of hospitalizations were related to falls, about 13% experienced death shortly after. Furthermore, transportation related accidents were around 9% in correlation to brain injury. The number of hospitalizations related to brain injury is only increasing as well. Tripping, slipping, or stumbling is one of the biggest ways of experiencing these brain related injuries. </p><p>Additionally, an acquired brain injury can happen due to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)" title="Hypoxia (medicine)">anoxia</a>. This is often caused by carbon monoxide poisoning or drowning, as the lack of oxygen in these situations causes cell death. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rehabilitation following an acquired brain injury does not follow a set protocol, due to the variety of mechanisms of injury and structures affected. Rather, rehabilitation is an individualized process that will often involve a multi-disciplinary approach.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rehabilitation team may include but is not limited to <a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">nurses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologists">neurologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapists" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapists">physiotherapists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatrists">psychiatrists</a> (particularly those specialized in Brain Injury Medicine), <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapists" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational therapists">occupational therapists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech-language_pathologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-language pathologists">speech-language pathologists</a>, music therapists, and <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_psychology" title="Rehabilitation psychology">rehabilitation psychologists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> and other professions may be utilized post- brain injury in order to control muscle tone,<sup id="cite_ref-Singer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regain normal movement patterns, and maximize functional independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rehabilitation should be patient-centered and guided by the individual's needs and goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some evidence that rhythmic auditory stimulation is beneficial in gait rehabilitation following a brain injury. <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a> may assist patients to improve gait, arm swing while walking, communication, and quality of life after experiencing a stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer treatment methods such as virtual reality and robotics remain under-researched; however, there is reason to believe that virtual reality in upper limb rehabilitation may be useful, following an acquired brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to few random control trials and generally weak evidence, more research is needed to gain a complete understanding of the ideal type and parameters of therapeutic interventions for treatment of acquired brain injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For more information on therapeutic interventions for acquired brain injury, see <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_2">Memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some strategies for rehabilitating the memory of those affected by ABI have used repetitive tasks to attempt to increase the patients' ability to recall information.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this type of training increases performance on the task at hand, there is little evidence that the skills translate to improved performance on memory challenges outside of the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awareness of memory strategies, motivation and dedication to increasing memory have been related to successful increases in memory capability among patients<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example of this could be the use of attention process training and brain injury education in patients with memory disorders related to brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Sohlberg_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohlberg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have been shown to increase memory functioning in patients based on self-report measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Sohlberg_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohlberg-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another strategy for improvement amongst individuals with poor memory functioning is the use of elaboration to improve encoding of items, one form of this strategy is called self-imagining whereby the patient imagines the event to be recalled from a more personal perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Grilli_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grilli-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-imagining has been found to improve recognition memory by coding the event in a manner that is more individually salient to the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Grilli_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grilli-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect has been found to improve recall in individuals with and without memory disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Grilli_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grilli-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is research evidence to suggest that rehabilitation programs that are geared toward the individual may have greater results than group-based interventions for improving memory in ABI patients because they are tailored to the symptoms experienced by the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ownsworth2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More research is necessary in order to draw conclusions on how to improve memory among individuals with ABI that experience memory loss.<sup id="cite_ref-m999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_population">Special population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Special population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In children and youth with <a href="/wiki/Pediatric_acquired_brain_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric acquired brain injury">pediatric acquired brain injury</a> the cognitive and emotional difficulties that stem from their injury can negatively impact their level of participation in home, school and other social situations,<sup id="cite_ref-Bedell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participation in structured events has been found to be especially hindered under these circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedell_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Involvement in social situations is important for the normal development of children as a means of gaining an understanding of how to effectively work together with others.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedell_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, young people with ABI are often reported as having insufficient problem solving skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has the potential to hinder their performance in various academic and social settings further.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important for rehabilitation programs to deal with these challenges specific to children who have not fully developed at the time of their injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedell_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Phineas Gage's accident</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been many popularized cases of various forms of ABI such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a>'s case of traumatic brain injury that greatly stimulated discussion on brain function and physiology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">Henry Molaison</a>, formerly known as patient H.M., underwent neurosurgery to remove scar tissue in his brain that was causing debilitating <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizures</a>, neurosurgeon <a href="/wiki/William_Beecher_Scoville" title="William Beecher Scoville">William Beecher Scoville</a> performed the surgery which created bilateral lesions near the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HM_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lesions helped remove symptoms of the epilepsy in Molaison but resulted in <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HM_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molaison has been studied by hundreds of researchers since this time, most notably <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a>, and has been greatly influential in the study of memory and the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-HM_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zasetsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Zasetsky">Zasetsky</a> injured in the Battle of Smolensk, bullet entered his left parieto-occipital area and resulted in a long coma. Following this, he developed a form of <a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">agnosia</a> and became unable to perceive the right side of things.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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damage">Brain damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">Concussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">Head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">Neurodegeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_psychology" title="Rehabilitation psychology">Rehabilitation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OBIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBIA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOntario_Brain_Injury_Association" class="citation web cs1">Ontario Brain Injury Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obia.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=31&Itemid=41">"What is Acquired Brain Injury"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Acquired+Brain+Injury&rft.au=Ontario+Brain+Injury+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obia.ca%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D31%26Itemid%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcquired+brain+injury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The ABI Handbook, Serving Students with Acquired Brain Injuries in Higher Education</i>, The Consortium for the Study of Programs for the Brain Injured in the California Community Colleges, 1997, California Community Colleges</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1998" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, Claudia L. (1998). "A Head Injury Primer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overmyheaddoctor0000osbo"><i>Over my head: A doctor's own story of head injury from the inside looking out</i></a>. Kansas City MO: Andrews McMeel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836254198" title="Special:BookSources/9780836254198"><bdi>9780836254198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Head+Injury+Primer&rft.btitle=Over+my+head%3A+A+doctor%27s+own+story+of+head+injury+from+the+inside+looking+out&rft.place=Kansas+City+MO&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780836254198&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Claudia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fovermyheaddoctor0000osbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcquired+brain+injury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ownsworth2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwnsworthMcFarland,_K.Young,_R.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ownsworth, Tamara L.; McFarland, K.; Young, R. (2000). "Self-awareness and psychosocial functioning following acquired brain injury: An evaluation of a group support programme". <i>Neuropsychological Rehabilitation</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 465–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09602010050143559">10.1080/09602010050143559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143459268">143459268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychological+Rehabilitation&rft.atitle=Self-awareness+and+psychosocial+functioning+following+acquired+brain+injury%3A+An+evaluation+of+a+group+support+programme&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=465-484&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09602010050143559&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143459268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ownsworth&rft.aufirst=Tamara+L.&rft.au=McFarland%2C+K.&rft.au=Young%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcquired+brain+injury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finset-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finset_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinsetAndersson,_S.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Finset, Arnstein; Andersson, S. (2000). "Coping strategies in patients with acquired brain injury: relationships between coping, apathy, depression and lesion location". <i>Brain Injury</i>. <b>14</b> (10): 887–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F026990500445718">10.1080/026990500445718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11076135">11076135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39961743">39961743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Injury&rft.atitle=Coping+strategies+in+patients+with+acquired+brain+injury%3A+relationships+between+coping%2C+apathy%2C+depression+and+lesion+location&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=887-905&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39961743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11076135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F026990500445718&rft.aulast=Finset&rft.aufirst=Arnstein&rft.au=Andersson%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcquired+brain+injury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ownsworth-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ownsworth_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwnsworthMcFarland,_K.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ownsworth, Tamara; McFarland, K. (1999). 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"What's new with the amnesic patient H.M.?". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 153–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn726">10.1038/nrn726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11836523">11836523</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5429133">5429133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=What%27s+new+with+the+amnesic+patient+H.M.%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-160&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5429133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11836523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn726&rft.aulast=Corkin&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcquired+brain+injury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acquired_brain_injury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfnr.co.uk">World Federation of Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukabif.org.uk">United Kingdom Acquired Brain Injury Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braininjuryhub.co.uk">The Brain Injury Hub – information and practical advice to parents and family members of children with acquired brain injury</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005160550/https://www.braininjuryhub.co.uk/">Archived</a> 2020-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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