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(PDF) Olympic or Sacred? The Controversy over the Flame at the Inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games and Its Aftermath | Cesar R Torres - Academia.edu
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0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-bf3d831cde46cd0e142f29f81a3fc4ce5ab45a404c10c12a480e83de68aff851.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 48686291; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39882176%2FOlympic_or_Sacred_The_Controversy_over_the_Flame_at_the_Inaugural_1951_Pan_American_Games_and_Its_Aftermath%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39882176%2FOlympic_or_Sacred_The_Controversy_over_the_Flame_at_the_Inaugural_1951_Pan_American_Games_and_Its_Aftermath%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":62566939,"identifier":"Attachment_62566939","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":39882176,"created_at":"2019-07-20T13:33:51.471-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-13T13:27:55.044-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"In 1951, Buenos Aires hosted the inaugural Pan-American Games. On February 25 of that year, a Greek athlete carried a flame flown specially from his country onto the stadium where the event's opening ceremonies took place and lit the cauldron. The uncertain character of the Greek flame transported to Buenos Aires alarmed many in Olympic circles. Confused and concerned, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) investigated the matter, which led to a rapid succession of policy changes seeking to regulate the use of flames in regional games. The flame flown from Greece to Buenos Aires for the 1951 Pan-American Games sparked an intense debate about the status of the Olympic flame. The IOC's recognition of the power of the Olympic flame ritual and its preoccupation with protecting it along with other Olympic symbols and terminology reveal the contours of the organization's ideology in this era and its relations with associated entities. The flame debate also illuminates the push by Pan-American Games' officials for autonomy. Clearly, Olympic officials recognized early in the 1950s that the globalization of the Olympic flame ritual required regulation if the IOC was to ensure control of this and its other symbolic resources.","publication_date":"2019,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"62566939"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Olympic or Sacred? The Controversy over the Flame at the Inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games and Its Aftermath","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [48686291]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":62566939,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Olympic or Sacred? The Controversy over the Flame at the Inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games and Its Aftermath”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62566939/mini_magick20200402-23613-9wpl3z.png?1585811608" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Olympic or Sacred? The Controversy over the Flame at the Inaugural 1951 Pan-American Games and Its Aftermath</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48686291" href="https://brockport.academia.edu/CesarRTorres"><img alt="Profile image of Cesar R Torres" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/48686291/12811368/14226358/s65_cesar_r..torres.jpg" />Cesar R Torres</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":62566939,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/39882176/Olympic_or_Sacred_The_Controversy_over_the_Flame_at_the_Inaugural_1951_Pan_American_Games_and_Its_Aftermath"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":62566939,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/39882176/Olympic_or_Sacred_The_Controversy_over_the_Flame_at_the_Inaugural_1951_Pan_American_Games_and_Its_Aftermath"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="62566939" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/39882176/Olympic_or_Sacred_The_Controversy_over_the_Flame_at_the_Inaugural_1951_Pan_American_Games_and_Its_Aftermath" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="25359852" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25359852/Keep_the_Sacred_Flame_burning_The_eternal_fire_and_the_cult_of_goddess_Hestia_in_Olympia_and_the_Greco_roman_world_Is_the_Olympic_Flame_of_the_modern_era_well_founded_and_linked_with_the_ancient_tradition">Keep the Sacred Flame burning: The eternal fire and the cult of goddess Hestia in Olympia and the Greco-roman world. Is the Olympic Flame of the modern era well founded and linked with the ancient tradition?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1093553" href="https://ypppo.academia.edu/KonstantinosAntonopoulos">Konstantinos V . Antonopoulos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia along with the other gods and heroes, the goddess Hestia was worshipped. Hestia, who was the patroness of every house and city, was worshipped in one of the chambers of the Prytaneion of the Eleans, where a perpetual fire was tended day and night on the sacred hearth. The ashes produced by this eternal fire were transported to the altar of Zeus where the big sacrifice was held during the Olympic Games. Following a silence of many centuries, humankind once again enjoys the Olympic Games, now throughout the world the greatest of all shared celebrations. Since 1936, the archaeological site of Olympia has hosted the Ceremony of the Lighting of the Olympic Flame: it is perhaps the most powerful of the symbols of the Olympic Movement, which apart from its other symbolisms, creates and holds the link with antiquity. Yet just how stable, strong, and well justified, is this connection? In order to answer these questions this paper will ― in a very brief fashion due to the constraint of space ― discuss, firstly, the origins and symbolism of fire in the religious and the secular life of the Greco-Roman World; and, secondly, the historical steps which led to the establishment of the Olympic Flame. When focusing on the lighting ceremony this paper will argue that the two modern customs, namely, the lighting of the Olympic flame, and the extinguishing of it, do in fact constitute a distortion and misrepresentation of the tradition and rituals related to the sacred eternal flame of antiquity. Furthermore, along with the recent appearance of its new competitor the Panathenaic Flame of the Youth Olympic Games, along with a constantly increasing number of other flames related to sporting events, we today are presented with nothing less than a mass violation upon historical accuracy. Altogether, such developments greatly threaten to degenerate the originally intended meaning and significance associated with the Olympic Flame. In an effort to help to put a check upon any insensitive devaluations to the original notion of the Olympic Flame, this study will argue the need for certain major reformations to modern Games’ flame practice. Suggested are rectifications to restore the line of historical validity, which, it is hoped will help the Olympic Movement continue along a brilliant path as we course on through the 21st century.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Keep the Sacred Flame burning: The eternal fire and the cult of goddess Hestia in Olympia and the Greco-roman world. Is the Olympic Flame of the modern era well founded and linked with the ancient tradition?","attachmentId":45660321,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25359852/Keep_the_Sacred_Flame_burning_The_eternal_fire_and_the_cult_of_goddess_Hestia_in_Olympia_and_the_Greco_roman_world_Is_the_Olympic_Flame_of_the_modern_era_well_founded_and_linked_with_the_ancient_tradition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25359852/Keep_the_Sacred_Flame_burning_The_eternal_fire_and_the_cult_of_goddess_Hestia_in_Olympia_and_the_Greco_roman_world_Is_the_Olympic_Flame_of_the_modern_era_well_founded_and_linked_with_the_ancient_tradition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="19786991" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19786991/2010_Fanning_the_Flame_Transformations_of_the_2004_Olympic_Flame_International_Journal_of_the_History_of_Sport_27_12_2155_2183">2010, “Fanning the Flame: Transformations of the 2004 Olympic Flame”, International Journal of the History of Sport, 27 (12): 2155-2183.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37147039" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleanaYalouri">Eleana Yalouri</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2010, “Fanning the Flame: Transformations of the 2004 Olympic Flame”, International Journal of the History of Sport, 27 (12): 2155-2183.","attachmentId":40844788,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19786991/2010_Fanning_the_Flame_Transformations_of_the_2004_Olympic_Flame_International_Journal_of_the_History_of_Sport_27_12_2155_2183","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19786991/2010_Fanning_the_Flame_Transformations_of_the_2004_Olympic_Flame_International_Journal_of_the_History_of_Sport_27_12_2155_2183"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="75457108" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75457108/_The_Day_the_Flame_Came_to_Town_The_Olympic_Flame_Symbol_Community_and_Commodification">‘The Day the Flame Came to Town’: The Olympic Flame, Symbol, Community and Commodification</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58700" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/JosephMaguire">Joseph Maguire</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociology of Sport Journal, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Debates regarding the Olympic Flame Relay oscillate between questions concerning the symbolic value of the Relay and the commodified nature of the Games more generally. While some argue for the potential intercultural understanding that the Flame Relay fosters, others point to the extent to which Olympism is embedded within the practices of commercial companies. Research thus tends to use either ethnographic accounts or media analysis—the former being seen by some as authentic and the latter viewed as capable of capturing the commodified context of such consumption. Attention is given here to its visit to one town and how people experienced the Relay themselves, against its (re)construction in local and national mediated accounts. Data were collected from interviews with those watching the Flame Relay, extensive photographic records, fieldwork observations, and local media coverage of the event. The ritual itself appeared temporary, superficial and contoured by the major sponsors of...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"‘The Day the Flame Came to Town’: The Olympic Flame, Symbol, Community and Commodification","attachmentId":83218155,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75457108/_The_Day_the_Flame_Came_to_Town_The_Olympic_Flame_Symbol_Community_and_Commodification","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75457108/_The_Day_the_Flame_Came_to_Town_The_Olympic_Flame_Symbol_Community_and_Commodification"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5111906" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5111906/Struggling_to_celebrate_management_of_the_2004_Olympic_Flame_Relay_segment_in_Greece">Struggling to celebrate: management of the 2004 Olympic Flame Relay segment in Greece</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6866604" href="https://independent.academia.edu/spirosspiropoulos">spiros spiropoulos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sport in Society, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article offers a first-hand account of the experiences of an advance manager of the flame relay team of the Athens Olympic Games Organizing Committee (ATHOC). It covers the first and third segments of this relay within Greece and offers a focused description of the standard celebration events that punctuated the passage of the Olympic Flame. Organizational and managerial successes and failures shape the public experience of the Olympic Flame Relay (OFR), and the celebrations join the local and the global into performances of special demographic and symbolic power. In the model adopted for the 2004 OFR, these celebrations offered particular targets of attention for the various stakeholders (ATHOC departments, commercial sponsors, national government cultural officials, local authorities, and police). Power struggles among the various stakeholders are analysed, and the tactics deployed by sponsors to win these struggles are particularly revealed in a case study of the battle over the relay anthem. This article provides a rare published account of the experience of being a flame relay staff organizer under the emergent ‘world's best practices’ model.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Struggling to celebrate: management of the 2004 Olympic Flame Relay segment in Greece","attachmentId":32322045,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5111906/Struggling_to_celebrate_management_of_the_2004_Olympic_Flame_Relay_segment_in_Greece","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5111906/Struggling_to_celebrate_management_of_the_2004_Olympic_Flame_Relay_segment_in_Greece"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3558653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3558653/Issues_of_the_Pan_American_Games_The_Case_of_Rio_2007">Issues of the Pan American Games: The Case of Rio 2007</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="411729" href="https://coventry.academia.edu/LeonardoMataruna">Leonardo Mataruna</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Issues of the Pan American Games: The Case of Rio 2007","attachmentId":31272781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3558653/Issues_of_the_Pan_American_Games_The_Case_of_Rio_2007","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3558653/Issues_of_the_Pan_American_Games_The_Case_of_Rio_2007"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="40807295" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40807295/Carrying_the_torch_A_decolonial_approach_on_the_Olympic_traditions_connections_with_the_Eurocentric_narrative_of_the_Spirit">Carrying the torch: A decolonial approach on the Olympic traditions connections with the Eurocentric narrative of the Spirit</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="351806" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/DanielMalanski">Daniel Malanski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Diagoras: International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mega-events, like World Exhibitions and the Olympics, are modern creations. Such events' purpose and/or narratives have thus to fit within modernity so they keep attracting their audiences and justifying their existence. Some of Hegel's narratives over the development of mankind are shared by much of the western world. In one of these narratives, the Spirit attains a higher degree of maturity in Ancient Greece, is further developed in Rome and-after a long period of absence during the middle ages-has its renaissance in Modern Europe. Deliberately or not, De Coubertin mirrored such a narrative to reinvent the games in the modern world. In this paper, we will use a decolonial approach (Mignolo, 2011) to explore how the narrative of the modern Olympics somewhat mirrors that of the World Spirit. Our objective is to understand how and why hosting the games are seen as tokens of societal development, making emergent nations use the Olympics as a symbol of prestige to support their entrance in the concert of developed nations and/or of world great powers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carrying the torch: A decolonial approach on the Olympic traditions connections with the Eurocentric narrative of the Spirit","attachmentId":61090980,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40807295/Carrying_the_torch_A_decolonial_approach_on_the_Olympic_traditions_connections_with_the_Eurocentric_narrative_of_the_Spirit","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40807295/Carrying_the_torch_A_decolonial_approach_on_the_Olympic_traditions_connections_with_the_Eurocentric_narrative_of_the_Spirit"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27656986" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27656986/In_no_mood_for_games_the_pale_Olympic_flame_of_Rio_2016">In no mood for games: the pale Olympic flame of Rio 2016</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4642733" href="https://uff.academia.edu/ThiagoRodrigues">Thiago Rodrigues</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35317978" href="https://uff.academia.edu/AdrianoFreixo">Adriano de Freixo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Olympic flame has been making its way around Brazilian cities in the last few weeks, sponsored by the country's major media group, its biggest private bank, a Japanese automaker and the world's most famous soda company. As it travelled around the country, a peculiar aspect of a usually excited population attracted more attention than the torch itself: there were countless attempts to quench the flame – a symbol representing the Olympic spirit.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In no mood for games: the pale Olympic flame of Rio 2016","attachmentId":47922373,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27656986/In_no_mood_for_games_the_pale_Olympic_flame_of_Rio_2016","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27656986/In_no_mood_for_games_the_pale_Olympic_flame_of_Rio_2016"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="56184846" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56184846/Culture_politics_and_spectacle_in_the_global_sports_event_an_introduction">Culture, politics and spectacle in the global sports event – an introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12532285" href="https://brighton.academia.edu/AlanTomlinson">Alan Tomlinson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Culture, politics and spectacle in the global sports event – an introduction","attachmentId":71695431,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56184846/Culture_politics_and_spectacle_in_the_global_sports_event_an_introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56184846/Culture_politics_and_spectacle_in_the_global_sports_event_an_introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="32816691" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32816691/The_Origins_of_the_Olympic_Games_Opening_and_Closing_Ceremonies_Artistic_Creativity_and_Communication">The Origins of the Olympic Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies: Artistic Creativity and Communication</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211805" href="https://nida.academia.edu/WichianLattipongpun">Wichian Lattipongpun</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Nowadays, the Olympic Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies contribute greatly to, and draw from, the different cultures in the various host cities. This paper will explore the origins of the Olympic Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies (OGO and CCs). The extent to which theories concerning artistic creativity and communication are utilized will specifically be examined. Historically speaking, the modern Olympic Games were adapted from the ideology of the ancient Olympic Games, which originally treated sporting competitions as a form of religious ritual. Greek people used the games as a means to communicate with their Gods; games included music, dance, and art. Interestingly, only the victory ceremonies are present in historical records; no evidence of the OGO and CCs can be found. The hypothesis that this paper will test is the notion that the OGO and CCs began with the modern Olympic Games. This study aims to answer this by conveying the initial ideas and purposes of the OGO and CC through discourse analysis. The primary data used includes the minutes of the 1906 International Olympic Committee Congress in Paris and Baron Pierre de Coubertin's biography. The results significantly illustrate that the OGO and CC were initially associated and influenced by personal interests and cultural patterns. The ceremonial aspects of the Olympic Games have served to set them apart from other international sports competitions. The protocol and splendor of the Olympic ceremonies, which go hand-in-hand with the celebration of the Games as everyone knows them today, make this event a unique and unforgettable festival. (IOC, 2008a, p. 1) As a result of the Olympic movement in 1906, the Olympic Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonie (OGO and CC) were initiated. This movement transformed the Olympic ritual in the modern era. The OGO and CCs have become one of the most important elements of the modern Olympic Games. The spectacular ceremonies create a great impact with the international media and with world audiences. The OGO and CCs that commence and conclude the world games are used to generate cultural (albeit polysemantic) meaning. Therefore, various concepts of art and beauty (aesthetics) have been a major force in generating the ceremony spectacles, and these remain an effective communication medium in the twenty-first century. This article will therefore examine theories concerning artistic creativity and will link these to communication theory in order to explore the origins of the OGO and CC and how these origins affect the ceremonies today. In order to explore the initial purpose for creating the first official OGO and CC and why these ceremonies have been carried forward as a global spectacle, an investigation of the 103</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Origins of the Olympic Games' Opening and Closing Ceremonies: Artistic Creativity and Communication","attachmentId":52966867,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32816691/The_Origins_of_the_Olympic_Games_Opening_and_Closing_Ceremonies_Artistic_Creativity_and_Communication","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32816691/The_Origins_of_the_Olympic_Games_Opening_and_Closing_Ceremonies_Artistic_Creativity_and_Communication"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="26773025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26773025/Reviving_the_panegyrics_cities_and_the_staging_of_the_Olympic_arts_and_cultural_festivals_1896_to_2000">Reviving the panegyrics: cities and the staging of the Olympic arts and cultural festivals, 1896 to 2000</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31000139" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgeRevill">George Revill</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17354856" href="https://londonmet.academia.edu/MaggieGold">Maggie Gold</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reviving the panegyrics: cities and the staging of the Olympic arts and cultural festivals, 1896 to 2000","attachmentId":47051075,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26773025/Reviving_the_panegyrics_cities_and_the_staging_of_the_Olympic_arts_and_cultural_festivals_1896_to_2000","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26773025/Reviving_the_panegyrics_cities_and_the_staging_of_the_Olympic_arts_and_cultural_festivals_1896_to_2000"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":62566939,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":62566939,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_62566939" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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