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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1"/><title>Strong's Greek: 4087. πικραίνω (pikrainó) -- To make bitter, to embitter, to exasperate</title></title><link rel="canonical" href="http://biblehub.com/greek/4087.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/strongsnew2.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LR4HSKRP2H"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LR4HSKRP2H'); </script><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/interlinear/vmenus/hebrews/1-11.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmstrongs/greek/4087.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/strongs.htm">Strong's</a> > <a href="/englishmans_greek.htm">Greek</a> > 4087</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="../greek/4086.htm" title="4086">◄</a> 4087. pikrainó <a href="../greek/4088.htm" title="4088">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheading">Strong's Lexicon</div><div align="left"><span class="toptitle2">pikrainó: To make bitter, to embitter, to exasperate</span></div><p><span class="tophdg">Original Word: </span><span class="greek">πικραίνω</span><br><span class="tophdg">Part of Speech: </span>Verb<br><span class="tophdg">Transliteration: </span>pikrainó<br><span class="tophdg">Pronunciation: </span>pik-rah'-ee-no<br><span class="tophdg">Phonetic Spelling: </span>(pik-rah'-ee-no)<br><span class="tophdg">Definition: </span>To make bitter, to embitter, to exasperate<br><span class="tophdg">Meaning: </span>I make bitter, embitter; pass: I grow angry or harsh.<p><span class="tophdg">Word Origin: </span>From the Greek word πικρός (pikros), meaning "bitter."<p><span class="tophdg">Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: </span>The Hebrew equivalent often associated with bitterness is מָרַר (marar), Strong's Hebrew 4843, which also means to be bitter or to make bitter.<p><span class="tophdg">Usage: </span>The verb "pikrainó" is used in the New Testament to describe the act of making something bitter or causing bitterness. It can refer to both literal bitterness, such as the taste of something, and metaphorical bitterness, such as emotional or relational bitterness. The term often conveys a sense of causing distress or irritation.<p><span class="tophdg">Cultural and Historical Background: </span>In the ancient world, bitterness was often associated with unpleasant experiences or emotions. The concept of bitterness was not only related to taste but also to the human experience of suffering, hardship, and relational strife. In the Greco-Roman culture, bitterness could be seen as a vice that disrupted harmony and peace within communities and families.<div class="vheading2">NAS Exhaustive Concordance</div><span class="hdg">Word Origin</span><br>from <a href="/greek/4089.htm">pikros</a><br><span class="hdg">Definition</span><br>to make bitter<br><span class="hdg">NASB Translation</span><br>embittered (1), made bitter (2), make...bitter (1).<p><div align="center"><span class="smalltext"><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/nasec.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe></span></div><div class="vheading2">Thayer's Greek Lexicon</div><span class="maintitle">STRONGS NT 4087: πικραίνω</span><br><br><span class="arttitle"><span class="grktitle">πικραίνω</span></span>: future <span class="greek2">πικράνω</span>; passive, present <span class="greek2">πικραίνομαι</span>; 1 aorist <span class="greek2">ἐπικρανθην</span>; (<span class="greek2">πικρός</span>, which see); <p><span class="textheading">1.</span> properly, <span class="accented">to make bitter</span>: <span class="greek2">τά</span> <span class="greek2">ὕδατα</span>, passive, <a href="/interlinear/revelation/8-11.htm">Revelation 8:11</a>; <span class="greek2">τήν</span> <span class="greek2">κοιλίαν</span>, to produce a bitter taste in the stomach (<span class="manuref">Vulg.</span><span class="latin">amarico</span>), <a href="/interlinear/revelation/10-9.htm">Revelation 10:9</a>f. <p><span class="textheading">2.</span> tropically, <span class="accented">to embitter, exasperate,</span> i. e. render angry, indignant; passive, <span class="accented">to be embittered, irritated</span> (<span class="abbreviation">Plato</span>, <span class="abbreviation">Demosthenes</span>, others): <span class="greek2">πρός</span> <span class="greek2">τινα</span>, <a href="/interlinear/colossians/3-19.htm">Colossians 3:19</a> (<span class="abbreviation">Athen.</span> 6, p. 242 c.; <span class="greek2">ἐπί</span> <span class="greek2">τινα</span>, <a href="/interlinear/exodus/16-20.htm">Exodus 16:20</a>; <a href="/interlinear/jeremiah/44-15.htm">Jeremiah 44:15</a><FOOTNOTE:10> (<BIBLE/CHAPTER_VERSE:Jer. 37:15>); 1 Esdr. 4:31; (<span class="greek2">ἐν</span> <span class="greek2">τίνι</span>, <a href="/interlinear/ruth/1-20.htm">Ruth 1:20</a>)); contextually equivalent to <span class="accented">to visit with bitterness, to grieve</span> (deal bitterly with), <a href="/interlinear/job/27-2.htm">Job 27:2</a>; Macc. 3:7. (Compare: <span class="greek2">παραπικραίνω</span>.)<FOOTNOTE:1> <br><br><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/bsoft.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe><div class="vheading2">Strong's Exhaustive Concordance</div>embitter. <p>From <a href="/greek/4089.htm">pikros</a>; to embitter (literally or figuratively) -- be (make) bitter. <p>see GREEK <a href="/greek/4089.htm">pikros</a> <div class="vheading2">Forms and Transliterations</div>επικρανθη επικράνθη ἐπικράνθη επικρανθησαν επικράνθησαν ἐπικράνθησαν μὴ πικραινεσθε πικραίνεσθε πικραινομένη πικράναί πικράνας πικρανει πικρανεί πικρανεῖ πικρανθήσονται πικρασμώ epikranthe epikranthē epikránthe epikránthē epikranthesan epikranthēsan epikránthesan epikránthēsan me mē pikrainesthe pikraínesthe pikranei pikraneî<div class="vheading2">Links</div><a href="/interlinear/matthew/1-1.htm">Interlinear Greek</a> • <a href="/interlinear/genesis/1-1.htm">Interlinear Hebrew</a> • <a href="/strongs.htm">Strong's Numbers</a> • <a href="/englishmans_greek.htm">Englishman's Greek Concordance</a> • <a href="/englishmans_hebrew.htm">Englishman's Hebrew Concordance</a> • <a href="/texts/matthew/1-1.htm">Parallel Texts</a></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><div class="vheading">Englishman's Concordance</div><b><a href="/text/colossians/3-19.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Colossians 3:19</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Verb - Present Imperative Middle or Passive - 2nd Person Plural">V-PMM/P-2P</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/3.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">καὶ μὴ <b>πικραίνεσθε</b> πρὸς αὐτάς</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/colossians/3.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> your wives <span class="itali">and do not be embittered</span> against<br><a href="/kjvs/colossians/3.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> be not <span class="itali">bitter</span> against them.<br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/3-19.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> and not <span class="itali">be bitter</span> against them<p><b><a href="/text/revelation/8-11.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Revelation 8:11</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural">V-AIP-3P</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/revelation/8.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ὑδάτων ὅτι <b>ἐπικράνθησαν</b> </span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/revelation/8.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> because <span class="itali">they were made bitter.</span><br><a href="/kjvs/revelation/8.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> because <span class="itali">they were made bitter.</span><br><a href="/interlinear/revelation/8-11.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> waters because <span class="itali">they were made bitter</span><p><b><a href="/text/revelation/10-9.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Revelation 10:9</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular">V-FIA-3S</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/revelation/10.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">αὐτό καὶ <b>πικρανεῖ</b> σου τὴν</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/revelation/10.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> it and eat <span class="itali">it; it will make</span> your stomach<br><a href="/kjvs/revelation/10.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> thy belly <span class="itali">bitter,</span> but it shall be<br><a href="/interlinear/revelation/10-9.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> it and <span class="itali">it will make bitter</span> your<p><b><a href="/text/revelation/10-10.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Revelation 10:10</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular">V-AIP-3S</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/revelation/10.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἔφαγον αὐτό <b>ἐπικράνθη</b> ἡ κοιλία</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/revelation/10.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> it, my stomach <span class="itali">was made bitter.</span><br><a href="/kjvs/revelation/10.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> my belly <span class="itali">was bitter.</span><br><a href="/interlinear/revelation/10-10.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> I did eat it <span class="itali">was made bitter</span> the stomach<p><b><a href="/greek/4087.htm">Strong's Greek 4087</a><br><a href="/greek/strongs_4087.htm">4 Occurrences</a></b><br><br><a href="/greek/epikranthe__4087.htm">ἐπικράνθη — 1 Occ.</a><br><a href="/greek/epikranthe_san_4087.htm">ἐπικράνθησαν — 1 Occ.</a><br><a href="/greek/pikrainesthe_4087.htm">πικραίνεσθε — 1 Occ.</a><br><a href="/greek/pikranei_4087.htm">πικρανεῖ — 1 Occ.</a><br><br></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; 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