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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_drift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_drift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language drift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_drift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_preservation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_preservation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status and preservation efforts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_and_preservation_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status and preservation efforts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_and_preservation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pronouns and pronominal prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Compound pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape_classifiers_in_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape_classifiers_in_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Shape classifiers in verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape_classifiers_in_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Blocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonts_and_digital_platform_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts_and_digital_platform_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Fonts and digital platform support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts_and_digital_platform_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Word creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerning_the_syllabary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerning_the_syllabary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Concerning the syllabary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerning_the_syllabary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_archives,_texts,_audio,_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_archives,_texts,_audio,_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Language archives, texts, audio, video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_archives,_texts,_audio,_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_lessons_and_online_instruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_lessons_and_online_instruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Language lessons and online instruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_lessons_and_online_instruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cherokee language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokees" title="Cherokees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cherokees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%BB%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%8A%E1%8A%9B" title="ጻላጊኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጻላጊኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceroke_spr%C7%A3c" title="Ceroke sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ceroke sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="شيروكي (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيروكي (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Շերոքի լեզու – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շերոքի լեզու" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cheroqui" title="Idioma cheroqui – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma cheroqui" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چروکی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چروکی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee-g%C3%AD" title="Cherokee-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cherokee-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Чэрокі (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэрокі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Черокски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черокски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_(Sproch)" title="Cherokee (Sproch) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Cherokee (Sproch)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_cherokee" title="Llengua cherokee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua cherokee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5)" title="Чероки (чĕлхе) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чероки (чĕлхе)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerok%C3%A9z%C5%A1tina" title="Čerokézština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čerokézština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieroc%C3%AE_(iaith)" title="Tsierocî (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsierocî (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_(sprog)" title="Cherokee (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cherokee (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_(Sprache)" title="Cherokee (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cherokee (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1erokii_keel" title="Tšerokii keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšerokii keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cheroqui" title="Idioma cheroqui – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cheroqui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88eroka_lingvo" title="Ĉeroka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeroka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txerokiera" title="Txerokiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txerokiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان چروکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چروکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_bhasa" title="Cherokee bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cherokee bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokesiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Cherokesiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Cherokesiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_(langue)" title="Cherokee (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cherokee (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cherokee" title="Lingua cherokee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cherokee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%82%A4%EC%96%B4" title="체로키어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체로키어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AB_(%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="Չերոկի (լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չերոկի (լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cherokee" title="Bahasa Cherokee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Cherokee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cherokee" title="Lingua cherokee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua cherokee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiTsherokii" title="IsiTsherokii – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiTsherokii" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cherokee" title="Lingua cherokee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cherokee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="צ'רוקי (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'רוקי (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೆರೋಕಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೆರೋಕಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ჩეროკი (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეროკი (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_(yeth)" title="Cherokee (yeth) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cherokee (yeth)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Чероки (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чероки (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາເຈໂລກີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຈໂລກີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tsalagi" title="Lingua Tsalagi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tsalagi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciroku_valoda" title="Čiroku valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čiroku valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ceroki%C5%B3_kalba" title="Čerokių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čerokių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsalagi" title="Tsalagi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tsalagi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cseroki_nyelv" title="Cseroki nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cseroki nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Черокиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Черокиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചെറോക്കീ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെറോക്കീ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩეროკიშ ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეროკიშ ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%89" title="شيروكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيروكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cherokee" title="Bahasa Cherokee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cherokee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_(taal)" title="Cherokee (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cherokee (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="チェロキー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェロキー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokesisk" title="Cherokesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cherokesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokesisk" title="Cherokesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cherokesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_cherokee" title="Lenga cherokee – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga cherokee" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_czirokeski" title="Język czirokeski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język czirokeski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cherokee" title="Língua cherokee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cherokee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_cherokee" title="Limba cherokee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba cherokee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhalaki_simi" title="Chhalaki simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chhalaki simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Чероки (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чероки (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱮᱨᱳᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱨᱳᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_leid" title="Cherokee leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cherokee leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_%C3%87erokee" title="Gjuha Çerokee – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Çerokee" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ශේරෝකි භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශේරෝකි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cherokee language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokeen_kieli" title="Cherokeen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cherokeen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokesiska" title="Cherokesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cherokesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tseroki" title="Wikang Tseroki 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searchaux" style="display:none">Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Cherokee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Southern Iroquoian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr" style="font-style: normal;">ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ</span></span> <br /><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Tsalagi Gawonihisdi</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cherokee_sample.svg/200px-Cherokee_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cherokee_sample.svg/300px-Cherokee_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cherokee_sample.svg/400px-Cherokee_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="139" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Tsa-la-gi</i></span> written in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Cherokee pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dʒɑlɑgĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɑwòːni̋ːhisdĩ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">North America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Oklahoma">Eastern Oklahoma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-Snowbird_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowbird-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a> in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cherokee community in California.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1520 to ~2100 (2018-2019)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emergency_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emergency-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Cherokee</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a> in North Carolina,<br /><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-CARLA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARLA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-official_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keetoowah_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keetoowah-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Oklahoma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/about-ukb/languagel">United Keetoowah Band Department of Language, History, & Culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-official_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keetoowah_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keetoowah-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cherokee.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=266941&GUID=C8EC5F0A-E523-49A0-92BD-42041FCE32EAl">Council of the Cherokee Nation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=90">chr</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/chr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:chr">chr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cher1273">cher1273</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1684">ᏣᎳᎩ (Cherokee)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=63-AB">63-AB</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cherokee_lang.png/320px-Cherokee_lang.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cherokee_lang.png/480px-Cherokee_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Cherokee_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="310" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pre-contact distribution of the Cherokee language</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png/320px-Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png/480px-Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png/640px-Cherokee_Speaking_Areas_Within_The_USA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Current geographic distribution of the Cherokee language</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tsalagi_word.svg/40px-Tsalagi_word.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tsalagi_word.svg/60px-Tsalagi_word.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tsalagi_word.svg/80px-Tsalagi_word.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="35" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabic characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cherokee" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Cherokee syllabics.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cherokee_language" title="Category:Cherokee language">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cherokee language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequoyah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sequoyah.jpg/220px-Sequoyah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sequoyah.jpg/330px-Sequoyah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sequoyah.jpg/440px-Sequoyah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ssiquoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ssiquoya">Sequoya</a> with a tablet displaying the Cherokee writing system, which he invented.</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> Grammar</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee phonology">Phonology</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cherokee_language" title="Template:Cherokee language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cherokee_language" title="Template talk:Cherokee language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cherokee_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cherokee language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_Speakers_by_County,_2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cherokee_Speakers_by_County%2C_2000.png/350px-Cherokee_Speakers_by_County%2C_2000.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cherokee_Speakers_by_County%2C_2000.png/525px-Cherokee_Speakers_by_County%2C_2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cherokee_Speakers_by_County%2C_2000.png/700px-Cherokee_Speakers_by_County%2C_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Number of speakers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/220px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/330px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/440px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Cherokee is classified as Critically Endangered by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cherokee</b> or <b>Tsalagi</b> (Cherokee: <span lang="chr">ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">Tsalagi Gawonihisdi</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[dʒalaˈɡî<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡawónihisˈdî]</a></span>) is an endangered-to-<a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian language</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue18_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-CARLA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARLA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-official_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-official-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keetoowah_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keetoowah-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> states that there were 1,520 Cherokee speakers out of 376,000 Cherokees in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue18_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a tally by the three Cherokee tribes in 2019 recorded about 2,100 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-emergency_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emergency-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of speakers is in decline. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah_Daily_Press" title="Tahlequah Daily Press">Tahlequah Daily Press</a></i> reported in 2019 that most speakers are elderly, about eight fluent speakers die each month, and that only five people under the age of 50 are fluent.<sup id="cite_ref-Strive_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strive-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect of Cherokee in Oklahoma is "definitely endangered", and the one in North Carolina is "severely endangered" according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the South Carolina–Georgia border, has been extinct since about 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dire situation regarding the future of the two remaining dialects prompted the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes to declare a state of emergency in June 2019, with a call to enhance revitalization efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-emergency_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emergency-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 200 speakers of the Eastern (also referred to as the Middle or <a href="/wiki/Kituwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kituwah">Kituwah</a>) dialect remain in North Carolina, and <a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">language preservation</a> efforts include the <a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">New Kituwah Academy</a>, a bilingual immersion school.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest remaining group of Cherokee speakers is centered around <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a>, where the Western (Overhill or Otali) dialect predominates. The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Immersion_School" title="Cherokee Immersion School">Cherokee Immersion School</a> (<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Tsalagi Tsunadeloquasdi</i></span>) in Tahlequah serves children in federally recognized tribes from pre-school up to grade 6.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cherokee, a <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a> language,<sup id="cite_ref-polysynthetic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polysynthetic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also the only member of the Southern Iroquoian family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975viii_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975viii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it uses a <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">unique syllabary</a> writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-Omniglot_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a polysynthetic language, Cherokee differs dramatically from <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> such as English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, and as such can be difficult for adult learners to acquire.<sup id="cite_ref-CARLA_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARLA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single Cherokee word can convey ideas that would require multiple English words to express, from the context of the assertion and connotations about the speaker to the idea's action and its object. The <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> complexity of the Cherokee language is best exhibited in verbs, which comprise approximately 75% of the language, as opposed to only 25% of the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-CARLA_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARLA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs must contain at minimum a <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronominal</a> prefix, a verb root, an <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> suffix, and a modal suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl200316_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl200316-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive documentation of the language exists, as it is the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">indigenous language of North America</a> in which the most literature has been published.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such publications include a Cherokee dictionary and grammar, as well as several editions of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of the Bible<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue17_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue17-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Phoenix</a></i> (<span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ</span></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Tsalagi Tsulehisanvhi</i></span>), the first newspaper published by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and the first published in a Native American language.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cherokee is an <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian language">Iroquoian language</a>, and the only Southern Iroquoian language spoken today. Linguists believe that the Cherokee people migrated to the southeast from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson20153_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson20153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about three thousand years ago, bringing with them their language. Despite the three-thousand-year geographic separation, the Cherokee language today still shows some similarities to the languages spoken around the Great Lakes, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a>. </p><p>Some researchers (such as Thomas Whyte) have suggested the homeland of the proto-Iroquoian language resides in Appalachia. Whyte contends, based on linguistic and molecular studies, that proto-Iroquoian speakers participated in cultural and economic exchanges along the north–south axis of the Appalachian Mountains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The divergence of Southern Iroquoian (which Cherokee is the only known branch of) from the Northern Iroquoian languages occurred approximately 4,000–3,000 years ago as <a href="/wiki/Late_Archaic_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Archaic (North America)">Late Archaic</a> proto-Iroquoian speaking peoples became more sedentary with the advent of horticulture, advancement of lithic technologies and the emergence of social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands. In the subsequent millennia, the Northern Iroquoian and Southern Iroquoian would be separated by various Algonquin and Siouan speaking peoples as linguistic, religious, social and technological practices from the Algonquin to the north and east and the Siouans to the west from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a> would come to be practiced by peoples in the Chesapeake region, as well as parts of the Carolinas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_(2015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_%282015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer%29.jpg/220px-Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_%282015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_%282015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer%29.jpg/330px-Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_%282015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_%282015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer%29.jpg/440px-Cherokee_Heritage_Center_-_New_Hope_Church_-_Bible_cover_in_Cherokee_script_%282015-05-27_14.09.44_by_Wesley_Fryer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bible cover in Cherokee script</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">History of the Cherokee language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg/220px-Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg/330px-Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg/440px-Adams_Corner_-_Kirche_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Translation of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> into the Cherokee language, 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the development of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> in the 1820s, Cherokee was an oral language only. The Cherokee syllabary is a set of written symbols invented by <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> in the late 1810s and early 1820s to write the Cherokee language. His creation of the syllabary is particularly noteworthy in that he could not previously read any script. Sequoyah had some contact with English literacy and the Roman alphabet through his proximity to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_(Tennessee)" title="Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)">Fort Loudoun</a>, where he engaged in trade with Europeans. He was exposed to English literacy through his white father. His limited understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, including the ability to recognize the letters of his name, may have aided him in the creation of the Cherokee syllabary.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When developing the written language, Sequoyah first experimented with <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>, but his system later developed into a syllabary. In his system, each symbol represents a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> rather than a single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>; the 85 (originally 86)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturtevantFogelson2004337_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtevantFogelson2004337-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characters in the Cherokee syllabary provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Some typeface syllables do resemble the Latin, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic scripts</a>' letters, but the sounds are completely different (for example, the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is written with a letter that resembles Latin D). </p><p>Around 1809, Sequoyah began work to create a system of writing for the Cherokee language.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first he sought to create a character for each word in the language. He spent a year on this effort, leaving his fields unplanted, so that his friends and neighbors thought he had lost his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-gc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boudinot_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boudinot-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife is said to have burned his initial work, believing it to be <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally realized that this approach was impractical because it would require too many pictures to be remembered. He then tried making a symbol for every idea, but this also caused too many problems to be practical.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sequoyah did not succeed until he gave up trying to represent entire words and developed a written symbol for each syllable in the language. After approximately a month, he had a system of 86 <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">characters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gc_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In their present form [of typeface syllabary, not the original handwritten syllabary], many of the syllabary characters resemble Roman, Cyrillic, or Greek letters, or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>," says Janine Scancarelli, a scholar of Cherokee writing, "but there is no apparent relationship between their sounds in other languages and in Cherokee."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unable to find adults willing to learn the syllabary, he taught it to his daughter, Ayokeh (also spelled Ayoka).<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langguth says she was only six years old at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Langguth_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langguth-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He traveled to the Indian Reserves in the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</a> where some Cherokees had settled. When he tried to convince the local leaders of the syllabary's usefulness, they doubted him, believing that the symbols were merely <i>ad hoc</i> reminders. Sequoyah asked each to say a word, which he wrote down, and then called his daughter in to read the words back. This demonstration convinced the leaders to let him teach the syllabary to a few more people. This took several months, during which it was rumored that he might be using the students for sorcery. After completing the lessons, Sequoyah wrote a dictated letter to each student, and read a dictated response. This test convinced the western Cherokees that he had created a practical writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-boudinot_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boudinot-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Sequoyah returned east, he brought a sealed envelope containing a written speech from one of the Arkansas Cherokee leaders. By reading this speech, he convinced the eastern Cherokees also to learn the system, after which it spread rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-gc_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boudinot_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boudinot-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825 the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> officially adopted the writing system. From 1828 to 1834, American missionaries assisted the Cherokees in using Sequoyah's original syllabary to develop <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> syllabary characters and print the <i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Phoenix</a></i>, the first newspaper of the Cherokee Nation, with text in both Cherokee and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Sequoyah_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sequoyah-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1826, the Cherokee National Council commissioned George Lowrey and David Brown to translate and print eight copies of the laws of the Cherokee Nation in the new Cherokee language typeface using Sequoyah's system, but not his original self-created handwritten syllable glyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> saw a copy of Sequoyah's syllabary, he found the syllabary superior to the English alphabet. Even though a Cherokee student must learn 86 syllables instead of 26 letters, they can read immediately. Students could accomplish in a few weeks what students of English writing could learn in two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Langguth_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langguth-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824, the General Council of the Eastern Cherokees awarded Sequoyah a large silver medal in honor of the syllabary. According to Davis, one side of the medal bore his image surrounded by the inscription in English, "Presented to George Gist by the General Council of the Cherokee for his ingenuity in the invention of the Cherokee Alphabet." The reverse side showed two long-stemmed pipes and the same inscription written in Cherokee. Supposedly, Sequoyah wore the medal throughout the rest of his life, and it was buried with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1825, the Bible and numerous religious hymns and pamphlets, educational materials, legal documents, and books were translated into the Cherokee language. Thousands of Cherokees became literate and the literacy rate for Cherokees in the original syllabary, as well as the typefaced syllabary, was higher in the Cherokee Nation than that of literacy of whites in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> in the United States. </p><p>Though use of the Cherokee syllabary declined after many of the Cherokees were forcibly removed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, present-day Oklahoma, it has survived in private correspondence, renderings of the Bible, and descriptions of Indian medicine<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now can be found in books and on the internet among other places. </p><p>In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> introduced a Cherokee language interface for its latest <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. Eastern Band Principal Chief <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sneed" title="Richard Sneed">Richard Sneed</a>, who along with other Cherokee leaders worked with Motorola on the development, considered this an effort to preserve the language. Features included not only symbols but also the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language remains concentrated in some Oklahoma communities<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue16_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communities like Big Cove and Snowbird in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="574" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jerry_speaking_English_and_Cherokee.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wolfe" title="Jeremiah Wolfe">Jerry Wolfe</a> (1924–2018), speaking in English and the Kituwah dialect of Cherokee in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of European contact, there were three major dialects of Cherokee: Lower, Middle, and Overhill. The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the South Carolina-Georgia border, has been extinct since about 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the remaining two dialects, the Middle dialect (Kituwah) is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a>, and retains ~200 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue18_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Overhill, or Western, dialect is spoken in eastern Oklahoma and by the Snowbird Community in North Carolina by ~1,300 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue18_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005351_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005351-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western dialect is most widely used and is considered the main dialect of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-CARLA_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CARLA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-about_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both dialects have had English influence, with the Overhill, or Western dialect showing some Spanish influence as well.<sup id="cite_ref-about_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The now extinct Lower dialect spoken by the inhabitants of the Lower Towns in the vicinity of the South Carolina–Georgia border had <i>r</i> as the liquid consonant in its inventory, while both the contemporary Kituhwa dialect spoken in North Carolina and the Overhill dialect contain <i>l</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_drift">Language drift</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language drift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 22em; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Drifted Otali Sequoyah<br />syllabary mapping </th></tr> <tr> <td>Otali syllable</td> <td>Sequoyah syllabary index</td> <td>Sequoyah syllabary chart</td> <td>Sequoyah syllable </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>00</td> <td>Ꭰ</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>01</td> <td>Ꭱ</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>02</td> <td>Ꭲ</td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>03</td> <td>Ꭳ</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>04</td> <td>Ꭴ</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td>05</td> <td>Ꭵ</td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>qwa</td> <td>06</td> <td>Ꭶ</td> <td>ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>ka</td> <td>07</td> <td>Ꭷ</td> <td>ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>ge</td> <td>08</td> <td>Ꭸ</td> <td>ge </td></tr> <tr> <td>gi</td> <td>09</td> <td>Ꭹ</td> <td>gi </td></tr> <tr> <td>go</td> <td>10</td> <td>Ꭺ</td> <td>go </td></tr> <tr> <td>gu</td> <td>11</td> <td>Ꭻ</td> <td>gu </td></tr> <tr> <td>gv</td> <td>12</td> <td>Ꭼ</td> <td>gv </td></tr> <tr> <td>ha</td> <td>13</td> <td>Ꭽ</td> <td>ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>he</td> <td>14</td> <td>Ꭾ</td> <td>he </td></tr> <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>15</td> <td>Ꭿ</td> <td>hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ho</td> <td>16</td> <td>Ꮀ</td> <td>ho </td></tr> <tr> <td>hu</td> <td>17</td> <td>Ꮁ</td> <td>hu </td></tr> <tr> <td>hv</td> <td>18</td> <td>Ꮂ</td> <td>hv </td></tr> <tr> <td>la</td> <td>19</td> <td>Ꮃ</td> <td>la </td></tr> <tr> <td>le</td> <td>20</td> <td>Ꮄ</td> <td>le </td></tr> <tr> <td>li</td> <td>21</td> <td>Ꮅ</td> <td>li </td></tr> <tr> <td>lo</td> <td>22</td> <td>Ꮆ</td> <td>lo </td></tr> <tr> <td>lu</td> <td>23</td> <td>Ꮇ</td> <td>lu </td></tr> <tr> <td>lv</td> <td>24</td> <td>Ꮈ</td> <td>lv </td></tr> <tr> <td>ma</td> <td>25</td> <td>Ꮉ</td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>me</td> <td>26</td> <td>Ꮊ</td> <td>me </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi</td> <td>27</td> <td>Ꮋ</td> <td>mi </td></tr> <tr> <td>mo</td> <td>28</td> <td>Ꮌ</td> <td>mo </td></tr> <tr> <td>mu</td> <td>29</td> <td>Ꮍ</td> <td>mu </td></tr> <tr> <td>na</td> <td>30</td> <td>Ꮎ</td> <td>na </td></tr> <tr> <td>hna</td> <td>31</td> <td>Ꮏ</td> <td>hna </td></tr> <tr> <td>nah</td> <td>32</td> <td>Ꮐ</td> <td>nah </td></tr> <tr> <td>ne</td> <td>33</td> <td>Ꮑ</td> <td>ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>ni</td> <td>34</td> <td>Ꮒ</td> <td>ni </td></tr> <tr> <td>no</td> <td>35</td> <td>Ꮓ</td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td>nu</td> <td>36</td> <td>Ꮔ</td> <td>nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>nv</td> <td>37</td> <td>Ꮕ</td> <td>nv </td></tr> <tr> <td>qua</td> <td>38</td> <td>Ꮖ</td> <td>qua </td></tr> <tr> <td>que</td> <td>39</td> <td>Ꮗ</td> <td>que </td></tr> <tr> <td>qui</td> <td>40</td> <td>Ꮘ</td> <td>qui </td></tr> <tr> <td>quo</td> <td>41</td> <td>Ꮙ</td> <td>quo </td></tr> <tr> <td>quu</td> <td>42</td> <td>Ꮚ</td> <td>quu </td></tr> <tr> <td>quv</td> <td>43</td> <td>Ꮛ</td> <td>quv </td></tr> <tr> <td>sa</td> <td>44</td> <td>Ꮜ</td> <td>sa </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>45</td> <td>Ꮝ</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>se</td> <td>46</td> <td>Ꮞ</td> <td>se </td></tr> <tr> <td>si</td> <td>47</td> <td>Ꮟ</td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <td>so</td> <td>48</td> <td>Ꮠ</td> <td>so </td></tr> <tr> <td>su</td> <td>49</td> <td>Ꮡ</td> <td>su </td></tr> <tr> <td>sv</td> <td>50</td> <td>Ꮢ</td> <td>sv </td></tr> <tr> <td>da</td> <td>51</td> <td>Ꮣ</td> <td>da </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta</td> <td>52</td> <td>Ꮤ</td> <td>ta </td></tr> <tr> <td>de</td> <td>53</td> <td>Ꮥ</td> <td>de </td></tr> <tr> <td>te</td> <td>54</td> <td>Ꮦ</td> <td>te </td></tr> <tr> <td>di</td> <td>55</td> <td>Ꮧ</td> <td>di </td></tr> <tr> <td>ti</td> <td>56</td> <td>Ꮨ</td> <td>ti </td></tr> <tr> <td>do</td> <td>57</td> <td>Ꮩ</td> <td>do </td></tr> <tr> <td>du</td> <td>58</td> <td>Ꮪ</td> <td>du </td></tr> <tr> <td>dv</td> <td>59</td> <td>Ꮫ</td> <td>dv </td></tr> <tr> <td>dla</td> <td>60</td> <td>Ꮬ</td> <td>dla </td></tr> <tr> <td>tla</td> <td>61</td> <td>Ꮭ</td> <td>tla </td></tr> <tr> <td>tle</td> <td>62</td> <td>Ꮮ</td> <td>tle </td></tr> <tr> <td>tli</td> <td>63</td> <td>Ꮯ</td> <td>tli </td></tr> <tr> <td>tlo</td> <td>64</td> <td>Ꮰ</td> <td>tlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>tlu</td> <td>65</td> <td>Ꮱ</td> <td>tlu </td></tr> <tr> <td>tlv</td> <td>66</td> <td>Ꮲ</td> <td>tlv </td></tr> <tr> <td>ja</td> <td>67</td> <td>Ꮳ</td> <td>tsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>je</td> <td>68</td> <td>Ꮴ</td> <td>tse </td></tr> <tr> <td>ji</td> <td>69</td> <td>Ꮵ</td> <td>tsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>jo</td> <td>70</td> <td>Ꮶ</td> <td>tso </td></tr> <tr> <td>ju</td> <td>71</td> <td>Ꮷ</td> <td>tsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>jv</td> <td>72</td> <td>Ꮸ</td> <td>tsv </td></tr> <tr> <td>hwa</td> <td>73</td> <td>Ꮹ</td> <td>wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>we</td> <td>74</td> <td>Ꮺ</td> <td>we </td></tr> <tr> <td>wi</td> <td>75</td> <td>Ꮻ</td> <td>wi </td></tr> <tr> <td>wo</td> <td>76</td> <td>Ꮼ</td> <td>wo </td></tr> <tr> <td>wu</td> <td>77</td> <td>Ꮽ</td> <td>wu </td></tr> <tr> <td>wv</td> <td>78</td> <td>Ꮾ</td> <td>wv </td></tr> <tr> <td>ya</td> <td>79</td> <td>Ꮿ</td> <td>ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>ye</td> <td>80</td> <td>Ᏸ</td> <td>ye </td></tr> <tr> <td>yi</td> <td>81</td> <td>Ᏹ</td> <td>yi </td></tr> <tr> <td>yo</td> <td>82</td> <td>Ᏺ</td> <td>yo </td></tr> <tr> <td>yu</td> <td>83</td> <td>Ᏻ</td> <td>yu </td></tr> <tr> <td>yv</td> <td>84</td> <td>Ᏼ</td> <td>yv </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two main dialects of Cherokee spoken by modern speakers. The Giduwa (or Kituwah) dialect (Eastern Band) and the Otali dialect (also called the Overhill dialect) spoken in Oklahoma. The Otali dialect has drifted significantly from Sequoyah's syllabary in the past 150 years, and many contracted and borrowed words have been adopted into the language. These noun and verb roots in Cherokee, however, can still be mapped to Sequoyah's syllabary. There are more than 85 syllables in use by modern Cherokee speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_preservation_efforts">Status and preservation efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Status and preservation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swyddfa_Bost_Tahlequah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Swyddfa_Bost_Tahlequah.jpg/250px-Swyddfa_Bost_Tahlequah.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Swyddfa_Bost_Tahlequah.jpg/375px-Swyddfa_Bost_Tahlequah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Swyddfa_Bost_Tahlequah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A sign in <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a> in English and Cherokee (transcription: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏓᎵᏊ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏧᏂᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ</span></span> – "<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">daliquu goweli tsunisduisdi</i></span>")</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kituwah_Academy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kituwah_Academy.png/250px-Kituwah_Academy.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kituwah_Academy.png/375px-Kituwah_Academy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kituwah_Academy.png/500px-Kituwah_Academy.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lesson at <a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">New Kituwah Academy</a> on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina. The bilingual <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> school, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, teaches the same curriculum as other American primary schools</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 2019, the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes declared a state of emergency for the language due to the threat of it going extinct, calling for the enhancement of revitalization programs.<sup id="cite_ref-emergency_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emergency-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language retains about 1,500<sup id="cite_ref-Strive_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strive-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2,100<sup id="cite_ref-emergency_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emergency-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherokee speakers, but an average of eight fluent speakers die each month, and only a handful of people under 40 years of age are fluent as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Strive_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strive-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1986, the literacy rate for first language speakers was 15–20% who could read and 5% who could write, according to the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Heritage_Center" title="Cherokee Heritage Center">Cherokee Heritage Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue17_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue17-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 survey determined that the Eastern Band had 460 fluent speakers. Ten years later, the number was believed to be 200.<sup id="cite_ref-Standingdeer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standingdeer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsali_Boulevard_sign,_Cherokee,_NC_IMG_4880.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tsali_Boulevard_sign%2C_Cherokee%2C_NC_IMG_4880.JPG/200px-Tsali_Boulevard_sign%2C_Cherokee%2C_NC_IMG_4880.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tsali_Boulevard_sign%2C_Cherokee%2C_NC_IMG_4880.JPG/300px-Tsali_Boulevard_sign%2C_Cherokee%2C_NC_IMG_4880.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tsali_Boulevard_sign%2C_Cherokee%2C_NC_IMG_4880.JPG/400px-Tsali_Boulevard_sign%2C_Cherokee%2C_NC_IMG_4880.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tsali Boulevard (transcription: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr"><a href="/wiki/Tsali" title="Tsali">ᏣᎵ</a> ᏧᏩᏐᎯᏍᏗ</span></span> – "<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsali tsuwasohisdi</i></span>") in <a href="/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina" title="Cherokee, North Carolina">Cherokee</a>, North Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>Cherokee is "definitely endangered" in Oklahoma and "severely endangered" in North Carolina according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherokee has been the co-<a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> alongside English since a 1991 legislation officially proclaimed this under the Act Relating to the Tribal Policy for the Promotion and Preservation of Cherokee Language, History, and Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Cherokee_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherokee-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherokee is also recognized as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians</a>. As Cherokee is official, the entire constitution of the United Keetoowah Band is available in both English and Cherokee. As an official language, any tribal member may communicate with the tribal government in Cherokee or English, English translation services are provided for Cherokee speakers, and both Cherokee and English are used when the tribe provides services, resources, and information to tribal members or when communicating with the tribal council.<sup id="cite_ref-Cherokee_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherokee-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1991 legislation allows the political branch of the nation to maintain Cherokee as a living language.<sup id="cite_ref-Cherokee_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherokee-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they are within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area, hospitals and health centers such as the Three Rivers Health Center in <a href="/wiki/Muscogee,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee, Oklahoma">Muscogee, Oklahoma</a> provide Cherokee language translation services.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokeeclass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cherokeeclass.png/220px-Cherokeeclass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cherokeeclass.png/330px-Cherokeeclass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cherokeeclass.png/440px-Cherokeeclass.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> Cherokee language immersion school student writing in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png/220px-CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png/330px-CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png/440px-CherokeeKituwahAcademy.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>The Cherokee language taught to preschool students at <a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">New Kituwah Academy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008 the Cherokee Nation initiated a ten-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs, as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80 percent or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-preservation_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preservation-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Preservation_Foundation" title="Cherokee Preservation Foundation">Cherokee Preservation Foundation</a> has invested $4.5 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. They have accomplished: "Curriculum development, teaching materials and teacher training for a total immersion program for children, beginning when they are preschoolers, that enables them to learn Cherokee as their first language. The participating children and their parents learn to speak and read together. The Tribe operates the <a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">Kituwah Academy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-preservation_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preservation-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed in 2006, the Kituwah Preservation & Education Program (KPEP) on the Qualla Boundary focuses on language immersion programs for children from birth to fifth grade, developing cultural resources for the general public and community language programs to foster the Cherokee language among adults.<sup id="cite_ref-kpep_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpep-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language_immersion_school_in_Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a> that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez,_Will_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez,_Will-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second campus was added in November 2021, when the school purchased Greasy School in <a href="/wiki/Greasy,_Oklahoma" title="Greasy, Oklahoma">Greasy, Oklahoma</a>, located in southern <a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Oklahoma" title="Adair County, Oklahoma">Adair County</a> ten miles south of <a href="/wiki/Stilwell,_Oklahoma" title="Stilwell, Oklahoma">Stilwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Immersion_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immersion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated in the largest area of Cherokee speakers in the world, the opportunity for that campus is for students to spend the day in an immersion school and then return to a Cherokee-speaking home.<sup id="cite_ref-Immersion_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immersion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_State_University" title="Northeastern State University">Northeastern State University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Carolina_University" title="Western Carolina University">Western Carolina University</a>. Western Carolina University (WCU) has partnered with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) to promote and restore the language through the school's Cherokee Studies program, which offers classes in and about the language and culture of the Cherokee Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-wcu.edu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wcu.edu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WCU and the EBCI have initiated a ten-year language revitalization plan consisting of: (1) a continuation of the improvement and expansion of the EBCI Atse Kituwah Cherokee Language Immersion School, (2) continued development of Cherokee language learning resources, and (3) building of Western Carolina University programs to offer a more comprehensive language training curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-wcu.edu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wcu.edu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2022, the tribe opened a $20 million language center in a 52,000-square-foot building near its headquarters in Tahlequah.<sup id="cite_ref-Center_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immersion facility, which has classes for youth to adults, features no English signage: even the exit signs feature a pictograph of a person running for the door rather than the English word.<sup id="cite_ref-Center_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Center-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cherokee Nation has created language lessons on the online learning platform <a href="/wiki/Memrise" title="Memrise">Memrise</a> which contain "around 1,000 Cherokee words and phrases".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Wikitongues_Jerry_speaking_Cherokee.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wikitongues_Jerry_speaking_Cherokee.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Wikitongues_Jerry_speaking_Cherokee.mp3/Wikitongues_Jerry_speaking_Cherokee.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Wikitongues_Jerry_speaking_Cherokee.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Recording of a native Cherokee speaker from the Eastern Band</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="68" data-mwtitle="Cherokeestompdance.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cherokeestompdance.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Cherokeestompdance.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Cherokeestompdance.ogg/Cherokeestompdance.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Recording of a Cherokee language stomp dance ceremony in Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p>The family of <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian languages</a> has a unique phonological inventory. Unlike most languages, the Cherokee inventory of consonants lacks the labial sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>. It also lacks <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>. Cherokee does, however, have one <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonant</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, but it is rare, appearing in no more than ten native words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing197516,_21_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing197516,_21-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Lower dialect does not produce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> at all. Instead, it uses <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. </p><p>In the case of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨qw⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> is often substituted, as in the name of the <a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="chr:">Cherokee Wikipedia</a>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Wigi<b>qw</b>ediya</i></span>. Some words may contain sounds not reflected in the given phonology: for instance, the modern Oklahoma use of the loanword "automobile", with the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> sounds of English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with many Iroquoian languages, Cherokee's phonemic inventory is small. The consonants for North Carolina Cherokee are given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 337">: 337 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>North Carolina Cherokee consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant"><small>lateral</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">t͡ɬ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷ/</span> and affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɬ/</span> are voiced in the beginning of syllables and between vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ɮ]</span>. Before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, they surface as aspirated stops: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sʰ]</span>, except <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɬ/</span> which surfaces as a plain voiceless affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɬ]</span> or fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span> in some Oklahoma Cherokee speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201641_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201641-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a39,_64_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a39,_64-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These aspirated allophones are felt as separate phonemes by native speakers and are often reflected as such in the orthographies (in romanization or syllabary).</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> is palatalized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>⁓<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ]</span> (voiced allophones: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>⁓<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ]</span>) in the Oklahoma dialects,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201640–41_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201640–41-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> + obstruent after vowel deletion:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198725_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198725-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">jⱥ-hdlv́vga</i></span> becomes <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsdlv́vga</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">you are sick</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a65_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a65-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɬ/</span> has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> in most North Carolina dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201641_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201641-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> (the voiced allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>) can also be lenited to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʷ]</span> (the voiced allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span>) to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>⁓<span class="wrap"> </span>w]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201639_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201639-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198726_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198726-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The sonorants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>l,<span class="wrap"> </span>j,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɰ/</span> are devoiced when preceding or following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, with varying degrees of allophony: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̥,<span class="wrap"> </span>l̥⁓ɬ,<span class="wrap"> </span>j̥⁓ç,<span class="wrap"> </span>w̥⁓ʍ⁓ɸ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201642_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201642-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> is the only true labial. It occurs only in a dozen native words<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201643_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201643-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is not reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iroquoian_language" title="Proto-Iroquoian language">Proto-Iroquoian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles201021,_82_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles201021,_82-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> or even <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂ]</span> in North Carolina dialects. After a short vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is always preceded by a faint <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, generally not spelled in the romanized orthographies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201642_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201642-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a36_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a36-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198725_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198725-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, including the pre-aspiration <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> mentioned above, participate in complex rules of laryngeal and tonal alternations, often surfacing as various tones instead. Ex: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">h-v<b>h</b>d-a</i></span> > <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hv<b>h</b>da</i></span> "use it!" but <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g-v<b>h</b>d-íha</i></span> > <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g<b>vv̀</b>díha</i></span> "I am using it" with a low falling tone;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201643_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201643-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">wi-hi-ga<b>h</b>t-i</i></span> > <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hwi<b>k</b>ti</i></span> "you're heading there" but <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">wi-ji-ga<b>h</b>t-i</i></span> > <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">wijig<b>áa</b>ti</i></span> "I am heading there" with a falling tone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthography">Orthography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main competing orthographies, depending on how plain and aspirated stops (including affricates) are represented:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201611_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201611-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a33,_64_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a33,_64-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005359–362_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005359–362-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the <i>d/t system</i>, plain stops are represented by English voiced stops (<i>d, g, gw, j, dl</i>) and aspirated stops by English voiceless stops (<i>t, k, kw, c, tl</i>). This orthography is favored by native speakers.</li> <li>In the <i>t/th system</i>, plain stops are represented by voiceless stops instead, and aspirated stops by sequences of voiceless stops + <i>h</i> (<i>th, kh, khw/kwh, ch, thl/tlh</i>). This orthography is favored by linguists.</li></ul> <p>Another orthography, used in Holmes (1977), doesn't distinguish plain stops from aspirated stops for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sa/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span> and uses <i>ts</i> and <i>qu</i> for both modes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198730_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli198730-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spellings working from the syllabary rather than from the sounds often behave similarly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷ/</span> being the only two stop series not having separate letters for plain and aspirated before any vowel in Sequoyah script. Ex: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏌᏊ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">saquu</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[saàɡʷu]</a></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏆᎾ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">quana</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kʷʰana]</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six short vowels and six long vowels in the Cherokee inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975ix_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975ix-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all Iroquoian languages, this includes a nasalized vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 337">: 337 </span></sup> In the case of Cherokee, the nasalized vowel is a mid central vowel usually represented as <i>v</i> and is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə̃]</span>, that is as a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> vowel like the unstressed "a" in the English word "comma" plus the nasalization. It is similar to the nasalized vowel in the French word <i>un</i> which means "one". </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Cherokee vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃ː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is weakly rounded and often realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>⁓<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ]</span>. </p><p>Word-final vowels are short and nasalized, and receive an automatic high or high-falling tone: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">wado</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[wadṍ]</a></span> 'thank you'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a45_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a45-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often dropped in casual speech: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gaáda</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡaátʰ]</a></span> 'dirt'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201649_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201649-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When deletion happens, trailing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> are also deleted and any resulting long vowel is further shortened:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a78_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a78-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">uùgoohvv́ʔi</i></span> becomes <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">uùgoohv́</i></span> 'he saw it'. </p><p>Short vowels are devoiced before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">digadóhdi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[diɡadó̥hdĩ́]</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a45_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a45-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But due to the phonological rules of <a href="#Vowel_deletion">vowel deletion</a>, <a href="#H-metathesis">laryngeal metathesis</a> and <a href="#Laryngeal_alternation">laryngeal alternation</a> (see below), this environment is relatively rare. </p><p>Sequences of two non-identical vowels are disallowed and the vowel clash must be resolved. There are four strategies depending on the phonological and morphological environments:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara2013127–130_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara2013127–130-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the first vowel is kept: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">uù-aduulíha</i></span> becomes <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">uùduulíha</i></span> 'he wants',</li> <li>the second vowel is kept: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hi-ééga</i></span> becomes <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hééga</i></span> 'you're going',</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic">epenthetic</a> consonant is inserted: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">jii-uudalééʔa</i></span> becomes <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">jiiyuudalééʔa</i></span>,</li> <li>they merge into a different vowel or tone quality.</li></ol> <p>These make the identification of each individual morpheme often a difficult task: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div><b>dúu</b>daanv́vneelvv́ʔi</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">d<b>ee-</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ii-</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="iterative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ITER</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>uu-</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Set B third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3B</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>a</b>daa(d)-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nv́vneel</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-vv́ʔi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="experiential, or experiencer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">d<b>ee-</b> <b>ii-</b> <b>uu-</b> <b>a</b>daa(d)- nv́vneel -vv́ʔi</p><p style="display: none;">DIST- ITER- 3B- REFL- give:PFV -EXP</p><p style="clear: left;">"he gave them right back to him"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div>d<b>éena</b>suúléésgo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">d<b>ee-</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>iinii-</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Set A first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1A</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr>-</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>a</b>suúléésg</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wash.hands:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="habitual aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HAB</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">d<b>ee-</b> <b>iinii-</b> <b>a</b>suúléésg -o</p><p style="display: none;">DIST- 1A.DU- wash.hands:IPFV -HAB</p><p style="clear: left;">"you and I always wash our hands"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cherokee distinguishes six pitch patterns or <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, using four pitch levels. Two tones are level (low, high) and appear on short or long vowels. The other four are <a href="/wiki/Contour_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour tone">contour tones</a> (rising, falling, lowfall, highrise) and appear on long vowels only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a51_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a51-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no academic consensus on the notation of tone and length, although in 2011 a project began to document the use of tones in Cherokee to improve language instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are the main conventions, along with the standardized <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> notation. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel length </th> <th>Tone </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Pulte & Feeling<br />(1975) </th> <th>Scancarelli<br />(1986) </th> <th>Montgomery-Anderson<br />(2008, 2015) </th> <th>Feeling (2003),<br />Uchihara (2016) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Short </td> <td>Low </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨</span> </td> <td>ạ² </td> <td>à </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td>ạ³ </td> <td>á </td> <td>á </td> <td>á </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Long </td> <td>Low </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨</span> </td> <td>a² </td> <td>à: </td> <td>aa </td> <td>aa </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span> </td> <td>a³ </td> <td>á: </td> <td>áa </td> <td>áá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rising </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˧</span> </td> <td>a²³ </td> <td>ǎ: </td> <td>aá </td> <td>aá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˨</span> </td> <td>a³² </td> <td>â: </td> <td>áà </td> <td>áà </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowfall </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span> </td> <td>a¹ (= a²¹) </td> <td>ȁ: </td> <td>aà </td> <td>àà, àa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superhigh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˦</span> </td> <td>a⁴ (= a³⁴) </td> <td>a̋: </td> <td>áá </td> <td>aa̋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <i>low tone</i> is the default, unmarked tone.</li> <li>The <i>high tone</i> is the marked tone. Some sources of high tone apply to the <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>, others to the syllable. Complex <a href="/wiki/Morphophonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonological">morphophonological</a> rules govern whether it can spread one mora to the left, to the right or at all. It has both lexical and morphological functions.</li> <li>The <i>rising and falling tones</i> are secondary tones, i.e. combinations of low and high tones, deriving from moraic high tones and from high tone spread.</li> <li>The <i>lowfall tone</i> mainly derives from glottal stop deletion after a long vowel, but also has important morphological functions (<a href="#Pronominal_lowering">pronominal lowering</a>, <a href="#Tonicity">tonic/atonic alternation</a>, <a href="#Laryngeal_alternation">laryngeal alternation</a>).</li> <li>The <i>superhigh tone</i>, also called <i>highfall</i> by Montgomery-Anderson, has a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactical" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntactical">morphosyntactical</a> function, primarily appearing on adjectives, nouns derived from verbs, and on subordinate verbs. It is mobile and falls on the rightmost long vowel. If the final short vowel is dropped and the superhigh tone becomes in word-final position, it is shortened and pronounced like a slightly higher final tone (notated as <i>a̋</i> in most orthographies). There can only be one superhigh tone per word, constraint not shared by the other tones. For these reasons, this contour exhibits some accentual properties and has been referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">accent</a> (or stress) in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUchihara201695_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUchihara201695-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the tonal system is undergoing a gradual simplification in many areas, it remains important in meaning and is still held strongly by many, especially older, speakers. The syllabary displays neither tone nor vowel length, but as stated earlier regarding the paucity of minimal pairs, real cases of ambiguity are rare. The same goes for transliterated Cherokee (<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">osiyo</i></span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[oosíjo]</a></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dohitsu</i></span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="chr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[doòhiı̋dʒu]</a></span>, etc.), which is rarely written with any tone markers, except in dictionaries. Native speakers can tell the difference between written words based solely on context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_grammar" title="Cherokee grammar">Cherokee grammar</a></div> <p>Cherokee, like many Native American languages, is <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysynthetic">polysynthetic</a>, meaning that many <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> may be linked together to form a single word, which may be of great length. Cherokee <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a> must contain at a minimum a <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronominal</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>, a verb root, an <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> suffix, and a modal suffix,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl200316_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl200316-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a total of 17 verb tenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Standingdeer_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standingdeer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also bear prepronominal prefixes, reflexive prefixes, and derivational suffixes. Given all possible combinations of affixes, each regular verb can have 21,262 inflected forms. </p><p>For example, the verb form <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gééga</i></span>, 'I am going', has each of these elements: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Verb form <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎨᎦ</span></span> <b><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gééga</i></span></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">Ꭸ</span></span> </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">Ꭶ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>g-</td> <td>-éé-</td> <td>-g-</td> <td>-a </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>PRONOMINAL PREFIX</small><br /> 1 sg</td> <td><small>VERB ROOT</small> <br />'to go'</td> <td><small>ASPECT SUFFIX</small><br />present</td> <td><small>MODAL SUFFIX</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The pronominal prefix is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g-</i></span>, which indicates first person singular. The verb root is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-éé-</i></span>, 'to go.' The aspect suffix that this verb employs for the present-tense stem is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-g-</i></span>. The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-a</i></span>. </p><p>Cherokee makes three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> distinctions on pronouns: singular, dual and plural. It does not make gender distinction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975xiii_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975xiii-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but does distinguish <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a> in third person pronouns. Cherokee also makes the distinction between inclusive and exclusive pronouns in the first person dual and plural. There is no distinction between dual and plural in the 3rd person. This makes a total of 10 persons. </p><p>The following is the conjugation of this verb form in all 10 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200460_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200460-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Full conjugation in the present progressive aspect of verbal root <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-éé-</i></span> 'to be going' </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎨᎦ (ge-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>gééga</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎨᎦ (ge-ga)</p><p style="display: none;"><i>gééga</i></p><p style="clear: left;">I'm going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎣᏍᏕᎦ (o-s-de-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oòsdééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎣᏍᏕᎦ (o-s-de-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">oòsdééga</p><p style="clear: left;">We two (not you) are going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎣᏤᎦ (o-tse-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oòjééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎣᏤᎦ (o-tse-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">oòjééga</p><p style="clear: left;">We're (not you) all going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎢᏁᎦ (i-ne-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iìnééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎢᏁᎦ (i-ne-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">iìnééga</p><p style="clear: left;">You & I are going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎢᏕᎦ (i-de-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iìdééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎢᏕᎦ (i-de-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">iìdééga</p><p style="clear: left;">We're (& you) all going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎮᎦ (he-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎮᎦ (he-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">hééga</p><p style="clear: left;">You're going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᏍᏕᎦ (s-de-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sdééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᏍᏕᎦ (s-de-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">sdééga</p><p style="clear: left;">You two are going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎢᏤᎦ (i-tse-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iìjééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎢᏤᎦ (i-tse-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">iìjééga</p><p style="clear: left;">You're all going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎡᎦ (e-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎡᎦ (e-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">ééga</p><p style="clear: left;">She/he/it's going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎠᏁᎦ (a-ne-ga)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aànééga</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎠᏁᎦ (a-ne-ga)</p><p style="display: none;">aànééga</p><p style="clear: left;">They are going</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The translation uses the present progressive ('at this time I am going'). Cherokee differentiates between progressive ('I am going') and habitual ('I go') more than English does. For the habitual, the aspectual prefix is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-g-</i></span> "imperfective" or "incompletive" (here identical to present, but can vary for other verbs) and the modal prefix <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-óóʼi</i></span> "habitual". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Full conjugation in the habitual aspect of verbal root <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">-éé-</i></span> 'to often/usually go'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200460_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200460-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎨᎪᎢ (ge-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">géégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎨᎪᎢ (ge-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">géégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">I often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎣᏍᏕᎪᎢ (o-s-de-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oòsdéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎣᏍᏕᎪᎢ (o-s-de-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">oòsdéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">We two (not you) often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎣᏤᎪᎢ (o-tse-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oòjéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎣᏤᎪᎢ (o-tse-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">oòjéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">We (not you) often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎢᏁᎪᎢ (i-ne-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iìnéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎢᏁᎪᎢ (i-ne-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">iìnéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">You & I often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎢᏕᎪᎢ (i-de-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iìdéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎢᏕᎪᎢ (i-de-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">iìdéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">We (& you) often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎮᎪᎢ (he-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">héégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎮᎪᎢ (he-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">héégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">You often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᏍᏕᎪᎢ (s-de-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sdéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᏍᏕᎪᎢ (s-de-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">sdéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">You two often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎢᏤᎪᎢ (i-tse-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iìjéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎢᏤᎪᎢ (i-tse-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">iìjéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">You often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎡᎪᎢ (e-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">éégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎡᎪᎢ (e-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">éégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">She/he/it often/usually goes</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="chr" style="margin: 0px;">ᎠᏁᎪᎢ (a-ne-go-i)</p><p lang="chr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aànéégóóʼi</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᎠᏁᎪᎢ (a-ne-go-i)</p><p style="display: none;">aànéégóóʼi</p><p style="clear: left;">They often/usually go</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns_and_pronominal_prefixes">Pronouns and pronominal prefixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns and pronominal prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many Native American languages, Cherokee has many pronominal prefixes that can index both subject and object. Pronominal prefixes always appear on verbs and can also appear on adjectives and nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a49_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Anderson2008a49-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two separate words which function as pronouns: <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">aya</i></span> 'I, me' and <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nihi</i></span> 'you'. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of Cherokee pronominal prefixes before a consonant, vowel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th></tr> <tr> <th>set I</th> <th>set II </th> <th>set I</th> <th>set II </th> <th>set I</th> <th>set II </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ji-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">agi-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">agw-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hi-, h-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ja-, j-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ga/a-, X-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">u-, X-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">dual </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ini-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">in-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gini-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gin-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sdi-, sd-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">desdi-, desd-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">osdi-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">osd-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ogini-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ogin-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">idi-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">id-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">igi-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ig-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">iji-, ij-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">deji-, dej-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">oji-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">oj-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ogi-</i></span>, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">og-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ani-, an-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">uni, un-</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_pronouns">Compound pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Compound pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Cherokee pronoun's number marks not only the agent of a verb, but often the object as well. This is the case if the depending object was already mentioned and would be substituted by a separate pronoun in English as well. Contrary to English, animacy is marked but gender is not. </p><p>(These suffixes have to be treated in a CV syllabary structure.) Set I and II join here except if written <i>A</i> | <i>B</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Object</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Subject</div> </th> <th>1 s </th> <th>2 s </th> <th>3 s an </th> <th>3 s in </th> <th>1 d inc </th> <th>1 d exc </th> <th>2 d </th> <th>1 p inc </th> <th>1 p exc </th> <th>2 p </th> <th>3 p an </th> <th>3 p in </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 singular </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ji(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g(e)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sdv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ijv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gaji(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">deg(a)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 singular </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sg(w)(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">h(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sgini(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">isgi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gahi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">deh(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 singular (animate) </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">agw(a)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">j(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">g(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gin(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ogin(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ig(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">og(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ij(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>deg(i)- </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">deg(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 dual inclusive </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">en(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">in(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gen(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">den(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 dual exclusive </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sdv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">osd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">osd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sdv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ijv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gosd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dosd(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 dual </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sgin(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">esd(i)</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sgin(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">isgi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gesd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">desd(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 plural inclusive </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ed(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">id(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ged(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ded(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 plural exclusive </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ijv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">oj(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">oj(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ijv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ijv(y)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">goj(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">doj(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 plural </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">isgi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ej(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ij(i)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">isgi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">isgi(y)-</i></span> </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gej(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dej(i)-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 plural (animate) </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gvg(w)(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gej(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">an(i)- | un(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">an(i)- | un(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gegin(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gogin(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gesd(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">geg(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gog(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gej(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gan(i)- | gun(i)-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dan(i)- | dun(i)-</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some prefixes are the same, even though they mean their opposite. Understanding is ensured by regular stem changes within the verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape_classifiers_in_verbs">Shape classifiers in verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shape classifiers in verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Cherokee verbs require special classifiers which denote a physical property of the direct object. Only around 20 common verbs require one of these classifiers (such as the equivalent of 'hold'). The classifiers can be grouped into five categories: </p> <ul><li>Live</li> <li>Flexible (most common)</li> <li>Long (narrow, not flexible)</li> <li>Indefinite (solid, heavy relative to size), also used as default category<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1975_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1975-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Liquid (or container of)</li></ul> <p>Example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of 'hand him<span class="nowrap"> </span>...' </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classifier type </th> <th>Cherokee </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Live </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᎧᏏ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hikasi</i></span> </td> <td>Hand him (something living) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexible </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᏅᏏ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hinvsi</i></span> </td> <td>Hand him (something like clothes, rope) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Long, indefinite </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᏗᏏ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hidisi</i></span> </td> <td>Hand him (something like a broom, pencil) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indefinite </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᎥᏏ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hivsi</i></span> </td> <td>Hand him (something like food, book) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liquid </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᏁᎥᏏ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hinevsi</i></span> </td> <td>Hand him (something like water) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There have been reports that the youngest speakers of Cherokee are using only the indefinite forms, suggesting a decline in usage or full acquisition of the system of shape classification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherokee is the only Iroquoian language with this type of classificatory verb system, leading linguists to reanalyze it as a potential remnant of a noun incorporation system in Proto-Iroquoian.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, given the non-productive nature of noun incorporation in Cherokee, other linguists have suggested that classificatory verbs are the product of historical contact between Cherokee and non-Iroquoian languages, and instead that the noun incorporation system in Northern Iroquoian languages developed later.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All orderings between subjects, verbs, and objects are possible in Cherokee sentences, but word order preferences are influenced by a number of factors. Some preferences are determined by <a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">information structure</a>; items that express contrast with alternatives generally precede other arguments <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuFrey2024_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuFrey2024-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and items that express new information typically precede those that refer to entities already in the conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScancarelli1987181–198_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScancarelli1987181–198-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word order is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">thematic role</a>, such that agent arguments of transitive sentences (subjects) typically precede theme arguments (objects) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975353_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975353-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1975111_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1975111-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuFrey2024_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuFrey2024-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular</a> sentences, the subject complement must precede the copular verb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkkuş2018_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkkuş2018-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative sentences have a different word order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adjectives precede nouns, as in English. Demonstratives, such as <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎾᏍᎩ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nasgi</i></span> ('that') or <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᎠ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hia</i></span> ('this'), come at the beginning of noun phrases. Relative clauses follow noun phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975353_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975353-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adverbs precede the verbs that they are modifying. For example, 'she's speaking loudly' is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">asdaya gawoniha</i></span> (literally, 'loud she's-speaking').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975353_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975353-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In affirmative present tense sentences, no verb is required to express a copular, predicative relationship between two noun phrases. In such a case, word order is flexible. For example, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᏙᏓ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">na asgaya agidoda</i></span> ('that man is my father'). Adjectives can also be used predicatively with a noun phrase subject, as in <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᎩᏙᏓ ᎤᏔᎾ</span></span> <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">agidoda utana</i></span> ('my father is big').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975354_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975354-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography_2">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequoyah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sequoyah.jpg/220px-Sequoyah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sequoyah.jpg/330px-Sequoyah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sequoyah.jpg/440px-Sequoyah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary</figcaption></figure> <p>Cherokee is written in an 85-character <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> (also known as Guest or George Gist). Many of the letters resemble the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> letters they derive from, but have completely unrelated sound values; Sequoyah had seen English, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> writing but did not know how to read them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975xvii_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeling1975xvii-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other scripts used to write Cherokee are a simple Latin <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> and a more precise system with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritical</a> marks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl20031–2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl20031–2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of the characters represents one syllable, as in the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Greek <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> writing systems. The first six characters represent isolated <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal vowel">vowel</a> syllables. Characters for combined consonant and vowel syllables then follow. It is recited from left to right, top to bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerSarbaugh1993_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerSarbaugh1993-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (December 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The charts below show the syllabary as arranged by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Worcester" title="Samuel Worcester">Samuel Worcester</a> along with his commonly used transliterations. He played a key role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee printing">Cherokee printing</a> from 1828 until his death in 1859. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_Syllabary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cherokee_Syllabary.svg/610px-Cherokee_Syllabary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cherokee_Syllabary.svg/915px-Cherokee_Syllabary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cherokee_Syllabary.svg/1220px-Cherokee_Syllabary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="730" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes_2">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>In the chart, 'v' represents a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə̃/</span>.</li> <li>The character Ꮩ <i>do</i> is shown upside-down in some fonts.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The transliteration working from the syllabary uses conventional consonants like <i>qu</i> and <i>ts</i>, and may differ from the ones used in the phonological orthographies (first column in the below chart, in the d/t system). </p> <table class="wikitable" summary="Cherokee"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ø </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭰ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">a </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭱ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">e </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭲ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">i </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭳ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">o </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭴ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">u </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭵ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">v </td></tr> <tr> <th>g / k </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭶ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ga </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭷ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ka </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭸ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ge </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭹ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">gi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭺ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">go </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭻ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">gu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭼ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">gv </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭽ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ha </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭾ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">he </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꭿ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">hi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮀ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">ho </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮁ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">hu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮂ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">hv </td></tr> <tr> <th>l / hl </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮃ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">la </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮄ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">le </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮅ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">li </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮆ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">lo </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮇ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">lu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮈ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">lv </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮉ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ma </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮊ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">me </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮋ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">mi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮌ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">mo </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮍ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">mu </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>n / hn </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮎ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">na </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮏ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">hna </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮐ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">nah </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮑ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ne </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮒ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ni </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮓ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">no </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮔ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">nu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮕ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">nv </td></tr> <tr> <th>gw / kw </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮖ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">qua </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮗ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">que </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮘ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">qui </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮙ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">quo </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮚ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">quu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮛ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">quv </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮝ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">s </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮜ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">sa </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮞ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">se </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮟ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">si </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮠ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">so </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮡ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">su </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮢ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">sv </td></tr> <tr> <th>d / t </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮣ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">da </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮤ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ta </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮥ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">de </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮦ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">te </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮧ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">di </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮨ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">ti </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮩ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">do </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮪ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">du </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮫ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">dv </td></tr> <tr> <th>dl / tl (hl) </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮬ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">dla </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮭ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">tla </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮮ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">tle </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮯ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">tli </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮰ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">tlo </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮱ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">tlu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮲ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">tlv </td></tr> <tr> <th>j / c <br /> (dz / ts) </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮳ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">tsa </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮴ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">tse </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮵ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">tsi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮶ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">tso </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮷ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">tsu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮸ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">tsv </td></tr> <tr> <th>w / hw </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮹ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">wa </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮺ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">we </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮻ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">wi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮼ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">wo </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮽ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">wu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮾ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">wv </td></tr> <tr> <th>y / hy </th> <td style="font-size:large;">Ꮿ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ya </td> <td colspan="4">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ᏸ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">ye </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ᏹ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden; border-right:#aaa hidden;">yi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ᏺ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">yo </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ᏻ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">yu </td> <td style="font-size:large;">Ᏼ</td> <td style="border-left:#aaa hidden;">yv </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The phonetic values of these characters do not equate directly to those represented by the letters of the Latin script. Some characters represent two distinct phonetic values (actually heard as different syllables), while others often represent different forms of the same syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerSarbaugh1993_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerSarbaugh1993-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (December 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Not all <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> distinctions of the spoken language are represented: </p> <ul><li>Aspirated consonants are generally not distinguished from their plain counterpart. For example, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> + vowel syllables are mostly differentiated from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> + vowel by use of different <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>, syllables beginning with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡw/</span> are all conflated with those beginning with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span>.</li> <li>Long vowels are not distinguished from short vowels. However, in more recent technical literature, length of vowels can actually be indicated using a colon, and other disambiguation methods for consonants (somewhat like the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dakuten" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakuten">dakuten</a>) have been suggested.</li> <li>Tones are not marked.</li> <li>Syllables ending in vowels, <i>h,</i> or glottal stop are undifferentiated. For example, the single symbol Ꮡ is used to represent both <i>suú</i> as in <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">suúdáli</i></span>, meaning 'six' (<span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏑᏓᎵ</span></span>), and <i>súh</i> as in <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">súhdi</i></span>, meaning 'fishhook' (<span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏑᏗ</span></span>).</li> <li>There is no regular rule for representing <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a>. When consonants other than <i>s, h,</i> or glottal stop arise in clusters with other consonants, a vowel must be inserted, chosen either arbitrarily or for etymological reasons (reflecting an underlying etymological vowel, see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vowel_deletion">vowel deletion</a> for instance). For example, <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏧᎾᏍᏗ</span></span> (<span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsu-na-s-di</i></span>) represents the word <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">juunsdi̋</i></span>, meaning 'small (pl.), babies'. The consonant cluster <i>ns</i> is broken down by insertion of the vowel <i>a</i>, and is spelled as <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎾᏍ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nas/</span>. The vowel is etymological as <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">juunsdi̋</i></span> is composed of the morphemes <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">di-uunii-<b>a</b>sdii̋ʔi</i></span> (<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="DIST-3B.PL-SMALL: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">DIST-3B.pl-small</abbr>), where <i>a</i> is part of the root. The vowel is included in the transliteration, but is not pronounced.</li></ul> <p>As with some other <a href="/wiki/Underspecified" class="mw-redirect" title="Underspecified">underspecified</a> writing systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, adult speakers can distinguish words by context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cherokee was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blocks">Blocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Blocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Unicode_block)" title="Cherokee (Unicode block)">Cherokee (Unicode block)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Supplement" title="Cherokee Supplement">Cherokee Supplement</a></div> <p>The main Unicode block for Cherokee is U+13A0–U+13FF.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains the script's upper-case syllables as well as six lower-case syllables: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Unicode_block)" title="Cherokee (Unicode block)">Cherokee</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U13A0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U13A0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U13A0_grey"><a href="#endnote_U13A0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U13A0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+13Ax </td> <td title="U+13A0: CHEROKEE LETTER A">Ꭰ </td> <td title="U+13A1: CHEROKEE LETTER E">Ꭱ </td> <td title="U+13A2: CHEROKEE LETTER I">Ꭲ </td> <td title="U+13A3: CHEROKEE LETTER O">Ꭳ </td> <td title="U+13A4: CHEROKEE LETTER U">Ꭴ </td> <td title="U+13A5: CHEROKEE LETTER V">Ꭵ </td> <td title="U+13A6: CHEROKEE LETTER GA">Ꭶ </td> <td title="U+13A7: CHEROKEE LETTER KA">Ꭷ </td> <td title="U+13A8: CHEROKEE LETTER GE">Ꭸ </td> <td title="U+13A9: CHEROKEE LETTER GI">Ꭹ </td> <td title="U+13AA: CHEROKEE LETTER GO">Ꭺ </td> <td title="U+13AB: CHEROKEE LETTER GU">Ꭻ </td> <td title="U+13AC: CHEROKEE LETTER GV">Ꭼ </td> <td title="U+13AD: CHEROKEE LETTER HA">Ꭽ </td> <td title="U+13AE: CHEROKEE LETTER HE">Ꭾ </td> <td title="U+13AF: CHEROKEE LETTER HI">Ꭿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+13Bx </td> <td title="U+13B0: CHEROKEE LETTER HO">Ꮀ </td> <td title="U+13B1: CHEROKEE LETTER HU">Ꮁ </td> <td title="U+13B2: CHEROKEE LETTER HV">Ꮂ </td> <td title="U+13B3: CHEROKEE LETTER LA">Ꮃ </td> <td title="U+13B4: CHEROKEE LETTER LE">Ꮄ </td> <td title="U+13B5: CHEROKEE LETTER LI">Ꮅ </td> <td title="U+13B6: CHEROKEE LETTER LO">Ꮆ </td> <td title="U+13B7: CHEROKEE LETTER LU">Ꮇ </td> <td title="U+13B8: CHEROKEE LETTER LV">Ꮈ </td> <td title="U+13B9: CHEROKEE LETTER MA">Ꮉ </td> <td title="U+13BA: CHEROKEE LETTER ME">Ꮊ </td> <td title="U+13BB: CHEROKEE LETTER MI">Ꮋ </td> <td title="U+13BC: CHEROKEE LETTER MO">Ꮌ </td> <td title="U+13BD: CHEROKEE LETTER MU">Ꮍ </td> <td title="U+13BE: CHEROKEE LETTER NA">Ꮎ </td> <td title="U+13BF: CHEROKEE LETTER HNA">Ꮏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+13Cx </td> <td title="U+13C0: CHEROKEE LETTER NAH">Ꮐ </td> <td title="U+13C1: CHEROKEE LETTER NE">Ꮑ </td> <td title="U+13C2: CHEROKEE LETTER NI">Ꮒ </td> <td title="U+13C3: CHEROKEE LETTER NO">Ꮓ </td> <td title="U+13C4: CHEROKEE LETTER NU">Ꮔ </td> <td title="U+13C5: CHEROKEE LETTER NV">Ꮕ </td> <td title="U+13C6: CHEROKEE LETTER QUA">Ꮖ </td> <td title="U+13C7: CHEROKEE LETTER QUE">Ꮗ </td> <td title="U+13C8: CHEROKEE LETTER QUI">Ꮘ </td> <td title="U+13C9: CHEROKEE LETTER QUO">Ꮙ </td> <td title="U+13CA: CHEROKEE LETTER QUU">Ꮚ </td> <td title="U+13CB: CHEROKEE LETTER QUV">Ꮛ </td> <td title="U+13CC: CHEROKEE LETTER SA">Ꮜ </td> <td title="U+13CD: CHEROKEE LETTER S">Ꮝ </td> <td title="U+13CE: CHEROKEE LETTER SE">Ꮞ </td> <td title="U+13CF: CHEROKEE LETTER SI">Ꮟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+13Dx </td> <td title="U+13D0: CHEROKEE LETTER SO">Ꮠ </td> <td title="U+13D1: CHEROKEE LETTER SU">Ꮡ </td> <td title="U+13D2: CHEROKEE LETTER SV">Ꮢ </td> <td title="U+13D3: CHEROKEE LETTER DA">Ꮣ </td> <td title="U+13D4: CHEROKEE LETTER TA">Ꮤ </td> <td title="U+13D5: CHEROKEE LETTER DE">Ꮥ </td> <td title="U+13D6: CHEROKEE LETTER TE">Ꮦ </td> <td title="U+13D7: CHEROKEE LETTER DI">Ꮧ </td> <td title="U+13D8: CHEROKEE LETTER TI">Ꮨ </td> <td title="U+13D9: CHEROKEE LETTER DO">Ꮩ </td> <td title="U+13DA: CHEROKEE LETTER DU">Ꮪ </td> <td title="U+13DB: CHEROKEE LETTER DV">Ꮫ </td> <td title="U+13DC: CHEROKEE LETTER DLA">Ꮬ </td> <td title="U+13DD: CHEROKEE LETTER TLA">Ꮭ </td> <td title="U+13DE: CHEROKEE LETTER TLE">Ꮮ </td> <td title="U+13DF: CHEROKEE LETTER TLI">Ꮯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+13Ex </td> <td title="U+13E0: CHEROKEE LETTER TLO">Ꮰ </td> <td title="U+13E1: CHEROKEE LETTER TLU">Ꮱ </td> <td title="U+13E2: CHEROKEE LETTER TLV">Ꮲ </td> <td title="U+13E3: CHEROKEE LETTER TSA">Ꮳ </td> <td title="U+13E4: CHEROKEE LETTER TSE">Ꮴ </td> <td title="U+13E5: CHEROKEE LETTER TSI">Ꮵ </td> <td title="U+13E6: CHEROKEE LETTER TSO">Ꮶ </td> <td title="U+13E7: CHEROKEE LETTER TSU">Ꮷ </td> <td title="U+13E8: CHEROKEE LETTER TSV">Ꮸ </td> <td title="U+13E9: CHEROKEE LETTER WA">Ꮹ </td> <td title="U+13EA: CHEROKEE LETTER WE">Ꮺ </td> <td title="U+13EB: CHEROKEE LETTER WI">Ꮻ </td> <td title="U+13EC: CHEROKEE LETTER WO">Ꮼ </td> <td title="U+13ED: CHEROKEE LETTER WU">Ꮽ </td> <td title="U+13EE: CHEROKEE LETTER WV">Ꮾ </td> <td title="U+13EF: CHEROKEE LETTER YA">Ꮿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+13Fx </td> <td title="U+13F0: CHEROKEE LETTER YE">Ᏸ </td> <td title="U+13F1: CHEROKEE LETTER YI">Ᏹ </td> <td title="U+13F2: CHEROKEE LETTER YO">Ᏺ </td> <td title="U+13F3: CHEROKEE LETTER YU">Ᏻ </td> <td title="U+13F4: CHEROKEE LETTER YV">Ᏼ </td> <td title="U+13F5: CHEROKEE LETTER MV">Ᏽ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+13F8: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YE">ᏸ </td> <td title="U+13F9: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YI">ᏹ </td> <td title="U+13FA: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YO">ᏺ </td> <td title="U+13FB: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YU">ᏻ </td> <td title="U+13FC: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YV">ᏼ </td> <td title="U+13FD: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MV">ᏽ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U13A0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U13A0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U13A0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U13A0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The rest of the lower-case syllables are encoded at U+AB70–ABBF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Supplement" title="Cherokee Supplement">Cherokee Supplement</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_UAB70_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UAB70_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAB70.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AB7x </td> <td title="U+AB70: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER A">ꭰ </td> <td title="U+AB71: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER E">ꭱ </td> <td title="U+AB72: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER I">ꭲ </td> <td title="U+AB73: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER O">ꭳ </td> <td title="U+AB74: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER U">ꭴ </td> <td title="U+AB75: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER V">ꭵ </td> <td title="U+AB76: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GA">ꭶ </td> <td title="U+AB77: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER KA">ꭷ </td> <td title="U+AB78: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GE">ꭸ </td> <td title="U+AB79: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GI">ꭹ </td> <td title="U+AB7A: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GO">ꭺ </td> <td title="U+AB7B: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GU">ꭻ </td> <td title="U+AB7C: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER GV">ꭼ </td> <td title="U+AB7D: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HA">ꭽ </td> <td title="U+AB7E: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HE">ꭾ </td> <td title="U+AB7F: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HI">ꭿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AB8x </td> <td title="U+AB80: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HO">ꮀ </td> <td title="U+AB81: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HU">ꮁ </td> <td title="U+AB82: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HV">ꮂ </td> <td title="U+AB83: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LA">ꮃ </td> <td title="U+AB84: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LE">ꮄ </td> <td title="U+AB85: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LI">ꮅ </td> <td title="U+AB86: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LO">ꮆ </td> <td title="U+AB87: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LU">ꮇ </td> <td title="U+AB88: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER LV">ꮈ </td> <td title="U+AB89: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MA">ꮉ </td> <td title="U+AB8A: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER ME">ꮊ </td> <td title="U+AB8B: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MI">ꮋ </td> <td title="U+AB8C: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MO">ꮌ </td> <td title="U+AB8D: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER MU">ꮍ </td> <td title="U+AB8E: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NA">ꮎ </td> <td title="U+AB8F: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER HNA">ꮏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+AB9x </td> <td title="U+AB90: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NAH">ꮐ </td> <td title="U+AB91: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NE">ꮑ </td> <td title="U+AB92: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NI">ꮒ </td> <td title="U+AB93: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NO">ꮓ </td> <td title="U+AB94: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NU">ꮔ </td> <td title="U+AB95: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER NV">ꮕ </td> <td title="U+AB96: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUA">ꮖ </td> <td title="U+AB97: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUE">ꮗ </td> <td title="U+AB98: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUI">ꮘ </td> <td title="U+AB99: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUO">ꮙ </td> <td title="U+AB9A: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUU">ꮚ </td> <td title="U+AB9B: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER QUV">ꮛ </td> <td title="U+AB9C: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SA">ꮜ </td> <td title="U+AB9D: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER S">ꮝ </td> <td title="U+AB9E: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SE">ꮞ </td> <td title="U+AB9F: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SI">ꮟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+ABAx </td> <td title="U+ABA0: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SO">ꮠ </td> <td title="U+ABA1: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SU">ꮡ </td> <td title="U+ABA2: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER SV">ꮢ </td> <td title="U+ABA3: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DA">ꮣ </td> <td title="U+ABA4: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TA">ꮤ </td> <td title="U+ABA5: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DE">ꮥ </td> <td title="U+ABA6: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TE">ꮦ </td> <td title="U+ABA7: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DI">ꮧ </td> <td title="U+ABA8: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TI">ꮨ </td> <td title="U+ABA9: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DO">ꮩ </td> <td title="U+ABAA: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DU">ꮪ </td> <td title="U+ABAB: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DV">ꮫ </td> <td title="U+ABAC: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER DLA">ꮬ </td> <td title="U+ABAD: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLA">ꮭ </td> <td title="U+ABAE: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLE">ꮮ </td> <td title="U+ABAF: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLI">ꮯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+ABBx </td> <td title="U+ABB0: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLO">ꮰ </td> <td title="U+ABB1: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLU">ꮱ </td> <td title="U+ABB2: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TLV">ꮲ </td> <td title="U+ABB3: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSA">ꮳ </td> <td title="U+ABB4: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSE">ꮴ </td> <td title="U+ABB5: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSI">ꮵ </td> <td title="U+ABB6: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSO">ꮶ </td> <td title="U+ABB7: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSU">ꮷ </td> <td title="U+ABB8: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER TSV">ꮸ </td> <td title="U+ABB9: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WA">ꮹ </td> <td title="U+ABBA: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WE">ꮺ </td> <td title="U+ABBB: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WI">ꮻ </td> <td title="U+ABBC: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WO">ꮼ </td> <td title="U+ABBD: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WU">ꮽ </td> <td title="U+ABBE: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER WV">ꮾ </td> <td title="U+ABBF: CHEROKEE SMALL LETTER YA">ꮿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UAB70_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UAB70_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fonts_and_digital_platform_support">Fonts and digital platform support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fonts and digital platform support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single Cherokee Unicode font, Plantagenet Cherokee, is supplied with <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, version 10.3 (Panther) and later. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> also includes a Cherokee font. Several free Cherokee fonts are available including Digohweli, Donisiladv, and <a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto Sans Cherokee</a>. Some pan-Unicode fonts, such as <a href="/wiki/Code2000" title="Code2000">Code2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everson_Mono" title="Everson Mono">Everson Mono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GNU_FreeFont" title="GNU FreeFont">GNU FreeFont</a>, include Cherokee characters. A commercial font, Phoreus Cherokee, published by TypeCulture, includes multiple weights and styles.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cherokee Nation Language Technology Program supports "innovative solutions for the Cherokee language on all digital platforms including smartphones, laptops, desktops, tablets and social networks."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_stop_sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cherokee_stop_sign.png/150px-Cherokee_stop_sign.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cherokee_stop_sign.png/225px-Cherokee_stop_sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Cherokee_stop_sign.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Cherokee stop sign, <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a>, with <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᎭ</span></span> "<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">alehwisdiha</i></span>" (also spelled "<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">halehwisda</i></span>") meaning 'stop'</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cwy_no_parking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cwy_no_parking.jpg/150px-Cwy_no_parking.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cwy_no_parking.jpg/225px-Cwy_no_parking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cwy_no_parking.jpg/300px-Cwy_no_parking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Cherokee traffic sign in <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a>, reading <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">Ꮭ ᎠᏗ ᏱᎩ</span></span> "<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tla adi yigi</i></span>", meaning 'no parking' from "<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tla</i></span>" meaning 'no'</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cherokee uses <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> (0–9). The Cherokee council voted not to adopt Sequoyah's numbering system.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequoyah created individual symbols for 1–20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 as well as a symbol for three zeros for numbers in the thousands, and a symbol for six zeros for numbers in the millions. These last two symbols, representing ",000" and ",000,000", are made up of two separate symbols each. They have a symbol in common, which could be used as a zero in itself. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Cherokee<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot.com_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td>one </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏌᏊ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">saquu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>two </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏔᎵ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tali</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>three </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏦᎢ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsoi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>four </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏅᎩ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nvgi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>five </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᏍᎩ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hisgi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>six </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏑᏓᎵ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sudali</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seven </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎦᎵᏉᎩ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">galiquogi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eight </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏧᏁᎳ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsunela</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nine </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏐᏁᎳ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sonela</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏍᎪᎯ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sgohi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eleven </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏌᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sadu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>twelve </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏔᎵᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">talidu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thirteen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏦᎦᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsogadu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fourteen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏂᎦᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nigadu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fifteen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᏍᎦᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hisgadu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sixteen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏓᎳᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">daladu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seventeen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎦᎵᏆᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">galiquadu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eighteen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏁᎳᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">neladu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nineteen </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏐᏁᎳᏚ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">soneladu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>twenty </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">talisgohi</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days">Days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Cherokee<sup id="cite_ref-omniglot.com_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omniglot.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td>Days of the week </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎯᎸᏍᎩᎢᎦ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">hilvsgiiga</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">unadodaquasgv</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">unadodaquohnvhi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏔᎵᏁᎢᎦ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">talineiga</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wednesday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏦᎢᏁᎢᎦ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">tsoineiga</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏅᎩᏁᎢᎦ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nvgineiga</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">junagilosdi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">unadodaquidena</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months">Months</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Cherokee </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td>Month of the Cold Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏚᏃᎸᏔᏂ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dunolvtani</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td>Month of the Bony Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎧᎦᎵ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">kagali</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>Month of the Windy Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᏄᏱ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">anuyi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>Month of the Flower Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎧᏩᏂ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">kawani</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>Month of the Planting Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᎾᎠᎬᏘ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">anaagvti</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>Month of the Green Corn Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏕᎭᎷᏱ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dehaluyi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Month of the Ripe Corn Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎫᏰᏉᏂ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">guyequoni</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>Month of the End of Fruit Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎦᎶᏂᎢ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">galonii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>Month of the Nut Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏚᎵᎢᏍᏗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">duliisdi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>Month of the Harvest Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏚᏂᏅᏗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">duninvdi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>Month of Trading Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏄᏓᏕᏆ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nudadequa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td>Month of the Snow Moon </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎥᏍᎩᎦ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">vsgiga</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Cherokee </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td>black </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎬᎾᎨᎢ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gvnagei</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blue </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏌᎪᏂᎨᎢ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">sagonigei</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>brown </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᏬᏗᎨ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">uwodige</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>green </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">itseiyusdi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gray </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">usgolv sagonige</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gold </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏓᎶᏂᎨᎢ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dalonigei</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>orange </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᏌᎶᏂᎨ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">asalonige</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pink </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎩᎦᎨᎢᏳᏍᏗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gigageiyusdi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>purple </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎩᎨᏍᏗ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gigesdi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>red </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎩᎦᎨ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">gigage</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>silver </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">adelv unegv</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>white </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᏁᎦ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">unega</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yellow </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏓᎶᏂᎨ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">dalonige</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_creation">Word creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Word creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language enables the language to develop new descriptive words in Cherokee to reflect or express new concepts. Some good examples are <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ</span></span> (<i><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">ditiyohihi</i></span></i>, 'he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose') corresponding to 'attorney' and <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ</span></span> (<i><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">didaniyisgi</i></span></i>, 'the final catcher' or 'he catches them finally and conclusively') for 'policeman'.<sup id="cite_ref-begin_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begin-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other words have been adopted from another language such as the English word <i>gasoline</i>, which in Cherokee is <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎦᏐᎵᏁ</span></span> (<i><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">gasoline</i></span></i>). Other words were adopted from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early 1900s. One interesting and humorous example is the name of <a href="/wiki/Nowata,_Oklahoma" title="Nowata, Oklahoma">Nowata, Oklahoma</a>, deriving from <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">nowata</i></span>, a Delaware word for 'welcome' (more precisely the Delaware word is <span title="Delaware-language text"><i lang="del">nuwita</i></span> which can mean 'welcome' or 'friend' in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware languages</a>). The white settlers of the area used the name <span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Nowata</i></span> for the township, and local Cherokee, being unaware that the word had its origins in the Delaware language, called the town <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᎹᏗᎧᏂᎬᎾᎬᎾ</span></span> (<i><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">Amadikanigvnagvna</i></span></i>) which means 'the water is all gone gone from here' — i.e. 'no water'.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of adopted words are <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎧᏫ</span></span> (<i><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">kawi</i></span></i>) for 'coffee' and <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏩᏥ</span></span> (<i><span title="Cherokee-language romanization"><i lang="chr-Latn">watsi</i></span></i>) for 'watch'; which led to <span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏥ</span></span> (<span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">utana watsi</i></span>, 'big watch') for <i>clock</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meaning expansion can be illustrated by the words for 'warm' and 'cold', which can be also extended to mean 'south' and 'north'. Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, they were further extended to US party labels, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._43_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._43-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏂᎨᎫᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎶᏱ ᎤᎾᏕᎿ ᏚᏳᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Nigada aniyvwi nigeguda'lvna ale unihloyi unadehna duyukdv gesv'i.</i></span></p></div><p style="display: none;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏂᎨᎫᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎶᏱ ᎤᎾᏕᎿ ᏚᏳᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ.</span></span></p><p style="display: none;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Nigada aniyvwi nigeguda'lvna ale unihloyi unadehna duyukdv gesv'i.</i></span></p><p style="clear: left;">All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎨᏥᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎵᏍᏗ</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Gejinela unadanvtehdi ale unohlisdi</i></span></p></div><p style="display: none;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎨᏥᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎵᏍᏗ</span></span></p><p style="display: none;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">Gejinela unadanvtehdi ale unohlisdi</i></span></p><p style="clear: left;">They are endowed with reason and conscience</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏟᏅᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏗ.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ale sagwu gesv junilvwisdanedi anahldinvdlv adanvdo gvhdi.</i></span></p></div><p style="display: none;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><span lang="chr">ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏟᏅᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏗ.</span></span></p><p style="display: none;"><span title="Cherokee-language text"><i lang="chr-Latn">ale sagwu gesv junilvwisdanedi anahldinvdlv adanvdo gvhdi.</i></span></p><p style="clear: left;">and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_3">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> classifies Cherokee as moribund (8a), which means that "The only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> There was a difference between the old-form DO (Λ-like) and a new-form DO (V-like). The standard Digohweli font displays the new-form. Old Do Digohweli and Code2000 fonts both display the old-form.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The PDF Unicode chart shows the new-form of the letter <i>do</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Snowbird-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snowbird_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeely2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharlotte_Neely" title="Sharlotte Neely">Neely, Sharlotte</a> (March 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpbSb5Psi_sC&q=cherokee+language+speakers"><i>Snowbird Cherokees: People of Persistence</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4074-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-4074-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snowbird+Cherokees%3A+People+of+Persistence&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-4074-6&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Sharlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpbSb5Psi_sC%26q%3Dcherokee%2Blanguage%2Bspeakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Museum_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2005" class="citation web cs1">Frey, Ben (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130607161025/http://www.ncdcr.gov/Portals/7/Collateral/Database/F05.Cherokee.language.pdf">"A Look at the Cherokee Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tar Heel Junior Historian</i>. North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncdcr.gov/Portals/7/Collateral/Database/F05.Cherokee.language.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tar+Heel+Junior+Historian&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+the+Cherokee+Language&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdcr.gov%2FPortals%2F7%2FCollateral%2FDatabase%2FF05.Cherokee.language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endangered-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-endangered_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/chr">"Cherokee"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Cherokee%3A+A+Language+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fchr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emergency-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emergency_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emergency_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emergency_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emergency_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emergency_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKie2019" class="citation news cs1">McKie, Scott (June 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629081731/https://www.theonefeather.com/2019/06/tri-council-declares-state-of-emergency-for-cherokee-language/">"Tri-Council declares State of Emergency for Cherokee language"</a>. <i>Cherokee One Feather</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theonefeather.com/2019/06/tri-council-declares-state-of-emergency-for-cherokee-language/">the original</a> on June 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cherokee+One+Feather&rft.atitle=Tri-Council+declares+State+of+Emergency+for+Cherokee+language&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.aulast=McKie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonefeather.com%2F2019%2F06%2Ftri-council-declares-state-of-emergency-for-cherokee-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CARLA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CARLA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CARLA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CARLA_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CARLA_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CARLA_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carla.umn.edu/conferences/past/immersion2008/documents/Peter_L_CherokeeNation.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiuspfs4eDnAhVLlKwKHaD9C1sQFjAAegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw0RXKbAsSg0cAZN2RJwxMzs">"The Cherokee Nation & its Language"</a>. <i>University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota%3A+Center+for+Advanced+Research+on+Language+Acquisition&rft.atitle=The+Cherokee+Nation+%26+its+Language&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarla.umn.edu%2Fconferences%2Fpast%2Fimmersion2008%2Fdocuments%2FPeter_L_CherokeeNation.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiuspfs4eDnAhVLlKwKHaD9C1sQFjAAegQIAhAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw0RXKbAsSg0cAZN2RJwxMzs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-official-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-official_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-official_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002414/http://keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/GaduwaCherokeeNews/2009-04%20April.pdf">"Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/GaduwaCherokeeNews/2009-04%20April.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keetoowah+Cherokee+is+the+Official+Language+of+the+UKB&rft.pub=Keetoowah+Cherokee+News%3A+Official+Publication+of+the+United+Keetoowah+Band+of+Cherokee+Indians+in+Oklahoma&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeetoowahcherokee.org%2Fdocuments%2FGaduwaCherokeeNews%2F2009-04%2520April.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keetoowah-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keetoowah_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keetoowah_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keetoowah_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425060256/http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/about-ukb/language">"Language & Culture"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International%2C+Digital+Voices+Online&rft.atitle=How+the+Cherokee+language+has+adapted+to+texts%2C+iPhones&rft.date=2015-09-13&rft.aulast=Avila&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2015-09-13%2Fhow-cherokee-language-has-adapted-texts-iphones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102075444/http://intertribal.net/NAT/Cherokee/WebPgCC1/Numerals.htm">"Sequoyah's Numerals"</a>. Inter tribal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intertribal.net/NAT/Cherokee/WebPgCC1/Numerals.htm">the original</a> on November 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sequoyah%27s+Numerals&rft.pub=Inter+tribal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintertribal.net%2FNAT%2FCherokee%2FWebPgCC1%2FNumerals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omniglot.com-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot.com_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omniglot.com_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/cherokee.htm">"Numbers in Cherokee"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Numbers+in+Cherokee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Flanguage%2Fnumbers%2Fcherokee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508224207/http://www.cherokee.org/AboutTheNation/Language/Dikaneisdi(WordList).aspx">"Dikaneisdi (Word List)"</a>. <i>cherokee.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokee.org/AboutTheNation/Language/Dikaneisdi%28WordList%29.aspx">the original</a> on May 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cherokee.org&rft.atitle=Dikaneisdi+%28Word+List%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherokee.org%2FAboutTheNation%2FLanguage%2FDikaneisdi%2528WordList%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-begin-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-begin_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes and Smith, p. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._vii_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes and Smith, p. vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._43-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_and_Smith,_p._43_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes and Smith, p. 43</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkuş2018" class="citation book cs1">Akkuş, F. (2018). "Copular constructions and clausal syntax in Cherokee". In Keough, M.; Weber, N.; Anghelescu, A.; Chen, S. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of Languages of the Americas 21</i>. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copular+constructions+and+clausal+syntax+in+Cherokee&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+the+Structure+and+Constituency+of+Languages+of+the+Americas+21&rft.series=University+of+British+Columbia+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Akku%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeling1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Durbin_Feeling" title="Durbin Feeling">Feeling, Durbin</a> (1975). <i>Cherokee-English Dictionary: Tsalagi-Yonega Didehlogwasdohdi</i>. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherokee-English+Dictionary%3A+Tsalagi-Yonega+Didehlogwasdohdi&rft.place=Tahlequah%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=Cherokee+Nation&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Feeling&rft.aufirst=Durbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeelingKoprisLachlerVan_Tuyl2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Durbin_Feeling" title="Durbin Feeling">Feeling, Durbin</a>; Kopris, Craig; Lachler, Jordan; Van Tuyl, Charles (2003). <i>A Handbook of the Cherokee Verb: A Preliminary Study</i>. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Heritage Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9742818-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9742818-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9742818-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+the+Cherokee+Verb%3A+A+Preliminary+Study&rft.place=Tahlequah%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=Cherokee+Heritage+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9742818-0-3&rft.aulast=Feeling&rft.aufirst=Durbin&rft.au=Kopris%2C+Craig&rft.au=Lachler%2C+Jordan&rft.au=Van+Tuyl%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesSharp_Smith1976" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Ruth Bradley; Sharp Smith, Betty (1976). <i>Beginning Cherokee: Talisgo Galiquogi Dideliquasdodi Tsalagi Digohweli</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Cherokee%3A+Talisgo+Galiquogi+Dideliquasdodi+Tsalagi+Digohweli&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Bradley&rft.au=Sharp+Smith%2C+Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuFrey2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hsu, Brian; Frey, Benjamin (2024). "Word order in Cherokee: Information structure, thematic structure, and variability". <i>Language</i>. <b>100</b>: e124–e55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2024.a937196">10.1353/lan.2024.a937196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Word+order+in+Cherokee%3A+Information+structure%2C+thematic+structure%2C+and+variability&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=e124-e55&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2024.a937196&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Frey%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery-Anderson2008a" class="citation web cs1">Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (May 30, 2008a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4212/1/umi-ku-2613_1.pdf">"A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Oklahoma+Cherokee&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft.aulast=Montgomery-Anderson&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F1808%2F4212%2F1%2Fumi-ku-2613_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery-Anderson2015" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oupress.com/books/14202890/cherokee-reference-grammar"><i>Cherokee Reference Grammar</i></a>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4342-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4342-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-4342-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880689691">880689691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherokee+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880689691&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4342-2&rft.aulast=Montgomery-Anderson&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oupress.com%2Fbooks%2F14202890%2Fcherokee-reference-grammar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Prentice (2004). <i>Conjugation Made Easy: Cherokee Verb Study</i>. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Cherokee Language and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882182-34-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882182-34-3"><bdi>978-1-882182-34-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conjugation+Made+Easy%3A+Cherokee+Verb+Study&rft.place=Tulsa%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=Cherokee+Language+and+Culture&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-882182-34-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Prentice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScancarelli2005" class="citation book cs1">Scancarelli, Janine (2005). "Cherokee". In Scancarelli, Janine; Hardy, Heather K. (eds.). <i>Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. pp. 351–384. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56834622">56834622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherokee&rft.btitle=Native+Languages+of+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pages=351-384&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press+in+cooperation+with+the+American+Indian+Studies+Research+Institute%2C+Indiana+University%2C+Bloomington&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56834622&rft.aulast=Scancarelli&rft.aufirst=Janine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchihara2013" class="citation web cs1">Uchihara, Hiroto (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/content/dam/arts-sciences/linguistics/AlumniDissertations/Uchihara%2520dissertation.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwin4Lb_j-HnAhUYCTQIHf3sDsQQFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw3f-j0BpEyOFYLfmwUqCziF">"Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee"</a> (Ph.D. dissertation). Buffalo, State University of New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tone+and+Accent+in+Oklahoma+Cherokee&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Uchihara&rft.aufirst=Hiroto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farts-sciences.buffalo.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Farts-sciences%2Flinguistics%2FAlumniDissertations%2FUchihara%252520dissertation.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwin4Lb_j-HnAhUYCTQIHf3sDsQQFjAAegQIBRAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw3f-j0BpEyOFYLfmwUqCziF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchihara2016" class="citation book cs1">Uchihara, Hiroto (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/tone-and-accent-in-oklahoma-cherokee-9780198739449?cc=mx&lang=en&"><i>Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873944-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tone+and+Accent+in+Oklahoma+Cherokee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873944-9&rft.aulast=Uchihara&rft.aufirst=Hiroto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Ftone-and-accent-in-oklahoma-cherokee-9780198739449%3Fcc%3Dmx%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerning_the_syllabary">Concerning the syllabary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Concerning the syllabary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bender" title="Margaret Bender">Bender, Margaret</a> (2002). <i>Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+Cherokee+Culture%3A+Sequoyah%27s+Syllabary+in+Eastern+Cherokee+Life&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bender" title="Margaret Bender">Bender, Margaret</a> (2008). "Indexicality, voice, and context in the distribution of Cherokee scripts". <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i>. <b>2008</b> (192): 91–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2008.037">10.1515/ijsl.2008.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145490610">145490610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Indexicality%2C+voice%2C+and+context+in+the+distribution+of+Cherokee+scripts&rft.volume=2008&rft.issue=192&rft.pages=91-104&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2008.037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145490610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T. (1996). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 587–592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=587-592&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley1980" class="citation book cs1">Foley, Lawrence (1980). <i>Phonological Variation in Western Cherokee</i>. New York: Garland Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonological+Variation+in+Western+Cherokee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpatrickKilpatrick" class="citation book cs1">Kilpatrick, Jack F.; Kilpatrick, Anna Gritts. <i>New Echota Letters</i>. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Echota+Letters&rft.place=Dallas&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+University+Press&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=Jack+F.&rft.au=Kilpatrick%2C+Anna+Gritts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchschererHair2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Tuchscherer" title="Konrad Tuchscherer">Tuchscherer, Konrad</a>; Hair, Paul Edward Hedley (2002). "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script". <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>29</b>: 427–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3172173">10.2307/3172173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172173">3172173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162073602">162073602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Cherokee+and+West+Africa%3A+Examining+the+Origins+of+the+Vai+Script&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=427-486&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162073602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3172173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3172173&rft.aulast=Tuchscherer&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft.au=Hair%2C+Paul+Edward+Hedley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevantFogelson2004" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, William C.; Fogelson, Raymond D., eds. (2004). <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast</i>. Vol. 14. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0"><bdi>0-16-072300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%3A+Southeast&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-16-072300-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerSarbaugh1993" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Willard; Sarbaugh, James (1993). "The Early History of the Cherokee Syllabary". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 70–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F482159">10.2307/482159</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482159">482159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156008097">156008097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Cherokee+Syllabary&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-94&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156008097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F482159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F482159&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Willard&rft.au=Sarbaugh%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruchac1995" class="citation book cs1">Bruchac, Joseph, ed. (1995). <i>Aniyunwiya/Real Human Beings: An Anthology of Contemporary Cherokee Prose</i>. Greenfield Center, NY: Greenfield Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912678-92-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912678-92-4"><bdi>978-0-912678-92-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aniyunwiya%2FReal+Human+Beings%3A+An+Anthology+of+Contemporary+Cherokee+Prose&rft.place=Greenfield+Center%2C+NY&rft.pub=Greenfield+Review+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-912678-92-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Charles, Julian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/items/e0467e7f-1d1a-464f-b07f-8fefe8ce0225"><i>A History of Iroquoian Languages</i></a> (PhD dissertation). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1993%2F4175">1993/4175</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+History+of+Iroquoian+Languages&rft.inst=University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1993%2F4175&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmspace.lib.umanitoba.ca%2Fitems%2Fe0467e7f-1d1a-464f-b07f-8fefe8ce0225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Cook, William Hinton (1979). <i>A Grammar of North Carolina Cherokee</i> (PhD dissertation). Yale University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7562394">7562394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Grammar+of+North+Carolina+Cherokee&rft.inst=Yale+University&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7562394&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=William+Hinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1975" class="citation thesis cs1">King, Duane H. (1975). <i>A Grammar and Dictionary of the Cherokee Language</i> (PhD dissertation). University of Georgia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6203735">6203735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Grammar+and+Dictionary+of+the+Cherokee+Language&rft.inst=University+of+Georgia&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6203735&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Duane+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1996" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Pamela, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815131830/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/publications/opl_16.pdf"><i>Cherokee Papers from UCLA</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 16. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36854333">36854333</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/publications/opl_16.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherokee+Papers+from+UCLA&rft.series=UCLA+Occasional+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36854333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpublications%2Fopl_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulteFeeling2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pulte, William; Feeling, Durbin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsaboutworlds0000unse/page/126/mode/2up">"Cherokee"</a>. In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.). <i>Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages: Past and Present</i>. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp. 127–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8242-0970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8242-0970-2"><bdi>0-8242-0970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cherokee&rft.btitle=Facts+About+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Major+Languages%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127-130&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8242-0970-2&rft.aulast=Pulte&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Feeling%2C+Durbin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsaboutworlds0000unse%2Fpage%2F126%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScancarelli1987" class="citation thesis cs1">Scancarelli, Janine (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204094331/https://linguistics.ucla.edu/images/stories/Scancarelli.1987.pdf"><i>Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40812890">40812890</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/images/stories/Scancarelli.1987.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Grammatical+Relations+and+Verb+Agreement+in+Cherokee&rft.inst=University+of+California&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40812890&rft.aulast=Scancarelli&rft.aufirst=Janine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.ucla.edu%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FScancarelli.1987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScancarelli1996" class="citation book cs1">Scancarelli, Janine (1996). "53. Cherokee Writing". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_chr_ortho-3/"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0"><bdi>0-19-507993-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=53.+Cherokee+Writing&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-507993-0&rft.aulast=Scancarelli&rft.aufirst=Janine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_chr_ortho-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="chr:"> Cherokee edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cherokee" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Cherokee">Cherokee</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cherokee_language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Cherokee language">Cherokee language</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cherokee_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cherokee language">Cherokee language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokeedictionary.net/">Cherokee-English Dictionary Online Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://language.cherokee.org/word-list/">Cherokee word list lookup</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://language.cherokee.org/language-programs/cherokee-language-consortium/">Cherokee Nation Dikaneisdi (Word List)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-cherokee/en/chr/">Cherokee numerals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/cherokee/sequoyah/">Cherokee – Sequoyah transliteration system</a> – online conversion tool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U13A0.pdf">Cherokee Unicode Chart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930042006/http://www.cherokee.org/languagetech/en-us/%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%92(home).aspx">Cherokee Nation ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏖᎩᎾᎶᏥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎢ (Tsalagi Gawonihisdi teginalotsi unadotlvnvi) / Cherokee Language Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319230347/https://sites.google.com/site/tsalagianagalisgi/">List of both short and long names for every country and dependency in the world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_archives,_texts,_audio,_video"><span id="Language_archives.2C_texts.2C_audio.2C_video"></span>Language archives, texts, audio, video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Language archives, texts, audio, video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/?sectionId=458">Cherokee Phoenix</a>, bilingual newspaper in Cherokee and English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921023619/http://www.wcu.edu/library/digitalcollections/cherokeetraditions/LanguageAndLiterature/">Cherokee Traditions digital archive</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Western_Carolina_University" title="Western Carolina University">Western Carolina University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825010742/https://www.cherokeenewtestament.com/">Cherokee New Testament Online</a> Online translation of the New Testament. Currently the largest Cherokee document on the internet.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302034703/https://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibit/natamaudio/cherokee">"Native American Audio Collections: Cherokee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibit/natamaudio/cherokee">the original</a> on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Native+American+Audio+Collections%3A+Cherokee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fexhibit%2Fnatamaudio%2Fcherokee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACherokee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/search/collection/p16057coll24/searchterm/cherokee/field/langua/mode/all/conn/and/order/nosort">Cherokee Language Texts</a>, from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16057coll24">Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_lessons_and_online_instruction">Language lessons and online instruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cherokee_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Language lessons and online instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.cherokee.org/">Free online Cherokee classes</a> from the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturev.com/cherokee/cherokee.html">Cherokee Language Online</a> (Beginning dialogues, audio, flashcards and grammar from culturev.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ankiweb.net/shared/decks/cherokee">Cherokee Language downloadable flashcard decks</a> (Some based on culturev.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mangolanguages.com/available-languages/learn-cherokee/">Mango Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213838/https://mangolanguages.com/available-languages/learn-cherokee/">Archived</a> 2021-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> has free lessons via their website or app</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120646/http://cherokeelanguage.wcu.edu/classes/">Online Cherokee language classes</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Western_Carolina_University" title="Western Carolina University">Western Carolina University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/WCUCherokeeLanguage?_fb_noscript=1">Cherokee Language Program at Western Carolina University on Facebook</a>, additional materials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708142042/http://www.cherokeelessons.com/">CherokeeLessons.com</a> (Hosts Creative Commons licensed materials including a textbook covering grammar and many hours of challenge/response based audio lesson files).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuqKGb4re9a5TssItxrTw6Q">Cherokee language YouTube videos for beginners, by tsasuyeda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZEkBhbUA_CWtVSnXEf64ny7pUwlJFfgl">Cherokee speakers</a>, Cherokee Nation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cherokee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cherokee" title="Template:Cherokee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cherokee" title="Template talk:Cherokee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cherokee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cherokee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cherokee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_society" title="Cherokee society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Holiday" title="Cherokee National Holiday">National holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_calendar" title="Cherokee calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_clans" title="Cherokee clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadugi">Gadugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghigau" title="Ghigau">Ghigau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Unicode_block)" title="Cherokee (Unicode block)">Cherokee (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Supplement" title="Cherokee Supplement">Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Immersion_School" title="Cherokee Immersion School">Cherokee Immersion School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">New Kituwah Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_marbles" title="Cherokee marbles">Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Spiritual beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon-eyed_people" title="Moon-eyed people">Moon-eyed people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuchi" title="Kanuchi">Kanuchi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booger_dance" title="Booger dance">Booger dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="Flag of the Cherokee Nation">Flag of the Cherokee Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_Hyuntikwalaski" title="Ani Hyuntikwalaski">Ani Hyuntikwalaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon-eyed_people" title="Moon-eyed people">Moon-eyed people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun%27Yunu%27Wi" title="Nun'Yunu'Wi">Nun'Yunu'Wi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Mocker" title="Raven Mocker">Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">U'tlun'ta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsul_%27Kalu" title="Tsul 'Kalu">Tsul 'Kalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cherokee_history" title="Timeline of Cherokee history">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_military_history" title="Cherokee military history">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_treaties" title="Cherokee treaties">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani-kutani" title="Ani-kutani">Ani-kutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiagusta" title="Skiagusta">skiagusta (rank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsidihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsidihi">outacite (rank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_of_Chota" title="Raven of Chota">Raven of Chota</a></li> <li>Wars <ul><li>Tribal Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Loudoun" title="Siege of Fort Loudoun">Siege of Fort Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Echoee" title="Battle of Echoee">Battle of Echoee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_War_of_1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee War of 1776">Cherokee War of 1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hightower" title="Battle of Hightower">Battle of Hightower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lindley%27s_Fort" title="Battle of Lindley's Fort">Battle of Lindley's Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack_Expedition" title="Nickajack Expedition">Nickajack Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Cherokee_Mounted_Rifles" title="1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles">1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_treaties" title="Cherokee treaties">Cherokee treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tellico" title="Treaty of Tellico">Treaty of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkeytown" title="Treaty of Turkeytown">Treaty of Turkeytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dewitt%27s_Corner" title="Treaty of Dewitt's Corner">Treaty of Dewitt's Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hard_Labour" title="Treaty of Hard Labour">Treaty of Hard Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lochaber" title="Treaty of Lochaber">Treaty of Lochaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">Treaty of Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Holston" title="Treaty of Holston">Treaty of Holston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_and_McMinn_Treaty" title="Jackson and McMinn Treaty">Jackson and McMinn Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Colony" title="Transylvania Colony">Transylvania Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee" title="Overhill Cherokee">Overhill Cherokee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_descent" title="Cherokee descent">Cherokee descent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_Grant_Deeds" title="Jacob Brown Grant Deeds">Jacob Brown Grant Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cherokees" title="Texas Cherokees">Texas Cherokees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Heritage_Center" title="Cherokee Heritage Center">Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Preservation_Foundation" title="Cherokee Preservation Foundation">Cherokee Preservation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_Warriors_Society" title="Cherokee Nation Warriors Society">Warriors Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Keetoowah_Society" title="Original Keetoowah Society">Original Keetoowah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Nighthawk Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Youth_Choir" title="Cherokee National Youth Choir">Youth Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_heritage_groups" title="Cherokee heritage groups">Heritage groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Southwest_Township_(Albuquerque,_New_Mexico)" title="Cherokee Southwest Township (Albuquerque, New Mexico)">Cherokee Southwest Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_Indian_Village" title="Oconaluftee Indian Village">Oconaluftee Indian Village</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_These_Hills" title="Unto These Hills">Unto These Hills</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Female_Seminary" title="Cherokee Female Seminary">Female Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Male_Seminary" title="Cherokee Male Seminary">Male Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Central_Schools" title="Cherokee Central Schools">Cherokee Central Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_High_School_(North_Carolina)" title="Cherokee High School (North Carolina)">Cherokee High School</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sequoyah Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_High_School_(Cherokee_County,_Oklahoma)" title="Sequoyah High School (Cherokee County, Oklahoma)">Sequoyah High School</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Principal Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Law" title="Blood Law">Blood Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership#Cherokee" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1842_Slave_Revolt_in_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation">1842 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">freedmen controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_v._Georgia" title="Cherokee Nation v. Georgia">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cherokee_Tobacco" title="The Cherokee Tobacco">The Cherokee Tobacco</a> case</i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_of_Oklahoma_v._Leavitt" title="Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt">Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Commission" title="Cherokee Commission">Cherokee Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Strip_(Kansas)" title="Cherokee Strip (Kansas)">in Kansas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Constitutional_Convention" title="Sequoyah Constitutional Convention">Sequoyah Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and<br /> villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Cherokee_settlements" title="Historic Cherokee settlements">Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Amoyeligunahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasstown,_North_Carolina" title="Brasstown, North Carolina">Brasstown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatuga_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatuga (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Chatuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilhowee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chilhowee (Cherokee town)">Chilhowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conasauga,_Georgia" title="Conasauga, Georgia">Conasauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too-Cowee" title="Too-Cowee">Cowee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coyotee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coyotee (page does not exist)">Coyotee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowtown,_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowtown, Alabama (page does not exist)">Crowtown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirt_town_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirt town (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Dirt town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducktown,_Tennessee" title="Ducktown, Tennessee">Ducktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_Georgia" title="Rome, Georgia">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogtown_Creek" title="Frogtown Creek">Frogtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hiwassee" title="Great Hiwassee">Hiwassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_town_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island town (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Island town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isunigu" title="Isunigu">Isunigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keowee" title="Keowee">Keowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugartown" title="Sugartown">Kulsetsiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mialoquo_(Cherokee_town)" title="Mialoquo (Cherokee town)">Mialoquo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantahala,_North_Carolina" title="Nantahala, North Carolina">Nantahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Echota" title="New Echota">New</a><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Georgia" title="New Town, Georgia">Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack" title="Nickajack">Nickajack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nununyi" title="Nununyi">Nununyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee,_Tennessee" title="Ocoee, Tennessee">Ocoee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconee_County,_South_Carolina" title="Oconee County, South Carolina">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oostanaula,_Georgia" title="Oostanaula, Georgia">Oostanaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay,_Georgia" title="Red Clay, Georgia">Red Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Settico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spikebuck_Town_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Spikebuck Town Mound and Village Site">Spike Bucktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallassee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Tallassee (Cherokee town)">Talisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talulah_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talulah (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Talulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tellico" title="Great Tellico">Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomassee_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomassee (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Tomassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoway_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxoway (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Toxoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Tsatanugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee,_North_Carolina" title="Tuckasegee, North Carolina">Tuckasegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugaloo" title="Tugaloo">Tugaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkeytown_(Cherokee_town)" title="Turkeytown (Cherokee town)">Turkeytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtletown,_Tennessee" title="Turtletown, Tennessee">Turtletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Tuskegee (Cherokee town)">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteside,_Tennessee" title="Whiteside, Tennessee">Running Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willstown_(Cherokee_town)" title="Willstown (Cherokee town)">Titsohili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nations</a></li> <li>Western Cherokee Nation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlonteeskee, Oklahoma">Tahlonteeskee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Band <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina" title="Cherokee, North Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks and<br /> memorial sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Capitol" title="Cherokee National Capitol">Cherokee National Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Removal_Memorial_Park" title="Cherokee Removal Memorial Park">Cherokee Removal Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieftains_Museum" title="Chieftains Museum">Chieftains Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cherokee_Female_Seminary_Site" title="First Cherokee Female Seminary Site">First Cherokee Female Seminary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaculla_Rock" title="Judaculla Rock">Judaculla Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_House_(Rossville,_Georgia)" title="John Ross House (Rossville, Georgia)">John Ross House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_Landing" title="Ross's Landing">Ross's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah%27s_Cabin" title="Sequoyah's Cabin">Sequoyah's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellico_Blockhouse" title="Tellico Blockhouse">Tellico Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears_State_Park" title="Trail of Tears State Park">Trail of Tears State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainerd_Mission" title="Brainerd Mission">Brainerd Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_Springs" title="Rattlesnake Springs">Rattlesnake Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cass" title="Fort Cass">Fort Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay_State_Historic_Park" title="Red Clay State Historic Park">Red Clay State Historic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Conrad_Cabin" title="Hair Conrad Cabin">Hair Conrad Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward_Tomb" title="Nancy Ward Tomb">Nancy Ward Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_Ferry" title="Blythe Ferry">Blythe Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Vann_House_Historic_Site" title="Chief Vann House Historic Site">Chief Vann House Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_Rock_Archeological_District" title="Mantle Rock Archeological District">Mantle Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Cherokee_People" title="Museum of the Cherokee People">Museum of the Cherokee People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Untokiasdiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stone_State_Park" title="Standing Stone State Park">Standing</a> <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_Tennessee" title="Monterey, Tennessee">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Ground,_Georgia" title="Ball Ground, Georgia">Stick Ball Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullasaja_River" title="Cullasaja River">Cullasaja River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee_River" title="Tuckasegee River">Tuckasegee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)" title="Oconaluftee (Great Smoky Mountains)">Oconaluftee valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_River" title="Oconaluftee River">Oconaluftee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrams_Creek_(Tennessee)" title="Abrams Creek (Tennessee)">Abrams Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals" title="Sycamore Shoals">Sycamore Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Path" title="Trading Path">The Great Trading Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Warpath" title="Great Indian Warpath">The Great War Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River_Heritage_Center" title="Hiwassee River Heritage Center">Hiwassee River Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatata" title="Chatata">Chatata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend,_Tennessee" title="Townsend, Tennessee">Tuckaleechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Smith National Historic Site"> Fort Smith Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal_State_Park" title="Port Royal State Park">Port Royal State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes_Museum" title="Five Civilized Tribes Museum">Five Civilized Tribes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina" title="Murphy, North Carolina">Tlanusiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Path" title="Cherokee Path">Cherokee Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Tellico" title="Moytoy of Tellico">Moytoy of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakullakulla" title="Attakullakulla">Attakullakulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amouskositte" title="Amouskositte">Amouskositte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_I" title="Conocotocko I">Old Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Citico" title="Moytoy of Citico">Moytoy of Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_II" title="Conocotocko II">Standing Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostenaco" title="Ostenaco">Outacite of Keowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconostota" title="Oconostota">Oconostota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanukah" title="Savanukah">Savanukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Watts (Cherokee chief)">Kunokeski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublehead" title="Doublehead">Incalatanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagwadihi" title="Tagwadihi">Tagwadihi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation East (1794–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Black Fox (Cherokee chief)">Enola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathkiller" title="Pathkiller">Pathkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tiger" title="Big Tiger">Big Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Hicks" title="Charles R. Hicks">Charles R. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowl_(Cherokee_chief)" title="The Bowl (Cherokee chief)">The Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatoka" title="Takatoka">Degadoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee chief)">Tahlonteeskee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jolly" title="John Jolly">John Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Rogers (Cherokee chief)">John Rogers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguska" title="Yonaguska">Yonaguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holland_Thomas" title="William Holland Thomas">William Holland Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Jarrett_Smith" title="Nimrod Jarrett Smith">Tsaladihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Parker" title="Gerard Parker">Gerard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Dugan" title="Joyce Dugan">Joyce Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lambert" title="Patrick Lambert">Patrick Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sneed" title="Richard Sneed">Richard Sneed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Downing" title="Lewis Downing">Lewis Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thompson_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Charles Thompson (Cherokee chief)">Utselata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bushyhead" title="Dennis Bushyhead">Dennis Bushyhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Mayes" title="Joel B. Mayes">Joel B. Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Harris" title="Johnson Harris">Johnson Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Houston_Mayes" title="Samuel Houston Mayes">Samuel Houston Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buffington" title="Thomas Buffington">Thomas Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Charles Rogers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation (1975–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Milam" title="J. B. Milam">J. B. Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Keeler" title="W. W. Keeler">W. W. Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Swimmer" title="Ross Swimmer">Ross Swimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrd_(Cherokee_Nation_Principal_Chief)" title="Joe Byrd (Cherokee Nation Principal Chief)">Joe Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Smith_(politician)" title="Chad Smith (politician)">Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hoskin_Jr." title="Chuck Hoskin Jr.">Chuck Hoskin Jr.</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Gordon_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Gordon (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">James L. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hair_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hair (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">John W. Hair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other notable Cherokee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward" title="Nancy Ward">Nancy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsali" title="Tsali">Tsali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_warrior)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee warrior)">Tahlonteeskee (warrior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle-at-Home" title="Turtle-at-Home">Turtle-at-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaluska" title="Junaluska">Junaluska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goingsnake" title="Goingsnake">Goingsnake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee)" title="Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)">Elias Boudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wauhatchie" title="Wauhatchie">Wauhatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Vann" title="James Vann">James Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vann_(Cherokee_leader)" title="David Vann (Cherokee leader)">David Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vann" title="Joseph Vann">Joseph Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Benge" title="Bob Benge">Bob Benge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitepath" title="Whitepath">Nunnahitsunega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Christie" title="Ned Christie">Ned Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(judge)" title="John Martin (judge)">John Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Markwayne Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Herrell" title="Yvette Herrell">Yvette Herrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Major Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McIntosh" title="Jenny McIntosh">Jenny McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sixkiller" title="Sam Sixkiller">Sam Sixkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_V._Rogers" title="Clement V. Rogers">Clement V. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbird_Smith" title="Redbird Smith">Redbird Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbin_Feeling" title="Durbin Feeling">Durbin Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Shade" title="Hastings Shade">Hastings Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Teehee" title="Kimberly Teehee">Kimberly Teehee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawna_Baker" title="Shawna Baker">Shawna Baker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also: <a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="chr:">Cherokee-language Wikipedia</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iroquoian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iroquoian_languages" title="Template:Iroquoian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iroquoian_languages" title="Template talk:Iroquoian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iroquoian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iroquoian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iroquoian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon#Language" title="Wenrohronon">Wenrohronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cherokee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_language" title="Laurentian language">Laurentian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iroquoian_language" title="Proto-Iroquoian language">Proto-Iroquoian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oklahoma">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Delaware</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Languages of Oklahoma">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Languages in <i>italics</i> are extinct.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dialects_of_American_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dialects of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England Englishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Englishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Transatlantic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yooper_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper English">Upper Michigan English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Mormon_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Mormon English">Utah Mormon English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahican_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican language">Mahican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan-Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Pamlico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Refaluwasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitsai_language" title="Kitsai language">Kitsai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathlamet_language" title="Kathlamet language">Kathlamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chinook" title="Lower Chinook"> Tsinúk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chinook_language" title="Upper Chinook language">Upper Chinook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruze%C3%B1o_language" title="Cruzeño language">Cruzeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obispe%C3%B1o_language" title="Obispeño language">Obispeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purisime%C3%B1o_language" title="Purisimeño language">Purisimeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené(–<br />Yeniseian?)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Cahto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Tututni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit language">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language" title="Central Siberian Yupik language">Central Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevak_Cup%E2%80%99ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevak Cup’ik language">Chevak Cup’ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_language" title="Erie language">Erie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Huron_language" title="Neutral Huron language">Neutral Huron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_language" title="Nottoway language">Nottoway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock_language" title="Susquehannock language">Susquehannock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wenrohronon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenrohronon language">Wenrohronon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalapuya_language" title="Central Kalapuya language">Central Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kalapuya_language" title="Northern Kalapuya language">Northern Kalapuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoncalla_language" title="Yoncalla language">Yoncalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cochiti Pueblo</li> <li>San Felipe–Santo Domingo</li> <li>Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos</li> <li>Western Keres</li> <li>Acoma Pueblo</li> <li>Laguna Pueblo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkow_language" title="Konkow language">Konkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu_language" title="Maidu language">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan_language" title="Nisenan language">Nisenan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chico_language" title="Chico language">Chico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achumawi_language" title="Achumawi language">Achumawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi_language" title="Atsugewi language">Atsugewi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomo_language" title="Central Pomo language">Central Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pomo_language" title="Eastern Pomo language">Eastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_language" title="Kashaya language">Kashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Pomo_language" title="Southeastern Pomo language">Southeastern Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pomo_language" title="Southern Pomo language">Southern Pomo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pomo_language" title="Northeastern Pomo language">Northeastern Pomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pomo_language" title="Northern Pomo language">Northern Pomo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa_language" title="Hidatsa language">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_language" title="Mandan language">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Omaha–Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_language" title="Biloxi language">Biloxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catawba_language" title="Catawba language">Catawba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchigamea_language" title="Mitchigamea language">Mitchigamea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moneton_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneton language">Moneton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutelo_language" title="Tutelo language">Tutelo-Saponi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woccon_language" title="Woccon language">Woccon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_language" title="Kiowa language">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taos dialect">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Piro_Pueblo_language" title="Piro Pueblo language">Piro Pueblo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Ivilyuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27odham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Ute-Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makah_language" title="Makah language">Makah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki_language" title="Nomlaki language">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin_language" title="Patwin language">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu_language" title="Wintu language">Wintu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yuk-Utian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sierra_Miwok" title="Central Sierra Miwok">Central Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sierra_Miwok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sierra Miwok language">Southern Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule-Kaweah_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule-Kaweah Yokuts">Tule-Kaweah Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Yokuts" title="Valley Yokuts">Valley Yokuts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok_language" title="Bay Miwok language">Bay Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Yokuts" title="Buena Vista Yokuts">Buena Vista Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok_language" title="Coast Miwok language">Coast Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gashowu_Yokuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashowu Yokuts">Gashowu Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_Yokuts" title="Kings River Yokuts">Kings River Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok_language" title="Lake Miwok language">Lake Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sierra_Miwok" title="Northern Sierra Miwok">Northern Sierra Miwok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palewyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palewyami language">Palewyami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok_language" title="Plains Miwok language">Plains Miwok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–<br />Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai%E2%80%93Hualapai_language" title="Havasupai–Hualapai language">Havasupai–Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipai_language" title="Ipai language">Ipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiipai_language" title="Tiipai language">Tiipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed or trade<br />Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Blackfoot Sign Language</li> <li>Cheyenne Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li> <li>Navajo Sign Language</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></i> <ul><li>Ktunaxa Sign Language</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawai'i Sign Language</a> <ul><li>Creole Hawai'i Sign Language</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Family Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oral settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual settler<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language#Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages<br />(number of speakers<br />in 2021 in millions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a> (41.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (3.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language in the United States">Tagalog</a> (1.7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">Vietnamese</a> (1.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</a> (1.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a> (1.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans#Languages" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> (1.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese language in the United States">Portuguese</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian American">Haitian</a> (0.9)</li> <li>Hindi (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a> (0.9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish language in the United States">Polish</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> (0.5)</li> <li>Urdu (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in the United States">Persian</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu language in the United States">Telugu</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (0.5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali American">Bengali</a> (0.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil American">Tamil</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi American">Punjabi</a> (0.3)</li> <li>Serbo-Croatian (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language in the United States">Armenian</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language in the United States">Greek</a> (0.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong language in the United States">Hmong</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Hebrew</a> (0.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Khmer</a> (0.2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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