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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zemljina_atmosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zemljina_atmosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zemljina atmosfera</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zemljina_atmosfera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Zemljina atmosfera</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zemljina_atmosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Različita_područja_u_atmosferi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Različita_područja_u_atmosferi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Različita područja u atmosferi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Različita_područja_u_atmosferi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Troposfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troposfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Troposfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troposfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Stratosfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mezosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mezosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Mezosfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mezosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Termosfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egzosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egzosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Egzosfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egzosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fizikalna_svojstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizikalna_svojstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fizikalna svojstva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizikalna_svojstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onečišćavanje_zraka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onečišćavanje_zraka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Onečišćavanje zraka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onečišćavanje_zraka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atmosfera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 131 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atmosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4re" title="Atmosphäre – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atmosphäre" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasata%E2%80%99edi%E2%80%99edip_no_lahod" title="Kasata’edi’edip no lahod – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kasata’edi’edip no lahod" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyfthelm" title="Lyfthelm – staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lyfthelm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="वायुमंडल – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वायुमंडल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="غلاف جوي – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف جوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88" title="جو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%89" title="الغلاف الجوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الغلاف الجوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atm%C3%B3sfera" title="Atmósfera – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atmósfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atmosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="آتموسفر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتموسفر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospera" title="Atmospera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atmospera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмасфера – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атмасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмасфэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атмасфэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="वायुमंडल (सामान्य) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वायुमंडल (सामान्य)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="বায়ুমণ্ডল – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বায়ুমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosferenn_(planedenno%C3%B9)" title="Atmosferenn (planedennoù) – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Atmosferenn (planedennoù)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-k%C3%A9-c%C3%A8ng" title="Dâi-ké-cèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-ké-cèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahanginan" title="Kahanginan – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kahanginan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7" title="بەرگەھەوا – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرگەھەوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra" title="Atmosféra – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atmosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosffer" title="Atmosffer – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Atmosffer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6re_(himmellegeme)" title="Atmosfære (himmellegeme) – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atmosfære (himmellegeme)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4re_(Astronomie)" title="Atmosphäre (Astronomie) – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atmosphäre (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ατμόσφαιρα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atmosphere" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfero" title="Atmosfero – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atmosfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atm%C3%B3sfera" title="Atmósfera – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atmósfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeedi_atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Planeedi atmosfäär – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Planeedi atmosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="اتمسفر – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتمسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeettojen_kaasukeh%C3%A4t" title="Planeettojen kaasukehät – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Planeettojen kaasukehät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Atmosphère planétaire – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atmosphère planétaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmaisf%C3%A9ar" title="Atmaisféar – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Atmaisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A8r_t%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" title="Atmosfèr térès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Atmosfèr térès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ile" title="Àile – škotski gaelski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àile" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski gaelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ra_pytu" title="Ára pytu – gvaranski" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ára pytu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3" title="વાતાવરણ – gudžaratski" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વાતાવરણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeraght" title="Aeraght – manski" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aeraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-h%C3%AC-chh%C3%A8n" title="Thai-hì-chhèn – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-hì-chhèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אטמוספירה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטמוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF)" title="वायुमंडल (खगोलीय) – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायुमंडल (खगोलीय)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gk%C3%B6r" title="Légkör – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légkör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Մթնոլորտ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մթնոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphera_(astronomia)" title="Atmosphera (astronomia) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atmosphera (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer_benda_langit" title="Atmosfer benda langit – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atmosfer benda langit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80-%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ТӀехар-Ӏи – ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ТӀехар-Ӏи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfero" title="Atmosfero – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atmosfero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%BAmsloft" title="Andrúmsloft – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andrúmsloft" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97%E5%9C%8F" title="大気圏 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大気圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ატმოსფერო – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატმოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tignut_tamtiwgant" title="Tignut tamtiwgant – kabilski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tignut tamtiwgant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="បរិយាកាស – kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរិយាកាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2" title="ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0" title="대기 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Atmosfer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphaera" title="Atmosphaera – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atmosphaera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4r" title="Atmosphär – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atmosphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nampewo_(the_atmosphere)" title="Nampewo (the atmosphere) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Nampewo (the atmosphere)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atmosfeer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmusfera" title="Atmusfera – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atmusfera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C4%93ra" title="Atmosfēra – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atmosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soson-drivotra" title="Soson-drivotra – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soson-drivotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfir" title="Atmosfir – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Atmosfir" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="അന്തരീക്ഷം – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തരീക്ഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Агаар мандал – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Агаар мандал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वातावरण – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वातावरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_planet" title="Atmosfera planet – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atmosfera planet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – malteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF" title="လေထု – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေထု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmesf%C3%A8ra" title="Atmesfèra – napolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Atmesfèra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfeer_(astronomie)" title="Atmosfeer (astronomie) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atmosfeer (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Atmosfære – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atmosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Atmosfære – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atmosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A9the" title="Atmosphéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Atmosphéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilleensa_marsaa" title="Qilleensa marsaa – oromski" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qilleensa marsaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Атмосферæ – osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Атмосферæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵਾਯੂਮੰਡਲ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਯੂਮੰਡਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%82_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کرۂ ہوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرۂ ہوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="اتموسفیر – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتموسفیر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer%C4%83" title="Atmosferă – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atmosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वायुमण्डलम् – sanskrtski" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वायुमण्डलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attimusfera" title="Attimusfera – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Attimusfera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atmosphere" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%84" title="وايومنڊل – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وايومنڊل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_(plinoviti_omota%C4%8D)" title="Atmosfera (plinoviti omotač) – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atmosfera (plinoviti omotač)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="වායුගෝලය – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වායුගෝලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atmosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra_(kozmick%C3%A9ho_telesa)" title="Atmosféra (kozmického telesa) – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atmosféra (kozmického telesa)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera_nebesnega_telesa" title="Atmosfera nebesnega telesa – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atmosfera nebesnega telesa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingamweya" title="Jingamweya – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jingamweya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atmosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4re" title="Atmosphäre – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atmosphäre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfär – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atmosfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angahewa" title="Angahewa – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Angahewa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வளிமண்டலம் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளிமண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="వాతావరణం – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాతావరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="บรรยากาศ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรยากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himpapawid" title="Himpapawid – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himpapawid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atmosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера – udmurtski" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Атмосфера" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Атмосфера планети – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атмосфера планети" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%82_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کرۂ ہوا – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرۂ ہوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83n" title="Khí quyển – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí quyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmuspira" title="Atmuspira – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atmuspira" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawwu_ji" title="Jawwu ji – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jawwu ji" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="大气层 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大气层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ატმოსფერო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატმოსფერო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="אטמאספער – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטמאספער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BA%E1%BB%8D%CC%80run" title="Ojúọ̀run – jorupski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ojúọ̀run" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="大气层 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大气层" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-kh%C3%AC-khoan" title="Tāi-khì-khoan – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-khì-khoan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="大氣層 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大氣層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoyambulunga" title="Umoyambulunga – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umoyambulunga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/30px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/40px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></span></span> <i>Ovo je glavno značenje pojma <b>Atmosfera</b>. Za druga značenja pogledajte <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_(razdvojba)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfera (razdvojba)">Atmosfera (razdvojba)</a>.</i></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/300px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/450px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/600px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>Gornji sloj <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljine atmosfere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ucinak_staklenika_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/8/8d/Ucinak_staklenika_1.png/300px-Ucinak_staklenika_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/8/8d/Ucinak_staklenika_1.png/450px-Ucinak_staklenika_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/8/8d/Ucinak_staklenika_1.png/600px-Ucinak_staklenika_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Prikaz izmjena <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> i ravnoteže na Zemlji između izvora (<a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a>), Zemljine površine, <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljine atmosfere</a> i neizbježnog gubitka u <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemir</a>. Mogućnost atmosfere da propušta velik postotak vidljive <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčeve svjetlosti</a> koja zagrijava Zemlju (a dio te energije se ponovo emitira u obliku dugovalnoga <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinskog zračenja</a> natrag u atmosferu) i da najveći dio te energije upija (apsorbira) se u atmosferi molekulama <a href="/wiki/Stakleni%C4%8Dki_plinovi" title="Staklenički plinovi">stakleničkih plinova</a> i odbija (reflektira) natrag prema Zemlji, naziva se <a href="/wiki/Stakleni%C4%8Dki_u%C4%8Dinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Staklenički učinak">staklenički učinak</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Efekt_staklenika" class="mw-redirect" title="Efekt staklenika">efekt staklenika</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Earth_Global_Circulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Earth_Global_Circulation.jpg/300px-Earth_Global_Circulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Earth_Global_Circulation.jpg/450px-Earth_Global_Circulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Earth_Global_Circulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Model tri ćelije u <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">troposferi</a> i smjer stalnih planetarnih <a href="/wiki/Vjetar" title="Vjetar">vjetrova</a> na Zemlji.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/300px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/450px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/600px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polarni_stratosferski_oblaci" title="Polarni stratosferski oblaci">Polarni stratosferski oblaci</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Slojevi_atmosfere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/3/31/Slojevi_atmosfere.png/300px-Slojevi_atmosfere.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/3/31/Slojevi_atmosfere.png/450px-Slojevi_atmosfere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/3/31/Slojevi_atmosfere.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Slojevi atmosfere i promjene <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaka</a> s <a href="/wiki/Nadmorska_visina" title="Nadmorska visina">visinom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Magnetosfera_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/8/8e/Magnetosfera_1.png/300px-Magnetosfera_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/8/8e/Magnetosfera_1.png/450px-Magnetosfera_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/8/8e/Magnetosfera_1.png/600px-Magnetosfera_1.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Prikaz Zemljine <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera">magnetosfere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_vjetar" title="Sunčev vjetar">Sunčev vjetar</a> teče od lijeva na desno.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/300px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/450px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/600px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Slika najveće <a href="/wiki/Ozonske_rupe" title="Ozonske rupe">ozonske rupe</a> nad <a href="/wiki/Antarktik" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarktik">Antarktikom</a> ikad snimljena (rujan 2006.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/300px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/450px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg/600px-Air_pollution_by_industrial_chimneys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elektrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrana">Elektrana</a> u <a href="/wiki/Novi_Meksiko" title="Novi Meksiko">Novom Meksiku</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Atmosfera</b> (<a href="/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik">grč</a>. <i>ἀτμός</i>: dah, para + <a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">sfera</a>) je <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinoviti</a> omotač oko <a href="/wiki/Zemlja_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemlja (planet)">Zemlje</a> ili nekog drugog <a href="/wiki/Nebesko_tijelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebesko tijelo">nebeskog tijela</a>. Većina planeta ima neki oblik atmosfere, a rjeđe plinoviti omotač mogu imati i neki mjeseci poput <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mjesec)" title="Titan (mjesec)">Titana</a> koji kruži oko <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (planet)">Saturna</a>. Atmosfera nije statički sustav oko nebeskih tijela, već se mijenja u vremenu (promatrano na skali <a href="/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje" title="Geološko razdoblje">geoloških razdoblja</a> poput <a href="/wiki/Eon_(geologija)" title="Eon (geologija)">eona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">era</a>). Na primjer, <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">atmosfera Zemlje</a> u njezinih prvih 500 milijuna godina značajno se razlikovala od današnje, kada su prevladavali otrovnih <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumporni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušikovi</a> spojevi. Također, smatra se da je <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a> u prvih nekoliko stotina milijuna godina svoje geološke povijesti imao znatno gušću atmosferu nego li je to danas slučaj, no zbog male mase <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planeta</a>, djelovanja <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_vjetar" title="Sunčev vjetar">Sunčeva vjetra</a> i hladnoće veći dio je odnešen u međuplanetarni prostor ili je zamrznut. Atmosfera <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a> i ostalih <a href="/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda">zvijezda</a> sastoji se od plinovite mase iznad <a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">fotosfere</a>. Atmosferu imaju i svi planeti <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_sustav" title="Sunčev sustav">Sunčeva sustava</a>, osim <a href="/wiki/Merkur" title="Merkur">Merkura</a>, na kojem plinovi postoje samo u neznatnim količinama.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zemljina_atmosfera">Zemljina atmosfera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Zemljina atmosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zemljina atmosfera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljina atmosfera</a></div></i></div> <p>Pod Zemljinoj atmosferom se razumijeva <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zrak</a> (smjesa plinova koja okružuje Zemlju i sudjeluje u <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_rotacija" title="Zemljina rotacija">njezinoj vrtnji</a>). Osnovni su sastojci zraka: <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a> (78,08%), <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisik</a> (20,95%), <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> (0,93%), te u promjenjivim količinama <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodena para</a> (0 do 4%) i <a href="/wiki/Ugljikov_dioksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikov dioksid">ugljikov dioksid</a> (0,03%), a u neznatnim količinama <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">ozon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugljikov_monoksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikov monoksid">ugljikov monoksid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ksenon" title="Ksenon">ksenon</a>. Količina vodene pare u atmosferi promjenjiva je, ovisno o temperaturi, a udio se smanjuje i s visinom. U najnižim slojevima atmosfere ima sitnih čestica <a href="/wiki/Anorganska_kemija" title="Anorganska kemija">anorganskoga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soli" title="Soli">sol</a>, prašina, <a href="/wiki/Pepeo" title="Pepeo">pepeo</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Organska_kemija" title="Organska kemija">organskog</a> podrijetla (<a href="/wiki/Pelud" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelud">pelud</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologija" title="Mikrobiologija">mikrobi</a>), te <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olovnih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušikovih</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpornih</a> spojeva i čađe, što je posljedica emisije <a href="/wiki/Industrija" title="Industrija">industrije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Promet" title="Promet">prometa</a>. Pojedini <a href="/wiki/Oksidi" title="Oksidi">oksidi</a> dušika i sumpora veliki su zagađivači, osobito zbog djelovanja <a href="/wiki/Kisele_ki%C5%A1e" title="Kisele kiše">kiselih kiša</a> i utječu na čovjekovo <a href="/wiki/Zdravlje" title="Zdravlje">zdravlje</a>. Posebnu važnost ima ugljikov dioksid, zbog uloge u zagrijavanju atmosfere (<a href="/wiki/Stakleni%C4%8Dki_u%C4%8Dinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Staklenički učinak">staklenički učinak</a>). Količina ugljikovog dioksida posljednjih stotinu godina neprekidno se povećava zbog izgaranja <a href="/wiki/Fosilna_goriva" title="Fosilna goriva">fosilnih goriva</a>. U posljednjih desetak godina porasla je za više od 10%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Različita_područja_u_atmosferi"><span id="Razli.C4.8Dita_podru.C4.8Dja_u_atmosferi"></span>Različita područja u atmosferi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Različita područja u atmosferi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Različita područja u atmosferi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sastav zraka u bitnome se ne mijenja do visine od oko 90 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">km</a>. Taj se sloj naziva homosfera, a iznad te visine dolazi heterosfera. Zbog slabijeg utjecaja Zemljine <a href="/wiki/Gravitacija" title="Gravitacija">gravitacije</a> u njoj prevladavaju lakši plinovi, kao vodik i helij. U najdonjim slojevima atmosfere, u vrlo malim koncentracijama, prisutan je ozon. Na visinama većima od 10 km, a posebno u sloju između 20 i 50 km (<a href="/wiki/Ozonski_omota%C4%8D" title="Ozonski omotač">ozonosfera</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">ozon</a> nastaje fotodisocijacijom <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekularnoga</a> <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a> djelovanjem <a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčeva zračenja</a>. Najviše koncentracije ozona nalaze se između 20 i 30 km visine i mogu dosegnuti vrijednosti čak od 10 dijelova na milijun (ppm; 10 000 ppm = 1%). Zbog unošenja antropogenih plinova (<a href="/wiki/Klorofluorougljici" title="Klorofluorougljici">klorofluorovodika</a> i drugih), ozonski se sloj povremeno može znatno smanjiti i time znatno povećati <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičasto zračenje</a> na površini Zemlje (<a href="/wiki/Ozonske_rupe" title="Ozonske rupe">ozonske rupe</a>). U najdonjih 10 km atmosfere ozon nastaje kao nusprodukt fotokemijskih procesa vezanih uz <a href="/wiki/One%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%87avanje_zraka" title="Onečišćavanje zraka">onečišćenje zraka</a> i važan je sastojak fotokemijskoga <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smoga</a>, koji štetno djeluje na zdravlje ljudi, životinja i bilja te na materijalna dobra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Troposfera">Troposfera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Troposfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Troposfera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">Troposfera</a></div></i></div> <p>Ovisno o promjeni <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a> zraka, atmosfera se može podijeliti na više slojeva. U najnižem sloju, troposferi, temperatura zraka opada u prosjeku 6,5 <a href="/wiki/Celzij" title="Celzij">°C</a> na 1 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">km</a>. Pojavljuju se <a href="/wiki/Oblak" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblak">oblaci</a>, padaju <a href="/wiki/Oborine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oborine">oborine</a>, pušu <a href="/wiki/Vjetar" title="Vjetar">vjetrovi</a> i zbivaju se sve promjene koje čine <a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_(klima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrijeme (klima)">vrijeme</a>. Pri tlu prosječna temperatura zraka na Zemlji iznosi 15 °C, a kada ne bi bilo atmosfere, temperatura bi bila niža za 33 °C. Troposfera u <a href="/wiki/Tropi" title="Tropi">tropskim predjelima</a> doseže u prosjeku visinu od kojih 16 km i na vrhu ima temperaturu od oko –80 °C, u umjerenim i polarnim predjelima ima visinu između 7 i 11 km te na gornjoj granici temperaturu od oko –40 do –60 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stratosfera">Stratosfera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Stratosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Stratosfera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Stratosfera" title="Stratosfera">Stratosfera</a></div></i></div> <p>Iznad troposfere nalazi se 1 do 2 km debeo prijelazni sloj, <a href="/wiki/Tropopauza" title="Tropopauza">tropopauza</a>, gdje se temperatura zraka gotovo ne mijenja, a zatim na visinama sve do 50 km stratosfera, u kojoj temperatura u prosjeku najprije lagano, a potom naglije raste te na svojem vrhu doseže vrijednosti kao pri tlu. U najvišim dijelovima troposfere te u donjim dijelovima stratosfere vjetrovi mogu dosegnuti brzine i do 400 <a href="/wiki/Kilometar_na_sat" title="Kilometar na sat">km/h</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mlazna_struja" title="Mlazna struja">mlazna struja</a>). Na visinama između 20 i 30 km katkad se pojavljuju <a href="/wiki/Polarni_stratosferski_oblaci" title="Polarni stratosferski oblaci">sedefasti oblaci</a>, sastavljeni od čestica <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">leda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mezosfera">Mezosfera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Mezosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mezosfera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Mezosfera" class="mw-disambig" title="Mezosfera">Mezosfera</a></div></i></div> <p>Atmosferski sloj između 50 i 80 km naziva se mezosfera. U njemu temperatura zraka opada s visinom da bi na vrhu sloja dosegnula vrijednosti od –85 do –90 °C. Na visinama između 75 i 90 km mogu se u sjevernim <a href="/wiki/Zemljopisna_%C5%A1irina" title="Zemljopisna širina">zemljopisnim širinama</a> rijetko vidjeti i svjetleći noćni oblaci (srebrnasti oblaci) sastavljeni vjerojatno od <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">leda</a> istaložena na <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteornoj</a> prašini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Termosfera">Termosfera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Termosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Termosfera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Termosfera" title="Termosfera">Termosfera</a></div></i></div> <p>Iznad 80 km pa sve do 500 km proteže se termosfera, u kojoj temperatura ponovno raste s visinom. Sloj između 60 i 400 km naziva se i <a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">ionosfera</a>, zato što postoji više <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioniziranih</a> slojeva zraka nastalih djelovanjem <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastog zračenja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" title="Rendgenske zrake">rendgenskih zraka</a>, te naglih struja <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> sa Sunca (<a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Dev_vjetar" title="Sunčev vjetar">Sunčev vjetar</a>). U sloju između 60 i 90 km postoji tzv. D-sloj, između 90 i 150 km E-sloj (sloj Heaviside-Kennely) te na visinama između 150 i 400 km F-sloj (Appletonov sloj). Ti slojevi provode <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električnu struju</a> i reflektiraju <a href="/wiki/Radio_valovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio valovi">radio valove</a> sa Zemlje. Prije pojave umjetnih telekomunikacijskih <a href="/wiki/Umjetni_satelit" title="Umjetni satelit">satelita</a>, to je bio jedini mogući način bežičnog prijenosa radio valova na velike udaljenosti. Svjetlo <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteora</a> počinje se vidjeti već na visinama od 170 km, dok se <a href="/wiki/Polarna_svjetlost" title="Polarna svjetlost">polarna svjetlost</a> pojavljuje na visinama između 70 i 1000 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egzosfera">Egzosfera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Egzosfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Egzosfera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Egzosfera" title="Egzosfera">Egzosfera</a></div></i></div> <p>Iznad ionosfere, sve do udaljenosti od nekih 9 600 km, proteže se egzosfera; unutar nje na visinama iznad 500 km započinje <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera">magnetosfera</a>, u kojoj struje naelektrizirane čestice zraka pod djelovanjem <a href="/wiki/Zemljino_magnetsko_polje" title="Zemljino magnetsko polje">Zemljina magnetskoga polja</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizacija">ionizacija</a> je toliko jaka da čestice čine <a href="/wiki/Plazma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plazma">plazmu</a> (smjesa nabijenih <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iona</a> i negativnih <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>). Posebno je visoka koncentracija nabijenih čestica u sloju između 3000 i 15 000 km (<a href="/wiki/Van_Allenovi_pojasi_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Van Allenovi pojasi zračenja">Van Allenovi pojasi zračenja</a>). Granica magnetosfere različito je udaljena od Zemlje, ovisno o položaju prema Suncu: drži se da se ta granica (magnetopauza) nalazi približno 60 000 km prema Suncu, a daleko više na suprotnoj strani, što pak ovisi o aktivnosti Sunca. Izvan toga prostora jakost magnetskog polja jednaka je jakosti magnetskog polja u interplanetarnom prostoru pa se drži da tu prestaje utjecaj Zemlje i počinje međuplanetarni prostor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fizikalna_svojstva">Fizikalna svojstva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Fizikalna svojstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fizikalna svojstva"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a_zraka" title="Gustoća zraka">Gustoća zraka</a> brzo opada s visinom: prosječna je vrijednost pri tlu 1.295 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_po_metru_kubnom" title="Kilogram po metru kubnom">kg/m³</a>, na 1 km visine 1.112 kg/m³, a na 5 km visine gustoća zraka pada već na 0.736 kg/m³. S tim je u svezi i promjena <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaka</a> zraka ovisno o visini: u prosjeku je pri tlu tlak zraka 101.3 k<a href="/wiki/Pa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa">Pa</a>, na 1 km visine oko 90 kPa, na 5.5 km visine 50 kPa. Na oko 16 km visine tlak zraka iznosi 1/100 tlaka pri tlu, a na visini nešto ispod 50 km 1/1000 tlaka zraka pri tlu, dok je gustoća zraka samo 0.001 kg/m³. Na visinama od nekoliko stotina km zrak je toliko rijedak da pojedine molekule prijeđu put i od više stotina metara, pa i kilometara, prije negoli se sudare s drugom česticom, pa se zato, s obzirom na gustoću zraka, već i na tim visinama može govoriti o zrakopraznom prostoru; zbog toga se gornja granica atmosfere ne može precizno odrediti. </p><p>Na gornjoj granici atmosfere ozračenje (iradijancija) je 1365 do 1373 W/m² (<a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_konstanta" title="Sunčeva konstanta">Sunčeva konstanta</a>). Od ukupne Sunčeve energije u godišnjem se prosjeku 30% raspršuje i reflektira natrag u svemir (od toga 20% od oblaka, 4% od Zemljine površine i 6% od zračnih slojeva), dok se 19% energije apsorbira u oblacima i atmosferi. Ostatak od 51% apsorbira Zemljina površina. Od te količine velik se dio (23%) troši za isparivanje vodenih površina, oko 7% gubi se <a href="/wiki/Prijenos_topline" title="Prijenos topline">vođenjem topline</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konvekcija" title="Konvekcija">konvektivnim</a> strujama zraka, a ostatak od 21% izračuje se, kao <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinsko zračenje</a>, prema atmosferi. Većinu te energije apsorbiraju <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodena para</a> u atmosferi, oblaci i <a href="/wiki/Stakleni%C4%8Dki_plinovi" title="Staklenički plinovi">staklenički plinovi</a>, ali se i od te količine najveći dio protuzračenjem vraća prema Zemlji, pa se na taj način u godišnjem prosjeku održava srednja temperatura zraka, uzimajući pritom Zemlju i atmosferu u cjelini gotovo stalnom, odnosno tako se održava toplinska ravnoteža cijeloga sustava Zemlja – atmosfera. </p><p>Mjerenja stanja atmosfere pri tlu provode se u <a href="/wiki/Meteorolo%C5%A1ka_postaja" title="Meteorološka postaja">meteorološkim postajama</a>, na visinama do 40 km radiosondama, <a href="/wiki/Zrakoplov" title="Zrakoplov">zrakoplovima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Balon" title="Balon">balonima</a>, dok se <a href="/wiki/Raketa" title="Raketa">rakete</a>, koje nose meteorološke instrumente i preko <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radija</a> javljaju podatke na Zemlju, upotrebljavaju za istraživanja atmosfere do visine od oko 800 km. U novije doba mjerenja stanja atmosfere u cijelome sloju od tla do kakvih 900 km provode se meteorološkim <a href="/wiki/Umjetni_satelit" title="Umjetni satelit">satelitima</a> i satelitima za praćenje stanja čovjekova <a href="/wiki/Okoli%C5%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="Okoliš">okoliša</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onečišćavanje_zraka"><span id="One.C4.8Di.C5.A1.C4.87avanje_zraka"></span>Onečišćavanje zraka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Onečišćavanje zraka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Onečišćavanje zraka"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/One%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%87avanje_zraka" title="Onečišćavanje zraka">Onečišćavanje zraka</a></div></i></div> <p>Svaki otklon sastava atmosfere od prirodnih uvjeta zbog prisutnosti drugih plinova, para ili lebdećih čestica u koncentracijama koje ne uzrokuju izravnu štetu za ljude, faunu ili floru zovemo onečišćenjem atmosfere. Ako se ljudskom djelatnošću dostigne ili prekorači granica tolerancije, tako da se prisutnošću stranih tvari u atmosferi ugrožava <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosfera</a> ili ljudsko <a href="/wiki/Zdravlje" title="Zdravlje">zdravlje</a>, govori se o zagađivanju (zagađenju) atmosfere. Ljudskom djelatnošću u atmosferu dospijevaju različite tvari, među kojima su najvažnije <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumporni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušični</a> spojevi, <a href="/wiki/Organski_spojevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Organski spojevi">organski spojevi</a>, halogenidi, <a href="/wiki/Ugljikov_monoksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikov monoksid">ugljikov monoksid</a>, čestične i <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivne tvari</a>. Dio tih tvari ne stiže u atmosferu primarnom emisijom, nego nastaje u zagađenoj atmosferi kao posljedica kemijskih ili fotokemijskih reakcija (npr. <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">ozon</a> u nižim slojevima troposfere). Emisija ili nastajanje takvih tvari u atmosferi uzrokuje oštećenja na biljkama i materijalima, štetno djeluje na ljudsko zdravlje i mijenja prirodna svojstva atmosfere. Atmosfera apsorbira glavninu zračenja iz svemira i tako zaštićuje organizme na Zemlji od njegova štetna djelovanja. Također apsorbira glavninu Sunčeva elektromagnetskoga zračenja, propuštajući samo zračenje u području valnih duljina od 300 do 2500 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">nm</a> (blisko <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičasto</a>, vidljivo i blisko <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrveno zračenje</a>). Apsorpcijom <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskoga zračenja</a> valnih duljina manjih od 300 nm onemogućuje se štetno djelovanje ultraljubičastog zračenja na žive organizme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=4464">atmosfera</a>. <i>Hrvatska enciklopedija</i>. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatska+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=atmosfera&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciklopedija.hr%2FNatuknica.aspx%3FID%3D4464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAtmosfera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="padding:3px"><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:2em; font-family:serif; font-size:180%; padding-right:3px; letter-spacing:-0.1em; background:#f0e0b0">HE</div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; font-size:82%; padding-left:3px">Dio sadržaja ove stranice preuzet je iz mrežnog izdanja <a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija_(LZMK)" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK)">Hrvatske enciklopedije</a> i nije slobodan za daljnju upotrebu pod uvjetima Wikipedijine licencije o sadržaju. Uvjete upotrebe uz <a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Dopu%C5%A1tenja_za_kori%C5%A1tenje_sadr%C5%BEaja/Ustanove#Leksikografski_zavod_"Miroslav_Krleža"" title="Wikipedija:Dopuštenja za korištenje sadržaja/Ustanove">dano nam pojašnjenje</a> pogledajte na <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Upute/">stranici Leksikografskog zavoda</a></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&oldid=6908537">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosfera&oldid=6908537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Sadr%C5%BEaj_preuzet_iz_Hrvatske_enciklopedije" title="Kategorija:Sadržaj preuzet iz Hrvatske enciklopedije">Sadržaj preuzet iz Hrvatske enciklopedije</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Atmosfera" title="Kategorija:Atmosfera">Atmosfera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Planetologija" title="Kategorija:Planetologija">Planetologija</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 11. travnja 2024. u 04:17.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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