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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mathematics and science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mathematics_and_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mathematics and science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lower case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Upper case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbreviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Abbreviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ثيتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="থিটা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থিটা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Фіта (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фіта (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐིས་ཐ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐིས་ཐ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ta" title="Théta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Théta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeta" title="Teeta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teeta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Θήτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θήτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teto" title="Teto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teta" title="Teta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Teta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teta" title="Teta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="تتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%AAta" title="Thêta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thêta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ite" title="Téite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Téite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC)" title="Թետա (տառ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թետա (տառ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teta" title="Teta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeta" title="Þeta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þeta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%98%D7%90" title="תטא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D)" title="თეტა (ასო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეტა (ასო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тэта – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тэта" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93ta" title="Tēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тета – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тета" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teta_(raid%C4%97)" title="Teta (raidė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teta (raidė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ta" title="Théta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Théta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_(%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="തീറ്റ (അക്ഷരം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തീറ്റ (അക്ഷരം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="थीटा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थीटा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teta" title="Teta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8ta" title="Thèta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thèta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ta" title="Tèta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਥੀਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥੀਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teta" title="Teta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ta" title="Théta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Théta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="تیتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Тета (слово) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тета (слово)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theeta" title="Theeta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theeta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="தீட்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீட்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="ทีตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta" title="Theta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Theta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98" title="Θ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Θ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98_(Theta)" title="Θ (Theta) – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Θ (Theta)" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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title="Theta (letter)">Theta (letter)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eighth letter of the Greek alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek letter. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Theta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Theta (disambiguation)">Theta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"θ" redirects here. For the letter used in IPA, see <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">Voiceless dental fricative</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Fita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">Latin theta</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oe_(Cyrillic)" title="Oe (Cyrillic)">Oe (Cyrillic)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar symbols, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%98_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ø (disambiguation)">Ø (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Theta" title="Special:EditPage/Theta">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Theta%22">"Theta"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Theta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Theta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Theta%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Theta%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Theta%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span><span 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data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">ϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">ϛ</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size:85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size:85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size:85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) uppercase <b>Θ</b> or <b>ϴ</b>; lowercase <b>θ</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>ϑ</b>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%E1%BF%86%CF%84%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:θῆτα">θῆτα</a></span> <i>thē̂ta</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[tʰɛ̂ːta]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern</a>: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:θήτα">θήτα</a></span></span> <i>thī́ta</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈθita]</a></span>) is the eighth letter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Teth</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/20px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/30px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/40px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>. In the system of <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, it has a value of 9. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek">Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The alphabet on a <a href="/wiki/Black_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black figure">black figure</a> vessel, with a point-and-circle theta</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, θ represented the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">voiceless dental plosive</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[t̪ʰ]</a></span>, but in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[θ]</a></span>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="cursive_theta"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cursive_theta"></span><span class="anchor" id="ϑ"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">archaic</a> form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A symbol of a cross within a circle"><img alt="A symbol of a cross within a circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/16px-Earth_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/24px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Earth_symbol.svg/32px-Earth_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> or <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_within_circle_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another symbol of a cross within a circle"><img alt="Another symbol of a cross within a circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cross_within_circle_2.svg/16px-Cross_within_circle_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cross_within_circle_2.svg/24px-Cross_within_circle_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Cross_within_circle_2.svg/32px-Cross_within_circle_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="35" /></a></span>), and later, as a line or point in circle (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circled_dash.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The symbol of a line within a circle"><img alt="The symbol of a line within a circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Circled_dash.svg/16px-Circled_dash.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Circled_dash.svg/24px-Circled_dash.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Circled_dash.svg/32px-Circled_dash.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> or <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The symbol of a point within a circle"><img alt="The symbol of a point within a circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/16px-Sun_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/24px-Sun_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sun_symbol.svg/32px-Sun_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theta_lc_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Theta_lc_variant.svg/75px-Theta_lc_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Theta_lc_variant.svg/113px-Theta_lc_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Theta_lc_variant.svg/150px-Theta_lc_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Greek theta variant in cursive form.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cursive form ϑ was retained by <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+03D1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϑ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK THETA SYMBOL</span>, separate from <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B8</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">θ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA</span>. (There is also <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03F4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϴ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span>.) For the purpose of writing Greek text, the two can be font variants of a single character, but θ and ϑ are also used as distinct symbols in technical and mathematical contexts. Extensive lists of examples follow below at Mathematics and Science. <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03D1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϑ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK THETA SYMBOL</span> (script theta) is also common in biblical and theological usage e.g. πρόϑεσις (prothesis) instead of πρόθεσις (means placing in public or laying out a corpse). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin">Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">Latin theta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg/220px-Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg/330px-Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg/440px-Tau_gallic_CourDOr_Metz_3147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>The name ARAÐÐOVNA on a Gaulish tombstone</figcaption></figure> <p>In Latin script used for the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a>, theta inspired the <i><a href="/wiki/Tau_gallicum" title="Tau gallicum">tau gallicum</a></i> (Ꟈ ꟈ). The phonetic value of the <i>tau gallicum</i> is thought to have been <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, multiple modern languages written in Latin script use <a href="/wiki/Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">Latin theta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cyrillic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cyrillic">early Cyrillic</a> letter <i><a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">fita</a></i> (Ѳ, ѳ) developed from θ. This letter existed in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#The_post-revolution_reform" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">1918 Russian orthography reform</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International Phonetic Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a>, as in <i><b>th</b>ick</i> or <i><b>th</b>in</i>. It does not represent the consonant in <i><b>th</b>e</i>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> counterpart, represented in the IPA by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Eth</a>). A similar-looking lower-case symbol, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɵ]</span>, which is called <i>barred o</i>, is the IPA symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">close-mid central rounded vowel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics_and_science">Mathematics and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathematics and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_case">Lower case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lower case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lowercase letter θ is used as a symbol for: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">plane angle</a> in geometry</li> <li>An unknown variable in <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a>, spelled θ</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Theta_function" title="Theta function">special function</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>ϑ</i>(<i>z</i>; <i>τ</i>)</span> of several complex variablesθ.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Chebyshev_function" title="Chebyshev function">Chebyshev function</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>ϑ</i>(<i>x</i>)</span> in prime number theory</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Potential_temperature" title="Potential temperature">potential temperature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a></li> <li>The score of a test taker in <a href="/wiki/Item_response_theory" title="Item response theory">item response theory</a></li> <li>Theta Type Replication: a type of bacterial <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> specific to circular <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a></li> <li>Threshold value of an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neuron" title="Artificial neuron">artificial neuron</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designation</a> letter applied to a star in a constellation; usually the eighth star so labelled but not necessarily the eighth-brightest as viewed from Earth</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Statistical_parameter" title="Statistical parameter">statistical parameter</a> frequently used in writing the <a href="/wiki/Likelihood_function" title="Likelihood function">likelihood function</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Watterson_estimator" title="Watterson estimator">Watterson estimator</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">θ̂<sub>w</sub></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Population_mutation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Population mutation rate">population mutation rate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a></li> <li>Indicates a minimum optimum integration level determined by the intersection of GG and LL schedules (The GG-LL schedules are tools used in analyzing the potential benefits of a country pegging their domestic currency to a foreign currency.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The reserve ratio of banks in economic models<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_collapsing_function" title="Ordinal collapsing function">ordinal collapsing function</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Feferman" title="Solomon Feferman">Solomon Feferman</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Heaviside_step_function" title="Heaviside step function">Heaviside step function</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, the fraction of ligand bound to a macromolecule based on the <a href="/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)" title="Hill equation (biochemistry)">Hill Equation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_case">Upper case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Upper case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The uppercase letter Θ is used as a symbol for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_analysis" title="Dimensional analysis">Dimension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, by <a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI standard</a> (in italics)</li> <li>Dimensionless temperature in heat <a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">transport phenomena</a></li> <li>An asymptotically tight bound in the <a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">analysis of algorithms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">big O notation</a>)</li> <li>A certain <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal number</a> in <a href="/wiki/%CE%98_(set_theory)" title="Θ (set theory)">set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquarks</a>, exotic <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">brain signal frequency</a> (beta, alpha, theta, delta) ranging from 4–8 Hz</li> <li>One of the variables known as <a href="/wiki/Greeks_(finance)" title="Greeks (finance)">"Greeks" in finance</a>, representing time decay of options or the change in the intrinsic value of an option divided by the number of days until the option expires</li> <li>The angle of the incident beam during <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg/300px-Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg/450px-Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg/600px-Retiarius_vs_secutor_from_Borghese_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption>θ (θάνατος, death) in a mosaic</figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient times, <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a> was used as a symbol for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, whereas the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet (ninth in the archaic form anciently used for numeration), theta, was considered the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mednik_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mednik-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A quotation attributed to the ancient Roman author <a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a> (though possibly spuriously) said of it: "oh, theta, a letter much unluckier than the others".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_of_Tyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry of Tyros">Porphyry of Tyros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> used an X within a circle as a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of the soul; having a value of nine, it was used as a symbol for <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Lydus">Johannes Lydus</a> says that the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> used a symbol for <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">Kosmos</a> in the form of theta, with a fiery circle representing the world, and a snake spanning the middle representing <i><a href="/wiki/Agathos_Daimon" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathos Daimon">Agathos Daimon</a></i> (literally: <i>good spirit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviation">Abbreviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abbreviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theta_nigrum" title="Theta nigrum">Theta nigrum</a></div> <p>In classical Athens, it was used as an abbreviation for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> θάνατος (<i>Thanatos</i>, "death") and as it vaguely resembles a human skull,<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theta was used as a warning symbol of <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">death</a>, in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(poison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (poison)">skull and crossbones</a> are used in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It survives on <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">potsherds</a> used by Athenians when voting for the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Dacia_(mathematician)" title="Petrus de Dacia (mathematician)">Petrus de Dacia</a> in a document from 1291 relates the idea that theta was used to brand criminals as empty ciphers, and the branding rod was affixed to the crossbar spanning the circle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the use of the number 9 was sometimes avoided where the connotation was felt to be unlucky—the mint marks of some Late Imperial Roman coins famously have the sum ΔΕ or ΕΔ (delta and epsilon, that is 4 and 5) substituted as a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> where a Θ (9) would otherwise be expected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0398</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Θ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&Theta;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03B8</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">θ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&theta;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03D1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϑ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK THETA SYMBOL</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&thetasym;, &thetav;, &vartheta;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+03F4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϴ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GREEK CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0472</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ѳ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER FITA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0473</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ѳ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER FITA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1DBF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᶿ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C2A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⱚ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GLAGOLITIC CAPITAL LETTER FITA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C5A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⱚ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">GLAGOLITIC SMALL LETTER FITA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C90</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲑ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER THETHE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2C91</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲑ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COPTIC SMALL LETTER THETHE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2DF4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌ⷴ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING CYRILLIC LETTER FITA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1CF83</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𜾃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ZNAMENNY NEUME FITA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6AF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚯</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL THETA</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6B9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚹</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6C9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛉</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6DD</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛝</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6E9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D6F3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛳</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D703</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D717</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D723</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D72D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜭</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D73D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜽</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D751</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝑</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D75D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝝</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D767</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝧</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D777</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝷</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D78B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞋</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D797</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7A1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7B1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞱</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL THETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1D7C5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝟅</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC THETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1E02A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌𞀪</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER FITA</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Θ">Θ</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:θ">θ</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ʘ">ʘ</a> – Consonantal sound<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MATHEMATICAL</span></span> characters are used only in math. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">which resembles digit <a href="/wiki/0" title="0">0</a> with a horizontal line.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEversonLilley2019" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf">"L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F19-179%3A+Proposal+for+the+addition+of+four+Latin+characters+for+Gaulish&rft.date=2019-05-26&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Lilley%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2019%2F19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeferman2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Feferman" title="Solomon Feferman">Feferman, Solomon</a> (2010). Schindler, Ralf (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.stanford.edu/~feferman/papers/id-saga.pdf">"The proof theory of classical and constructive inductive definitions. A 40 year saga, 1968–2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ways of Proof Theory</i>: 7–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ways+of+Proof+Theory&rft.atitle=The+proof+theory+of+classical+and+constructive+inductive+definitions.+A+40+year+saga%2C+1968%E2%80%932008.&rft.pages=7-30&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Feferman&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmath.stanford.edu%2F~feferman%2Fpapers%2Fid-saga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mednik-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mednik_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMednikarova2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mednikarova, Iveta (2001). "The Use of Θ in Latin Funerary Inscriptions". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Papyrologie_und_Epigraphik" title="Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik">Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</a></i>. <b>136</b>: 267–276. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20190914">20190914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+%CE%98+in+Latin+Funerary+Inscriptions&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=267-276&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20190914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mednikarova&rft.aufirst=Iveta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnius2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius, Quintus</a> (2018). Goldberg, Sander M.; <a href="/wiki/Gesine_Manuwald" title="Gesine Manuwald">Manuwald, Gesine</a> (eds.). <i>Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume I: Ennius, Testimonia. Epic Fragments</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 456–457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragmentary+Republican+Latin%2C+Volume+I%3A+Ennius%2C+Testimonia.+Epic+Fragments.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=456-457&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ennius&rft.aufirst=Quintus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry_1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1998" class="citation cs2">Barry, Kieren (1998), <i>The Greek Qabalah: Alphabetic Mysticism and Numerology in the Ancient World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Weiser">Samuel Weiser</a>, p. 73, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57863-110-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57863-110-6"><bdi>1-57863-110-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Qabalah%3A+Alphabetic+Mysticism+and+Numerology+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Samuel+Weiser&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57863-110-6&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheta" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2000" class="citation cs2">Kaplan, Robert (2000), <i>The Nothing that Is: A Natural History of Zero</i>, Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 66, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000tnti.book.....K">2000tnti.book.....K</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514237-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514237-3"><bdi>0-19-514237-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nothing+that+Is%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Zero&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000tnti.book.....K&rft.isbn=0-19-514237-3&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheta" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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