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Toggle Inscriptions and accounts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions_and_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behistun_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behistun_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Behistun inscription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behistun_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statue_of_Darius_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue_of_Darius_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Statue of Darius inscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue_of_Darius_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apadana_Palace_foundation_tablets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apadana_Palace_foundation_tablets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Apadana Palace foundation tablets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apadana_Palace_foundation_tablets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naqsh-e_Rustam_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naqsh-e_Rustam_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Naqsh-e Rustam inscription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naqsh-e_Rustam_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strabo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strabo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Strabo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strabo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Achaemenid administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Indian tributes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian_tributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indian tributes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indian_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apadana_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apadana_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Apadana Palace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apadana_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribute_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tribute payments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution_to_Achaemenid_war_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_to_Achaemenid_war_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Contribution to Achaemenid war efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_Achaemenid_war_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_and_Achaemenid_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_and_Achaemenid_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Greek and Achaemenid coinage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greek_and_Achaemenid_coinage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Greek and Achaemenid coinage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Greek_and_Achaemenid_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kabul_and_Bhir_Mound_hoards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabul_and_Bhir_Mound_hoards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Kabul and 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id="toc-Influence_of_Achaemenid_culture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_exchanges:_Taxila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_exchanges:_Taxila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cultural exchanges: Taxila </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_exchanges:_Taxila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Scientific knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatial_art_and_architecture:_Pataliputra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatial_art_and_architecture:_Pataliputra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Palatial art and architecture: Pataliputra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatial_art_and_architecture:_Pataliputra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock-cut_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock-cut_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Rock-cut architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock-cut_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monumental_columns:_the_Pillars_of_Ashoka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monumental_columns:_the_Pillars_of_Ashoka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Monumental columns: the Pillars of Ashoka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monumental_columns:_the_Pillars_of_Ashoka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aramaic_language_and_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aramaic_language_and_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Aramaic language and script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aramaic_language_and_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edicts_of_Ashoka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edicts_of_Ashoka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Edicts of Ashoka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edicts_of_Ashoka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurines_of_West_Asian_foreigners_in_Mathura,_Sarnath_and_Patna_(4th-2nd_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurines_of_West_Asian_foreigners_in_Mathura,_Sarnath_and_Patna_(4th-2nd_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Figurines of West Asian foreigners in Mathura, Sarnath and Patna (4th-2nd century BCE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurines_of_West_Asian_foreigners_in_Mathura,_Sarnath_and_Patna_(4th-2nd_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_500_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/India_500_BCE.jpg/200px-India_500_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/India_500_BCE.jpg/300px-India_500_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/India_500_BCE.jpg/400px-India_500_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a> Map of <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE, with the Persian frontier delineated along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philip's_Atlas_of_World_History-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_of_World_History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 535/518 BCE – 323 BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Indus_River#Geography" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Persian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Annexation of the Indus Valley by the Persians</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra_(kingdom)" title="Gandhāra (kingdom)">Gandhara</a> <a href="/wiki/Sindhu-Sauv%C4%ABra" title="Sindhu-Sauvīra">Sindhu-Sauvīra</a> <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Various</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg/220px-Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg/330px-Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg/440px-Chaman_Hazouri_coin_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid coin, an imitation of an <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> coin type, of the sort found in the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Around 535 BCE, the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a> into his nascent <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> In this initial incursion, the Persian army annexed a large region to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, consolidating the early eastern borders of their new realm. With a brief pause after Cyrus' death around 530 BCE, the campaign continued under <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, who began to re-conquer former provinces and further expand the Achaemenid Empire's political boundaries. Around 518 BCE, the Persian army pushed further into India to initiate a second period of conquest by annexing regions up to the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a> in what is today known as <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> At peak, the Persians managed to take control of most of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and incorporate it into their territory. The first secure epigraphic evidence through the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> gives a date before or around 518 BCE. Persian penetration into the Indian subcontinent occurred in multiple stages, beginning from the northern parts of the Indus River and moving southward.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As mentioned in several Achaemenid-era inscriptions, the Indus Valley was formally incorporated into the Persian realm through provincial divisions: <a href="/wiki/Gand%C4%81ra" title="Gandāra">Gandāra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a>. Persian rule over the Indus Valley decreased over successive rulers and formally ended with the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great#Conquest_of_the_Achaemenid_Persian_Empire" title="Alexander the Great">Greek conquest of Persia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. This brief period gave rise to independent Indian kings, such as <a href="/wiki/Abisares" title="Abisares">Abisares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porus" title="Porus">Porus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taxiles" title="Taxiles">Ambhi</a>, as well as numerous <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">gaṇasaṅghas</a>, which would later confront the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Macedonian army</a> as it massed into the region for <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Alexander's Indian campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> The Achaemenid Empire set a precedence of governance through the use of <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> which was further implemented by Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_invasion">Background and invasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and invasion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/220px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/330px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/440px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>India appears to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">inhabited world</a> according to Herodotus, 500 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhir_Mound,_excavation_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bhir_Mound%2C_excavation_%282%29.jpg/220px-Bhir_Mound%2C_excavation_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bhir_Mound%2C_excavation_%282%29.jpg/330px-Bhir_Mound%2C_excavation_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bhir_Mound%2C_excavation_%282%29.jpg/440px-Bhir_Mound%2C_excavation_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Ruins at <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> representing the city of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> during the Achaemenid period</figcaption></figure> For millennia, the northwestern part of India had maintained some level of <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">trade relations with the Near East</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> underwent a considerable expansion, both east and west, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (c.600–530 BC), leading the dynasty to take a direct interest into the region of northwestern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> <dl><dt>Cyrus the Great</dt></dl> The conquest is often thought to have started circa 535 BCE, during the time of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (600-530 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> Cyrus probably went as far as the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> and organized the conquered territories under the Satrapy of Gandara (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> cuneiform: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A5%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼">𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼</a>, Gadāra, also transliterated as Gandāra since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Gandara)<a href="#cite_note-Old_Persian-11">[11]</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PC2004-12">[12]</a> The Province was also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Paruparaesanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Paruparaesanna">Paruparaesanna</a> (Greek: Parapamisadae) in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian language">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> versions of the Behistun inscription.<a href="#cite_note-PC2004-12">[12]</a> The geographical extent of this province was wider than the Indian <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Various accounts, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/Indica_(Ctesias)" title="Indica (Ctesias)">Indica</a>, also suggest that Cyrus conquered parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-Tauqeer_Ahmad-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> Another Indian Province was conquered named <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B0%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A6%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁">𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁</a>, Thataguš) in the Behistun inscription. It was probably contiguous to Gandhara, but its actual location is uncertain. Fleming locates it between <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> and the middle <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Fleming also mentions <a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a>, in the area of <a href="/wiki/Gedrosia_(satrapy)" title="Gedrosia (satrapy)">Gedrosia</a>, as one of the Indian satrapies.<a href="#cite_note-Where_was_Achaemenid_India-16">[16]</a> <dl><dt>Darius I</dt></dl> A successor of Cyrus the Great, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> was back in 518 BCE. The date of 518 BCE is given by the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a>, and is also often the one given for the secure occupation of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Darius I later conquered an additional province that he calls "Hidūš" in <a href="/wiki/DNa_inscription" title="DNa inscription">his inscriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%AF%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁">𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁</a>, H-i-du-u-š, also transliterated as Hindūš since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Hindush), corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Old_Persian-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNa_-_Livius-19">[19]</a> The Hamadan Gold and Silver Tablet inscription<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> of Darius I also refers to his conquests in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg/255px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg/340px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_Image_of_Darius_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption>Darius I on <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Darius I">his tomb</a>.</figcaption></figure> The exact area of the Province of Hindush is uncertain. Some scholars have described it as the middle and lower <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> and the approximate region of modern <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> but there is no known evidence of Achaemenid presence in this region, and deposits of gold, which <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> says was produced in vast quantities by this Province, are also unknown in the Indus delta region.<a href="#cite_note-CAH-22">[22]</a> Alternatively, Hindush may have been the region of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> and Western <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed.<a href="#cite_note-CAH-22">[22]</a> There are few remains of Achaemenid presence in the east, but, according to Fleming, the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> remains the "most plausible candidate for the capital of Achaemenid India", based on the fact that numerous pottery styles similar to those of the Achaemenids in the East have been found there, and that "there are no other sites in the region with Bhir Mound's potential".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> According to Herodotus, Darius I sent the Greek explorer <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax of Caryanda</a> to sail down the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, heading a team of spies, in order to explore the course of the Indus river. After a periplus of 30 months, Scylax is said to have returned to Egypt near the Red Sea, and the seas between the Near East and India were made use of by Darius.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948144–145-25">[25]</a> Also according to Herodotus, the territories of Gandhara, Sattagydia, Dadicae and Aparytae formed the 7th province of the Achaemenid Empire for tax-payment purposes, while Indus (called Ἰνδός, "Indos" in Greek sources) formed the 20th tax region. <dl><dt>Achaemenid army</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg/220px-Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg/330px-Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg/440px-Yavanas_Sakas_Parasikas_on_the_Tomb_of_Xerxes_I_circa_480_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Greek Ionian (<a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Yavanas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> (Parasikas) soldiers of the Achaemenid army, as described on Achaemenid royal tombs from circa 500 to 338 BCE.</figcaption></figure> Throughout its existence, the Achaemenid were constantly engaging in wars. Either through conquering new territories or by quelling rebellions throughout the empire. To fulfil this need, the Achaemenid Empire had to maintain a professional standing army which levied and employed personnel from all of its satraps and territories.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Achaemenid army was not uniquely Persian. Rather it was composed of many different ethnicities that were part of the vast and diverse Achaemenid Empire. Herodotus gives a full list of the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, in which are included <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Beckwith_p.5-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Ionians</a> (Greeks), <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith_p.5-27">[27]</a> These ethnicities are likely to have been included in the Achaemenid army during the invasions of India.<a href="#cite_note-Beckwith_p.5-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions_and_accounts">Inscriptions and accounts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inscriptions and accounts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Indian satrapies on the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Darius_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statue of Darius I">Statue of Darius I</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Darius_I_statue_India.jpg/80px-Darius_I_statue_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Darius_I_statue_India.jpg/120px-Darius_I_statue_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Darius_I_statue_India.jpg/160px-Darius_I_statue_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="785" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><big><big>𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌</big></big> h-n-d-<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">wꜣ</a>-y <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a> ("<a href="/wiki/India_(Herodotus)" title="India (Herodotus)">India</a>")<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:63px;max-width:63px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg/61px-Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg/92px-Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg/122px-Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="1029" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><big><big>𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒</big></big> sꜣ-d-g-wꜣ-ḏꜣ <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:65px;max-width:65px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg/63px-Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg/95px-Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg/126px-Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="1007" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><big><big>𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌</big></big> h-rw-ḫ-d-y <a href="/wiki/Gandara_(Achaemenid_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandara (Achaemenid province)">Gandara</a></div></div></div></div></div> These events were recorded in the imperial inscriptions of the Achaemenids (the Behistun inscription and the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription, as well as the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (483–431 BCE). The Greek Scylax of Caryanda, who had been appointed by Darius I to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez left an account, the Periplous, of which fragments from secondary sources have survived. <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> (circa 500 BCE) also wrote about the "Indus Satrapies" of the Achaemenids. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behistun_inscription">Behistun inscription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behistun inscription">edit</a>]</div> The 'DB' Behistun inscription<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (circa 510 BCE) mentions Gandara (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A5%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼">𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼</a>, Gadāra) and the adjacent territory of <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B0%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A6%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁">𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁</a>, Thataguš) as part of the Achaemenid Empire: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a> I became king of them: <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a> [Pârsa], <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> [Ûvja], <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonia</a> [Bâbiruš], <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> [Athurâ], <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> [Arabâya], <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> [Mudrâya], the countries by the Sea, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> [Sparda], <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">the Greeks</a> [Yauna (<a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>)], <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> [Mâda], <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> [Armina], <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> [Katpatuka], <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> [Parthava], <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a> [Zraka], <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a> [Haraiva], <a href="/wiki/Chorasmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorasmia">Chorasmia</a> [Uvârazmîy], <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> [Bâxtriš], <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> [Suguda], <a href="/wiki/Gandara_(Achaemenid_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandara (Achaemenid province)">Gandara</a> [Gadāra], <a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Scythia</a> [Saka], <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> [Thataguš], <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> [Harauvatiš] and <a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a> [Maka]; twenty-three lands in all.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></cite></div></blockquote> From the dating of the Behistun inscription, it is possible to infer that the Achaemenids first conquered the areas of Gandara and Sattagydia circa 518 BCE. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue_of_Darius_inscriptions">Statue of Darius inscriptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Statue of Darius inscriptions">edit</a>]</div> Hinduš is also mentioned as one of 24 subject countries of the Achaemenid Empire, illustrated with the drawing of a kneeling subject and a <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic">hieroglyphic</a> cartridge reading <big><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_India.jpg" title="File:Darius I statue India.jpg">𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌</a></big> (h-n-d-<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">wꜣ</a>-y), on the Egyptian <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Darius_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statue of Darius I">Statue of Darius I</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a>. Sattagydia also appears (<big><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_Sattagydia.jpg" title="File:Darius I statue Sattagydia.jpg">𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒</a></big>, sꜣ-d-g-<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">wꜣ</a>-ḏꜣ, Sattagydia), and probably Gandara (<big><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_Gandhara.jpg" title="File:Darius I statue Gandhara.jpg">𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌</a></big>, h-rw-ḫ-d-y, although this could be <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>), with their own illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apadana_Palace_foundation_tablets">Apadana Palace foundation tablets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apadana Palace foundation tablets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg/220px-Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg/330px-Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg/440px-Deposition_plate_of_Darius_I_in_Persepolis_with_the_word_Hidauv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Gold foundation plate of Darius I in the <a href="/wiki/Apadana_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Apadana Palace">Apadana Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> with the word Hidauv, <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hiduš</a>".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> Four identical foundation tablets of gold and silver, found in two deposition boxes in the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Apadana_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Apadana Palace">Apadana Palace</a>, also contained an inscription by Darius I in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a>, which describes the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms, from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in the west, and from the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> in the north, to the African <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in the south. This is known as the DPh inscription.<a href="#cite_note-ACH-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The deposition of these foundation tablets and the <a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana coin hoard</a> found under them, is dated to circa 515 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-ACH-35">[35]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid. King Darius says: This is the kingdom which I hold, from the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Sacae</a> who are beyond <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sind</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%AF%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁">𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺</a>, "Hidauv", <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hiduš</a>", i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a>") to <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: "Spardâ") - [this is] what Ahuramazda, the greatest of gods, bestowed upon me. May Ahuramazda protect me and my royal house!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>DPh inscription of Darius I in the foundations of the Apadana Palace<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naqsh-e_Rustam_inscription">Naqsh-e Rustam inscription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naqsh-e Rustam inscription">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus,_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus%2C_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus%2C_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus%2C_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus%2C_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus%2C_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_DNa_inscription_with_mentions_of_the_territories_of_Tathagus%2C_Gadara_and_Hidush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2975" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> <a href="/wiki/DNa_inscription" title="DNa inscription">DNa inscription</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Darius I">tomb of Darius I</a>, mentioning all three Indian territories: <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B0%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A6%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁">𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁</a>, Thataguš), <a href="/wiki/Gandara_(Achaemenid_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandara (Achaemenid province)">Gandara</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A5%F0%90%8E%AD%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼">𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼</a>, Gadāra) and India (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%AF%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁">𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁</a>, Hidūš) as part of the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> The DSe inscription<a href="#cite_note-Livius_DSe-39">[39]</a> and DSm inscription<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> of Darius in Susa gives Thataguš (Sattagydia), Gadāra (Gandara) and Hiduš (Sind) among the nations that he rules.<a href="#cite_note-Livius_DSe-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> Hidūš (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8F%83%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%AF%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8F%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁">𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a>) also appears later as a Satrapy in the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription at the end of the reign of Darius, who died in 486 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/DNa_inscription" title="DNa inscription">DNa inscription</a><a href="#cite_note-DNa_-_Livius-19">[19]</a> on Darius' tomb at Naqsh-i-Rustam near <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> records Gadāra (Gandāra) along with Hiduš and Thataguš (<a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a>) in the list of satrapies.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">King Darius says: By the favor of Ahuramazda these are the countries which I seized outside of Persia; I ruled over them; they bore tribute to me; they did what was said to them by me; they held my law firmly; <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aria_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aria (satrapy)">Aria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorasmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorasmia">Chorasmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandara_(Achaemenid_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandara (Achaemenid province)">Gandara</a> (Gadāra), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">India</a> (Hiduš), the <a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">haoma</a>-drinking <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, the Scythians with pointed caps, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, the Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yauna</a>), the Scythians across the sea (<a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakâ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">petasos</a>-wearing Greeks [Yaunâ], the <a href="/wiki/Libyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyans">Libyans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>, the men of <a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (circa 490 BCE)<a href="#cite_note-livius.org-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strabo">Strabo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strabo">edit</a>]</div> The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus:<a href="#cite_note-PB756-44">[44]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a>, above whom lies the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Paropamisus mountain</a>: then, towards the south, the <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachoti</a>: then next, towards the south, the <a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedroseni</a>, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9.<a href="#cite_note-PB756-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achaemenid_administration">Achaemenid administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Achaemenid administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/220px-Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/330px-Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/440px-Eastern_Satrapies_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>Eastern territories of the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Philip's_Atlas_of_World_History-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_of_World_History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_Atlas_of_World_History-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_(r.404-358_BCE)_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/220px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/330px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/440px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>The names of the three <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient Indian</a> provinces still appear in trilingual cuneiform labels above their respective figures on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> (c.358 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-Olmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire_1948_291–292-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inscription_A2Pa_of_Artaxerxes_II-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-PL271-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> The nature of the administration under the Achaemenids is uncertain. Even though the Indian provinces are called "satrapies" by convention, there is no evidence of there being any satraps in these provinces. When <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Alexander invaded the region</a>, he did not encounter Achaemenid satraps in the Indian provinces, but local Indian rulers referred to as hyparchs ("Vice-Regents"), a term that connotes subordination to the Achaemenid rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> The local rulers may have reported to the satraps of Bactria and Arachosia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> <dl><dt>Achaemenid lists of Provinces</dt></dl> Darius I listed three Indian provinces: <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> (Thataguš), <a href="/wiki/Gand%C4%81ra" title="Gandāra">Gandāra</a> (Gandhara) and <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hidūš</a> (Sind),<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> in which "Sind" should be understood as "<a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FT159-51">[51]</a> Gandhara included the entire Peshawar Valley which was bound by the <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat District</a> in the north, Afghanistan in the West, the Indus River to the south east, and <a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat District</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a> The capital of the Gandhara satrapy was <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a>. Archeological excavations of Pushkalavati were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a> in 1962 who discovered structures built during the Achaemenid period as well as artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a> The Achaemenid Satrapy of Hindush incorporated the Greater Punjab region in the Indus Valley. It was bound by the <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara region</a> to the north, the Indus River to the west, and the Jhelum River in the south and east. The satrapy's capital was <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Takshashila" class="mw-redirect" title="Takshashila">Takshashila</a> (Taxila).<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> Bhir Mound was excavated by <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a> between 1913 and 1934. Fortified structures and canals were found dating to the Achaemenid period, as well as ornamental jewelry.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> The three regions remained represented among Achaemenid Provinces on all the tombs of the Achaemenid rulers after <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius</a>, except for the last ruler <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> who was vanquished by Alexander at Gaugamela, suggesting that the Indians were under Achaemenid dominion at least until 338 BCE, date of the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>, before the accession of Darius III, that is, less than 10 years before the campaigns of Alexander in the East and his victory at <a href="/wiki/Gaugamela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> The last known appearance of Gandhara in name as an Achaemenid province is <a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_II_tomb_ethnicities.jpg" title="File:Artaxerxes II tomb ethnicities.jpg">on the list</a> of the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>, circa 358 BCE, date of his burial.<a href="#cite_note-Olmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire_1948_291–292-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inscription_A2Pa_of_Artaxerxes_II-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-PL271-49">[49]</a> <dl><dt>List of Herodotus</dt></dl> Herodotus (III-91 and III-94), gives a list with a slightly different structure, as some province which are presented separately in the Achaemenid inscriptions are grouped together by Herodotus when he described the tribute paid by each territory.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844-56">[56]</a> Herodotus presents Indos (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B8%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἰνδός">Ἰνδός</a>) as "the 20th province", while "the Sattagydae, Gandarii, <a href="/wiki/Dadicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadicae">Dadicae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aparytae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparytae">Aparytae</a>" together form "the 7th Province".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844-56">[56]</a> According to historian A. T. Olmstead, the fact that some Achaemenid regions are grouped together in this list may have represented some loss of territory.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Hindūš province, remained loyal till Alexander's invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948291–292-58">[58]</a> Circa 400 BC, <a href="/wiki/Ctesias_of_Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctesias of Cnidus">Ctesias of Cnidus</a> related that the Persian king was receiving numerous gifts from the kings of "India" (Hindūš).<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[a]</a> Ctesias also reported Indian elephants and Indian <a href="/wiki/Mahouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahouts">mahouts</a> making demonstrations of the elephant's strength at the Achaemenid court.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> By about 380 BC, the Persian hold on the region was weakening, but the area continued to be a part of the Achaemenid Empire until <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_invasion_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander's invasion of India">Alexander's invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> (c. 380 – July 330 BC) still had Indian units in his army, albeit very few in comparison to his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> In particular he had 15 <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> for his fight against <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kistler-63">[62]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Darius I (c.500 BCE)"><img alt="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Darius I (c.500 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Darius_I_Soldiers_of_the_Empire_with_labels_Indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1011" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian soldiers on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (c.500 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_warriors_(Sattagydian,_Gandharan,_Hindush)_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Xerxes I (c.480 BCE)"><img alt="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Xerxes I (c.480 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/120px-Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/180px-Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/240px-Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1318" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian soldiers on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (c.480 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Artaxerxes I (c.430 BCE)"><img alt="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Artaxerxes I (c.430 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_Indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian soldiers on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> (c.430 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Darius II (c.410 BCE)"><img alt="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Darius II (c.410 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Darius_II_Indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="610" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian soldiers on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> (c.410 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_(r.404-358_BCE)_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Artaxerxes II (c.370 BCE)"><img alt="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Artaxerxes II (c.370 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/120px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/180px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg/240px-Persepolis_Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_II_Mnemon_%28r.404-358_BCE%29_Upper_Relief_Indian_soldiers_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="893" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian soldiers on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> (c.370 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Artaxerxes III (c.340 BCE)"><img alt="Indian soldiers on the tomb of Artaxerxes III (c.340 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg/120px-Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg/180px-Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg/240px-Artaxerxes_III_Indian_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="2295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian soldiers on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> (c.340 BCE)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_tributes">Indian tributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indian tributes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apadana_Palace">Apadana Palace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Apadana Palace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg/440px-Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg/660px-Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg/880px-Apadana_Palace_Indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Hindush Tribute Bearers on the Apadana Staircase 8, circa 500 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/170px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/255px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg/340px-Indian_gold_tribute_donor_Apadana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>A small but heavy load: Indian tribute bearer at Apadana, probably carrying gold dust.<a href="#cite_note-CDA-64">[63]</a> 1 liter of gold weighs 19.3kg.</figcaption></figure> The reliefs at the <a href="/wiki/Apadana_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Apadana Palace">Apadana Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> describe tribute bearers from 23 satrapies visiting the Achaemenid court. These are located at the southern end of the Apadana Staircase. Among the foreigners the Arabs, the Thracians, the Bactrians, the Indians (from the Indus valley area), the Parthians, the Cappadocians, the Elamites or the Medians. The Indians from the Indus valley are bare-chested, except for their leader, and barefooted and wear the <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>. They bring baskets with vases inside, carry axes, and drive along a donkey.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> One man in the Indian procession carries a small but visibly heavy load of four jars on a <a href="/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a>, suggesting that he was carrying some of the gold dust paid by the Indians as tribute to the Achaemenid court.<a href="#cite_note-CDA-64">[63]</a> According to the Naqsh-e Rustam inscription of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (circa 490 BCE), there were three Achaemenid Satrapies in the subcontinent: Sattagydia, Gandara, Hidūš.<a href="#cite_note-livius.org-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth-66">[65]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribute_payments">Tribute payments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tribute payments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Achaemenid Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/350px-Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/525px-Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/700px-Tribute_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Volume of annual tribute per district</a>, in the Achaemenid Empire, according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZA-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> The conquered area was the most fertile and populous region of the Achaemenid Empire. An amount of tribute was fixed according to the richness of each territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">[66]</a> India was already fabled for its gold. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (who makes <a href="/wiki/India_(Herodotus)" title="India (Herodotus)">several comments on India</a>) published <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">a list of tribute-paying nations</a>, classifying them in 20 Provinces.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844-56">[56]</a> The Province of Indos (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B8%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἰνδός">Ἰνδός</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a>) formed the 20th Province, and was the richest and most populous of the Achaemenid Provinces. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Indians ( Ἰνδῶν) made up the twentieth province. These are more in number than any nation known to me, and they paid a greater tribute than any other province, namely three hundred and sixty talents of gold dust.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html">III 94</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844-56">[56]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Herodotus, the "Indians" ('Ινδοι, Indoi)<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>), as separate from the Gandarei and the Sattagydians, formed the 20th taxation Province, and were required to supply gold dust in tribute to the Achaemenid central government for an amount of 360 Euboean <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> (equivalent to about 8300 kg or 8.3 tons of gold annually, a volume of gold that would fit in a cube of side 75 cm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">[66]</a> The exchange rate between gold and silver at the time of Herodotus being 13 to 1, this was equal in value to the very large amount of 4680 Euboean talents of silver, equivalent to 3600 Babylonian talents of silver (equivalent in value to about 108 tons of silver annually).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">[66]</a> The country of the "Indians" ('Ινδοι, Indoi) was the Achaemenid district paying the largest tribute, and alone represented 32% of the total tribute revenues of the whole Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> It also means that Indos was the richest Achaemenid region in the subcontinent, much richer than Gandara or Sattagydia.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">[29]</a> However the amount of gold in question is quite enormous, so there is a possibility that Herodotus was mistaken and that his own sources actually only meant something like the gold equivalent of 360 Babylonian talents of silver.<a href="#cite_note-CAH-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg/350px-Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg/525px-Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg/700px-Apadana_Palace_Gandharans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Gandaran delegation at <a href="/wiki/Apadana_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Apadana Palace">Apadana Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> The territories of <a href="/wiki/Gandara_(Achaemenid_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandara (Achaemenid province)">Gandara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadicae">Dadicae</a> (north-west of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Aparytae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparytae">Aparytae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridis</a>) are named separately, and were aggregated together for taxation purposes, forming the 7th Achaemenid Province, and paying overall a much lower tribute of 170 talents together (about 5151 kg, or 5.1 tons of silver), hence only about 1.5% of the total revenues of the Achaemenid Empire:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">[66]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Sattagydae (Σατταγύδαι), Gandarii (Γανδάριοι), Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html">III 91</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844-56">[56]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_warriors_(Sattagydian,_Gandharan,_Hindush)_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/260px-Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/390px-Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg/520px-Indian_warriors_%28Sattagydian%2C_Gandharan%2C_Hindush%29_circa_480_BCE_in_the_Naqsh-e_Roastam_reliefs_of_Xerxes_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient Indian</a> soldiers of the three territories of <a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a> respectively,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> supporting the throne of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> on his tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam-74">[73]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_all_ethnicities.jpg" title="File:Xerxes all ethnicities.jpg">complete relief</a>. c. 480 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg/170px-Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg/255px-Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg/340px-Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Indian soldiers of the Achaemenid army participated to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> (480-479 BCE).</figcaption></figure> The Indians also supplied Yaka wood (teak) for the construction of Achaemenid palaces,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth-66">[65]</a> as well as war elephants such as those used at <a href="/wiki/Gaugamela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bosworth-66">[65]</a> The Susa inscriptions of Darius explain that Indian ivory and teak were sold on Persian markets, and used in the construction of his palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contribution_to_Achaemenid_war_efforts">Contribution to Achaemenid war efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contribution to Achaemenid war efforts">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BCE)</dt></dl> Indians were employed in the Achaemenid army of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> (480-479 BCE). All troops were stationned in <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, during the winter of 481-480 BCE to prepare for the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In the spring of 480 BCE "Indian troops marched with Xerxes's army across the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Where_was_Achaemenid_India-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-CB7-78">[77]</a> It was the "first-ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe", storming Greek troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a> in 480 BCE, and fighting as one of the main nations until the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platea" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Platea">Battle of Platea</a> in 479 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-AD-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-GS-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-H9-32-81">[80]</a> Herodotus, in his description of the multi-ethnic Achaemenid army invading Greece, described the equipment of the Indians:<a href="#cite_note-CB7-78">[77]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Indians wore garments of tree-wool, and carried bows of reed and iron-tipped arrows of the same. Such was their equipment; they were appointed to march under the command of Pharnazathres son of Artabates.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html">VII 65</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg/220px-Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg/330px-Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg/440px-Hoplite_and_Hidus_Achaemenid_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Probable <a href="/wiki/Spartan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartan">Spartan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vix_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Vix crater">Vix crater</a>, c. 500 BCE),<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> and a Hindush warrior of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> (tomb of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, c. 480 BCE), at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> (480–479 BCE).</figcaption></figure> Herodotus also explains that the Indian cavalry under the Achaemenids had an equipment similar that of their foot soldiers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Indians were armed in like manner as their foot; they rode swift horses and drove chariots drawn by horses and wild asses.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html">VII 86</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Gandharis had a different equipment, akin to that of the Bactrians: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Bactrians in the army wore a headgear most like to the Median, carrying their native bows of reed, and short spears. (...) The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians. The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander <a href="/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia" title="Artabazos I of Phrygia">Artabazus son of Pharnaces</a>, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae <a href="/wiki/Artyphius" title="Artyphius">Artyphius</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_(son_of_Hystaspes)" title="Artabanus (son of Hystaspes)">Artabanus</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html">VII 64-66</a></cite></div></blockquote> <dl><dt>Destruction of Athens and Battle of Plataea (479 BCE)</dt></dl> After the first part of the campaign directly under the orders Xerxes I, the Indian troops are reported to have stayed in Greece as one of the 5 main nations among the 300,000 elite troops of General <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardonius (general)">Mardonius</a>. They fought in the last stages of the war, took part in the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a>, but were finally vanquished at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platea" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Platea">Battle of Platea</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FT165-85">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg/220px-Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg/330px-Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg/440px-Indians_at_the_Battle_of_Plataea_479_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Indian corps at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a>, 479 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mardonius there chose out first all the Persians called <a href="/wiki/Immortals_(Persian_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortals (Persian Empire)">Immortals</a>, save only <a href="/wiki/Hydarnes" title="Hydarnes">Hydarnes</a> their general, who said that he would not quit the king's person; and next, the Persian cuirassiers, and the thousand horse, and the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Sacae</a> and Bactrians and Indians, alike their footmen and the rest of the horsemen. He chose these nations entire; of the rest of his allies he picked out a few from each people, the goodliest men and those that he knew to have done some good service... Thereby the whole number, with the horsemen, grew to three hundred thousand men.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus VIII, 113.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT165-85">[84]</a></cite></div></blockquote> At the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platea" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Platea">Battle of Platea</a> in 479 BCE, Indians formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations").<a href="#cite_note-GS-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-H9-32-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-AD-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> They were one of the main battle corps, positioned near the center of the Achaemenid battle line, between the <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakae</a>, facing against the enemy Greek troops of "<a href="/wiki/Ermioni" title="Ermioni">Hermione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styra" title="Styra">Styra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-H9-31-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-GS-80">[79]</a> According to modern estimates, the Bactrians, Indians and Sakae probably numbered about 20,000 men altogether, whereas the Persian troops on their left amounted to about 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-WS36-89">[88]</a> There were also Greek allies of the Persians, positioned on the right, whom Herodotus numbers at 50,000, a number which however might be "extravagant",<a href="#cite_note-WS36-89">[88]</a> and is nowadays estimated to around 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-WS51-90">[89]</a> Indians also supplied part of the cavalry, the total of which was about 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-WS51-90">[89]</a> <dl><dt>Depictions</dt></dl> Indian soldiers of the three territories of Gandara, Sattagydia (Tathagatus) and Hindush are shown, together with soldiers of all the other nations, supporting the throne of their Achaemenid ruler, at Naqsh-e Rostam on the tombs of Darius I, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> on the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>. The last Achaemenid ruler <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> never had time to finish his own tomb due to his hasty defeat by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, and therefore does not have such depictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam-74">[73]</a> The soldiers from India are characterized by their particular clothing, only composed of a loin cloth and sandals, with bare upper body, in contrast to all the other ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, who are fully clothed, and in contrast also to the neighbouring provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>, who are also fully clothed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire,_with_labels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire%2C_with_labels.jpg/300px-Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire%2C_with_labels.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire%2C_with_labels.jpg/450px-Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire%2C_with_labels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire%2C_with_labels.jpg/600px-Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire%2C_with_labels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>The three types of Indian soldiers still appear (upper right corner) among the soldiers of the Achaemenid Empire on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> (who died in 338 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> The presence of the three ethnicities of Indian soldiers on all the tombs of the Achaemenid rulers after <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius</a>, except for the last ruler <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> who was vanquished by Alexander at <a href="/wiki/Gaugamela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>, suggests that the Indians were under Achaemenid dominion at least until 338 BCE, the date of the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>, before the accession of Darius III, that is, less than 10 years before the campaigns of Alexander in the East and his victory at Gaugamela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> <dl><dt>Indians at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)</dt></dl> According to <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, Indian troops were still deployed under Darius III at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> (331 BCE). He explains that Darius III "obtained the help of those Indians who bordered on the Bactrians, together with the Bactrians and Sogdianians themselves, all under the command of Bessus, the Satrap of Bactria".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> The Indians in questions were probably from the area of Gandara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> Indian "hill-men" are also said by Arrian to have joined the <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachotians</a> under Satrap Barsentes, and are thought to have been either the Sattagydians or the Hindush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">[50]</a> Fifteen Indian war elephants were also part of the army of Darius III at Gaugamela.<a href="#cite_note-Kistler-63">[62]</a> They had specifically been brought from India.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Still, it seems they did not participate to the final battle, probably because of fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-Kistler-63">[62]</a> This was a relief for the armies of Alexander, who had no previous experience of combat against war elephants.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The elephants were captured with the baggage train by the Greeks after the engagement.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandaran soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb."><img alt="Gandaran soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg/67px-Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg/100px-Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg/134px-Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1318" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandaran soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandaran soldier (enhanced detail)."><img alt="Gandaran soldier (enhanced detail)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg/114px-Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg/171px-Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg/228px-Xerxes_detail_Gandharan_head_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandaran soldier (enhanced detail).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sattagydian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb."><img alt="Sattagydian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg/66px-Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg/100px-Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg/133px-Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1305" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Sattagydian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sattagydian soldier (enhanced detail)."><img alt="Sattagydian soldier (enhanced detail)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg/99px-Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg/149px-Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg/199px-Xerxes_detail_Sattagydian_head_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="996" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sattagydian soldier (enhanced detail).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb."><img alt="Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg/67px-Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg/101px-Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg/135px-Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1282" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindush soldier (enhanced detail)."><img alt="Hindush soldier (enhanced detail)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg/99px-Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg/149px-Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg/198px-Xerxes_detail_Hidush_head_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="906" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hindush soldier (enhanced detail).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_and_Achaemenid_coinage">Greek and Achaemenid coinage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greek and Achaemenid coinage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Ancient Greek coinage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg/170px-Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg/255px-Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg/340px-Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Strike of an Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Siglos" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglos">siglos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, circa 5th century BCE. <a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachm,_Halikarnassos_protectorate,_Persian_empire,_350-333_BC.jpg" title="File:Tetradrachm, Halikarnassos protectorate, Persian empire, 350-333 BC.jpg">Archer king type</a>. Coins of this type were also found in the <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> hoard in Taxila.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg/220px-Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg/330px-Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg/440px-Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid Empire coin minted in the Kabul Valley. Circa 500-380 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-JC-98">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg/220px-Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg/330px-Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg/440px-Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>"Bent bar" minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the <a href="/wiki/Chaman_Hazouri_hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaman Hazouri hoard">Chaman Hazouri hoard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> hoard in Taxila.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> Coins found in the <a href="/wiki/Chaman_Hazouri_hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaman Hazouri hoard">Chaman Hazouri hoard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, the Shaikhan Dehri hoard in <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a> in Gandhara, near <a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> hoard in Taxila, have revealed numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. These circulated in the area, at least as far as the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> during the reign of the Achaemenids, who were in control of the areas as far as Gandhara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Defense-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-JC-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308--103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabul_and_Bhir_Mound_hoards">Kabul and Bhir Mound hoards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kabul and Bhir Mound hoards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a>, also called the Chaman Hazouri, Chaman Hazouri or Tchamani-i Hazouri hoard,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301-101">[100]</a> is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The hoard, discovered in 1933, contained numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.<a href="#cite_note-JC-98">[97]</a> Approximately one thousand coins were in the hoard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Defense-102">[101]</a> The hoard is dated to approximately 380 BCE as no coins in the hoard were later than that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308-104">[103]</a> This numismatic discovery has been very important in studying and dating the history of <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">coinage of India</a>, since it is one of the very rare instances when punch-marked coins can actually be dated, due to their association with known and dated Greek and Achaemenid coins in the hoard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India198385–86-105">[104]</a> The hoard supports the view that punch-marked coins existed in 360 BCE, as suggested by literary evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India198385–86-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schlumberger" title="Daniel Schlumberger">Daniel Schlumberger</a> also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in north-western India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schlumberger" title="Daniel Schlumberger">Daniel Schlumberger</a>, quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308--103">[102]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Modern numismatists now tend to consider the Achaemenid punch-marked coins as the precursors of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">punch-marked coins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pushkalavati_hoard">Pushkalavati hoard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pushkalavati hoard">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shaikhan_Dehri_hoard" title="Shaikhan Dehri hoard">Shaikhan Dehri hoard</a></div> In 2007, a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Shaikhan_Dehri_hoard" title="Shaikhan Dehri hoard">Shaikhan Dehri hoard</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Charsada" class="mw-redirect" title="Charsada">Charsada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The hoard contained a <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> minted in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> circa 500/490-485/0 BCE, typically used as a currency for trade in the Achaemenid Empire, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000309-109">[108]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Joe Cribb</a>, these early Greek coins were at the origin of Indian <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">punch-marked coins</a>, the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage.<a href="#cite_note-JC-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Achaemenid_culture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent">Influence of Achaemenid culture in the Indian subcontinent</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence of Achaemenid culture in the Indian subcontinent">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_exchanges:_Taxila">Cultural exchanges: Taxila</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural exchanges: Taxila">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/290px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/435px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/580px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.968%;left:85.924%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Taxila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.816%;left:55.559%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Persepolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" title="File:West Asia non political with water system.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Global location of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>.</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley is located in South Asia"><img alt="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;">South Asia 500 BCE</div><div id="annotation_10x50" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:50px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACHAEMENID EMPIRE</a></div><div id="annotation_130x156" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:156px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Asmaka" title="Asmaka">AŚMAKA</a></div><div id="annotation_110x125" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:125px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Avanti_(Ancient_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (Ancient India)">AVANTĪ</a></div><div id="annotation_140x115" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:115px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chedi_kingdom" title="Chedi kingdom">CEDI</a></div><div id="annotation_212x110" style="position:absolute; left:212px; top:110px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">PUṆḌRA</a></div><div id="annotation_212x125" style="position:absolute; left:212px; top:125px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">VAṄGA</a></div><div id="annotation_198x120" style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:120px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">RĀḌHA</a></div><div id="annotation_190x125" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:125px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">SUHMA</a></div><div id="annotation_180x143" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:143px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(Mahabharata)" title="Kalinga (Mahabharata)">KALIṄGA</a></div><div id="annotation_170x150" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:150px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sora_people" title="Sora people">SAVARA</a></div><div id="annotation_150x170" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:170px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ndhra_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āndhra (tribe)">ANDHRA</a></div><div id="annotation_120x180" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:180px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">KUNTALA</a></div><div id="annotation_90x160" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:160px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aparanta" title="Aparanta">APARĀNTA</a></div><div id="annotation_100x150" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:150px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dandakaranya" title="Dandakaranya">DAṆḌAKA</a></div><div id="annotation_100x140" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:140px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">MŪLAKA</a></div><div id="annotation_135x140" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:140px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">VIDARBHA</a></div><div id="annotation_105x110" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:110px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dasarna_kingdom" title="Dasarna kingdom">DAŚARṆA</a></div><div id="annotation_155x130" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:130px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">PULINDA</a></div><div id="annotation_60x120" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:120px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">KACCHA</a></div><div id="annotation_60x132" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:132px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">SAURAṢṬRA</a></div><div id="annotation_55x95" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sauvira_kingdom" title="Sauvira kingdom">SAUVĪRA</a></div><div id="annotation_60x85" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:85px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">SINDHU</a></div><div id="annotation_80x70" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:70px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sivi_kingdom" title="Sivi kingdom">ŚIVI</a></div><div id="annotation_85x50" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:50px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">KEKEYA</a></div><div id="annotation_90x57" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:57px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Madra" title="Madra">MADRA</a></div><div id="annotation_115x55" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:55px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Audumbaras" title="Audumbaras">AUDUMBARA</a></div><div id="annotation_95x72" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:72px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">YAUDHEYA</a></div><div id="annotation_100x65" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:65px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Trigarta_kingdom" title="Trigarta kingdom">TRIGARTA</a></div><div id="annotation_160x80" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:80px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">ŚĀKYA</a></div><div id="annotation_105x80" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">KURU</a></div><div id="annotation_126x79" style="position:absolute; left:126px; top:79px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">PAÑCĀLA</a></div><div id="annotation_150x88" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:88px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">KOSALA</a></div><div id="annotation_130x95" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">VATSA</a></div><div id="annotation_160x97" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:97px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">MALLA</a></div><div id="annotation_185x99" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:99px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">VṚJI</a></div><div id="annotation_110x89" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:89px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">ŚŪRASENA</a></div><div id="annotation_145x105" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:105px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81s%C4%AB_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāsī (kingdom)">KĀŚĪ</a></div><div id="annotation_35x18" style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:18px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">BĀHLIKA</a></div><div id="annotation_55x28" style="position:absolute; left:55px; top:28px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">KAMBOJA</a></div><div id="annotation_75x38" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:38px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">GANDHĀRA</a></div><div id="annotation_90x95" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Matsya_(tribe)" title="Matsya (tribe)">MATSYA</a></div><div id="annotation_199x105" style="position:absolute; left:199px; top:105px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">AṄGA</a></div><div id="annotation_166x109" style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:109px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;">{{{3}}}</div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">South Asia circa 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> (site of <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a>), the "most plausible candidate for the capital of Achaemenid India",<a href="#cite_note-Where_was_Achaemenid_India-16">[16]</a> was at the crossroad of the main trade roads of Asia, was probably populated by Persians, Greeks and other people from throughout the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> As reported by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (XV, 1, 62),<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was in Taxila, one of his companions named <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Cassandreia" title="Aristobulus of Cassandreia">Aristobulus</a>, noticed that in the city the dead were being fed to the vultures, a clear allusion to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The renowned <a href="/wiki/University_of_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Taxila">University of Taxila</a> became the greatest learning centre in the region, and allowed for exchanges between people from various cultures.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <dl><dt>Followers of the Buddha</dt></dl> Several contemporaries, and close followers, of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> are said to have studied in Achaemenid Taxila: King <a href="/wiki/Pasenadi" title="Pasenadi">Pasenadi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> a close friend of the Buddha, Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army, <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a>, a close follower of the Buddha, and <a href="/wiki/Jivaka_Komarabhacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaka Komarabhacca">Jivaka</a>, court doctor at <a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a> and personal doctor of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a>, the Buddha may have been influenced by the experiences and knowledge acquired by some of his closest followers in Taxila.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <dl><dt>Pāṇini</dt></dl> The 5th century BCE grammarian <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> lived in an Achaemenid environment.<a href="#cite_note-Grammatical_Literature-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Early_Aryans_to_Swaraj-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Development_of_Hinduism-124">[123]</a> He is said to have been born in the north-west, in <a href="/wiki/Shalatula" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalatula">Shalatula</a> near <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> to the north-west of Taxila, in what was then a <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of the Achaemenid Empire following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley, which technically made him a Persian subject.<a href="#cite_note-Grammatical_Literature-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Early_Aryans_to_Swaraj-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Development_of_Hinduism-124">[123]</a> <dl><dt>Kautilya and Chandragupta Maurya</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>, the influential Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, is also said to have been a professor teaching in Taxila.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> According to Buddhist legend, Kautilya brought <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, the future founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> to Taxila as a child, and had him educated there in "all the sciences and arts" of the period, including military sciences, for a period of 7 to 8 years.<a href="#cite_note-RM16-126">[125]</a> These legends match <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s assertion that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> met with the young Chandragupta while campaigning in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RM16-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The Persians may have later participated, together with Sakas and Greeks, in the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> to gain the throne of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> circa 320 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a> states that after Alexander's death, an alliance of "<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Shaka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Yavana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a>-<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Parasika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlika</a>" was used by Chandragupta Maurya in his campaign to take the throne in <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and found the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RM-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI134-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-DS-130">[129]</a> The Sakas were <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, the Yavanas were <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and the Parasikas were <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI134-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-RM-128">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Brainard_Spooner" title="David Brainard Spooner">David Brainard Spooner</a> theorized upon Chandragupta Maurya's conquest and claimed that "it was with largely the Persian army that he won the throne of India."<a href="#cite_note-DS-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_knowledge">Scientific knowledge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scientific knowledge">edit</a>]</div> Astronomical and astrological knowledge was also probably transmitted to India from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> during the 5th century BCE as a consequence of the Achaemenid presence in the sub-continent.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a> was the first form of astronomy to fully develop and likely influenced other civilizations. The spread of knowledge may have hastened with the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a>, elements of Achaemenid scientific knowledge, particularly works on omens and astronomy, were adopted by India from the 5th century BCE:<a href="#cite_note-DP638-134">[133]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"India today is estimated to have about thirty million manuscripts, the largest body of handwritten reading material anywhere in the world. The literate culture of Indian science goes back to at least the fifth century B.C. ... as is shown by the elements of Mesopotamian omen literature and astronomy that entered India at that time."<a href="#cite_note-DP638-134">[133]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatial_art_and_architecture:_Pataliputra">Palatial art and architecture: Pataliputra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Palatial art and architecture: Pataliputra">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg/220px-Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg/330px-Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg/440px-Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Masarh_lion" title="Masarh lion">Masarh lion</a>. The sculptural style is "unquestionably <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid art">Achaemenid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Various Indian artefacts tend to suggest some Perso-Hellenistic artistic influence in India, mainly felt during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> The sculpture of the <a href="/wiki/Masarh_lion" title="Masarh lion">Masarh lion</a>, found near the Maurya capital of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, raises the question of the Achaemenid and Greek influence on the art of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Maurya Empire</a>, and on the western origins of stone carving in India. The lion is carved in <a href="/wiki/Chunar_stone" title="Chunar stone">Chunar sandstone</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a>, and its finish is polished, a feature of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Maurya sculpture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">S.P. Gupta</a>, the sculptural style is unquestionably <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid art">Achaemenid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a> This is particularly the case for the well-ordered tubular representation of whiskers (<a href="/wiki/Vibrissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrissa">vibrissas</a>) and the geometrical representation of inflated veins flush with the entire face.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a> The mane, on the other hand, with tufts of hair represented in wavelets, is rather naturalistic.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a> Very similar examples are however known in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a> It is possible that this sculpture was made by an Achaemenid or Greek sculptor in India and either remained without effect, or was the Indian imitation of a Greek or Achaemenid model, somewhere between the fifth century B.C. and the first century B.C., although it is generally dated from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, around the 3rd century B.C.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_88-135">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> palace with its pillared hall shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftsmen.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> Mauryan rulers may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> This may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander the Great.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra_capital" title="Pataliputra capital">Pataliputra capital</a>, or also the Hellenistic friezes of the <a href="/wiki/Rampurva_capitals" title="Rampurva capitals">Rampurva capitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankissa" title="Sankissa">Sankissa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasana,_Bodh_Gaya" title="Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya">diamond throne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> are other examples.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The renowned <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_polish" title="Mauryan polish">Mauryan polish</a>, especially used in the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a>, may also have been a technique imported from the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site at Pataliputra."><img alt="Ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site at Pataliputra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg/120px-Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg/180px-Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg/240px-Mauryan_ruins_of_pillared_hall_at_Kumrahar_site_of_Pataliputra_ASIEC_1912-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="548" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of pillared hall at <a href="/wiki/Kumrahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumrahar">Kumrahar</a> site at Pataliputra.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the 80-column pillared hall in Pataliputra."><img alt="Plan of the 80-column pillared hall in Pataliputra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg/92px-Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg/138px-Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg/183px-Kumhrar_Maurya_level_ASIEC_1912-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1182" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the 80-column pillared hall in Pataliputra.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pataliputra_capital,_Bihar_Museum,_Patna,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pataliputra capital, generally described as "Perso-Hellenistic"."><img alt="The Pataliputra capital, generally described as "Perso-Hellenistic"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/120px-Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/180px-Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/240px-Pataliputra_capital%2C_Bihar_Museum%2C_Patna%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2815" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra_capital" title="Pataliputra capital">Pataliputra capital</a>, generally described as "Perso-Hellenistic".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patna_griffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Griffin of Pataliputra.[140]"><img alt="Griffin of Pataliputra.[140]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Patna_griffin.jpg/105px-Patna_griffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Patna_griffin.jpg/158px-Patna_griffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Patna_griffin.jpg/211px-Patna_griffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1073" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a> of Pataliputra.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotus motifs in Pataliputra."><img alt="Lotus motifs in Pataliputra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg/64px-Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg/97px-Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg/129px-Pataliputra_lotus_motif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="647" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lotus motifs in Pataliputra.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock-cut_architecture">Rock-cut architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rock-cut architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_caves_in_India" title="Buddhist caves in India">Buddhist caves in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg/280px-Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg/420px-Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg/560px-Tomb_of_Payava_and_Lomas_Rishi_cave_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6052" data-file-height="2855" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a> (dated 375-360 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Lomas_Rishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomas Rishi">Lomas Rishi</a> cave entrance (dated circa 250 BCE).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg/104px-Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg/156px-Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg/208px-Ajanta_Cave_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2754" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a> Cave 9 (dated 1st century BCE)</div></div></div></div></div> The similarity of the 4th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycian</a> barrel-vaulted tombs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">tomb of Payava</a>, in the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, with the Indian architectural design of the <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a> (starting at least a century later from circa 250 BCE, with the <a href="/wiki/Lomas_Rishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomas Rishi">Lomas Rishi</a> caves in the <a href="/wiki/Barabar_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabar caves">Barabar caves group</a>), suggests that the designs of the Lycian rock-cut tombs travelled to India along the trade routes across the Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-GHA-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-HI-143">[142]</a> Early on, <a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">James Fergusson</a>, in his Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, while describing the very progressive evolution from wooden architecture to stone architecture in various ancient civilizations, has commented that "In India, the form and construction of the older Buddhist temples resemble so singularly these examples in Lycia".<a href="#cite_note-IHA-144">[143]</a> The structural similarities, down to many architectural details, with the <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a>-type Indian Buddhist temple designs, such as the "same pointed form of roof, with a ridge", are further developed in The cave temples of India.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The Lycian tombs, dated to the 4th century BCE, are either free-standing or rock-cut barrel-vaulted sarcophagi, placed on a high base, with architectural features carved in stone to imitate wooden structures. There are <a href="/wiki/File:Lycian_rock-cut_tombs.jpg" title="File:Lycian rock-cut tombs.jpg">numerous rock-cut equivalents</a> to the free-standing structures and decorated with reliefs.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Fergusson went on to suggest an "Indian connection", and some form of cultural transfer across the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HI-143">[142]</a> The ancient transfer of Lycian designs for rock-cut monuments to India is considered as "quite probable".<a href="#cite_note-GHA-142">[141]</a> Art historian David Napier has also proposed a reverse relationship, claiming that the Payava tomb was a descendant of an ancient South Asian style, and that Payava may actually have been a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Graeco-Indian</a> named "Pallava".<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monumental_columns:_the_Pillars_of_Ashoka">Monumental columns: the Pillars of Ashoka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Monumental columns: the Pillars of Ashoka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg/171px-Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg/257px-Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg/342px-Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="3352" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Highly polished <a href="/wiki/Persian_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian columns">Achaemenid load-bearing column</a> with lotus capital and animals, <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, c. 5th-4th BCE.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnath_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sarnath_capital.jpg/113px-Sarnath_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sarnath_capital.jpg/170px-Sarnath_capital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sarnath_capital.jpg/226px-Sarnath_capital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4760" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a></div> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a>, there has been much discussion of the extent of influence from <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Persia">Achaemenid Persia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> since the column capitals supporting the roofs at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> have similarities, and the "rather cold, hieratic style" of the Sarnath <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a> especially shows "obvious Achaemenid and <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargonid</a> influence".<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence</a> has also been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In particular the <a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abaci</a> of some of the pillars (especially the <a href="/wiki/Rampurva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampurva">Rampurva bull</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sankissa" title="Sankissa">Sankissa elephant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar capital</a>) use bands of motifs, like the <a href="/wiki/Bead_and_reel" title="Bead and reel">bead and reel</a> pattern, the <a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">ovolo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flame_palmette" title="Flame palmette">flame palmettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotuses</a>, which likely originated from Greek and Near-Eastern arts.<a href="#cite_note-BA44-153">[152]</a> Such examples can also be seen in the remains of the Mauryan capital city of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frieze of Rampurva capitals, alternating palmettes and lotus ."><img alt="Frieze of Rampurva capitals, alternating palmettes and lotus ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg/120px-Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg/180px-Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg/240px-Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="185" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frieze of <a href="/wiki/Rampurva_capitals" title="Rampurva capitals">Rampurva capitals</a>, alternating <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus</a> .</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frieze of Sankissa."><img alt="Frieze of Sankissa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg/120px-Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg/180px-Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg/240px-Sankissa_elephant_abacus_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="766" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frieze of <a href="/wiki/Sankissa" title="Sankissa">Sankissa</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frieze of the diamond throne of Bodh Gaya."><img alt="Frieze of the diamond throne of Bodh Gaya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg/120px-Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg/180px-Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg/240px-Diamond_Throne_Vajrasana_front_frieze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frieze of the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasana,_Bodh_Gaya" title="Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya">diamond throne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aramaic_language_and_script">Aramaic language and script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aramaic language and script">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg/170px-Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg/255px-Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg/340px-Aramaic_inscription_at_Taxila_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Taxila">Aramaic Inscription of Taxila</a>, dated circa 260 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Taxila_Museum" title="Taxila Museum">Taxila Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> language, official language of the Achaemenid Empire, started to be used in the Indian territories.<a href="#cite_note-JM-154">[153]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> in the north-western areas of Ashoka's territory, in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> (the official language of the former Achaemenid Empire), together with <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (the language of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> kingdom and the Greek communities in Ashoka's realm).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The Indian <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi script">Kharosthi script</a> shows a clear dependency on the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indic languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid Empire's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> (modern Pakistan) in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years, reaching its final form by the 3rd century BCE where it appears in some of the Edicts of Ashoka.<a href="#cite_note-JM-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edicts_of_Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Edicts of Ashoka">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (circa 250 BCE) may show Achaemenid influences, including formulaic parallels with Achaemenid inscriptions, presence of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> loanwords (in <a href="/wiki/Official_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Aramaic">Aramaic</a> inscriptions), and the very act of engraving edicts on rocks and mountains (compare for example Behistun inscription).<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> To describe his own edicts, Ashoka used the word <a href="/wiki/Lip%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipī">Lipī</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%AE%F0%91%80%BA%F0%91%80%A7%F0%91%80%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺">𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺</a>), now generally simply translated as "writing" or "inscription". It is thought the word "lipi", which is also orthographed "dipi" (𐨡𐨁𐨤𐨁) in the two <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> versions of the rock edicts,<a href="#cite_note-159">[b]</a> comes from an <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> prototype dipî (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:लिपि">𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎡</a>) also meaning "inscription", which is used for example by <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> in his Behistun inscription,<a href="#cite_note-160">[c]</a> suggesting borrowing and diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-Hultzsch-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> There are other borrowings of <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> terms for writing-related words in the Edicts of Ashoka, such as nipista or nipesita (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A8%A3%F0%90%A8%81%F0%90%A8%A4%F0%90%A8%81%F0%90%A8%AF%F0%90%A8%BF%F0%90%A8%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐨣𐨁𐨤𐨁𐨯𐨿𐨟">𐨣𐨁𐨤𐨁𐨯𐨿𐨟</a>, "written" and "made to be written") in the <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Major_Rock_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Rock Edict">Major Rock Edict</a> No.4, which can be related to the word nipištā (𐎴𐎡𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠, "written") from the daiva inscription of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Several of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Taxila">Taxila inscription</a> were written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, one of the official languages of the former Achaemenid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-google-165">[162]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The word Dipi ("Edict") in the Edicts of Ashoka, identical with the Achaemenid word for "writing".[163]"><img alt="The word Dipi ("Edict") in the Edicts of Ashoka, identical with the Achaemenid word for "writing".[163]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg/120px-Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg/180px-Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg/240px-Dhrama_Dipi_inscription_in_the_Shahbazgarhi_First_Edict_in_the_Kharosthi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The word Dipi ("Edict") in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, identical with the Achaemenid word for "writing".<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kharoshthi script is generally considered as a development from Aramaic."><img alt="The Kharoshthi script is generally considered as a development from Aramaic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg/120px-Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg/180px-Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg/240px-Artemidoros_coin_obverse_with_transliteration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi script">Kharoshthi script</a> is generally considered as a development from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription of Ashoka (circa 256 BCE) in Greek and Aramaic."><img alt="The Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription of Ashoka (circa 256 BCE) in Greek and Aramaic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/114px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/171px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/229px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="717" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> of Ashoka (circa 256 BCE) in Greek and Aramaic.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figurines_of_West_Asian_foreigners_in_Mathura,_Sarnath_and_Patna_(4th-2nd_century_BCE)">Figurines of West Asian foreigners in Mathura, Sarnath and Patna (4th-2nd century BCE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Figurines of West Asian foreigners in Mathura, Sarnath and Patna (4th-2nd century BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mathura_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura art">Mathura art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Figurines of foreigners in India</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG/102px-Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG/153px-Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG/204px-Ethnic_Head_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_6365.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="2556" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">"Ethnic head", <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, c. 2nd century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AV141-167">[164]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Nobleman_Clad_in_Coat_Dupatta_Trouser_and_Turban_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Persian_Nobleman_Clad_in_Coat_Dupatta_Trouser_and_Turban_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura.jpg/164px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Persian_Nobleman_Clad_in_Coat_Dupatta_Trouser_and_Turban_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura.jpg/246px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Persian_Nobleman_Clad_in_Coat_Dupatta_Trouser_and_Turban_-_Circa_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Showcase_18-11_-_Prehistory_and_Terracotta_Gallery_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura.jpg/328px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="2645" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">"Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd Century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AV141-167">[164]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg/114px-Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg/171px-Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg/228px-Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1510" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Figure of a foreigner, from <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_122-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_318-169">[166]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Some relatively high quality terracotta statuettes have been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> strata in the excavations of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> in northern India.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Most of these terracottas show what appears to be female deities or mother goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-SCK5-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> However, several figures of foreigners also appear in the terracottas from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE, which are either described simply as "foreigners" or Persian or Iranian because of their foreign features.<a href="#cite_note-AV141-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-SKS-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> These figurines might reflect the increased contacts of Indians with Iranian people during this period.<a href="#cite_note-SKS-173">[170]</a> Several of these seem to represent foreign soldiers who visited India during the Mauryan period and influenced modellers in Mathura with their peculiar ethnic features and uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> One of the terracotta statuettes, a man nicknamed the "Persian nobleman" and dated to the 2nd century BCE, can be seen wearing a coat, scarf, trousers and a turban.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-AV141-167">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">S.P. Gupta</a> also mentions the "male heads of foreigners from <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> city and <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>", which according to him attest to the presence of a foreign elite in the Gangetic plains during the Mauryan or late Mauryan period. This elite was West Asian, specifically related to the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavas" title="Pahlavas">Pahlavas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and their presence was a consequence of their eastern forays into India.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_122-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_318-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> a 4th-century CE Roman author, <a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>, studied under the Brahmanas in India, thus contributing to the development of the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>):<a href="#cite_note-MRJ-180">[177]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Hystaspes, a very wise monarch, the father of Darius. Who while boldly penetrating into the remoter districts of upper India, came to a certain woody retreat, of which with its tranquil silence the Brahmans, men of sublime genius, were the possessors. From their teaching he learnt the principles of the motion of the world and of the stars, and the pure rites of sacrifice, as far as he could; and of what he learnt he infused some portion into the minds of the Magi, which they have handed down by tradition to later ages, each instructing his own children, and adding to it their own system of divination".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, XXIII. 6.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-MRJ-180">[177]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In ancient sources, Hystapes is sometimes considered as identical with <a href="/wiki/Vishtaspa" title="Vishtaspa">Vishtaspa</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> name for Hystapes), an early patron of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MRJ-180">[177]</a> Historically, the life of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> also coincided with the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley.<a href="#cite_note-CIB-182">[179]</a> The Achaemenid occupation of the areas of Gandara and Hinduš, which was to last for about two centuries, was accompanied by Achaemenid religions, reformed <a href="/wiki/Mazdaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdaism">Mazdaism</a> or early <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, to which Buddhism might also have in part reacted.<a href="#cite_note-CIB-182">[179]</a> In particular, the ideas of the Buddha may have partly consisted in a rejection of the "absolutist" or "perfectionist" ideas contained in these Achaemenid religions.<a href="#cite_note-CIB-182">[179]</a> Still, according to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher I. Beckwith</a>, commenting on the content of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, the early Buddhist concepts of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, rebirth, and affirming that good deeds will be rewarded in this life and the next, in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, probably find their origin in Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Mazdaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdaism">Mazdaism</a>, which had been introduced in India from the time of the Achaemenid conquest of Gandara.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_satrapies">List of satrapies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of satrapies">edit</a>]</div> Several satrapies were founded by the Achaemenid empire in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, including; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gand%C4%81ra" title="Gandāra">Gandāra</a> satrapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a> satrapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a> satrapy</li></ul> Other important satrapies in South Asia (in modern day's <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>) include; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> satrapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a> satrapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a> satrapy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Immortals" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Immortals">Persian Immortals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Ctesias: "The Indians also include this substance among their most precious gifts for the Persian king who receives it as a prize revered above all others."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> For example, according to Hultzsch, the first line of the First Edict at <a href="/wiki/Shahbazgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbazgarhi">Shahbazgarhi</a> (or at <a href="/wiki/Mansehra" title="Mansehra">Mansehra</a>) reads: "(Ayam) <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dhrama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lipi_(script)" title="Lipi (script)">dipi</a> Devanapriyasa Raño likhapitu" ("This Dharma-Edicts was written by King <a href="/wiki/Devanampriya" title="Devanampriya">Devanampriya</a>" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n191/mode/2up">Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch</a> (in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Asoka.+New+Edition+by+E.+Hultzsch&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FInscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch%2FHultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable%23page%2Fn191%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> This appears in the reading of Hultzsch's original rubbing of the <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> inscription of the first line of the First Edict at <a href="/wiki/Shahbazgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbazgarhi">Shahbazgarhi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> For example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-t-42/">Column IV, Line 89</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999116–117_1-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999">Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization 1999</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip's_Atlas_of_World_History-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip's_Atlas_of_World_History_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip's_Atlas_of_World_History_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rowan.edu/~mcinneshin/101/wk05/images/NEWachaemexp.jpg">Philip's Atlas of World History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082134/http://users.rowan.edu/~mcinneshin/101/wk05/images/NEWachaemexp.jpg">Archived</a> 2018-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas_of_World_History-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_of_World_History_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_of_World_History_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA43">Atlas of World History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195219210" title="Special:BookSources/9780195219210"><bdi>9780195219210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195219210&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=052">A Historical atlas of South Asia</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErringtonTrustMuseum1992" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ">The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</a>. Ancient India and Iran Trust. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951839911" title="Special:BookSources/9780951839911"><bdi>9780951839911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780951839911&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Trust%2C+Ancient+India+and+Iran&rft.au=Museum%2C+Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré-Salvini2005" class="citation book cs1">André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC">Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24731-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Empire%3A+The+World+of+Ancient+Persia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24731-4&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9-Salvini&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJnaKu9DdNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> (Fussman, 1993, p. 84).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] "This is inferred from the fact that Gandhara (OPers. Gandāra) is already mentioned at <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Bisotun</a>, while the toponym Hinduš (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindhu</a>) is added only in later inscriptions." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDULEAAAQBAJ">From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-574-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2002-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-574-8&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDULEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kerr, Gordon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07HGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse</a> (in German). Oldcastle Books. p. PT16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843449232" title="Special:BookSources/9781843449232"><bdi>9781843449232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+India%3A+From+the+Earliest+Civilisations+to+Today%27s+Economic+Powerhouse&rft.pages=PT16&rft.pub=Oldcastle+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781843449232&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07HGDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1990" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC&pg=PT422">A History of India</a>. Penguin UK. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141949765" title="Special:BookSources/9780141949765"><bdi>9780141949765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780141949765&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Y02AiEu1kcC%26pg%3DPT422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Old_Persian-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Old_Persian_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Old_Persian_11-1">b</a> Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n177/mode/2up/">Old Persian p.164</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n23/mode/2up/">Old Persian p.13</a>. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n27/mode/2up/">Old Persian p.17</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n35/mode/2up/">Old Persian p.25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC2004-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PC2004_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC2004_12-1">b</a> Perfrancesco Callieri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-ii-historical-geography">INDIA ii. Historical Geography</a>, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975">Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan 1975</a>, p. 177: "One should, therefore, be careful to distinguish the limited geographical unit of Gandhāra from the political one bearing the same name." </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauqeer_Ahmad-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Tauqeer_Ahmad_14-0">^</a> Tauqeer Ahmad, University of the Punjab, Lahore, South Asian Studies, A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, January–June 2012, pp. 221-232 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/14.%20Touqeer%20Warraich_January-June%202012.pdf">p.222</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFLEMING1993" class="citation journal cs1">FLEMING, DAVID (1993). "Where was Achaemenid India?". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 7: 67–72. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048427">24048427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Where+was+Achaemenid+India%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=FLEMING&rft.aufirst=DAVID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Where_was_Achaemenid_India-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Where_was_Achaemenid_India_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Where_was_Achaemenid_India_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Where_was_Achaemenid_India_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFLEMING1993" class="citation journal cs1">FLEMING, DAVID (1993). "Where was Achaemenid India?". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 7: 70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048427">24048427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Where+was+Achaemenid+India%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=FLEMING&rft.aufirst=DAVID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Marshall, John (1975) [1951]. Taxila: Volume I. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2014" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107009608" title="Special:BookSources/9781107009608"><bdi>9781107009608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%2C+550%E2%80%93330+BCE&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107009608&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjhEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNa_-_Livius-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNa_-_Livius_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNa_-_Livius_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/">DNa - Livius</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DNa+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fachaemenid-royal-inscriptions%2Fdna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dh/">Hamadan Gold and Silver Tablet inscription</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDandamaev,_A_Political_History_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire1989">Dandamaev, A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire 1989</a>, p. 147; <a href="#CITEREFNeelis,_Early_Buddhist_Transmission_and_Trade_Networks2010">Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks 2010</a>, pp. 96–97; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA117">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. New Age International. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAH-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAH_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH_22-2">c</a> "The region was soon to appear as Hindūš in the Old Persian inscriptions... Transparent though the name appears at first sight, its location is not without problems. Foucher, Kent and many subsequent writers have identified Hindūš with its etymological equivalent, Sind, thereby placing it on the lower Indus towards the delta. However, (...) no material evidence of Achaemenid activity in this region is so far available. (...) There seems no evidence at present of gold production in the Indus delta, so this detail seems to weight against the location of the Hindūš province in Sind. (...) The alternative location to Sind for an Achaemenid province of Hindūš is naturally at Taxila and in the West Punjab, where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed, though no clear evidence of its name." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA203">Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 203–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521228046" title="Special:BookSources/9780521228046"><bdi>9780521228046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=203-204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521228046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNDpPqeDjo0C%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFLEMING1993" class="citation journal cs1">FLEMING, DAVID (1993). "Where was Achaemenid India?". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 7: 69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048427">24048427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Where+was+Achaemenid+India%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=FLEMING&rft.aufirst=DAVID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2008" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Grant (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahMXbSFxGhUC&pg=PA15">The Making of Roman India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521858342" title="Special:BookSources/9780521858342"><bdi>9780521858342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Roman+India&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521858342&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahMXbSFxGhUC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948144–145-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948144–145_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948">Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamad2011" class="citation book cs1">Samad, Rafi U. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA36">The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys</a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-859-2"><bdi>978-0-87586-859-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grandeur+of+Gandhara%3A+The+Ancient+Buddhist+Civilization+of+the+Swat%2C+Peshawar%2C+Kabul+and+Indus+Valleys&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-859-2&rft.aulast=Samad&rft.aufirst=Rafi+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNUwBYGYgxsC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith_p.5-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_p.5_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_p.5_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_p.5_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlCUBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html">VII 65</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_-_Achaemenid_Relations_29-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-iii-relations-achaemenid-period">"INDIA RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. www.iranicaonline.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=INDIA+RELATIONS%3A+ACHAEMENID+PERIOD+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Findia-iii-relations-achaemenid-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-t-02/">Behistun T 02 - Livius</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behistun+T+02+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fbehistun-persian-text%2Fbehistun-t-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingThompson1907" class="citation book cs1">King, L. W. (Leonard William); Thompson, R. Campbell (Reginald Campbell) (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sculpturesinscri00brituoft">The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia : a new collation of the Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts</a>. London : Longmans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sculpturesinscri00brituoft/page/3">3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sculptures+and+inscription+of+Darius+the+Great+on+the+Rock+of+Behist%C3%BBn+in+Persia+%3A+a+new+collation+of+the+Persian%2C+Susian+and+Babylonian+texts&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=London+%3A+Longmans&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=L.+W.+%28Leonard+William%29&rft.au=Thompson%2C+R.+Campbell+%28Reginald+Campbell%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsculpturesinscri00brituoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA21">Foreign Influence on Ancient India</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172110284" title="Special:BookSources/9788172110284"><bdi>9788172110284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788172110284&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/susa/susa-photos/susa-statue-of-darius/">"Susa, Statue of Darius - Livius"</a>. www.livius.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Susa%2C+Statue+of+Darius+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fsusa%2Fsusa-photos%2Fsusa-statue-of-darius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Also described <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701150039/https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective">Archived</a> 2019-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACH-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACH_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACH_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZournatzi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Zournatzi, Antigoni (2003). "The Apadana Coin Hoards, Darius I, and the West". American Journal of Numismatics. 15: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43580364">43580364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Numismatics&rft.atitle=The+Apadana+Coin+Hoards%2C+Darius+I%2C+and+the+West&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43580364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zournatzi&rft.aufirst=Antigoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder">Persepolis : discovery and afterlife of a world wonder</a>. 2012. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder/page/n195">171</a>–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persepolis+%3A+discovery+and+afterlife+of+a+world+wonder&rft.pages=171-181&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dph/?">DPh inscription</a>, also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective">Photographs of one of the gold plaques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701150039/https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective">Archived</a> 2019-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/?">Livius DNa inscription</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livius_DSe-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_DSe_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_DSe_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dse/">DSe - Livius</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DSe+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fachaemenid-royal-inscriptions%2Fdse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dsm/">DSm inscription</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA20">Foreign Influence on Ancient India</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172110284" title="Special:BookSources/9788172110284"><bdi>9788172110284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788172110284&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-livius.org-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/?">"DNa - Livius"</a>. www.livius.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=DNa+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fsources%2Fcontent%2Fachaemenid-royal-inscriptions%2Fdna%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcockAlcockD'AltroyMorrison2001" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA105">Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770200" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770200"><bdi>9780521770200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires%3A+Perspectives+from+Archaeology+and+History&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521770200&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft.au=Alcock%2C+John+H.+D%27Arms+Collegiate+Professor+of+Classical+Archaeology+and+Classics+and+Arthur+F.+Thurnau+Professor+Susan+E.&rft.au=D%27Altroy%2C+Terence+N.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Kathleen+D.&rft.au=Sinopoli%2C+Carla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBuPx1rdGYIC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB756-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PB756_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PB756_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA756">From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=756&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-120-7&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26pg%3DPA756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html">"Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Strabo+Geography%2C+Book+XV%2C+Chapter+2%2C+9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F15B%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times_Atlas_of_World_History-46"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_Atlas_of_World_History_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough1989" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IYYAQAAMAAJ">The Times Atlas of World History</a>. Times Books. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780723009061" title="Special:BookSources/9780723009061"><bdi>9780723009061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780723009061&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IYYAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire_1948_291–292-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire_1948_291–292_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire_1948_291–292_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948">Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948</a>, pp. 291–292: "The Gandarians thus make their last appearance as Persian tribute paying subjects in the lists of Artaxerxes, though the land continued to be known under the name of Gandhara down to classic Indian times." </li> <li id="cite_note-Inscription_A2Pa_of_Artaxerxes_II-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inscription_A2Pa_of_Artaxerxes_II_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inscription_A2Pa_of_Artaxerxes_II_48-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a2pa/?">Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PL271-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PL271_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PL271_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecoq" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lecoq, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LesInscriptionsDeLaPerseAchemenide1997/page/n141">Les inscriptions de la perse achemenide (1997)</a> (in French). pp. 271–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+inscriptions+de+la+perse+achemenide+%281997%29&rft.pages=271-272&rft.aulast=Lecoq&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLesInscriptionsDeLaPerseAchemenide1997%2Fpage%2Fn141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005713–714_50-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005">Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations 2005</a>, pp. 713–714. </li> <li id="cite_note-FT159-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FT159_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTola1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tola, Fernando (1986). "India and Greece before Alexander". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 67 (1/4): 159–194. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693244">41693244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=India+and+Greece+before+Alexander&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=159-194&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41693244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tola&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamad2011" class="citation book cs1">Samad, Rafi U. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA32">The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys</a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-859-2"><bdi>978-0-87586-859-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grandeur+of+Gandhara%3A+The+Ancient+Buddhist+Civilization+of+the+Swat%2C+Peshawar%2C+Kabul+and+Indus+Valleys&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-859-2&rft.aulast=Samad&rft.aufirst=Rafi+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNUwBYGYgxsC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamad2011" class="citation book cs1">Samad, Rafi U. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33">The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys</a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-859-2"><bdi>978-0-87586-859-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grandeur+of+Gandhara%3A+The+Ancient+Buddhist+Civilization+of+the+Swat%2C+Peshawar%2C+Kabul+and+Indus+Valleys&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-859-2&rft.aulast=Samad&rft.aufirst=Rafi+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNUwBYGYgxsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948">Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948</a>, pp. 291–292 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html">Herodotus III 91</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html">Herodotus III 94</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World197844_56-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World1978">Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World 1978</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948">Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948</a>, pp. 291–292: "...the official tribute list incorporated by Herodotus shows decided administrative change. As under Cyrus, there were again twenty satrapies, but the larger number of Darius had been reduced by the union of some hitherto separate. This process, already to be detected in the army list of Xerxes, but accelerated in the tribute list of Artaxerxes, again suggests actual loss of territory. (25 lines later).... Two satrapies are united in the case of the Sattagydians, Gandarians, Dadicae, and Aparytae, whose tribute was 170 talents." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948291–292-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948291–292_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948">Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948</a>, pp. 291–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022521/00001">The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus</a>. pp. 120–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Fragments+of+Ctesias+of+Cnidus&rft.pages=120-121&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUFE0022521%2F00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022521/00001">The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus</a>. p. Page 116 Fragment F45bα) and Page 219 Note F45bα).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Fragments+of+Ctesias+of+Cnidus&rft.pages=Page+116+Fragment+F45b%CE%B1%29+and+Page+219+Note+F45b%CE%B1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUFE0022521%2F00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The hypothesis that the region had already become independent by the end of the reign of Darius I or during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II</a> (Chattopadhyaya, 1974, pp. 25-26) appears to be contradicted by Ctesias's reference to gifts received from the kings of India and by the fact that even Darius III still had some Indian units in his army (Briant, 1996, pp. 699, 774). At the time of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander's</a> Macedonian army in the Indus Valley, there is no mention of officers of the Persian kings in India; but this does not mean (Dittmann, 1984, p. 185) that the Achaemenids had no power there. Other data indicate that they still exercised control over the area, although in ways that differed from those of Darius I's time (Briant, 1996, pp. 776-78). </li> <li id="cite_note-Kistler-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kistler_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kistler_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kistler_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKistler2007" class="citation book cs1">Kistler, John M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA29">War Elephants</a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803260047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803260047"><bdi>978-0803260047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Elephants&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0803260047&rft.aulast=Kistler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5RHK4Ol15QC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDA-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDA_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDA_64-1">b</a> "Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIran1972" class="citation book cs1">Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ">Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran</a>. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cahiers+de+la+D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation+arch%C3%A9ologique+fran%C3%A7aise+en+Iran&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+de+recherches+en+Iran+%28section+arch%C3%A9ologique%29&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Iran&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation+arch%C3%A9ologique+fran%C3%A7aise+en&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitIRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré-Salvini2005" class="citation book cs1">André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA49">Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247314" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247314"><bdi>9780520247314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Empire%3A+The+World+of+Ancient+Persia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520247314&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9-Salvini&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJnaKu9DdNEC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosworth-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1996" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, A. B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0">Alexander and the East : The Tragedy of Triumph: The Tragedy of Triumph</a>. Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0/page/154">154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191589454" title="Special:BookSources/9780191589454"><bdi>9780191589454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+and+the+East+%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Triumph%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Triumph&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780191589454&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandereasttra00bosw_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus_III.89-95-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_III.89-95_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_III.89-95_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_III.89-95_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_III.89-95_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_III.89-95_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus_III.89-95_67-5">f</a> Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html">Book III, 89-95</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZA-68"><a href="#cite_ref-ZA_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibaldDaviesGabrielsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, Zosia; Davies, John K.; Gabrielsen, Vincent (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9YUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404">The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199587926" title="Special:BookSources/9780199587926"><bdi>9780199587926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economies+of+Hellenistic+Societies%2C+Third+to+First+Centuries+BC&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199587926&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Zosia&rft.au=Davies%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Gabrielsen%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9YUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011404_69-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011">Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies 2011</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html#ref6">III, 89</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=*%29indoi%2F&la=greek&can=*%29indoi%2F0&prior=oi(">'Ινδοι</a>, Greek Word Study Tool, Tufts University </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Top_side_darius_I_tomb.jpg" title="File:Top side darius I tomb.jpg">Nations of the soldiers on the tombs</a>, Walser. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=arch_pubs">p.713</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_Naqsh-e_Rostam_74-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam">NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NAQ%C5%A0-E+ROSTAM+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnaqs-e-rostam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dsf/">DSf inscription</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2015" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6pJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">Xerxes: A Persian Life</a>. Yale University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300180077" title="Special:BookSources/9780300180077"><bdi>9780300180077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xerxes%3A+A+Persian+Life&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780300180077&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6pJCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7A*.html">LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 1‑56</a>. pp. VII-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Herodotus+%E2%80%94+Book+VII%3A+Chapters+1%E2%80%9156&rft.pages=VII-26&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHerodotus%2F7A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB7-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB7_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB7_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlCUBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AD-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AD_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67">A Brief History of India</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594777943" title="Special:BookSources/9781594777943"><bdi>9781594777943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781594777943&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS_80-2">c</a> "A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhu2000" class="citation book cs1">Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ">A military history of ancient India</a>. Vision Books. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170943754" title="Special:BookSources/9788170943754"><bdi>9788170943754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+military+history+of+ancient+India&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788170943754&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Gurcharn+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yXcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H9-32-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H9-32_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H9-32_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/9A*.html">LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89</a>. pp. IX-32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Herodotus+%E2%80%94+Book+IX%3A+Chapters+1%E2%80%9189&rft.pages=IX-32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHerodotus%2F9A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2014" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXIVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT172">Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199651917" title="Special:BookSources/9780199651917"><bdi>9780199651917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Greece%2C+and+Rome%3A+Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199651917&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXIVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam">Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naqs-e+Rostam+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fnaqs-e-rostam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg">Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naqs-e+Rostam+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica+List+of+nationalities+of+the+Achaemenid+military+with+corresponding+drawings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FClothing%2Fv5f7a014_f1_300.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT165-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FT165_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FT165_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTola1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tola, Fernando (1986). "India and Greece before Alexander". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 67 (1/4): 165. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693244">41693244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=India+and+Greece+before+Alexander&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=165&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41693244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tola&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/8C*.html">LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144</a>. p. Herodotus VIII, 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Herodotus+%E2%80%94+Book+VIII%3A+Chapters+97%E2%80%91144&rft.pages=Herodotus+VIII%2C+113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHerodotus%2F8C%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE</a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317586920" title="Special:BookSources/9781317586920"><bdi>9781317586920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Pre-British+India+%E2%80%93+1500BCE+to+1740CE&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317586920&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxx7ICQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H9-31-88"><a href="#cite_ref-H9-31_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/9A*.html">LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89</a>. pp. IX-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Herodotus+%E2%80%94+Book+IX%3A+Chapters+1%E2%80%9189&rft.pages=IX-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHerodotus%2F9A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS36-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WS36_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS36_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2012" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849085557" title="Special:BookSources/9781849085557"><bdi>9781849085557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plataea+479+BC%3A+The+most+glorious+victory+ever+seen&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849085557&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFm3CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS51-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WS51_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS51_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2012" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849085557" title="Special:BookSources/9781849085557"><bdi>9781849085557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plataea+479+BC%3A+The+most+glorious+victory+ever+seen&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849085557&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFm3CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2012" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849085557" title="Special:BookSources/9781849085557"><bdi>9781849085557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plataea+479+BC%3A+The+most+glorious+victory+ever+seen&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849085557&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFm3CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckelTritle2011" class="citation book cs1">Heckel, Waldemar; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPcdr5yYs0C&pg=PA164">Alexander the Great: A New History</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444360158" title="Special:BookSources/9781444360158"><bdi>9781444360158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444360158&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft.au=Tritle%2C+Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZPcdr5yYs0C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenne2010" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kngnd0GlUc4C&pg=PA71">Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General</a>. St. Martin's Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230106406" title="Special:BookSources/9780230106406"><bdi>9780230106406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+Lessons+from+History%27s+Undefeated+General&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230106406&rft.aulast=Yenne&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkngnd0GlUc4C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKistler2007" class="citation book cs1">Kistler, John M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA29">War Elephants</a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803260047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803260047"><bdi>978-0803260047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Elephants&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0803260047&rft.aulast=Kistler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5RHK4Ol15QC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2003" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Frank L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKpi1vpHanAC&pg=PA72">Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions</a>. University of California Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520938786" title="Special:BookSources/9780520938786"><bdi>9780520938786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Elephant+Medallions&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520938786&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZKpi1vpHanAC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "Coins of this type found in <a href="/wiki/Chaman_Hazouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaman Hazouri">Chaman Hazouri</a> (deposited c.350 BC) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BC)." Article by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Joe Cribb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErringtonTrustMuseum1992" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ">The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</a>. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951839911" title="Special:BookSources/9780951839911"><bdi>9780951839911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780951839911&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Trust%2C+Ancient+India+and+Iran&rft.au=Museum%2C+Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309874">Classical Numismatic Group, Coin page</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JC-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JC_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi_&_Cribb,_Coins_illustrating_the_History_of_the_Crossroads_of_Asia1992">Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992</a>, pp. 57–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309206">CNG Coins</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> "Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards" Article by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Joe Cribb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErringtonTrustMuseum1992" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ">The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</a>. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951839911" title="Special:BookSources/9780951839911"><bdi>9780951839911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780951839911&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Trust%2C+Ancient+India+and+Iran&rft.au=Museum%2C+Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000300–301_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000">Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000</a>, pp. 300–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Department_of_Defense-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Department_of_Defense_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Department_of_Defense_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610004813/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html">"US Department of Defense"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html">the original</a> on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2018-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cemml.colostate.edu%2Fcultural%2F09476%2Fafgh05-106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308--103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308-_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308-_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000">Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000</a>, pp. 308-. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000308_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000">Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India198385–86-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India198385–86_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India198385–86_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India1983">Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India 1983</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "the local coins of the Achaemenid era (...) were the precursors of the bent and punch-marked bars" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15798938">Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)</a>. p. 311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coin+Production+and+Circulation+in+Central+Asia+and+North-West+India+%28Before+and+after+Alexander%27s+Conquest%29&rft.pages=311&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15798938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> About the hoard in Kabul: "In the same hoard there were also discovered two series of local silver coins which appear to be the product of local Achaemenid administration. One series (...) was made in a new way, which relates it to the punch-marked silver coins of India. It appears that it was these local coins, using technology adapted from Greek coins, which provided the prototypes for punch-marked coins made in India." p.57 "In the territories to the south of the Hindu Kush the punch-marked coins, descendants of the local coins of the Achaemenid administration in the same area, were issued by the Mauryan kings of India for local circulation." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErringtonTrustMuseum1992" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ">The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</a>. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951839911" title="Special:BookSources/9780951839911"><bdi>9780951839911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780951839911&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Trust%2C+Ancient+India+and+Iran&rft.au=Museum%2C+Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> O. Bopearachchi, "Premières frappes locales de l'Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données," in Trésors d'Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1 (this coin) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773">CNG Coins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225205951/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773">Archived</a> 2019-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000309-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000309_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000">Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=052">A Historical atlas of South Asia</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" title="File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png">this map</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweYasuhara2016" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=niExDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities</a>. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317543268" title="Special:BookSources/9781317543268"><bdi>9781317543268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Higher+Learning%3A+Knowledge+networks+and+the+early+development+of+universities&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317543268&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Yasuhara%2C+Yoshihito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DniExDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe2010" class="citation book cs1">Le, Huu Phuoc (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA50">Buddhist Architecture</a>. Grafikol. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780984404308" title="Special:BookSources/9780984404308"><bdi>9780984404308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780984404308&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=Huu+Phuoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jb364g4BvoC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2010" class="citation book cs1">Batchelor, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT256">Confession of a Buddhist Atheist</a>. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 255–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588369840" title="Special:BookSources/9781588369840"><bdi>9781588369840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confession+of+a+Buddhist+Atheist&rft.pages=255-256&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781588369840&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQU4_XCZL7x8C%26pg%3DPT256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3*.html">"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XV Chapter 1 (§§ 39‑73)"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Strabo%27s+Geography+%E2%80%94+Book+XV+Chapter+1+%28%C2%A7%C2%A7+39%E2%80%9173%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F15A3%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlCUBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2010" class="citation book cs1">Batchelor, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT125">Confession of a Buddhist Atheist</a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588369840" title="Special:BookSources/9781588369840"><bdi>9781588369840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confession+of+a+Buddhist+Atheist&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781588369840&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQU4_XCZL7x8C%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "The Dhammapada Commentary furnishes us with some interesting information regarding Kosala. We learn from this work that Pasenadi, son of Mahākosala, was educated at Taxila." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eQBAAAAMAAJ">The Indian Historical Quarterly</a>. Calcutta Oriental Press. 1925. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Historical+Quarterly&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Calcutta+Oriental+Press&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eQBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> "One account suggests that, as a young man, Jivaka had travelled across India to Taxila, in the distant west, to study medicine under the well-known Disapamok Achariya" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweYasuhara2016" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=niExDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62">The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities</a>. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54326-8"><bdi>978-1-317-54326-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Higher+Learning%3A+Knowledge+networks+and+the+early+development+of+universities&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54326-8&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Yasuhara%2C+Yoshihito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DniExDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2010" class="citation book cs1">Batchelor, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT256">Confession of a Buddhist Atheist</a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588369840" title="Special:BookSources/9781588369840"><bdi>9781588369840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confession+of+a+Buddhist+Atheist&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781588369840&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQU4_XCZL7x8C%26pg%3DPT256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2010" class="citation book cs1">Batchelor, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT255">Confession of a Buddhist Atheist</a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588369840" title="Special:BookSources/9781588369840"><bdi>9781588369840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confession+of+a+Buddhist+Atheist&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781588369840&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQU4_XCZL7x8C%26pg%3DPT255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grammatical_Literature-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grammatical_Literature_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grammatical_Literature_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe1977" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88">Grammatical Literature</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447017060" title="Special:BookSources/9783447017060"><bdi>9783447017060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Literature&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9783447017060&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_VbnWkZ-SYC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Aryans_to_Swaraj-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Aryans_to_Swaraj_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Aryans_to_Swaraj_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshi2005" class="citation book cs1">Bakshi, S. R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC">Early Aryans to Swaraj</a>. Sarup & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC/page/n55">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176255370" title="Special:BookSources/9788176255370"><bdi>9788176255370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Aryans+to+Swaraj&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788176255370&rft.aulast=Bakshi&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Q6sU7dUap1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Development_of_Hinduism-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Development_of_Hinduism_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Development_of_Hinduism_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinan2008" class="citation book cs1">Ninan, M. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC&pg=PA97">The Development of Hinduism</a>. Madathil Mammen Ninan. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438228204" title="Special:BookSources/9781438228204"><bdi>9781438228204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Madathil+Mammen+Ninan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781438228204&rft.aulast=Ninan&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8RTZcjg9awC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlichtmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Schlichtmann, Klaus (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UYKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">A Peace History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385563522" title="Special:BookSources/9789385563522"><bdi>9789385563522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+History+of+India%3A+From+Ashoka+Maurya+to+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789385563522&rft.aulast=Schlichtmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UYKDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM16-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RM16_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM16_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Mookerji, Radhakumud</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA16">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804050" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804050"><bdi>9788120804050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9788120804050&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> "Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Plutarch 62-4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243&layout=&loc=62.1">"Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plutarch%2C+Alexander%2C+chapter+1%2C+section+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0243%26layout%3D%26loc%3D62.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RM_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1966" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA27">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804050" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804050"><bdi>9788120804050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9788120804050&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1957" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532644/page/n5">"The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire"</a>. In K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 2: Mauryas and Satavahanas. Orient Longmans. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+of+the+Mauryan+Empire&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%2C+Volume+2%3A+Mauryas+and+Satavahanas&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radha+Kumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.532644%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">: "The Mudrarakshasa further informs us that his Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite army ... Among these are mentioned the following : Sakas, Yavanas (probably Greeks), Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas and Bahlikas." </li> <li id="cite_note-EI134-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI134_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI134_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShashi1999" class="citation book cs1">Shashi, Shyam Singh (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfwvAQAAIAAJ">Encyclopaedia Indica: Mauryas</a>. Anmol Publications. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170418597" title="Special:BookSources/9788170418597"><bdi>9788170418597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Indica%3A+Mauryas&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788170418597&rft.aulast=Shashi&rft.aufirst=Shyam+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfwvAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">: "Among those who helped Chandragupta in his struggle against the Nandas, were the Sakas (Scythians), Yavanas (Greeks), and Parasikas (Persians)" </li> <li id="cite_note-DS-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._B._Spooner1915" class="citation journal cs1">D. B. Spooner (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2403053">"The Zoroastrian Period of Indian History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. 47 (3): 416–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00048437">10.1017/S0035869X00048437</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189338">25189338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162867863">162867863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Zoroastrian+Period+of+Indian+History&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-417&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162867863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189338%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00048437&rft.au=D.+B.+Spooner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2403053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">: "After Alexander's death, when Chandragupta marched on <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magada</a>, it was with largely the Persian army that he won the throne of India. The testimony of the <a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a> is explicit on this point, and we have no reason to doubt its accuracy in matter[s] of this kind." </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1966" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA210">Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804050" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804050"><bdi>9788120804050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9788120804050&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41">A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians</a>. BRILL. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004065062" title="Special:BookSources/9789004065062"><bdi>9789004065062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%3A+Volume+II%3A+Under+the+Achaemenians&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9789004065062&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3sfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA278">A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume II: Under the Achaemenians</a>. BRILL. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004065062" title="Special:BookSources/9789004065062"><bdi>9789004065062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%3A+Volume+II%3A+Under+the+Achaemenians&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9789004065062&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3sfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP638-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DP638_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DP638_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPingree1988" class="citation journal cs1">Pingree, David (1988). "Review of The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 108 (4): 638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603154">10.2307/603154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603154">603154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Fidelity+of+Oral+Tradition+and+the+Origins+of+Science&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=638&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603154&rft.aulast=Pingree&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_88-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_88_135-6">g</a> Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach . But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Gupta, Swarajya Prakash</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ">The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan</a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3"><bdi>978-0-391-02172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Indian+Art%3A+A+Detailed+Study+of+the+Formative+Period+of+Indian+Art+and+Architecture%2C+Third+and+Second+Centuries+B.C.%2C+Mauryan+and+Late+Mauryan&rft.pages=88%2C+122&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02172-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Swarajya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lDqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">. Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10709971">"West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art"</a>. Heritage and Us (4): 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+and+Us&rft.atitle=West+Asian+Influence+on+Lion+Motifs+in+Mauryan+Art&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vinay+%28Banaras+Hindu+University%2C+Varanasi+Faculty+Member%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10709971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1659_265.html">The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144452/http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1659_265.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: Journal of Subcontinent Researches. Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 19, Summer 2014, Page 149-174. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj, A. S. Bhalla, I.B.Tauris, 2015 p.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-138"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_138-0">^</a> "The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE" Robin Coningham, Ruth Young Cambridge University Press, 31 aout 2015, p.414 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportonexcavat01waddgoog">Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna); the Palibothra of the Greeks by Waddell, L. A. (Laurence Austine)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture, 1998, John Boardman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">p. 13-22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> "A griffin carved from milky white chalcedony represents a blend of Greek and Achaemenid Persian cultures", National Geographic, Volume 177, National Geographic Society, 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-GHA-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHA_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChingJarzombekPrakash2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ching" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ching">Ching, Francis D.K</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jarzombek" title="Mark Jarzombek">Jarzombek, Mark M.</a>; Prakash, Vikramaditya (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT707">A Global History of Architecture</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118981603" title="Special:BookSources/9781118981603"><bdi>9781118981603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.pages=707&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781118981603&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K&rft.au=Jarzombek%2C+Mark+M.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+Vikramaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPqKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HI-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HI_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HI_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1849" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalinq00ferggoog">An historical inquiry into the true principles of beauty in art, more especially with reference to architecture</a>. London, Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalinq00ferggoog/page/n349">316</a>–320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+inquiry+into+the+true+principles+of+beauty+in+art%2C+more+especially+with+reference+to+architecture&rft.pages=316-320&rft.pub=London%2C+Longmans%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanhistoricalinq00ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHA-144"><a href="#cite_ref-IHA_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JNbMexY8iWcC">The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture Being a Concise and Popular Account of the Different Styles of Architecture Prevailing in All Ages and All Countries by James Fergusson</a>. J. Murray. 1859. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JNbMexY8iWcC/page/n274">212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Handbook+of+Architecture+Being+a+Concise+and+Popular+Account+of+the+Different+Styles+of+Architecture+Prevailing+in+All+Ages+and+All+Countries+by+James+Fergusson&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_JNbMexY8iWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergussonBurgess1880" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James; Burgess, James (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft">The cave temples of India</a>. London : Allen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/page/120">120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cave+temples+of+India&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=London+%3A+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Burgess%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcavetemplesofind00ferguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> M. Caygill, The British Museum A-Z companion (London, The British Museum Press, 1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> E. Slatter, Xanthus: travels and discovery (London, Rubicon Press, 1994) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1892–1904" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. H. (Arthur Hamilton) (1892–1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofsculp02britiala">A catalogue of sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman antiquities, British museum</a>. London : Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogueofsculp02britiala/page/46">46</a>–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+catalogue+of+sculpture+in+the+Department+of+Greek+and+Roman+antiquities%2C+British+museum&rft.pages=46-64&rft.pub=London+%3A+Printed+by+order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1892%2F1904&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+%28Arthur+Hamilton%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatalogueofsculp02britiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> According to David Napier, author of Masks, Transformation, and Paradox, "In the British Museum we find a Lycian building, the roof of which is clearly the descendant of an ancient South Asian style.", "For this is the so-called "Tomb of Payava" a Graeco-Indian Pallava if ever there was one." in "Masks and metaphysics in the ancient world: an anthropological view" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalikArts2001" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Subhash Chandra; Arts, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QeCAAAAMAAJ">Mind, Man, and Mask</a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173051920" title="Special:BookSources/9788173051920"><bdi>9788173051920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%2C+Man%2C+and+Mask&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788173051920&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Subhash+Chandra&rft.au=Arts%2C+Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QeCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Boardman (1998), 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Harle, 22, 24, quoted in turn </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA87">p.87</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA44-153"><a href="#cite_ref-BA44_153-0">^</a> Buddhist Architecture, by Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA44">p.44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2013" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEMbH2aDO0UC&pg=PA11">A Guide to Taxila</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107615441" title="Special:BookSources/9781107615441"><bdi>9781107615441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Taxila&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107615441&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJEMbH2aDO0UC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA73">Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 73–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195356663" title="Special:BookSources/9780195356663"><bdi>9780195356663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=73-76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780195356663&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> "The derivation of the Kharosstshī script from Aramaic, which was used throughout the Achaemenid realm, is relatively straightforward, but the development of Brāhmī as a chancellery script for writing Aśokan inscriptions may have also been related to an effort to emulate the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid or later Seleukid rulers." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelis2011" class="citation book cs1">Neelis, Jason (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/18172">Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</a>. Brill. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004194588" title="Special:BookSources/9789004194588"><bdi>9789004194588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+within+and+beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004194588&rft.aulast=Neelis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F18172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA39">Foreign Influence on Ancient India</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172110284" title="Special:BookSources/9788172110284"><bdi>9788172110284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788172110284&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asoka-mauryan-emperor">"Ashoka"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hultzsch-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Hultzsch_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultzsch1925" class="citation book cs1">Hultzsch, E. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n44/mode/1up">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum v. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xlii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum+v.+1%3A+Inscriptions+of+Asoka&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xlii&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Hultzsch&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FInscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch%2FHultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable%23page%2Fn44%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2006" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, R. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=giwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163">India's Ancient Past</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199087860" title="Special:BookSources/9780199087860"><bdi>9780199087860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Ancient+Past&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199087860&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgiwpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> "The word dipi appears in the Old Persian inscription of Darius I at Behistan (Column IV. 39) having the meaning inscription or "written document" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress2007" class="citation book cs1">Congress, Indian History (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhVDAAAAYAAJ">Proceedings - Indian History Congress</a>. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+-+Indian+History+Congress&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=Indian+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGhVDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoogtFinkel2010" class="citation book cs1">Voogt, Alexander J. de; Finkel, Irving L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8MAlkRlGUC&pg=PA209">The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity</a>. BRILL. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004174467" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004174467"><bdi>978-9004174467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Writing%3A+Play+and+Complexity&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004174467&rft.aulast=Voogt&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.+de&rft.au=Finkel%2C+Irving+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE8MAlkRlGUC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-165"><a href="#cite_ref-google_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree,_L.2014" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvr_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286">Afghanistan</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400858910" title="Special:BookSources/9781400858910"><bdi>9781400858910</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781400858910&rft.au=Dupree%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyvr_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n191/mode/2up">Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch</a> (in Sanskrit). 1925. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Asoka.+New+Edition+by+E.+Hultzsch&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FInscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch%2FHultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable%23page%2Fn191%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AV141-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AV141_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AV141_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AV141_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AV141_167-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnu1993" class="citation book cs1">Vishnu, Asha (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PA141">Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.</a> Mittal Publications. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170994107" title="Special:BookSources/9788170994107"><bdi>9788170994107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Material+Life+of+Northern+India%3A+Based+on+an+Archaeological+Study%2C+3rd+Century+B.C.+to+1st+Century+B.C.&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788170994107&rft.aulast=Vishnu&rft.aufirst=Asha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaJ5oyrqBakC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_122-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_122_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_122_168-1">b</a> Page 122: About the <a href="/wiki/Masarh_lion" title="Masarh lion">Masarh lion</a>: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their base-camps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Gupta, Swarajya Prakash</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ">The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan</a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 88, 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3"><bdi>978-0-391-02172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Indian+Art%3A+A+Detailed+Study+of+the+Formative+Period+of+Indian+Art+and+Architecture%2C+Third+and+Second+Centuries+B.C.%2C+Mauryan+and+Late+Mauryan&rft.pages=88%2C+122&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02172-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Swarajya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lDqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_318-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_318_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_318_169-1">b</a> According to Gupta <a href="/wiki/File:Mauryan_head_from_Sarnath.jpg" title="File:Mauryan head from Sarnath.jpg">this is</a> a non-Indian face of a foreigner with a conical hat: "If there are a few faces which are nonIndian, such as one head from Sarnath with conical cap ( Bachhofer, Vol . I, Pl . 13 ), they are due to the presence of the foreigners their costumes, tastes and liking for portrait art and not their art styles." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Gupta, Swarajya Prakash</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ">The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan</a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02172-3"><bdi>978-0-391-02172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Indian+Art%3A+A+Detailed+Study+of+the+Formative+Period+of+Indian+Art+and+Architecture%2C+Third+and+Second+Centuries+B.C.%2C+Mauryan+and+Late+Mauryan&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02172-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Swarajya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lDqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> "The relatively high quality of terracotta sculptures recovered from Maurya strata at Mathura suggests some level of artistic activity prior to the second century BCE." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintanilla2007" class="citation book cs1">Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA35">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE</a>. BRILL. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004155374" title="Special:BookSources/9789004155374"><bdi>9789004155374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%3A+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004155374&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7Cb8IkZVSMC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCK5-171"><a href="#cite_ref-SCK5_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKala1980" class="citation book cs1">Kala, Satish Chandra (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha_C1ofYmxoC&pg=PA5">Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391022348" title="Special:BookSources/9780391022348"><bdi>9780391022348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terracottas+in+the+Allahabad+Museum&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780391022348&rft.aulast=Kala&rft.aufirst=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHa_C1ofYmxoC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> "The largest number of mother-goddess figurines has been found in western Uttar Pradesh in Mathura, which in the Mauryan period became an important terracotta making centre outside Magadh." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSant1997" class="citation book cs1">Sant, Urmila (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nT_WAAAAMAAJ">Terracotta Art of Rajasthan: From Pre-Harappan and Harappan Times to the Gupta Period</a>. Aryan Books International. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173051159" title="Special:BookSources/9788173051159"><bdi>9788173051159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terracotta+Art+of+Rajasthan%3A+From+Pre-Harappan+and+Harappan+Times+to+the+Gupta+Period&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788173051159&rft.aulast=Sant&rft.aufirst=Urmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnT_WAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKS-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKS_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKS_173-1">b</a> "Iranian Heads From Mathura, some terracotta male-heads were recovered, which portray the Iranian people with whom the Indians came into closer contact during the fourth and third centuries B.C. Agrawala calls them the representatives of Iranian people because their facial features present foreign ethnic affinities." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1996" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ">Terracotta art in northern India</a>. Parimal Publications. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terracotta+art+in+northern+India&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Surendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4MsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> "Mathura has also yielded a special class of terracotta heads in which the facial features present foreign ethnic affinities." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavalikar1977" class="citation book cs1">Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WzqAAAAMAAJ">Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas</a>. Taraporevala. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+Indian+Terracottas&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Taraporevala&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Dhavalikar&rft.aufirst=Madhukar+Keshav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WzqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> "Soldier heads. During the Mauryan period, the military activity was more evidenced in the public life. Possibly, foreign soldiers frequently visited India and attracted Indian modellers with their ethnic features and uncommon uniform. From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and Basarh in Bihar, some terracotta heads have been reported, which represent soldiers. Artistically, the Basarh terracotta soldier-heads are better, executed than those from Mathura." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1996" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ">Terracotta art in northern India</a>. Parimal Publications. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terracotta+art+in+northern+India&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Surendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4MsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnu1993" class="citation book cs1">Vishnu, Asha (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PR15">Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.</a> Mittal Publications. p. XV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170994107" title="Special:BookSources/9788170994107"><bdi>9788170994107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Material+Life+of+Northern+India%3A+Based+on+an+Archaeological+Study%2C+3rd+Century+B.C.+to+1st+Century+B.C.&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788170994107&rft.aulast=Vishnu&rft.aufirst=Asha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaJ5oyrqBakC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "The figure of a Persian youth (35.2556) wearing coat, scarf, trousers and turban is a rare item." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum1971" class="citation book cs1">Museum, Mathura Archaeological (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3XqAAAAMAAJ">Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book</a>. Archaeological Museum. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathura+Museum+Introduction%3A+A+Pictorial+Guide+Book&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Archaeological+Museum&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Museum&rft.aufirst=Mathura+Archaeological&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3XqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAA">The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum</a>. D.K. Printworld. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splendour+of+Mathur%C4%81+Art+and+Museum&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-vVAAAAMAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> xxiii. 6 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_23_book23.htm">Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) Book 23. pp.316-345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ammianus+Marcellinus%2C+Roman+History.+London%3A+Bohn+%281862%29+Book+23.+pp.316-345.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fammianus_23_book23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRJ-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRJ_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRJ_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRJ_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2007" class="citation book cs1">James, Montague Rhodes (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvpJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament: their titles and fragments</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556352898" title="Special:BookSources/9781556352898"><bdi>9781556352898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Apocrypha+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+their+titles+and+fragments&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781556352898&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Montague+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvpJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_23_book23.htm">Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 7–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=7-12&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlCUBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlCUBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald,_Davies_&_Gabrielsen,_The_Economies_of_Hellenistic_Societies2011" class="citation cs2">Archibald, Zosia; Davies, John K.; Gabrielsen, Vincent (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9YUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404">The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199587926" title="Special:BookSources/9780199587926"><bdi>9780199587926</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economies+of+Hellenistic+Societies%2C+Third+to+First+Centuries+BC&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199587926&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Zosia&rft.au=Davies%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Gabrielsen%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9YUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlram,_The_Coinage_of_the_Persian_Empire2016" class="citation cs2">Alram, Michael (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">"The Coinage of the Persian Empire"</a>, in William E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, Oxford University Press, pp. 61–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coinage+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Alram&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrkUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a> (1998), "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", Bulletin of the Asia Institute, pp. 15–19, 1998, New Series, Vol. 12, (Alexander's Legacy in the East: Studies in Honor of Paul Bernard), p. 13-22, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15798938">"Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)"</a>, Indologica Taurinensia, 25, International Association of Sanskrit Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indologica+Taurinensia&rft.atitle=Coin+Production+and+Circulation+in+Central+Asia+and+North-West+India+%28Before+and+after+Alexander%27s+Conquest%29&rft.volume=25&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15798938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi,_Achaemenids_and_Mauryans2017" class="citation cs2">Bopearachchi, Osmund (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32663753">"Achaemenids and Mauryans: Emergence of Coins and Plastic Arts in India"</a>, in Alka Patel; Touraj Daryaee (eds.), India and Iran in the Longue Durée, UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, pp. 15–48</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achaemenids+and+Mauryans%3A+Emergence+of+Coins+and+Plastic+Arts+in+India&rft.btitle=India+and+Iran+in+the+Longue+Dur%C3%A9e&rft.pages=15-48&rft.pub=UCI+Jordan+Center+for+Persian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32663753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi_&_Cribb,_Coins_illustrating_the_History_of_the_Crossroads_of_Asia1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a>; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ">The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</a>, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 56–59, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518399-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518399-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9518399-1-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coins+illustrating+the+History+of+the+Crossroads+of+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=56-59&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Cribb, Joe</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33456187">"Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research"</a>, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India: 80–101</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Numismatic+Society+of+India&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+introduction+of+coinage+in+India+-+A+review+of+recent+research&rft.pages=80-101&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33456187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev,_A_Political_History_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire1989" class="citation cs2">Dandamaev, M. A. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ms30qA6nyMsC&pg=PA147">A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09172-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09172-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dms30qA6nyMsC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975" class="citation cs2">Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC&pg=PA177">Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia</a>, Peeters Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2"><bdi>978-90-6186-037-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Campaigns+in+Sind+and+Baluchistan+and+the+Siege+of+the+Brahmin+Town+of+Harmatelia&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-037-2&rft.aulast=Eggermont&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Herman+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnG0_xoDS3hUC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagee_et_al.,_The_Achaemenid_Empire_in_South_Asia_and_Recent_Excavations2005" class="citation cs2">Magee, Peter; Petrie, Cameron; Knox, Richard; Khan, Farid; Thomas, Ken (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=arch_pubs">"The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan"</a>, American Journal of Archaeology, 109 (4): 711–741, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Faja.109.4.711">10.3764/aja.109.4.711</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54089753">54089753</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Achaemenid+Empire+in+South+Asia+and+Recent+Excavations+in+Akra+in+Northwest+Pakistan&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=711-741&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Faja.109.4.711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54089753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Petrie%2C+Cameron&rft.au=Knox%2C+Richard&rft.au=Khan%2C+Farid&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.brynmawr.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1082%26context%3Darch_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchiner,_The_Ancient_&_Classical_World1978" class="citation cs2">Mitchiner, Michael (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ">The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650</a>, Hawkins Publications; distributed by B. A. Seaby, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904173161" title="Special:BookSources/9780904173161"><bdi>9780904173161</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+%26+Classical+World%2C+600+B.C.-A.D.+650&rft.pub=Hawkins+Publications%3B+distributed+by+B.+A.+Seaby&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780904173161&rft.aulast=Mitchiner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuQLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelis,_Early_Buddhist_Transmission_and_Trade_Networks2010" class="citation cs2">Neelis, Jason (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA102">Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18159-5"><bdi>978-90-04-18159-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18159-5&rft.aulast=Neelis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmstead,_History_of_the_Persian_Empire1948" class="citation cs2">Olmstead, A. T. (1948), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532747">History of the Persian Empire</a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-62777-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-62777-9"><bdi>978-0-226-62777-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-226-62777-9&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.532747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen,_Ancient_Indian_History_and_Civilization1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA116">Ancient Indian History and Civilization</a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+conquest+of+the+Indus+Valley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ancient India, A History Textbook for Class XI, Ram Sharan Sharma, <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">National Council of Educational Research and Training</a>, India Iranian and Macedonian Invasion, pp 108</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-iii-relations-achaemenid-period">INDIA iii. 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Achaemenid_Empire&#124;link=Achaemenid_Empire_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"><img alt="Achaemenid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/15px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/23px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Falcon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/150px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/225px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/300px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="333" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persian_Lion_Rhyton" title="Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton">Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danake" title="Danake">Danake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Xerxes I's inscription at Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lydian-Persian Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign of Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naxos_(499_BC)" title="Siege of Naxos (499 BC)">Siege of Naxos (499 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lade" title="Battle of Lade">Battle of Lade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria" title="Siege of Eretria">Siege of Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Battle of Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Battle of Mycale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylonian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Battle of Cyzicus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Second conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Siege of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Siege of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre (332 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Siege of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_water" title="Earth and water">Earth and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angarum" title="Angarum">Angarum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Pharnacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Lygdamid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Achaemenid_clans" title="Seven Achaemenid clans">Seven Achaemenid clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Iranian_wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Iranian_wars" title="Template:Ancient Iranian wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Iranian_wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Iranian wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Iranian_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Iranian wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Iranian_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient Iranian wars</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medo-Babylonian_conquest_of_the_Assyrian_Empire" title="Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire">Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(612_BC)" title="Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)">Fall of Nineveh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse" title="Battle of the Eclipse">Battle of the Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medo-Persian_conflict" title="Medo-Persian conflict">Medo-Persian conflict (Persian Revolt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes#Rise_and_fall" title="Medes">Siege of Pasargadae Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Battle of Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes#Rise_and_fall" title="Medes">Fall of Ecbatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Conquest of Asia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelusium" title="Battle of Pelusium">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great#Military_campaigns" title="Darius the Great">Revolts against Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest of Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Invasions of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">2nd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Revolt of Cyrus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusian_campaign_of_Artaxerxes_II" title="Cadusian campaign of Artaxerxes II">Cadusian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdashtart_I#Revolt_against_the_Achaemenid_Empire" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I' revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Persia" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Fall of the Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia" title="Parni conquest of Parthia">Parni conquest of Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Seleucid–Parthian Wars">Seleucid Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Bactrian_War" title="Parthian–Bactrian War">Bactrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scythian%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scythian–Parthian Wars (page does not exist)">Scythian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian–Parthian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hormozdgan" title="Battle of Hormozdgan">Fall of the Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine–Sasanian Wars">Against Byzantine Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasanian%E2%80%93Kushan_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasanian–Kushan War (page does not exist)">Kushan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II%27s_Arab_campaign" title="Shapur II's Arab campaign">Against Arab tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars">Hephthalite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr" title="Battle of Avarayr">Armenian revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite%E2%80%93Persian_wars" title="Aksumite–Persian wars">Aksumite Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_reconquest_of_Yemen" title="Sasanian reconquest of Yemen">Annexation of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_civil_war_of_589%E2%80%93591" title="Sasanian civil war of 589–591">Civil war of 589–591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Perso-Turkic War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">3rd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhi_Qar" title="Battle of Dhi Qar">Battle of Dhi Qar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_civil_war_of_628%E2%80%93632" title="Sasanian civil war of 628–632">Civil war of 628–632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Fall of the Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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