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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freedom of religion in Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_de_religion_en_droit_canadien" title="Liberté de religion en droit canadien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liberté de religion en droit canadien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="په کاناډا کې مذهبي خپلواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په کاناډا کې مذهبي خپلواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_of_Religion_(38007857792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/220px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/330px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg/440px-Freedom_of_Religion_%2838007857792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Freedom of religion sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in Toronto<sup id="cite_ref-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:160%;font-weight:normal; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Catholic priests in public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_state" title="Confessional state">Confessional state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Atheist state</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_by_country" title="Freedom of religion by country">Status by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Angola" title="Freedom of religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Benin" title="Freedom of religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Botswana" title="Freedom of religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Freedom of religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burundi" title="Freedom of religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cameroon" title="Freedom of religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Freedom of religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Freedom of religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Freedom of religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mauritania" title="Freedom of religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Morocco" title="Freedom of religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Africa" title="Freedom of religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan" title="Freedom of religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tanzania" title="Freedom of religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in North America by country">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in South America by country">South America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ecuador" title="Freedom of religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Guyana" title="Freedom of religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Panama" title="Freedom of religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Paraguay" title="Freedom of religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Asia_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Asia by country">Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Freedom of religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brunei" title="Freedom of religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Indonesia" title="Freedom of religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Laos" title="Freedom of religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Malaysia" title="Freedom of religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mongolia" title="Freedom of religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nepal" title="Freedom of religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Singapore" title="Freedom of religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Freedom of religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Taiwan" title="Freedom of religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Freedom of religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Thailand" title="Freedom of religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Vietnam" title="Freedom of religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Europe_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Europe by country">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Andorra" title="Freedom of religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belarus" title="Freedom of religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belgium" title="Freedom of religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Freedom of religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Croatia" title="Freedom of religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Hungary" title="Freedom of religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Italy" title="Freedom of religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freedom of religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Norway" title="Freedom of religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Romania" title="Freedom of religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Serbia" title="Freedom of religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovakia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovakia">Slovakia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovenia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East#Freedom_of_religion" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kuwait" title="Freedom of religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Lebanon" title="Freedom of religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oman" title="Freedom of religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Freedom of religion in the State of Palestine">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Qatar" title="Freedom of religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Syria" title="Freedom of religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Yemen" title="Freedom of religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oceania_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Oceania by country">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_laws_by_country" title="Female genital mutilation laws by country">Female genital mutilation laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">New religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_freedom" title="Template talk:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b> is a constitutionally protected right, allowing believers the freedom to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assemble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> without limitation or interference.<sup id="cite_ref-US2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2021 census, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Canada, with 53.3% of the population (more than half of these are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>); one third of Canadians stated that they were <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada"> irreligious or had no religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-religion2021d_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2021d-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was noted that in 2019, a new law was put in place stating that some government employees in positions of authority were not allowed to wear religious symbols. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_rights">Constitutional rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Section_Two_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Fundamental Freedoms</a>" section of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> states: </p> <dl><dd>2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: <dl><dd>(a) freedom of conscience and religion;</dd> <dd>(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;</dd> <dd>(c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and</dd> <dd>(d) freedom of association.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Canadians are therefore free to have their own beliefs and opinions, are free to practise religion or refrain, and are free to establish media organizations with or without religious content. Canadian religious institutions generally benefit from <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable organization</a> status, which allows supporters to benefit from tax credits or deductions for their financial contributions. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter's preamble</a>, Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corpreamble_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpreamble-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portion of the preamble has not been accorded legal effect in <i>Charter</i> jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional recognition of God has been criticized as conflicting in principle with the fundamental freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed in section 2, as it would disadvantage those who hold <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> beliefs, including <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well, the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter's preamble</a> recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, a principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by decisions of individual government officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_codes">Human rights codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human rights codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While religious freedoms are protected from state interference by the <i>Charter</i>, the actions of private individuals are largely governed by the provincial human rights codes. These codes prohibit discrimination in the marketplace, accommodation, and employment on the grounds of a variety of personal characteristics, including religion. There is also a federal statute, the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a></i>, which prohibits discrimination in workplaces and businesses under federal jurisdiction, such as banks and airlines. The act prohibits religious discrimination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_law">Case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The Supreme Court Building in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaput_v._Romain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaput v. Romain (page does not exist)">Chaput v. Romain</a></i>, regarding <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, that all religions have equal rights, based upon tradition and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. At the time, no statutes formed the basis for this argument.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Guibord_case" title="Guibord case">Guibord case</a> in 1874, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, at that time the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_last_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of last resort">court of last resort</a> for Canada within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, ruled that the civil courts of Canada have the jurisdiction to resolve disputes between members of a church and the church organization.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis for the ruling was that churches are required to comply with their own internal rules and laws, and members of the church have the right to be treated in accordance with those internal rules and laws. In the specific point in issue in the Guibord case, the Judicial Committee ruled that the Roman Catholic church in Montreal could not refuse the burial of a deceased member of the church because of his political views. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Big_M_Drug_Mart_Ltd" title="R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd">R. v. Big M Drug Mart</a>,</i> the first freedom of religion case decided by the Supreme Court of Canada following the enactment of the charter, the court struck down the federal <i><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Day Act (Canada)">Lord's Day Act</a></i>, which prohibited the conduct of commercial activities on the Sunday Sabbath. The court held that s. 2(a) of the charter prohibited the state from either compelling individuals to engage in a religious practice or prohibiting them from engaging in a religious practice. Religious freedom under the charter, said the court, protected the autonomy of the individual in religious matters. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Syndicat_Northcrest_v._Amselem" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem">Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> provided a two-pronged test to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> claim: first, a demonstration of practice or a belief having a nexus with religion. Second, the person has to be sincere in his/her belief. The court also stated that the practice in question does not have to be mandatory to the religion, or observed by all who practice the religion. What is important is that the practice has a nexus with religion (see para 44 of the judgment). </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_la%C3%AFque_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_v_Saguenay_(City)" title="Mouvement laïque québécois v Saguenay (City)">Mouvement laïque québécois v Saguenay (City)</a></i>, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that municipal councils cannot open their meetings with a prayer, since it infringed on freedom of conscience and religion. The court said that the state must remain neutral in matters of religion - that it must not favour or support one religion over another, or religion over non-religion and vice-versa. The ruling ended a legal case that started with a complaint filed by atheist Alain Simoneau and the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_la%C3%AFque_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Mouvement laïque québécois">Mouvement laïque québécois</a> against Saguenay, QC Mayor Jean Tremblay.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1994 case of M.A.B., W.A.T. and J.-A.Y.T. versus Canada, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> ruled that there are limits to what kind of belief can be understood as religion within the frames of human rights. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Universe" title="Church of the Universe">Assembly of the Church of the Universe</a> did not succeed in claiming that the Canadian authorities had violated their freedom of religion because they had been arrested for selling marijuana, which for them was their holy sacrament. The committee found instead that the entire faith community appeared to be constructed solely to circumvent Canada’s then comprehensive prohibition against narcotics. The committee concluded that “a belief consisting primarily or exclusively in the worship and distribution of a narcotic drug cannot conceivably be brought within the scope of article 18 of the Covenant,” and as such did not qualify as a religion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasonable_accommodation_on_religious_grounds">Reasonable accommodation on religious grounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reasonable accommodation on religious grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equality of all individuals is guaranteed by <a href="/wiki/Section_Fifteen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Fifteen</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section promotes the pursuance of equality and the refusal of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> under enumerated or analogous grounds. However, the charter only protects individuals from actions, policies and norms of public entities, not from private persons and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Section_Fifteen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 15 of the Charter</a> states: <dl><dd>15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and, in particular, without <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.</dd> <dd>(2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of <a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">disadvantaged</a> individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical disability</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>To enlarge the scope of protection, the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a></i> (CHRA)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in section 3(1) forbids discrimination on prohibited grounds by actors that fall under federal jurisdiction, such as television, and federally regulated industries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> have their own human rights legislations that can be explicit as to the notion of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a>. In Manitoba, section 9(1)(d) of the Human Rights Code defines <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> as a "failure to make <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> for the special needs of any individual or group if those special needs are based upon"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prohibited grounds. These provincial legislations oblige actors under their jurisdiction (employers, service providers and landlords) to respect the duty to accommodate, to preserve a multicultural society. </p><p>The particularity of the duty to accommodate on religious grounds is that cases fall both under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a> and other federal and provincial human rights acts and that they challenge the notions of social values, secularism and gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> is a judicial creation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It implies that "federal/provincial/territorial anti-discrimination measures place a positive duty on employers, service providers and landlords [...] to accommodate people's needs for reasons associated with recognized discriminatory grounds."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Fredman" title="Sandra Fredman">Sandra Fredman</a>, the duty of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> "represents and advance towards substantive equality" for three reasons. Firstly, "equality is explicitly asymmetric, aiming to redress disadvantage even if this entails different or more favourable treatment." Secondly, it is focused "on modifying the environment to facilitate the participation of those affected." Finally, "[it] goes beyond other conceptions of equality in that it expressly imposes a positive duty to make changes."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> is directly related to the freedom of religion. Indeed, in 2006, "the <a href="/wiki/Multani_v._Commission_scolaire_Marguerite%E2%80%91Bourgeoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys">Multani</a> decision [...] moved <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> from the realm of employment law into a broader legal discourse on religious freedom more generally."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In claims concerning <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> on religious grounds, the burden of proof shifts to the employer, landlord or service provider who has to prove the two elements: (1) that the rule is necessary and (2) he accommodates the individual to the point of <a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limits">Limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The duty of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> on religious grounds experiences some limits, because all rights are not absolutes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> requires a balance between the rights of the claimant and the holder of the duty to accommodate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main limit to the duty to accommodate that is included in the CHRA is the notion of <a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a>. It signifies that the discriminatory practice can be justified if the duty holder demonstrates that the required accommodation weights too much on him. The <a href="/wiki/Undue_hardship" title="Undue hardship">undue hardship</a> includes "health, safety and cost."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Christian Brunelle divides the evaluation criteria in three categories:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the limits of financial and material resources of the company/institution, the breach of the victim's rights, and the proper functioning of the company/institution. The judge also takes into account the reasonable feature of the controversial policy, rule or norm, the effort of accommodation by the duty holder, and the excessive feature of the constraint.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts generally agree that the complainant has to take steps towards accommodation or "must either sacrifice his religious principles or his employment".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Alberta_v._Hutterian_Brethren_of_Wilson_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony">Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> addressed whether the obligation to have a photograph on the <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's license</a> violated the Hutterites' right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Court</a> found that there was a <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> but considered that the need to both protect the integrity of the licensing system and combat identity fraud was a justified limitation on the community's <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>. This decision illustrates another limit to <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a>: public interest. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Court</a> explains that "[g]iving effect to each of their religious claims could seriously undermine the universality of many regulatory programs [...] to the overall detriment of the community."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts">Impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">Reasonable accommodation</a></div> <p>The duty of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> has a major impact on the promotion of multiculturalism protected under <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty-seven_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>. Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errol_P._Mendes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errol P. Mendes (page does not exist)">Errol P. Mendes</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> is part of the "Canadian paradigm", in contradistinction with the French "<a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the cases brought to courts, there are many examples of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> negotiated in a non-judiciary context. One example is the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a>) to allow <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> adherents to wear religious signs when serving the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a> (e.g. the turban, the beard and the dagger.) The federal court decided that this decision did not infringe the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other illustrations exist. It is the case of some municipalities that decided that the public swimming pool should be separated between men and women 3 hours a week (1h30 each) to accommodate observant <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also brought up with the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Soccer_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Soccer Federation">Quebec Soccer Federation</a> to lift the prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> head coverings.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duty of <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable accommodation</a> presents particular issues in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Some describe it as a "subject of high controversy"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as threatening "the collective values chosen by <a href="/wiki/Quebecers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecers">Quebecers</a> to govern their collective existence".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys showed that 71.7% of <a href="/wiki/Quebecers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecers">Quebecers</a> whose mother tongue is French found today's society "overly tolerant of accommodation", whereas only 35.2% of <a href="/wiki/Quebecers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecers">Quebecers</a> having another mother tongue shared this opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_freedoms">Specific freedoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Specific freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_speech">Religious speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_free_speech_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of free speech in Canada">History of free speech in Canada</a></div> <p>In a 1985 Supreme Court case involving the <i><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day_Act_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Day Act (Canada)">Lord's Day Act</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/R._v._Big_M_Drug_Mart_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd.">R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dickson" title="Brian Dickson">Chief Justice Brian Dickson</a> said that religious freedom in Canada includes freedom of religious speech, including "the right to entertain such religious beliefs as a person chooses, the right to declare religious beliefs openly and without fear of hindrance or reprisal, and the right to manifest religious belief by worship and practice or by teaching and dissemination." </p><p>Canada has laws prohibiting the <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">promotion of hatred</a> against sections of the public distinguished by colour, race, religion, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation. However, there are exemptions in the Bill which permit the expression of opinions on religious subjects and opinions based on religious texts which would otherwise be prohibited. </p><p>In 1996, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> publications of a <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> schoolteacher, challenged under the province's <i>Human Rights Act</i>, were protected by his right to freedom of religion, but that professional sanctions were a reasonable limit on that right, to maintain "a school system that is free from bias, prejudice and intolerance."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Hugh Owens, a Saskatchewan prison guard, published an advertisement in the <a href="/wiki/Star-Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Phoenix">Star-Phoenix</a> that referenced Bible verses related to homosexuality (without quoting them) and drew a line through an image representing a gay couple. A complaint was lodged with the Saskatchewan Human Rights Board of Inquiry. The board ruled against Owens and that decision was also upheld by a lower court. On April 13, 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Court of Appeal">Saskatchewan Court of Appeal</a> overturned the previous decisions, ruling that while Owens's advertisement was "offensive and jarring to many", it was not illegal. The court also ruled that statements which are designed to provoke "extreme emotions and strong feelings of detestation, calumny and vilification" may be deemed as hate speech.<sup id="cite_ref-hugh_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hugh-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Rev. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Campbell_(evangelist)" title="Ken Campbell (evangelist)">Ken Campbell</a> successfully defended against an Ontario Human Rights Commission complaint filed after he placed an advertisement in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> newspaper where he protested a Supreme Court of Canada ruling calling for Alberta to amend the Human Rights Code regarding LGBT issues. The ad began with "Supreme Court has no business imposing 'bathhouse morality' on the churches and in the living rooms of the nation." Two years later he successfully defended against a complaint filed at the BC Human Rights Tribunal for the same advertisement, with the decision stating "The essence of Mr. Campbell's defence is that the publication... is an expression of his Charter-protected rights to express his religious beliefs; that is, a finding of discrimination would impair both his freedom of expression and his freedom of religion."<sup id="cite_ref-kc_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kc-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another high-profile case involves <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kempling" title="Chris Kempling">Chris Kempling</a>, a school teacher, who was suspended without pay in 2002 for writing letters to a local newspaper objecting to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>-related material into the public school system, arguing against same-sex marriage, and advocating <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a> for gay and lesbian persons. Kempling appealed the suspension to the courts. The <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Court_of_Appeal" title="British Columbia Court of Appeal">British Columbia Court of Appeal</a> found that his right to <a href="/wiki/Section_Two_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">freedom of expression</a> had been breached, but that the disciplinary action was a <a href="/wiki/Section_One_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">reasonable limit</a> on his rights, as it was done with the objective of maintaining a tolerant and non-discriminatory school system.<sup id="cite_ref-bccadecision_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bccadecision-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabbath_and_holiday_observance">Sabbath and holiday observance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sabbath and holiday observance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>R. v. Big M Drug Mart</i>, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the stated purpose of the federal <i>Lord's Day Act</i>, compelling observance of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a>, was incompatible with the protections of freedom of religion in the <i>Charter</i>. In 1986, in <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Edwards_Books_and_Art_Ltd" title="R v Edwards Books and Art Ltd">R v Edwards Books and Art Ltd</a></i>, the Supreme Court found that legislation prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Sunday_shopping" title="Sunday shopping">Sunday shopping</a> with the secular purpose of creating a day of rest was also a violation of freedom of religion because of the unequal effect of the law on retailers who observed a different sabbath. However, this violation was upheld as a justifiable limit on freedom of religion. </p><p>The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that there is a duty to accommodate religious observance under human rights legislation. The 1990 case <a href="/wiki/Central_Alberta_Dairy_Pool_v._Alberta_(Human_Rights_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alberta Dairy Pool v. Alberta (Human Rights Commission)">Central Alberta Dairy Pool v. Alberta</a> concerned an employee who was required by his religion to take <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> as a holy day. As this is not a statutory holiday, his employer required that he work that day or lose his job. The Supreme Court of Canada found that the employer should have accommodated the employee's religious practices. </p><p>In a series of ongoing legal cases (<i>Beaudoin v. British Columbia, Trinity Bible Chapel v. Ontario, and Gateway Bible Baptist Church v. Manitoba</i>), courts have consistently decided that the provincial public health orders that prohibited in-person religious worship services in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic infringed on the freedom of religion. However, these courts ruled that this constitutional infringement was permissible in a "free and democratic society."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_dress">Religious dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1985 court case involving an employee of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>, K.S. Bhinder, a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> whose religion required that he wear a turban, lost his challenge of the CNR policy that required him to wear a hard hat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990 case of <i>Central Alberta Dairy Pool</i>, the Supreme Court of Canada overturned the 1985 Bhinder decision, saying: "An employer that has not adopted a policy with respect to accommodation and cannot otherwise satisfy the trier of fact that individual accommodation would result in undue hardship will be required to justify his conduct with respect to the individual complainant. Even then the employer can invoke the BFOQ (<a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_occupational_qualification" title="Bona fide occupational qualification"><i>bona fide</i> occupational qualification</a>) defence." <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1991 case of <i>Peel Board of Education v. Ontario Human Rights Commission</i>, an Ontario school board's "zero tolerance" for weapons in its schools had an adverse impact on <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> Sikh men who are required by their religion to carry a <i><a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kirpan</a>,</i> a ceremonial dagger. A Khalsa Sikh teacher brought a complaint under the Ontario Human Rights Code and was successful. The school board challenged this to the Ontario Divisional Court on the basis that there was a threat to public safety. The Divisional Court ruled that the threat to public safety from Sikhs was minimal and the discriminatory impact of the ruling on this religious group was significant. In 2006, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Multani_v._Commission_scolaire_Marguerite%E2%80%91Bourgeoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys">Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys</a></i> that Sikh children can wear a <i>kirpan</i> to school based on freedom of religion. </p><p>In 1995, the Federal Court of Appeal upheld the exemption for Sikhs from wearing the "Mountie hat" as part of the RCMP dress requirements. </p><p>In 2019, Quebec passed an <i><a href="/wiki/Act_respecting_the_laicity_of_the_State" title="Act respecting the laicity of the State">Act respecting the laicity of the State</a></i> that forbids public officials from wearing religious symbols or garb on the job and denies public services to those wearing religious dress. The <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Quebec" title="Superior Court of Quebec">Superior Court of Quebec</a> has held parts of this statute are unconstitutional, but has upheld most of it because the Quebec government invoked the <a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">notwithstanding clause</a> of the charter, which temporarily allows some constitutional rights and freedoms to be overridden.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case is on appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marital_practice">Marital practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marital practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1798, only ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> had the authority to solemnize legal marriages in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>. This power was extended by degrees to religious officials of various other Christian denominations over the first half of the 19th century, until an 1857 act granted the power to solemnize marriages to the ministers of every religious denomination. A similar process occurred in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, with the main difference being that it was the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> which initially held the sole authority.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamous marriages</a>, promoted by some religious <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority groups</a>, are illegal in Canada. Authorities often do not strictly enforce the applicable laws, as has been the case in <a href="/wiki/Bountiful,_British_Columbia" title="Bountiful, British Columbia">Bountiful, British Columbia</a>. On January 12, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Canada)" title="Department of Justice (Canada)">Department of Justice (Canada)</a> released a study, authored by three law professors at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>, recommending that Canada repeal the laws that make polygamy a criminal offence.<sup id="cite_ref-np_poly_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-np_poly-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See related article, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy#Polygamy_and_religion" title="Polygamy">Polygamy and religion</a></i>. </p><p>In the 2003 case <i>Halpern et al. v. Attorney General of Canada et al.</i>, the Ontario Court of Appeal rejected the argument that a failure of the law to recognize same-sex marriages violated the religious rights of the church that performed the ceremonies, though the court found the definition of marriage to be unconstitutional on other grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_of_service">Refusal of service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Refusal of service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, a Board of Inquiry appointed under the <i>Ontario Human Rights Code</i> found that Scott Brockie, a <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> printer, had discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation by refusing to print letterhead, envelopes, and business cards for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lesbian_and_Gay_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives">Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives</a>. The Board of Inquiry ordered Brockie to pay damages of $5,000 to the two complainants who had brought the complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brockie unsuccessfully appealed to Ontario Superior Court (Divisional Court) to overturn the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divisional court ruled that the order requiring Brockie to print the materials was a justifiable violation of Brockie's religious rights. However, the court limited the scope of the Board of Inquiry's ruling to only ordinary material such as letterhead and envelopes. The court said the Board of Inquiry's order "ought not to require Mr. Brockie to print material of a nature that could reasonably be considered to be in direct conflict with the core elements of his religious beliefs."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_Harmony_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainbow Harmony Project (page does not exist)">Rainbow Harmony Project</a>, a choir that supports <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> persons, filed a complaint against Camp Arnes of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, after the camp denied them access. The complaint was settled, with both parties issuing a joint statement that the conflict had resulted from uncertainty regarding that nature of the camp's rental operations, and the acknowledgement that they were "part of its broader religious mission and outreach and not primarily a commercial activity."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Court rulings in Saskatchewan have held that religious-based objections of provincial marriage commissioners to same-sex marriage do not need to be accommodated, because refusal by a government-appointed marriage commissioner to perform same-sex marriages would constitute a violation of the <i>Charter</i> equality rights of gay and lesbian individuals. In 2008, the Saskatchewan Human Rights Tribunal held that marriage commissioner Orville Nichols had discriminated against a same-sex couple by refusing to perform their marriage ceremony. The tribunal ordered him to pay $2,500 in compensation to the couple. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench_for_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Queen's Bench for Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench</a> upheld the tribunal's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to a <a href="/wiki/Reference_question" title="Reference question">reference question</a> from the Government of Saskatchewan, the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Court of Appeal">Saskatchewan Court of Appeal</a> ruled in 2011 that two proposed bills which would have permitted marriage commissioners to refuse to perform same-sex marriages because of religious objections would be unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordained religious ministers in Canada are not required to marry same-sex couples. A poll conducted in October 2006 found that 57% of Canadians believe that a marriage commissioner should be able to refuse to officiate at a gay wedding so long as there are enough marriage commissioners available, and 72% felt that clergy should have the right to refuse to officiate if doing so would violate his or her religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-poll_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poll-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_of_medical_treatment">Refusal of medical treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Refusal of medical treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A set of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witness</a> parents refused blood transfusions for their one-year-old daughter after doctors decided the baby urgently needed them. The baby was made a ward of the state to administer blood transfusions. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that this was a legitimate limitation on religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_religious_minorities">Persecution of religious minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Persecution of religious minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Samaj_of_Hamilton_%26_Region" title="Hindu Samaj of Hamilton & Region">The Hindu Samaj</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a> was burned down on Sept. 15, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arson of the temple took place after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 (9/11) attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whiterose18_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiterose18-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbc13_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc13-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the reports, the criminals mistaken a Hindu temple for a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tor15_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tor15-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whiterose18_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whiterose18-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, their original intention was to burn a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glb_ca05_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glb_ca05-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burn down also destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">sacred religious icons</a> within, caused $500,000 in damage.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc16_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton Police Chief Glenn De Caire described the arson attack on the Hindu temple as a 'hate crime'.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc13_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc13-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Neelam Tandon, a temple member who organized a 2001 fundraiser to rebuild the temple, even years after the temple burning, her vehicle at her <a href="/wiki/Ancaster,_Ontario" title="Ancaster, Ontario">Ancaster</a> home was repeatedly vandalized.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc16_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamilton police says that, it took 12 years to charge three people with the temple fire, and all three were sentenced to three years probation and 80 hours of community service, as well as ordered to make $10,000 donation to a charity of their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc16_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spec14_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spec14-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_case_law">Other case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, Robert Allen lost a case he brought against the Council for the <a href="/wiki/Renfrew_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Renfrew County, Ontario">Corporation of the County of Renfrew</a>, where Allen attempted to prevent the council from opening each meeting with a prayer. The court found in favour of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-ra_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ra-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2004 case <i><a href="/wiki/Syndicat_Northcrest_v._Amselem" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem">Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in favour of Jews seeking to build a <a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">sukkah</a> despite a condominium agreement that prohibited the action.<sup id="cite_ref-succah_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-succah-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_Ayahuasca_in_Santo_Daime_Church">Use of Ayahuasca in Santo Daime Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Use of Ayahuasca in Santo Daime Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a> Church Céu do Montréal received religious exemption to use <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> as a sacrament in their rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada's approach to <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious education</a> often faces concerns addressing to how to best balance competing concerns, e.g., anti-discrimination laws and religious freedoms, and respect rights to religious education outlined in important Canadian legal documents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_funding">Public funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some provinces and territories, public funding for religious-based <a href="/wiki/Separate_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate schools">separate schools</a>, either Roman Catholic or Protestant, is mandated by section 93 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Canadian Constitution</a> and reaffirmed by <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty-nine_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty-nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Human Rights Commission">United Nations</a> declared in 1999 that <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> was in violation of the international covenant on civil and political rights by exclusively funding Catholic schools over other faith-based schools.<sup id="cite_ref-catholiconly_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholiconly-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, an Ontario poll conducted by the Strategic Council showed that 71% of people were opposed to expanding faith based funding to non-Catholic religions.<sup id="cite_ref-catholiconlypoll_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholiconlypoll-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> was originally required by the Constitution to provide public funding for confessional schools, but in 1997 a constitutional amendment was passed withdrawing the confessional nature of public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Quebec Education Act</i> was then amended to reflect the constitutional changes and on July 1, 1998, the changes took effect. </p><p>In 1998 <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> similarly abolished the constitutional requirement for confessional based funding.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University_v._British_Columbia_College_of_Teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers">Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers</a></i> that the British Columbia College of Teachers was wrong to withhold accreditation of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University</a>'s teacher education program on the basis that the school's policy prohibited "homosexual behaviour".<sup id="cite_ref-cr_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade and a half later, the court reversed its ruling and upheld provincial law societies' denial to accredit <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University's proposed law program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a highly publicized 2002 case, Justice Robert McKinnon granted an interlocutory injunction ordering that <a href="/wiki/Marc_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Hall">Marc Hall</a> be allowed to bring a same-sex date to prom at his <a href="/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshawa, Ontario">Oshawa, Ontario</a> Catholic high school.<sup id="cite_ref-gm_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter did not, however, proceed to trial, meaning no binding judgment on the merits of the case was issued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandating_opposing_curricula">Mandating opposing curricula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mandating opposing curricula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the Province of British Columbia moved to make changes that would require religious schools to teach LGBT-friendly educational material; however, the British Columbia government indicated that changes to the public education system were not intended to prevent religious schools from teaching their ethical codes of behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, an independent <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Christian Evangelical</a> school in Quebec was ordered by its school board to teach <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin's theory of evolution">Darwin's theory of evolution</a> and a comprehensive sex education program, a requirement that does not exist in some other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-darwin_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwin-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Quebec Ministry of Education negotiated with an unspecified number of Evangelical schools on a working curriculum that would not violate the basic legal educational requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyola_High_School_v_Quebec_(Attorney_General)"><span id="Loyola_High_School_v_Quebec_.28Attorney_General.29"></span><i>Loyola High School v Quebec (Attorney General)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Loyola High School v Quebec (Attorney General)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Loyola_High_School_v_Quebec_AG" title="Loyola High School v Quebec AG">Loyola High School v Quebec AG</a></div> <p>In 2008 Paul Donovan, the principal of a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> catholic high school in Quebec, objected to a government mandated course on religion and ethics. The ethics and religious culture course, ERC as it is called, is a provincially mandated course that requires schools to teach the basic traditions and symbolisms of a variety of religions. </p><p>Donovan argued on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Loyola_High_School_(Montreal)" title="Loyola High School (Montreal)">Loyola High School</a> that the ERC forbids teachers from teaching, in detail, the reasons why a given religious faith believes what it does believe; any form of instruction that could be perceived as an endorsement of a particular religion or proclaiming it as truth is prohibited and therefore seen by Donovan as a violation of religious freedom, as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Values" title="Quebec Charter of Values">Quebec Charter of Values</a>. An additional concern is that government imposed religious and ethical curricula on institutions like Loyola, could be precedent-setting for government control on other faith based institutions such as churches and associated religious organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All schools in Quebec, including religious, private schools, and home schools are obliged by the law to offer the ERC. If faith based schools want to continue their traditional faith education, they are permitted to do so, however it must be in addition to but separate from the ERC. This is viewed by the law's opponents as closed <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, as opposed to open secularism, and a perversion of the proper understanding of pluralism and, of most concern, a breach of their right to teach the faith. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Superior Court">Quebec Superior Court</a> agreed with the school's position in 2010, but in 2012 an appellate court sided with the government. On further appeal the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> held that the Minister's decision to force the teaching of Catholicism from a neutral standpoint unreasonably violated religious freedom, and was sent back to the minister for reconsideration.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="History of freedom of religion in Canada">History of freedom of religion in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Religious_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Religious Freedom">Office of Religious Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="History of Seventh-day Adventist freedom of religion in Canada">History of Seventh-day Adventist freedom of religion in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University#Controversies_and_Court_Cases" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University § Controversies and court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_respecting_the_laicity_of_the_State" title="Act respecting the laicity of the State">Act respecting the laicity of the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Pawlowski" title="Artur Pawlowski">Artur Pawlowski</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McMurtry_Gardens_of_Justice_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McMurtry+Gardens+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Religion+-+by+Marlene+Hilton+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcmurtrygardensofjustice.com%2Fcontent%2Ffreedom-religion-marlene-hilton-moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/canada">US State Dept 2022 report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021d-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-religion2021d_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=0&SearchText=Canada">"Religions in Canada - Census 2021"</a>. Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Canada+-+Census+2021&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%26HEADERlist%3D0%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/canada/freedom-world/2022">Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corpreamble-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corpreamble_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb-txt/ca/99/04/c99-0416.html"><i>R. v. Sharpe</i></a>, 1999 BCCA 416 at 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._v._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Sharpe">R. v. Sharpe</a> SCC 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg, Peter W. <i>Canada Act 1982 Annotated</i>. Toronto, Canada: The Carswell Company Limited, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/16378297/_The_supremacy_of_God_does_not_belong_in_the_Constitution_"><i>Paul Russell</i></a>, "The supremacy of God" does not belong in the Constitution": The Globe & Mail, June 11, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLachlin, "Freedom of Religion and the Rule of Law: A Canadian Perspective", pages 19-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brown v. Les Curé et Marguilliers de l'Œuvre et de la Fabrique de la Paroisse de Montréal</i> (1874), L.R. 6 P.C. 157, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1874/1874_70.html">[1874] UKPC 70</a> (P.C.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem, 2004 SCC 47, [2004] 2 SCR 551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/supreme-court-rules-against-prayer-at-city-council-meetings-1.3033595">"Supreme Court rules against prayer at city council meetings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. April 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+rules+against+prayer+at+city+council+meetings&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fsupreme-court-rules-against-prayer-at-city-council-meetings-1.3033595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.A.B., W.A.T. and J.-A.Y.T. v. Canada (CCPR/C/50/D/570/1993), UN Human Rights Committee 25.4.1994, § 4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 15, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Parliament, Legal and Legislative Affairs Division, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, An Examination of the Duty to Accommodate in the Canadian Human Rights Context (January 2012) at 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian Human Rights Act, RSC 1985, c. H-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Parliament, footnote 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manitoba, Human Rights Code, CCSM, cH175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Parliament, at 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Bernatchez, "Accommodements raisonnables et gouvernance : le rôle du juge, au-delà de l'interprétation et de la création du droit de l'égalité" in Reasonable Accommodation and the Role of the State: A Democratic Challenge, eds Christian Brunelle & Patrick A Molinari (Montreal: Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, 2008) 371 at 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Parliament, at 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandra Fredman, at 215-217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lori_G._Beaman" title="Lori G. Beaman">Lori G. Beaman</a>, "Conclusion: Alternatives to Reasonable Accommodation" in Lori G. Beaman ed, Reasonable Accommodation: Managing Religious Diversity (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2012) 208 at 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ont. Human Rights Comm. v Simpsons-Sears, [1985] 2 SCR 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Trudeau, "L'obligation d'accommodement en milieu de travail : évolution ou révolution ?" in Jean-François Gaudreault-DesBiens ed, Le Droit, la Religion et le " Raisonnable ", (Montreal: Les Éditions Thémis, 2009) 169 at 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Parliament, at 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian Human Rights Act, s 15(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Trudeau, "L'obligatin d'accommodement en milieu de travail : évolution ou révolution ?" in Jean-François Gaudreault-DesBiens ed, Le Droit, la Religion et le "Raisonnable", (Montreal: Les Éditions Thémis, 2009) 169 at 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Woehrling, "L'obligation d'accommodement raisonnable et l'adaptation de la société à la diversité religieuse" (1998) 43 McGill LJ 325 et 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, 2009 SCC 37 at para 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Errol P. Mendes, "Being Reasonable about Reasonable Accommodation of Minority Religious Practices and Symbols; A Global Challenge in an Era of Diversity" in Christian Brunelle & Patrick A Molinari eds, Reasonable Accommodation and the Role of the State: A Democratic Challenge (Montreal: Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, 2008) 205 at 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant v Canada, [1995] 1 FC 158, affirmed by the Federal Court of Appeal aff'g (1995), 96 FTR 239, 125 DLR (4th) 556, and the Supreme Court of Canada [1996] 1 SCR vii, 130 DLR (4th) vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conseil des communautés culturelles et de l'immigration du Québec, La gestion des conflits de normes par les organisations dans le contexte pluraliste de la société québécoise : principes de fond et de procédure pour guider la recherche d'accommodements raisonnables (Montreal : Avis présenté à la ministre des Communautés culturelles et de l'immigration, 1993) at 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2013" class="citation news cs1">Canada (June 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/editorials/youth-soccer-needs-a-debate-on-brain-safety-not-on-turbans/article12460723/">"Youth soccer needs a debate on brain safety, not on turbans"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Trinity+Western+loses+fight+for+Christian+law+school+as+court+rules+limits+on+religious+freedom+%27reasonable%27&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrinity-western-supreme-court-decision-1.4707240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gm-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gm_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Catholic prom may set crucial legal precedent", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, May 9, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=80dd8007-ef56-40a7-809d-37936b9d4179&k=51593">"Gay couple gets input in school curriculum"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>, June 16, 2006. 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Retrieved October 25, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Dubee" class="citation web cs1">Heather Dubee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loyola.ca/index.php/news-and-calendar/468-ethics-and-religious-culture-in-court">"Ethics and Religious Culture in Court"</a>. <i>loyola.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+principal+says+Quebec+rule+prohibits+teaching+faith+%3A%3A+Catholic+News+Agency+%28CNA%29&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F28372%2Fcatholic-principal-says-quebec-rule-prohibits-teaching-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14703/index.do"><i>Loyola High School v Quebec (Attorney General)</i>, 2015 SCC 12, [2015] 1 SCR 613.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2008" class="citation cs2">Moon, Richard (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&q=law%20in%20%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Law and religious pluralism in Canada</i></a>, UBC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1497-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1497-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+religious+pluralism+in+Canada&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dah66SQsk4hAC%26q%3Dlaw%2520in%2520%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ross, Malcolm (1991). <i>A Paper on Religious Freedom ... contain[ing] the complete text of the address given on September 6, 1991 at the Crystal Palace, Dieppe, N.B.</i> ... sponsored by the Canadian Free Speech League. Moncton, N.B.: Stronghold Publishing Co. 18 p. Without ISBN</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927144027/http://www.evangelicalfellowship.ca/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=734&srcid=190&nccsm=15&__nccssubcid=67&__nccsct=EFC+Resources">Religious Freedom in Canada (Evangelical Fellowship of Canada)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90245.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - Canada"</a>. U.S. Department of State. September 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2007+-+Canada&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90245.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+religion+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&oldid=1240823625">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada&oldid=1240823625</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Category:Freedom of religion in Canada">Freedom of religion in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights in Canada">Human rights in Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2019">Use mdy dates from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_April_2014" title="Category:Use Canadian English from April 2014">Use Canadian English from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 August 2024, at 17:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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