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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stroke_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stroke order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stroke_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_rhymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_rhymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syllable rhymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_rhymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diacritics and symbols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diacritics_and_symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonts_supporting_Burmese_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts_supporting_Burmese_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Fonts supporting Burmese characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts_supporting_Burmese_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Font_сonverters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Font_сonverters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Font сonverters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Font_сonverters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Burmese alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बर्मी लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बर्मी लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="বর্মী বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্মী বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Burma" title="Tulisan Burma – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tulisan Burma" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_burmek" title="Skritur burmek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur burmek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Βιρμανικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιρμανικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_birmano" title="Alfabeto birmano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto birmano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="الفبای برمه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای برمه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%A7%88_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="버마 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버마 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बर्मी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्मी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Burma" title="Aksara Burma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Burma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_birmano" title="Alfabeto birmano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto birmano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_mianmar" title="Alfabeta mianmar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta mianmar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmai_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Burmai írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burmai írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Burma" title="Tulisan Burma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Burma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="မြန်မာအက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြန်မာအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ビルマ文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビルマ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="برمی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برمی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6" title="អក្សរភូមា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរភូមា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_birma%C5%84skie" title="Pismo birmańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo birmańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_birman%C3%AAs" title="Alfabeto birmanês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto birmanês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Burmese alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmalainen_kirjaimisto" title="Burmalainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burmalainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Birmano" title="Sulat Birmano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat Birmano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="อักษรพม่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรพม่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_alfabesi" title="Burma alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burma alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E6%96%87" title="缅文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="缅文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Burma" title="Aksara Burma – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Burma" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%90_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2" title="ᥘᥤᥐ ᥛᥣᥢ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥤᥐ ᥛᥣᥢ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q854968#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Burmese_alphabet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the script in general, see <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese script</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Burmese<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">မြန်မာအက္ခရာ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_script_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Burmese_script_sample.svg/220px-Burmese_script_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Burmese_script_sample.svg/330px-Burmese_script_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Burmese_script_sample.svg/440px-Burmese_script_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 984 or 1035–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854968?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a><sup id="cite_ref-mat-2005-167-178-197-200_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-2005-167-178-197-200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a><sup id="cite_ref-diringer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon script">Old Mon</a><sup id="cite_ref-diringer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diringer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Burmese</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Mymr</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(350)</span>, Myanmar (Burmese)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Myanmar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf">U+1000–U+104F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Burmese alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">မြန်မာအက္ခရာ</span> <i>myanma akkha.ya</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[mjəmà<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔɛʔkʰəjà]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> used for writing <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>. It is ultimately adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic script</a>, either the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba alphabet">Kadamba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. The Burmese alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. In recent decades, other, related alphabets, such as <a href="/wiki/Shan_language#Alphabet" title="Shan language">Shan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">modern Mon</a>, have been restructured according to the standard of the Burmese alphabet (see <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese script</a>.) </p><p>Burmese is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability and to avoid grammar complications. There are several systems of transliteration into the Latin alphabet; for this article, the <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLC Transcription System</a> is used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg/220px-Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg/330px-Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg/440px-Burmese-Pali_Manuscript._Wellcome_L0026547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> manuscript of the Buddhist text <i><a href="/wiki/Niddesa" title="Niddesa">Mahaniddesa</a></i> showing three different styles of the Burmese alphabet, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers</figcaption></figure> <p>The Burmese alphabet was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu script</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon script">Old Mon script</a>, or directly from a South Indian script,<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either the <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba alphabet">Kadamba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mat-2005-167-178-197-200_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-2005-167-178-197-200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of the Burmese alphabet is dated to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984.<sup id="cite_ref-mat-2005-167-178-197-200_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-2005-167-178-197-200-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burmese calligraphy originally followed a square format but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when popular writing led to the wider use of <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm leaves</a> and folded paper known as <a href="/wiki/Parabaik" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabaik">parabaiks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-136_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stylus would rip these leaves when making straight lines.<sup id="cite_ref-vbl-136_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vbl-136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alphabet has undergone considerable modification to suit the evolving phonology of the Burmese language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrangement">Arrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a>, the Burmese alphabet is arranged into groups of five letters for <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> called <i>wek</i> (ဝဂ်, from Pali <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vagga</i></span>) based on articulation. Within each group, the first letter is <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> ("plain"), the second is the <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated homologue</a>, the third and fourth are the <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> homologues and the fifth is the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal homologue</a>. This is true of the first twenty-five letters in the Burmese alphabet, which are called grouped together as <i>wek byi</i> (ဝဂ်ဗျည်း, from Pali <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vagga byañjana</i></span>). The remaining eight letters (<span class="nowrap">⟨ယ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ရ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨လ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ဝ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨သ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ဟ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ဠ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨အ⟩</span>) are grouped together as <i>a wek</i> (အဝဂ်, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">without group</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), as they are not arranged in any particular pattern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A letter is a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> that occurs before the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. The Burmese alphabet has 33 letters to indicate the initial consonant of a syllable and four <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to indicate additional consonants in the onset. Like other <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a>, including the other members of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic family</a>, vowels are indicated in Burmese alphabet by diacritics, which are placed above, below, before or after the consonant character. A consonant character with no vowel diacritic has the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a̰]</span> (often reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> when another syllable follows in the same word). </p><p>The following table provides the letter, the syllable onset in IPA and the way the letter is referred to in Burmese, which may be either a descriptive name or just the sound of the letter, arranged in the traditional order: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" width="6%">Group name</th> <th colspan="15">Grouped consonants </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" width="20%">Unaspirated (သိထိလ)</th> <th colspan="3" width="20%">Aspirated (ဓနိတ)</th> <th colspan="6" width="32%">Voiced (လဟု)</th> <th colspan="3" width="20%">Nasal (နိဂ္ဂဟိတ) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velars</a><br />(ကဏ္ဍဇ)<br />ကဝဂ် </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">က </td> <td>k </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ခ </td> <td>hk </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဂ </td> <td>g </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဃ </td> <td>gh </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">င </td> <td>ng </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">ကကြီး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑí]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ခကွေး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡwé]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဂငယ် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɛ̀]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဃကြီး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑí]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">င <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋa̰]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatals</a><br />(တာလုဇ)<br />စဝဂ် </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">စ </td> <td>c </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဆ </td> <td>hc </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဇ </td> <td>j </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဈ </td> <td>jh </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဉ / ည </td> <td>ny </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">စလုံး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>lóʊɰ̃]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဆလိမ် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʰa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>lèɪɰ̃]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဇကွဲ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[za̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡwɛ́]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဈမျဉ်းဆွဲ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[za̰<span class="wrap"> </span>mjɪ̀ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>zwɛ́]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ညကလေး/ ညကြီး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑí]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolars</a><br />(မုဒ္ဓဇ)<br />ဋဝဂ် </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဋ </td> <td>t </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဌ </td> <td>ht </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဍ </td> <td>d </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဎ </td> <td>dh </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဏ </td> <td>n </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">ဋသန်လျင်းချိတ် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ta̰<span class="wrap"> </span>təlɪ́ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑeɪʔ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဌဝမ်းဘဲ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>wʊ́ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>bɛ́]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဍရင်ကောက် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[da̰<span class="wrap"> </span>jɪ̀ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡaʊʔ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဎရေမှုတ် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[da̰<span class="wrap"> </span>jè<span class="wrap"> </span>m̥oʊʔ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဏကြီး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[na̰<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑí]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dentals</a><br />(ဒန္တဇ)<br />တဝဂ် </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">တ </td> <td>t </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ထ </td> <td>ht </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဒ </td> <td>d </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဓ </td> <td>dh </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">န </td> <td>n </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">တဝမ်းပူ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ta̰<span class="wrap"> </span>wʊ́ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>bù]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ထဆင်ထူး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>sʰɪ̀ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>dú]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဒထွေး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[da̰<span class="wrap"> </span>dwé]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဓအောက်ခြိုက် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[da̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔaʊʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰaɪʔ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">နငယ် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[na̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɛ̀]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labials</a><br />(ဩဋ္ဌဇ)<br />ပဝဂ် </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ပ </td> <td>p </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဖ </td> <td>hp </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဗ </td> <td>b </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဘ </td> <td>bh </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">မ </td> <td>m </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">ပစောက် (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>zaʊʔ]</span>) </td> <td colspan="3">ဖဦးထုပ် (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰa̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔóʊʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰoʊʔ]</span>) </td> <td colspan="3">ဗထက်ခြိုက် (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ba̰<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰaɪʔ]</span>) </td> <td colspan="3">ဘကုန်း (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ba̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡóʊɰ̃]</span>) </td> <td colspan="3">မ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ma̰]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="16">Miscellaneous consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Without group<br />(အဝဂ်) </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ယ </td> <td>y </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ရ </td> <td>r </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">လ </td> <td>l </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဝ </td> <td>w </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">သ </td> <td>s </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">ယပက်လက် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja̰<span class="wrap"> </span>pɛʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>lɛʔ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ရကောက်‌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ja̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡaʊʔ]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">လငယ် <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la̰<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɛ̀]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဝ‌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa̰]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">သ‌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θa̰]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" width="16%"> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဟ </td> <td>h </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဠ </td> <td>l </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">အ </td> <td>a </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" width="16%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">ဟ‌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ha̰]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">ဠကြီး <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la̰<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑí]</span> </td> <td colspan="3">အ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔa̰]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="16">Independent vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဣ </td> <td>i. </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔḭ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဤ </td> <td>i </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔì/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဥ </td> <td>u. </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔṵ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဦ </td> <td>u </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔù/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဧ </td> <td>e </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔè/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဩ </td> <td>au: </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɔ́/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" width="8%" style="font-size:30px; line-height: 40px;">ဪ </td> <td>au </td> <td width="8%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɔ̀/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>ဃ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gh</i></span>), ဈ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jh</i></span>), ဋ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭ</i></span>), ဌ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṭh</i></span>), ဍ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍ</i></span>), ဎ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḍh</i></span>), ဏ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṇ</i></span>), ဓ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dh</i></span>), ဗ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bh</i></span>), and ဠ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ḷ</i></span>) are primarily used in words of Pali origin.</li> <li>ၐ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ś</i></span>) and ၑ (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ṣ</i></span>) are exclusively used in Sanskrit words, as they have merged to စ in Pali.</li> <li>ည has an alternate form ဉ, used with the vowel diacritic ာ as a syllable onset and alone as a final.</li> <li>With regard to pronunciation, the corresponding letters of the dentals and alveolars are phonetically equivalent.</li> <li>In formal speech, ရ is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ɹ]</a></span> in words of Pali or foreign origin.</li> <li>အ is nominally treated as a consonant in the Burmese alphabet; it represents an initial glottal stop in syllables with no other consonant.</li> <li>The letter န (<i>n</i>) uses a different form when there is a diacritic under it like in နု (<i>nu.</i>)</li></ul> <p>Consonant letters may be modified by one or more medial diacritics (three at most), indicating an additional consonant before the vowel. These diacritics are: </p> <ul><li><i>Ya pin</i> (ယပင့်) – Written <big>ျ</big> (MLCTS <i>-y-</i>, indicating /j/ medial or <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/cʱ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɟ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>))</li> <li><i>Ya yit</i> (ရရစ်) – Written <big>ြ</big> (MLCTS <i>-r-</i>, indicating /y/ medial or <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonant</a>)</li> <li><i>Wa hswe</i> (ဝဆွဲ) – Written <big>ွ</big> (MLCTS <i>-w-</i>, usually indicating /w/ medial)</li> <li><i>Ha hto</i> (ဟထိုး) – <big>ှ</big> (MLCTS <i>h-</i>, indicating that a <a href="/wiki/Sonorant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorant consonant">sonorant consonant</a> is <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a>)</li></ul> <p>A few <a href="/wiki/Burmese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese dialects">Burmese dialects</a> use an extra diacritic to indicate the /l/ medial, which has merged to /j/ in standard Burmese: </p> <ul><li><i>La hswe</i> (လဆွဲ) – Written <big>္လ</big> (MLCTS <i>-l</i>, indicating /l/ medial</li></ul> <p>All the possible diacritic combinations are listed below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diacritics for medial consonants, used with <big>မ</big> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> as a sample letter </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Base</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>MLCTS</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><big>ျ</big><br /><i>ya pin</i> </th> <td><big>မျ</big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mj]</span> </td> <td>my</td> <td>Generally only used on <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> (က ခ ဂ ဃ င ပ ဖ ဗ မ လ သ).<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a>: <big>ကျ</big> (ky), <big>ချ</big> (hky), <big>ဂျ</big> (gy) are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[tɕʰ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[dʑ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မျှ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥j]</span></td> <td>hmy</td> <td><big>သျှ</big> (hsy) and <big>လျှ</big> (hly) are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မျွ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mw]</span></td> <td>myw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မျွှ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥w]</span></td> <td>hmyw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><big>ြ</big><br /><i>ya yit</i> </th> <td><big>မြ</big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mj]</span> </td> <td>mr </td> <td>Generally only used on <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> (က ခ ဂ ဃ င ပ ဖ ဗ မ). (but in Pali and Sanskrit loanwords, can be used for other consonants as well e.g. ဣန္ဒြေ ) <br /><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a>: <big>ကြ</big> (kr), <big>ခြ</big> (hkr), <big>ဂြ</big> (gr), <big>ငြ</big> (ngr) are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[tɕʰ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[dʑ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɲ]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မြှ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥j]</span></td> <td>hmr</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မြွ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mw]</span></td> <td>mrw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မြွှ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥w]</span></td> <td>hmrw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><big>ွ</big><br /><i>wa hswe</i> </th> <td><big>မွ</big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mw]</span> </td> <td>mw </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>မွှ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥w]</span></td> <td>hmw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ှ</big><br /><i>ha hto</i> </th> <td><big>မှ</big> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥]</span> </td> <td>hm </td> <td>Used only in <big>ငှ</big> (hng) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊]</span>, <big>ညှ/ဉှ</big> (hny) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ̥]</span>, <big>နှ</big> (hn) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̥]</span>, <big>မှ</big> (hm) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥]</span>, <big>လှ</big> (hl) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̥]</span>, <big>ဝှ</big> (hw) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʍ]</span>. <big>ယှ</big> (hy) and <big>ရှ</big> (hr) are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stroke_order">Stroke order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stroke order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letters in the Burmese alphabet are written with a specific <a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">stroke order</a>. The letter forms of the Burmese script are based on circles. Typically, one circle should be done with one stroke, and all circles are written clockwise. Exceptions are mostly letters with an opening on top. The circle of these letters is written with two strokes coming from opposite directions. </p><p>The ten following letters are exceptions to the clockwise rule: ပ, ဖ, ဗ, မ, ယ, လ, ဟ, ဃ, ဎ, ဏ. Some versions of stroke order may be slightly different. </p><p>The Burmese stroke order can be learned from ပထမတန်း မြန်မာဖတ်စာ ၂၀၁၇-၂၀၁၈ (<i>Burmese Grade 1, 2017-2018</i>), a textbook published by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Education (Myanmar)">Burmese Ministry of Education</a>. The book is available under the LearnBig project of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other resources include the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an online learning resource published by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg/220px-Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg/330px-Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg/440px-Burmese_Consonant_Stroke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="4072" /></a><figcaption>Stroke order and direction of Burmese consonants</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllable_rhymes">Syllable rhymes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syllable rhymes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syllable_rhyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rhyme">Syllable rhymes</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and any consonants that may follow them within the same syllable) are indicated in Burmese by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic mark">diacritic marks</a> and consonant letters marked with the <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> character <big>်</big> which suppresses the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a> of the consonant letter. This mark is called <i>asat</i> in Burmese (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my" style="font-style: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1204105569">.mw-parser-output .script-myanmar{line-height:100%;font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar",Pyidaungsu,"Myanmar Text",Myanmar3,Myanmar2,Myanmar1,Padauk,mm3web,TharLon,"Masterpiece Uni Sans",Parabaik,Yunghkio,Thanlwin,"Win Uni Innwa","MyMyanmar Unicode","WinUni Innwa"}</style><span class="script-myanmar">အသတ်</span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <i><span title="Transcription in Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System">a.sat</span></i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔa̰θaʔ]</span>), which means "nonexistence" (see <a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sanskrit)">Sat (Sanskrit)</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Syllable rhymes of Burmese, used with the letter <big>က</big> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> as a sample </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>MLCTS</th> <th><big>Remarks</big> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>က</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰],<span class="wrap"> </span>[kə]</span></td> <td>ka.</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a̰]</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>, and is not indicated by any diacritic. In theory, virtually any written syllable that is not the final syllable of a word can be pronounced with the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> (with no tone and no syllable-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ʔ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ɰ̃]</span>) as its rhyme. In practice, the bare consonant letter alone is the most common way of spelling syllables whose rhyme is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကာ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kà]</span></td> <td>ka</td> <td>Takes the alternative form <big>ါ</big> with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂါ</big> <i>ga</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡà]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကား</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ká]</span></td> <td>ka:</td> <td>Takes the alternative form <big>ါး</big> with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂါး</big> <i>ga:</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡá]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကက်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛʔ]</span></td> <td>kak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကင်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ̀ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kang</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကင့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ̰ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kang.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကင်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ́ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kang:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကစ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪʔ]</span></td> <td>kac</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကည်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kì],<span class="wrap"> </span>[kè],<span class="wrap"> </span>[kɛ̀]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kany </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကဉ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ̀ɰ̃]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကည့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kḭ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[kḛ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[kɛ̰]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kany. </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကဉ့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ̰ɰ̃]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကည်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kí],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ké],<span class="wrap"> </span>[kɛ́]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kany: </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကဉ်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɪ́ɰ̃]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကတ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaʔ]</span></td> <td>kat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကန်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kàɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကန့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kan.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကန်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[káɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kan:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကပ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaʔ]</span></td> <td>kap</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကမ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kàɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kam</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကမ့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kam.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကမ်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[káɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kam:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကယ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛ̀]</span></td> <td>kai</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကံ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kàɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kam</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကံ့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kam.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကံး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[káɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kam:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kḭ]</span></td> <td>ki.</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔḭ]</span> is represented by <big>ဣ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိတ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[keɪʔ]</span></td> <td>kit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိန်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kèɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိန့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kḛɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kin.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိန်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kéɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kin:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိပ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[keɪʔ]</span></td> <td>kip</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိမ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kèɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kim</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိမ့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kḛɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kim.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိမ်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kéɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kim:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိံ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kèɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kim</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိံ့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kḛɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kim.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိံး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kéɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kim:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကီ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kì]</span></td> <td>ki</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔì]</span> is represented by <big>ဤ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကီး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kí]</span></td> <td>ki:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကု</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kṵ]</span></td> <td>ku.</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔṵ]</span> is represented by <big>ဥ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုတ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[koʊʔ]</span></td> <td>kut</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုန်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kòʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kun</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုန့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ko̰ʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kun.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုန်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kóʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kun:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုပ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[koʊʔ]</span></td> <td>kup</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုမ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kòʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kum</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုမ့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ko̰ʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kum.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုမ်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kóʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kum:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုံ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kòʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kum</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုံ့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ko̰ʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kum.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကုံး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kóʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kum:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကူ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kù]</span></td> <td>ku</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔù]</span> is represented by <big>ဦ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကူး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kú]</span></td> <td>ku:</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔú]</span> is represented by <big>ဦး</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကေ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kè]</span></td> <td>ke</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔè]</span> is represented by <big>ဧ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကေ့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kḛ]</span></td> <td>ke.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကေး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ké]</span></td> <td>ke:</td> <td>As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔé]</span> is represented by <big>ဧး</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကဲ</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛ́]</span></td> <td>kai:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကဲ့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɛ̰]</span></td> <td>kai.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကော</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔ́]</span></td> <td>kau:</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါ</big> <i>gau:</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɔ́]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɔ́]</span> is represented by <big>ဩ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကောက်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaʊʔ]</span></td> <td>kauk</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါက်</big> <i>gauk</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡaʊʔ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကောင်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kàʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kaung</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါင်</big> <i>gaung</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡàʊɰ̃]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကောင့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰ʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kaung.</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါင့်</big> <i>gaung.</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡa̰ʊɰ̃]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကောင်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[káʊɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kaung:</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါင်း</big> <i>gaung:</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡáʊɰ̃]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကော့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔ̰]</span></td> <td>kau.</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါ့</big> <i>gau.</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɔ̰]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကော်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔ̀]</span></td> <td>kau</td> <td>Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. <big>ဂေါ်</big> <i>gau</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɔ̀]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an open vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɔ̀]</span> is represented by <big>ဪ</big>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကို</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kò]</span></td> <td>kui</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိုက်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaɪʔ]</span></td> <td>kuik</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိုင်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kàɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kuing</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိုင့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ka̰ɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kuing.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိုင်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[káɪɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kuing:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကို့</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ko̰]</span></td> <td>kui.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကိုး</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kó]</span></td> <td>kui:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွတ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊʔ]</span></td> <td>kwat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွန်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊ̀ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kwan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွန့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊ̰ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kwan.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွန်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊ́ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kwan:</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွပ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊʔ]</span></td> <td>kwap</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွမ်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊ̀ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kwam</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွမ့်</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊ̰ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kwam.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ကွမ်း</big></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʊ́ɰ̃]</span></td> <td>kwam:</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Long-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The consonant letters that take the long form <big>ါ</big> are <big>ခ</big>, <big>ဂ</big>, <big>င</big>, <big>ဒ</big>, <big>ပ</big>, and <big>ဝ</big>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diacritics_and_symbols">Diacritics and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diacritics and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Burmese name</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အသတ်, တံခွန် ရှေ့ထိုး</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">Virama</a>; deletes the inherent vowel, thereby making a syllable final consonant, most often with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က င စ ည (ဉ) ဏ တ န ပ မ</span></span> and occasionally other consonants in loan words. <p>It is also used as a marginal tone marker, creating low-tone variants of the two inherently high-tone vowel symbols: <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ယ်</span></span> which is the low tone variant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̀/</span> of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ယ</span></span> (by default <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ́/</span>), and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ော်</span></span> and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေါ်</span></span> both of which are the low tone variants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̀/</span> of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ော</span></span> and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေါ</span></span> (by default <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ́/</span>). In this context the <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌်</span></span> symbol is called <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရှေ့ထိုး</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃḛtʰó/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌င်္</span></span> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌<sup>င်</sup></span></span>)</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကင်းစီး</span></span></td> <td>Superscripted miniature version of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">င်</span></span>; phonetic equivalent of nasalized <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">င်</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ìɰ̃]</span>) final.<br />Found mainly in Pali and Sanskrit loans (e.g. "Tuesday," spelled <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အင်္ဂါ</span></span> and not <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အင်ဂါ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌့</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အောက်မြစ်</span></span></td> <td>Creates creaky tone. Only used with nasal finals or vowels which inherently indicate a low or high tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌း</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝစ္စပေါက်, ဝိသဇ္ဇနီ, ရှေ့ကပေါက်, ရှေ့ဆီး</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">Visarga</a>; creates high tone. Can follow a nasal final marked with virama, or a vowel which inherently implies creaky tone or low tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ာ</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ါ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရေးချ, မောက်ချ, ဝိုက်ချ</span></span></td> <td>When used alone, it indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/à/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Generically referred to as <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရေးချ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jéːtʃʰa̰/</span> this diacritic takes two distinct forms. By default it is written <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ာ</span></span> which is called <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝိုက်ချ</span></span> /waɪʔtʃʰa̰/ for specificity, but to avoid ambiguity when following the consonants <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ခ ဂ င ဒ ပ ဝ</span></span>, it is written tall as <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ါ</span></span> and called <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မောက်ချ</span></span> /maʊʔtʃʰa̰/.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although typically not permissible in closed syllables, solitary <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ာ</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ါ</span></span> can be found in some words of Pali origin such as <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဓာတ်</span></span> (essence, element) or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မာန်</span></span> (pride). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သဝေထိုး</span></span></td> <td>Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/è/</span>.<br /> <p>Generally only permissible in open syllables, but occasionally found in closed syllables in loan words such as <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မေတ္တာ</span></span> (metta) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ော</span></span> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေါ</span></span></td> <td>–</td> <td>A combination of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေ</span></span> and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ာ</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ါ</span></span>. Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ́/</span> in open syllables or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/àʊ/</span> before <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">င</span></span>. The low-tone variant of this vowel in open syllables is written <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ော်</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေါ်</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ဲ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နောက်ပစ်</span></span></td> <td>Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ́/</span>. Only found in open syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ု</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တစ်ချောင်းငင်</span></span></td> <td>When used alone, indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ṵ/</span> in open syllables or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̀ʊ/</span> in closed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ူ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နှစ်ချောင်းငင်</span></span></td> <td>Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ù/</span>. Only found in open syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ိ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လုံးကြီးတင်</span></span></td> <td>Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ḭ/</span> in open syllables, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/èɪ/</span> in closed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ီ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လုံးကြီးတင်ဆံခတ်</span></span></td> <td>Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ì/</span>. Only found in open syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ို</span></span></td> <td>–</td> <td>Indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ò/</span> in open syllables, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> before <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">င</span></span>. A combination of the <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ိ</span></span> <i>i</i> and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ု</span></span> <i>u</i> vowel diacritics. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ွ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝဆွဲ</span></span></td> <td>used alone, indicates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wa̰/</span> in open syllables or, variously, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ̀/<span class="wrap"> </span>or<span class="wrap"> </span>/wà/</span> in closed syllables. In open syllables it may also be combined with the vowel marks <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ေ ဲ ာ ါ ယ်</span></span> and the tone markers to add a medial /w/ between the initial and vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesher_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Rarely found in the combinations <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ွိုင်</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ွိုက်</span></span> to transcribe the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔɪ/</span> vowel of English. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ံ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သေးသေးတင်</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">Anusvara</a>, within multisyllabic words it functions as a homorganic nasal. Word finally it functions like a final -m, changing the vowel and implying a low tone by default, although it may be combined with tone markers to create high or creaky tone syllables. It is most commonly used alone or combined with the vowel <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ု</span></span>; however, it may also be combined with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ွ</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ိ</span></span>. <p>Combined to form <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ုံ့</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ုံ</span></span> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ုံး</span></span>, which changes rhyme to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o̰ʊɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>òʊɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>óʊɰ̃/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ၖ</span></span></td> <td></td> <td>used exclusively for Sanskrit <i>r̥</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ၗ</span></span></td> <td></td> <td>used exclusively for Sanskrit <i>r̥̄</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ေါ်</span></span></td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သဝေထိုးရေးချရှေ့ထိုး</span></span></td> <td>used to denote <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ော်</span></span> in some letters to avoid confusion for <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က, တ, ဘ, ဟ, အ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ွ</span></span> <i>wa</i> + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ိ</span></span> <i>i</i> + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ု</span></span> <i>u</i> + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">င်</span></span> <i><del>ng</del></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e. <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ု</span></span> <i>u</i> + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ံ</span></span> <i>anusvara</i> + <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌့</span></span> <i>aukmyit</i> (creaky tone)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>One or more of these accents can be added to a consonant to change its sound. In addition, other modifying symbols are used to differentiate tone and sound, but are not considered diacritics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>La hswe</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လဆွဲ</span></span>) was used in old Burmese from the Bagan to Innwa periods (12th century – 16th century), and could be combined with other diacritics (<i>ya pin</i>, <i>ha hto</i> and <i>wa hswe</i>) to form <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌္လျ</span></span> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌္လွ</span></span> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌္လှ</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-sea_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sea-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mlc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, until the Innwa period, <i>ya pin</i> was also combined with <i>ya yit</i> to form <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ျြ</span></span>. From the early Bagan period to the 19th century, <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝ်</span></span> was used instead of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ော်</span></span> for the rhyme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̀/</span>. Early Burmese writing also used <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဟ်</span></span>, not the high tone marker <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌း</span></span>, which came into being in the 16th century. Moreover, <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အ်</span></span>, which disappeared by the 16th century, was subscripted to represent creaky tone (now indicated with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌့</span></span>). During the early Bagan period, the rhyme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ́/</span> (now represented with the diacritic <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ဲ</span></span>) was represented with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ါယ်</span></span>). The diacritic combination <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ိုဝ်</span></span> disappeared in the mid-1750s (typically designated as Middle Burmese), having been replaced with the <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ို</span></span> combination, introduced in 1638. The standard tone markings found in modern Burmese can be traced to the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-mlc_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stacked_consonants">Stacked consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stacked consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain sequences of consonants are written one atop the other, or <i>stacked</i>. A pair of stacked consonants indicates that no vowel is pronounced between them. </p><p>For example, the word <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမ္ဘာ</span></span> (<i>kambha</i>), which means "world", contains the stacked consonant <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မ္ဘ</span></span> (<i>m-bh</i>). The first consonant is <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မ</span></span> (<i>m</i>) and the second consonant is <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘ</span></span> (<i>bh</i>). No vowel is pronounced between <i>m</i> and <i>bh</i>. </p><p>When stacked, the first consonant is written normally (i.e., not super- or subscripted). It has an implied <i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></i> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌်</span></span> and is the final of the preceding syllable. In the case of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမ္ဘာ</span></span>, an implied virama is applied to the first consonant (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မ်</span></span>), which is the final of the preceding syllable <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က</span></span>, producing <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမ်</span></span> (<i>kam</i>). </p><p>The second consonant is subscripted beneath the first consonant and is the onset of the following syllable. In the case of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမ္ဘာ</span></span>, <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘ</span></span> is the second consonant and is the onset of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">◌ာ</span></span> (the following syllable), producing <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘာ</span></span> (<i>bha</i>). </p><p>The equivalent form of <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမ္ဘာ</span></span> is thus read <span title="Burmese-language text">*<span lang="my">ကမ်ဘာ</span></span> (<i>kambha</i>). If the <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မ</span></span> (<i>m</i>) and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘ</span></span> (<i>bh</i>) were not stacked (i.e., <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမဘာ</span></span>), the pronunciation would be different as the inherent vowel "<i>a</i>" would apply to the <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မ</span></span> (i.e., <span title="Burmese-language text">*<span lang="my">က<b>မ</b>ဘာ</span></span> <i>ka<b>ma</b>bha</i>). </p><p>Stacked consonants are always <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> (pronounced in the same place in the mouth), which is indicated by the <a href="#Arrangement">traditional arrangement</a> of the Burmese alphabet into the seven five-letter rows of letters (called <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝဂ်</span></span>). Consonants not found in the rows beginning with <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က, စ, ဋ, တ,</span></span> or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပ</span></span> can only be doubled — that is, stacked with themselves. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group</th> <th>Possible combinations</th> <th>Transcriptions</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>K</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">က္က, က္ခ, ဂ္ဂ, ဂ္ဃ</span></span></td> <td>kk, kkh, gg, ggh [also ng?]</td> <td><i>dukkha</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဒုက္ခ</span></span>), meaning "suffering" </td></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စ္စ, စ္ဆ, ဇ္ဇ, ဇ္ဈ, ဉ္စ, ဉ္ဆ, ဉ္ဇ, ဉ္ဈ</span></span></td> <td>cc, cch, jj, jjh, nyc, nych, nyj, nyjh</td> <td><i>wijja</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝိဇ္ဇာ</span></span>), meaning "knowledge" </td></tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဋ္ဋ, ဋ္ဌ, ဍ္ဍ, ဍ္ဎ, ဏ္ဋ, ဏ္ဍ</span></span></td> <td>tt, tth, dd, ddh, nt, nd</td> <td><i>kanda</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကဏ္ဍ</span></span>), meaning "section" </td></tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တ္တ, တ္ထ, ဒ္ဒ, ဒ္ဓ, န္တ, န္ထ, န္ဒ, န္ဓ, န္န</span></span></td> <td>tt, tth, dd, ddh, nt, nth, nd, ndh, nn</td> <td><i>manta. le:</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မန္တလေး</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, a city in Myanmar </td></tr> <tr> <td>P</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပ္ပ, ပ္ဖ, ဗ္ဗ, ဗ္ဘ, မ္ပ, မ္ဗ, မ္ဘ, မ္မ</span></span></td> <td>pp, pph, bb, bbh, mp, mb, mbh, mm</td> <td><i>kambha</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကမ္ဘာ</span></span>), meaning "world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>(other)</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဿ, လ္လ, ဠ္ဠ</span></span></td> <td>ss, ll, ll</td> <td><i>pissa</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပိဿာ</span></span>), meaning viss, a traditional Burmese unit of weight measurement </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Stacked consonants are largely confined to <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> from languages like Pali, Sanskrit, and occasionally English. For instance, the Burmese word for "self" (via Pali <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">atta</i></span>) is spelt <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အတ္တ</span></span>, not <span title="Burmese-language text">*<span lang="my">အတ်တ</span></span>, although both would be read the same. </p><p>Stacked consonants are generally not found in native Burmese words, with a major exception being abbreviations. For example, the Burmese word <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သမီး</span></span> "daughter" is sometimes abbreviated to <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သ္မီး</span></span>, even though the stacked consonants do not belong to the same row in the <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝဂ်</span></span> and a vowel is pronounced between. Similarly, <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လက်ဖက်</span></span> "tea" is commonly abbreviated to <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လ္ဘက်</span></span>. Also, <i>ss</i> is written <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဿ</span></span>, not <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သ္သ</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese numerals</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a>. </p><p>The digits from zero to nine are: ၀၁၂၃၄၅၆၇၈၉ (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> 1040 to 1049). The number 1945 would be written as ၁၉၄၅. Separators, such as commas, are not used to group numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two primary break characters in Burmese, drawn as one or two downward strokes: ၊ (called ပုဒ်ဖြတ်, ပုဒ်ကလေး, ပုဒ်ထီး, or တစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်) and ။ (called ပုဒ်ကြီး, ပုဒ်မ, or နှစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်), which respectively act as a <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a>. There is a Shan exclamation mark ႟. Other abbreviations used in literary Burmese are: </p> <ul><li>၏ – used as a full stop if the sentence immediately ends with a verb.</li></ul> <p>-possessive particle( 's, of) </p> <ul><li>၍ – used as a <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a>.</li> <li>၌ – locative ('at').</li> <li>၎င်း – ditto (used in columns and lists)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_(Unicode_block)" title="Myanmar (Unicode block)">Myanmar (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Myanmar script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Myanmar is U+1000–U+109F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_(Unicode_block)" title="Myanmar (Unicode block)">Myanmar</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1000_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1000_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+100x </td> <td title="U+1000: MYANMAR LETTER KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">က</span> </td> <td title="U+1001: MYANMAR LETTER KHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ခ</span> </td> <td title="U+1002: MYANMAR LETTER GA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဂ</span> </td> <td title="U+1003: MYANMAR LETTER GHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဃ</span> </td> <td title="U+1004: MYANMAR LETTER NGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">င</span> </td> <td title="U+1005: MYANMAR LETTER CA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">စ</span> </td> <td title="U+1006: MYANMAR LETTER CHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဆ</span> </td> <td title="U+1007: MYANMAR LETTER JA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဇ</span> </td> <td title="U+1008: MYANMAR LETTER JHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဈ</span> </td> <td title="U+1009: MYANMAR LETTER NYA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဉ</span> </td> <td title="U+100A: MYANMAR LETTER NNYA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ည</span> </td> <td title="U+100B: MYANMAR LETTER TTA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဋ</span> </td> <td title="U+100C: MYANMAR LETTER TTHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဌ</span> </td> <td title="U+100D: MYANMAR LETTER DDA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဍ</span> </td> <td title="U+100E: MYANMAR LETTER DDHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဎ</span> </td> <td title="U+100F: MYANMAR LETTER NNA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+101x </td> <td title="U+1010: MYANMAR LETTER TA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">တ</span> </td> <td title="U+1011: MYANMAR LETTER THA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ထ</span> </td> <td title="U+1012: MYANMAR LETTER DA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဒ</span> </td> <td title="U+1013: MYANMAR LETTER DHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဓ</span> </td> <td title="U+1014: MYANMAR LETTER NA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">န</span> </td> <td title="U+1015: MYANMAR LETTER PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ပ</span> </td> <td title="U+1016: MYANMAR LETTER PHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဖ</span> </td> <td title="U+1017: MYANMAR LETTER BA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဗ</span> </td> <td title="U+1018: MYANMAR LETTER BHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဘ</span> </td> <td title="U+1019: MYANMAR LETTER MA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">မ</span> </td> <td title="U+101A: MYANMAR LETTER YA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ယ</span> </td> <td title="U+101B: MYANMAR LETTER RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ရ</span> </td> <td title="U+101C: MYANMAR LETTER LA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">လ</span> </td> <td title="U+101D: MYANMAR LETTER WA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဝ</span> </td> <td title="U+101E: MYANMAR LETTER SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">သ</span> </td> <td title="U+101F: MYANMAR LETTER HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+102x </td> <td title="U+1020: MYANMAR LETTER LLA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဠ</span> </td> <td title="U+1021: MYANMAR LETTER A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">အ</span> </td> <td title="U+1022: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဢ</span> </td> <td title="U+1023: MYANMAR LETTER I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဣ</span> </td> <td title="U+1024: MYANMAR LETTER II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဤ</span> </td> <td title="U+1025: MYANMAR LETTER U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဥ</span> </td> <td title="U+1026: MYANMAR LETTER UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဦ</span> </td> <td title="U+1027: MYANMAR LETTER E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဧ</span> </td> <td title="U+1028: MYANMAR LETTER MON E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဨ</span> </td> <td title="U+1029: MYANMAR LETTER O"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဩ</span> </td> <td title="U+102A: MYANMAR LETTER AU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဪ</span> </td> <td title="U+102B: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN TALL AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ါ</span> </td> <td title="U+102C: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ာ</span> </td> <td title="U+102D: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ိ</span> </td> <td title="U+102E: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ီ</span> </td> <td title="U+102F: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ု</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+103x </td> <td title="U+1030: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ူ</span> </td> <td title="U+1031: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ေ</span> </td> <td title="U+1032: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဲ</span> </td> <td title="U+1033: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN MON II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဳ</span> </td> <td title="U+1034: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN MON O"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဴ</span> </td> <td title="U+1035: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E ABOVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဵ</span> </td> <td title="U+1036: MYANMAR SIGN ANUSVARA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ံ</span> </td> <td title="U+1037: MYANMAR SIGN DOT BELOW"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">့</span> </td> <td title="U+1038: MYANMAR SIGN VISARGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">း</span> </td> <td title="U+1039: MYANMAR SIGN VIRAMA"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black; line-height:1em;"><span class="nowrap">   </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">္</span><span class="nowrap"> </span></span> </td> <td title="U+103A: MYANMAR SIGN ASAT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">်</span> </td> <td title="U+103B: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL YA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ျ</span> </td> <td title="U+103C: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ြ</span> </td> <td title="U+103D: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL WA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ွ</span> </td> <td title="U+103E: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ှ</span> </td> <td title="U+103F: MYANMAR LETTER GREAT SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ဿ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+104x </td> <td title="U+1040: MYANMAR DIGIT ZERO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၀</span> </td> <td title="U+1041: MYANMAR DIGIT ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၁</span> </td> <td title="U+1042: MYANMAR DIGIT TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၂</span> </td> <td title="U+1043: MYANMAR DIGIT THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၃</span> </td> <td title="U+1044: MYANMAR DIGIT FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၄</span> </td> <td title="U+1045: MYANMAR DIGIT FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၅</span> </td> <td title="U+1046: MYANMAR DIGIT SIX"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၆</span> </td> <td title="U+1047: MYANMAR DIGIT SEVEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၇</span> </td> <td title="U+1048: MYANMAR DIGIT EIGHT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၈</span> </td> <td title="U+1049: MYANMAR DIGIT NINE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၉</span> </td> <td title="U+104A: MYANMAR SIGN LITTLE SECTION"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၊</span> </td> <td title="U+104B: MYANMAR SIGN SECTION"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">။</span> </td> <td title="U+104C: MYANMAR SYMBOL LOCATIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၌</span> </td> <td title="U+104D: MYANMAR SYMBOL COMPLETED"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၍</span> </td> <td title="U+104E: MYANMAR SYMBOL AFOREMENTIONED"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၎</span> </td> <td title="U+104F: MYANMAR SYMBOL GENITIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">၏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+105x </td> <td title="U+1050: MYANMAR LETTER SHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၐ</span> </td> <td title="U+1051: MYANMAR LETTER SSA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၑ</span> </td> <td title="U+1052: MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC R"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၒ</span> </td> <td title="U+1053: MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC RR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၓ</span> </td> <td title="U+1054: MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC L"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၔ</span> </td> <td title="U+1055: MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC LL"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၕ</span> </td> <td title="U+1056: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၖ</span> </td> <td title="U+1057: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၗ</span> </td> <td title="U+1058: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၘ</span> </td> <td title="U+1059: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၙ</span> </td> <td title="U+105A: MYANMAR LETTER MON NGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၚ</span> </td> <td title="U+105B: MYANMAR LETTER MON JHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၛ</span> </td> <td title="U+105C: MYANMAR LETTER MON BBA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၜ</span> </td> <td title="U+105D: MYANMAR LETTER MON BBE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၝ</span> </td> <td title="U+105E: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MON MEDIAL NA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၞ</span> </td> <td title="U+105F: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MON MEDIAL MA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+106x </td> <td title="U+1060: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN MON MEDIAL LA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၠ</span> </td> <td title="U+1061: MYANMAR LETTER SGAW KAREN SHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၡ</span> </td> <td title="U+1062: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SGAW KAREN EU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၢ</span> </td> <td title="U+1063: MYANMAR TONE MARK SGAW KAREN HATHI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၣ</span> </td> <td title="U+1064: MYANMAR TONE MARK SGAW KAREN KE PHO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၤ</span> </td> <td title="U+1065: MYANMAR LETTER WESTERN PWO KAREN THA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၥ</span> </td> <td title="U+1066: MYANMAR LETTER WESTERN PWO KAREN PWA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၦ</span> </td> <td title="U+1067: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN EU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၧ</span> </td> <td title="U+1068: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN UE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၨ</span> </td> <td title="U+1069: MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၩ</span> </td> <td title="U+106A: MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၪ</span> </td> <td title="U+106B: MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၫ</span> </td> <td title="U+106C: MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၬ</span> </td> <td title="U+106D: MYANMAR SIGN WESTERN PWO KAREN TONE-5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၭ</span> </td> <td title="U+106E: MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN NNA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၮ</span> </td> <td title="U+106F: MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN YWA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+107x </td> <td title="U+1070: MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN GHWA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၰ</span> </td> <td title="U+1071: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN GEBA KAREN I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၱ</span> </td> <td title="U+1072: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN KAYAH OE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၲ</span> </td> <td title="U+1073: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN KAYAH U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၳ</span> </td> <td title="U+1074: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN KAYAH EE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၴ</span> </td> <td title="U+1075: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၵ</span> </td> <td title="U+1076: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၶ</span> </td> <td title="U+1077: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN GA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၷ</span> </td> <td title="U+1078: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၸ</span> </td> <td title="U+1079: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN ZA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၹ</span> </td> <td title="U+107A: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၺ</span> </td> <td title="U+107B: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN DA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၻ</span> </td> <td title="U+107C: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၼ</span> </td> <td title="U+107D: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN PHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၽ</span> </td> <td title="U+107E: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN FA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၾ</span> </td> <td title="U+107F: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN BA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ၿ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+108x </td> <td title="U+1080: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႀ</span> </td> <td title="U+1081: MYANMAR LETTER SHAN HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႁ</span> </td> <td title="U+1082: MYANMAR CONSONANT SIGN SHAN MEDIAL WA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႂ</span> </td> <td title="U+1083: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႃ</span> </td> <td title="U+1084: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႄ</span> </td> <td title="U+1085: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN E ABOVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႅ</span> </td> <td title="U+1086: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN SHAN FINAL Y"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႆ</span> </td> <td title="U+1087: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႇ</span> </td> <td title="U+1088: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႈ</span> </td> <td title="U+1089: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႉ</span> </td> <td title="U+108A: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႊ</span> </td> <td title="U+108B: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႋ</span> </td> <td title="U+108C: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႌ</span> </td> <td title="U+108D: MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL EMPHATIC TONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႍ</span> </td> <td title="U+108E: MYANMAR LETTER RUMAI PALAUNG FA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႎ</span> </td> <td title="U+108F: MYANMAR SIGN RUMAI PALAUNG TONE-5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+109x </td> <td title="U+1090: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ZERO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႐</span> </td> <td title="U+1091: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႑</span> </td> <td title="U+1092: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႒</span> </td> <td title="U+1093: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႓</span> </td> <td title="U+1094: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႔</span> </td> <td title="U+1095: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႕</span> </td> <td title="U+1096: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SIX"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႖</span> </td> <td title="U+1097: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SEVEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႗</span> </td> <td title="U+1098: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT EIGHT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႘</span> </td> <td title="U+1099: MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT NINE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႙</span> </td> <td title="U+109A: MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႚ</span> </td> <td title="U+109B: MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႛ</span> </td> <td title="U+109C: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႜ</span> </td> <td title="U+109D: MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON AI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">ႝ</span> </td> <td title="U+109E: MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႞</span> </td> <td title="U+109F: MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN EXCLAMATION"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569"><span class="script-myanmar">႟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1000_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1000_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Romanization of Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_respelling_of_the_English_alphabet" title="Burmese respelling of the English alphabet">Burmese respelling of the English alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mat-2005-167-178-197-200-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mat-2005-167-178-197-200_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat-2005-167-178-197-200_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mat-2005-167-178-197-200_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin (2005): 167–178, 197–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diringer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1948" class="citation book cs1">Diringer, David (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287"><i>Alphabet a key to the history of mankind</i></a>. p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+a+key+to+the+history+of+mankind&rft.pages=411&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.1287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vbl-114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vbl-114_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieberman 2003: 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vbl-136-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vbl-136_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vbl-136_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieberman (2003): 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myanmar Grade 1 Textbook. Ministry of Education, Myanmar. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.learnbig.net/books/myanmar-grade-1-textbook-2/">https://www.learnbig.net/books/myanmar-grade-1-textbook-2/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311003228/https://www.learnbig.net/books/myanmar-grade-1-textbook-2/">Archived</a> 11 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burmese script lessons. SEASite. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/script/script_index.htm">http://seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/script/script_index.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">緬甸語25子音筆順動畫. 新住民語文數位學習教材計畫, Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHG5O5tNcuTL9VsxDe5hd0JBVJnzdlNHD">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHG5O5tNcuTL9VsxDe5hd0JBVJnzdlNHD</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesher-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mesher_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mesher, Gene (2006) Burmese for Beginners, Paiboon Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887521-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-887521-51-8">1-887521-51-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyBowersTun2008" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, David; Bowers, Vicky; Tun, San San Hnin (21 October 2008). <i>Burmese Phrasebook</i> (4 ed.). Footscray: Lonely Planet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burmese+Phrasebook&rft.place=Footscray&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bowers%2C+Vicky&rft.au=Tun%2C+San+San+Hnin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sea-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sea_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert et al. (1989): 5–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlc_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlc_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MLC (1993)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326164522/http://www.myanmarnlp.net.mm/doc/1994_history_of_myanmar_alphabet.pdf">"A History of the Myanmar Alphabet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmarnlp.net.mm/doc/1994_history_of_myanmar_alphabet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Myanmar+Alphabet&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myanmarnlp.net.mm%2Fdoc%2F1994_history_of_myanmar_alphabet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAung-Thwin2005" class="citation book cs1">Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). <i>The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma</i> (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2886-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mists+of+R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a%3A+The+Legend+that+was+Lower+Burma&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2886-8&rft.aulast=Aung-Thwin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1925" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, G. E. (1925). <i>History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824</i>. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+10+March+1824&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbertAnthony_Milner1989" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Patricia M.; Anthony Milner (1989). <i>South-East Asia</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1267-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-East+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1267-6&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rft.au=Anthony+Milner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hosken, Martin. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf">"Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples"</a> (ver. 4). <i>Unicode Technical Note 11</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2003" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). <i>Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80496-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Parallels%3A+Southeast+Asia+in+Global+Context%2C+c.+800%E2%80%931830%2C+volume+1%2C+Integration+on+the+Mainland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80496-7&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Victor+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sawada, Hideo. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020160649/http://www.jseals.org/seals23/sawada2013propertiesh1.pdf">"Some Properties of Burmese Script"</a>. Presented at the <i>23rd Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS23)</i>, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burmese_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Burmese script">Burmese script</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/burmese.htm">Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation</a> at Omniglot</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rishida.net/scripts/pickers/myanmar/">Myanmar Unicode Character Picker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209140126/http://rishida.net/scripts/pickers/myanmar/">Archived</a> 9 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193856/http://www.mmlt.org/portal/myanmar-unicode-public-awareness">Myanmar Unicode Implementation Public Awareness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917005659/http://www.myanmarnlp.net.mm/">Myanmar3 keyboard layout</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820160152/http://www.thanlwinsoft.org/ThanLwinSoft/Downloads/">myWin2.2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/burmese.pdf">ALA-LC romanization system for Burmese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429092416/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Burmese.pdf">BGN/PCGN romanization system for Burmese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmarlanguage.org">Myanmar Language SIG</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aclweb.org/anthology/I/I08/I08-7006.pdf">Myanmar Word Segmentation using Syllable level Longest Matching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmar-dictionary.org/">Myanmar-English dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bamalearnburmese.com/img/resource/Burmese_fonts_guide_JO_2017.pdf">Burmese fonts guide 2017. Using Burmese fonts on a computer</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonts_supporting_Burmese_characters">Fonts supporting Burmese characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fonts supporting Burmese characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Font" class="extiw" title="my:Wikipedia:Font">Burmese Wikipedia:Font page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209213134/http://www.myanmars.net/unicode/">Burmese Unicode & NLP Research Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209233532/http://www.parabaik.info/">Parabaik Myanmar Unicode Project GPLed and OFLed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810232141/http://ayar.co/">Ayar Myanmar online dictionary and download</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/kanaung/downloads/list">Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/kanaung/downloads/detail?name=KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip&can=2&q=">Ka Naung Converter Engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.sil.org/padauk/">Padauk</a> – Free Burmese Unicode font distributed by <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unobusa.org">U.N.O.B. USA</a> has separate download links for <a href="/wiki/Zawgyi_font" title="Zawgyi font">Zawgyi font</a> for Windows, MAC-Apple, and iPhone/iPad.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Font_сonverters"><span id="Font_.D1.81onverters"></span>Font сonverters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Font сonverters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109133550/http://my.duniakitab.com/ThanLwinSoft/ThanLwinSoft/MyanmarUnicode/Conversion/myanmarConverter.php">A Guide to Using Myanmar Unicode: Convert from old Myanmar fonts to Unicode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zawgyi-unicode-converter.myanmartools.org">Zawgyi Unicode Converter | Myanmar Tools – Open Source Zawgyi-One & Standard Myanmar Unicode Converter</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intha-Danu_language" title="Intha-Danu language">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha-Danu_language" title="Intha-Danu language">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myeik_dialect" title="Myeik dialect">Merguiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramree_dialect" title="Ramree dialect">Ramree</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandoway_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandoway dialect (page does not exist)">Sandoway</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavoyan_dialects" title="Tavoyan dialects">Tavoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_dialect" title="Yaw dialect">Yaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar and <br />vocabulary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Phonology</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerical_classifiers" title="Burmese numerical classifiers">Numerical classifiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_postpositions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese postpositions (page does not exist)">Postpositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pronouns" title="Burmese pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Kinship terms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_verbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese verbs (page does not exist)">Verbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_chronicles" title="Burmese chronicles">Royal chronicles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammasattha" title="Dhammasattha">Dhammathat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese poetry">Burmese poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ainggyin" title="Ainggyin">Ainggyin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gyin" title="Égyin">Égyin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawgun" title="Mawgun">Mawgun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyo" title="Pyo">Pyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yadu_(poetry)" title="Yadu (poetry)">Yadu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanbauk_(poetic_form)" title="Thanbauk (poetic form)">Thanbauk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yagan_(poetic_form)" title="Yagan (poetic form)">Yagan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language#Writing_system" title="Burmese language">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Romanization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLC Transcription System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Burmese" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese">BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese English">Burmese English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Language_Commission" title="Myanmar Language Commission">Myanmar Language Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_names" title="Burmese names">Burmese names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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