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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 FCC color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FCC_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatible_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatible_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Compatible color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatible_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_NTSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_NTSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Second NTSC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_NTSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Adoption </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adoption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Asia and the Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Color standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Color television</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="تلفاز ملون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفاز ملون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="রঙিন টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রঙিন টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3_en_color" title="Televisió en color – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Televisió en color" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barevn%C3%A1_televize" title="Barevná televize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barevná televize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbfernsehen" title="Farbfernsehen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farbfernsehen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_en_color" title="Televisión en color – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Televisión en color" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloretako_telebista" title="Koloretako telebista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koloretako telebista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_couleur" title="Télévision couleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télévision couleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilif%C3%ADs_dhaite" title="Teilifís dhaite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilifís dhaite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_en_cor" title="Televisión en cor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Televisión en cor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%AC_%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="컬러 텔레비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬러 텔레비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գունավոր հեռուստատեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գունավոր հեռուստատեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_berwarna" title="Televisi berwarna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi berwarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione_a_colori" title="Televisione a colori – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Televisione a colori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADnes_telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Színes televízió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színes televízió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisyen_warna" title="Televisyen warna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Televisyen warna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleurentelevisie" title="Kleurentelevisie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kleurentelevisie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93" title="カラーテレビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラーテレビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizja_kolorowa" title="Telewizja kolorowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telewizja kolorowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_em_cores" title="Televisão em cores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Televisão em cores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Цветное телевидение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветное телевидение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ණ රූපවාහිනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ණ රූපවාහිනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Color television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Телевизија у боји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизија у боји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizija_u_boji" title="Televizija u boji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Televizija u boji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rg-TV" title="Färg-TV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Färg-TV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renk_sinyali" title="Renk sinyali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renk sinyali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кольорове телебачення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кольорове телебачення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_m%C3%A0u" title="Truyền hình màu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình màu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="彩色電視 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彩色電視" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/RCA_Victor_Color_TV_ad_featuring_milliner_Lilly_Dach%C3%A9%2C_1959.jpg/300px-RCA_Victor_Color_TV_ad_featuring_milliner_Lilly_Dach%C3%A9%2C_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/RCA_Victor_Color_TV_ad_featuring_milliner_Lilly_Dach%C3%A9%2C_1959.jpg/450px-RCA_Victor_Color_TV_ad_featuring_milliner_Lilly_Dach%C3%A9%2C_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/RCA_Victor_Color_TV_ad_featuring_milliner_Lilly_Dach%C3%A9%2C_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>An RCA Victor Color TV ad featuring milliner Lilly Daché in 1959.</figcaption></figure> Color television (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or colour television (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> transmission technology that includes <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> television technology, which displays the image in shades of gray (<a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a>). <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television broadcasting</a> stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white to color transmission between the 1960s and the 1980s. The invention of color television standards was an important part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology_of_television" title="Technology of television">technology of television</a>. Transmission of color images using mechanical scanners had been conceived as early as the 1880s. A demonstration of mechanically scanned color television was given by <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> in 1928, but its limitations were apparent even then. Development of electronic scanning and display made a practical system possible. Monochrome transmission standards were developed prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but civilian electronics development was frozen during much of the war. In August 1944, Baird gave the world's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic color television display. In the United States, competing color standards were developed, finally resulting in the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> color standard that was compatible with the prior monochrome system. Although the NTSC color standard was proclaimed in 1953, and limited programming soon became available, it was not until the early 1970s that color television in North America outsold black-and-white units. Color broadcasting in Europe did not standardize on the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> or <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> formats until the 1960s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Broadcasters began to upgrade from analog color television technology to higher resolution <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2006; the exact year varies by country. While the changeover is complete in many countries, analog television remains in use in some countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> The human eye's detection system in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> consists primarily of two types of light detectors: <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> that capture light, dark, and shapes/figures, and the <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a> that detect color. A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones, which are divided into three types, each one with a characteristic profile of excitability by different wavelengths of the spectrum of visible light. This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness, or "<a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>", than in <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>. However, post-processing of the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high-resolution color image.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The eye has limited bandwidth to the rest of the visual system, estimated at just under 8 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> This manifests itself in a number of ways, but the most important in terms of producing moving images is the way that a series of still images displayed in quick succession will appear to be continuous smooth motion. This illusion starts to work at about 16 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame/s</a>, and common motion pictures use 24 frame/s. Television, using power from the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a>, historically tuned its rate in order to avoid interference with the <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> being supplied – in North America, some Central and South American countries, Taiwan, Korea, part of Japan, the Philippines, and a few other countries, this was 60 <a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">video fields</a> per second to match the 60 Hz power, while in most other countries it was 50 fields per second to match the 50 Hz power. The NTSC color system changed from the <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> 60-fields-per-second standard to 59.94 fields per second to make the color circuitry simpler; the 1950s TV sets had matured enough that the power frequency/field rate mismatch was no longer important. Modern TV sets can display multiple field rates (50, 59.94, or 60, in either interlaced or progressive scan) while accepting power at various frequencies (often the operating range is specified as 48–62 Hz). In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, green, and blue (RGB). When displayed together or in rapid succession, these images will blend together to produce a full-color image as seen by the viewer. To do so without making the images flicker, the refresh time of all three images put together would have to be above the critical limit, and generally the same as a single black and white image. This would require three times the number of images to be sent in the same time, greatly increasing the amount of radio <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> required to send the complete signal and thus similarly increasing the required <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>. Early plans for color television in the United States included a move from <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a> (VHF) to <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">ultra high frequency</a> (UHF) to open up additional spectrum.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the great technical challenges of introducing color <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> was the desire to conserve bandwidth. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee<a href="#cite_note-name-2">[2]</a> approved an all-electronic system developed by <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> that encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color-capable televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the eye to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standard represented a major technical achievement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_television">Early television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early television">edit</a>]</div> Experiments with <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">facsimile</a> image transmission systems that used radio broadcasts to transmit images date to the 19th century. It was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made television practical. A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a "1D" radio signal; some form of image scanning was needed to make this work. Early systems generally used a device known as a "<a href="/wiki/Nipkow_disk" title="Nipkow disk">Nipkow disk</a>", which was a spinning disk with a series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image. A single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot, which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A number of such <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a> systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known was <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>'s, which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years. Indeed, Baird's system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Institution in London in 1926 in what is generally recognized as the first demonstration of a true, working television system.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In spite of these early successes, all mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems. Being mechanically driven, perfect synchronization of the sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure, and irregularities could result in major image distortion. Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small, roughly rectangular area of the disk's surface, so that larger, higher-resolution displays required increasingly unwieldy disks and smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images. Rotating drums bearing small mirrors set at progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high-resolution mechanical scanning, allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced, but such delicate, high-precision optical components were not commercially practical for home receivers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means. Converting this concept into a usable system took years of development and several independent advances. The two key advances were <a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a>'s electronic scanning system, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a> camera. The Iconoscope, based on <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Tihanyi" title="Kálmán Tihanyi">Kálmán Tihanyi</a>'s early patents, superseded the Farnsworth-system. With these systems, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> began regularly scheduled black-and-white television broadcasts in 1936, but these were shut down again with the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939. In this time thousands of television sets had been sold. The receivers developed for this program, notably those from <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd.">Pye Ltd.</a>, played a key role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. By 22 March 1935, 180-line black-and-white television programs were being broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/Fernsehsender_Paul_Nipkow" title="Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow">Paul Nipkow TV station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. In 1936, under the guidance of the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games in Berlin</a> were transmitted to selected small television houses (Fernsehstuben) in Berlin and Hamburg. In 1941, the first <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts. US television broadcasts began in earnest in the immediate post-war era, and by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-mechanical_color">All-mechanical color</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: All-mechanical color">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adamian1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adamian1.jpg/250px-Adamian1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Adamian1.jpg/345px-Adamian1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Adamian1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hovannes_Adamian" title="Hovannes Adamian">Hovannes Adamian</a> c. 1900s</figcaption></figure> The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Polish inventor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Szczepanik" title="Jan Szczepanik">Jan Szczepanik</a> patented a color television system in 1897, using a <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> inventor, <a href="/wiki/Hovannes_Adamian" title="Hovannes Adamian">Hovannes Adamian</a>, also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project is claimed by him,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and was patented in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> on 31 March 1908, patent number 197183, then in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, on 1 April 1908, patent number 7219,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (patent number 390326) and in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1910 (patent number 17912).<a href="#cite_note-tvmuseum.ru-10">[10]</a> Shortly after his practical demonstration of black and white television, on 3 July 1928, Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission. This used scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources, controlled by the signal, at the receiving end, with a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a> to alternate their illumination.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The demonstration was of a young girl wearing different colored hats. The girl, <a href="/wiki/Noele_Gordon" title="Noele Gordon">Noele Gordon</a>, later became a TV actress in the soap opera <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(British_TV_series)" title="Crossroads (British TV series)">Crossroads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Baird also made the world's first color over-the-air broadcast on 4 February 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> studios to a projection screen at London's <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> in June 1929 using three complete systems of <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">photoelectric cells</a>, amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full-color image. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_systems">Hybrid systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hybrid systems">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Color_television" title="Special:EditPage/Color television">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As was the case with black-and-white television, an electronic means of scanning would be superior to the mechanical systems like Baird's. The obvious solution on the broadcast end would be to use three conventional Iconoscopes with colored filters in front of them to produce an RGB signal. Using three separate tubes each looking at the same scene would produce slight differences in parallax between the frames, so in practice a single lens was used with a mirror or prism system to separate the colors for the separate tubes. Each tube captured a complete frame and the signal was converted into radio in a fashion essentially identical to the existing black-and-white systems. The problem with this approach was there was no simple way to recombine them on the receiver end. If each image was sent at the same time on different frequencies, the images would have to be "stacked" somehow on the display, in real time. The simplest way to do this would be to reverse the system used in the camera: arrange three separate black-and-white displays behind colored filters and then optically combine their images using mirrors or prisms onto a suitable screen, like <a href="/wiki/Frosted_glass" title="Frosted glass">frosted glass</a>. <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> built just such a system in order to present the first electronically scanned color television demonstration on 5 February 1940, privately shown to members of the US Federal Communications Commission at the RCA plant in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This system, however, suffered from the twin problems of costing at least three times as much as a conventional black-and-white set, as well as having very dim pictures, the result of the fairly low illumination given off by tubes of the era. Projection systems of this sort would become common decades later, however, with improvements in technology. Another solution would be to use a single screen, but break it up into a pattern of closely spaced colored phosphors instead of an even coating of white. Three receivers would be used, each sending its output to a separate electron gun, aimed at its colored phosphor. However, this solution was not practical. The <a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">electron guns</a> used in monochrome televisions had limited resolution, and if one wanted to retain the resolution of existing monochrome displays, the guns would have to focus on individual dots three times smaller. This was beyond the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_art" title="State of the art">state of the art</a> of the technology at the time. Instead, a number of hybrid solutions were developed that combined a conventional monochrome display with a colored disk or mirror. In these systems the three colored images were sent one after each other, in either complete frames in the "<a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">field-sequential color system</a>", or for each line in the "line-sequential" system. In both cases a colored filter was rotated in front of the display in sync with the broadcast. Since three separate images were being sent in sequence, if they used existing monochrome radio signaling standards they would have an effective refresh rate of only 20 fields, or 10 frames, a second, well into the region where flicker would become visible. In order to avoid this, these systems increased the frame rate considerably, making the signal incompatible with existing monochrome standards. The first practical example of this sort of system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with a rotating colored disk. This device was very "deep", but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better. In 1939, Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark">Peter Carl Goldmark</a> introduced an electro-mechanical system while at <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, which contained an <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a> sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set.<a href="#cite_note-Goldmark1-17">[17]</a> The system was first demonstrated to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) on 29 August 1940, and shown to the press on 4 September.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940, and live cameras by 12 November.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on 20 February 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942, to 20 August 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fully_electronic">Fully electronic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fully electronic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baird_first_color_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Baird_first_color_photo.jpg/220px-Baird_first_color_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Baird_first_color_photo.jpg/330px-Baird_first_color_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Baird_first_color_photo.jpg/440px-Baird_first_color_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>This live image of actress <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Naismith" title="Paddy Naismith">Paddy Naismith</a> was used to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Telechrome" title="Telechrome">Telechrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>'s first all-electronic color television system, which used two projection CRTs. The two-color image would be similar to the basic Telechrome system.</figcaption></figure> As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called the "<a href="/wiki/Telechrome" title="Telechrome">Telechrome</a>". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. Baird's demonstration on 16 August 1944, was the first example of a practical color television system.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended the development of the Telechrome system.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The <a href="/wiki/Geer_tube" title="Geer tube">Geer tube</a> was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The <a href="/wiki/Penetron" title="Penetron">Penetron</a> used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The <a href="/wiki/Chromatron" title="Chromatron">Chromatron</a> used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FCC_color">FCC color</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FCC color">edit</a>]</div> In the immediate post-war era, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) was inundated with requests to set up new television stations. Worrying about congestion of the limited number of channels available, the FCC put a moratorium on all new licenses in 1948 while considering the problem. A solution was immediately forthcoming; rapid development of radio receiver electronics during the war had opened a wide band of higher frequencies to practical use, and the FCC set aside a large section of these new <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> bands for television broadcast. At the time, black-and-white television broadcasting was still in its infancy in the U.S., and the FCC started to look at ways of using this newly available bandwidth for color broadcasts. Since no existing television would be able to tune in these stations, they were free to pick an incompatible system and allow the older <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> channels to die off over time. The FCC called for technical demonstrations of color systems in 1948, and the Joint Technical Advisory Committee (JTAC) was formed to study them. CBS displayed improved versions of its original design, now using a single 6 MHz channel (like the existing black-and-white signals) at 144 fields per second and 405 lines of resolution. <a href="/wiki/Color_Television_Inc." title="Color Television Inc.">Color Television Inc. (CTI)</a> demonstrated its line-sequential system, while <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a> demonstrated a dot-sequential system based on its <a href="/wiki/Beam-index_tube" title="Beam-index tube">beam-index tube</a>-based "Apple" tube technology. Of the entrants, the CBS system was by far the best-developed, and won head-to-head testing every time. While the meetings were taking place it was widely known within the industry that RCA was working on a dot-sequential system that was compatible with existing black-and-white broadcasts, but RCA declined to demonstrate it during the first series of meetings. Just before the JTAC presented its findings, on 25 August 1949, RCA broke its silence and introduced its system as well. The JTAC still recommended the CBS system, and after the resolution of an ensuing RCA lawsuit, color broadcasts using the CBS system started on 25 June 1951. By this point the market had changed dramatically; when color was first being considered in 1948 there were fewer than a million television sets in the U.S., but by 1951 there were well over 10 million. The idea that the VHF band could be allowed to "die" was no longer practical. During its campaign for FCC approval, CBS gave the first demonstrations of color television to the general public, showing an hour of color programs daily Mondays through Saturdays, beginning 12 January 1950, and running for the remainder of the month, over <a href="/wiki/WUSA_(TV)" title="WUSA (TV)">WOIC</a> in Washington, D.C., where the programs could be viewed on eight 16-inch color receivers in a public building.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Due to high public demand, the broadcasts were resumed 13–21 February, with several evening programs added.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> CBS initiated a limited schedule of color broadcasts from its New York station <a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a> Mondays to Saturdays beginning 14 November 1950, making ten color receivers available for the viewing public.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> All were broadcast using the single color camera that CBS owned.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The New York broadcasts were extended by <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> to Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU-TV</a> beginning 13 December,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and to Chicago on 10 January,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> making them the first network color broadcasts. After a series of hearings beginning in September 1949, the FCC found the RCA and CTI systems fraught with technical problems, inaccurate color reproduction, and expensive equipment, and so formally approved the CBS system as the U.S. color broadcasting standard on 11 October 1950. An unsuccessful lawsuit by RCA delayed the first commercial network broadcast in color until 25 June 1951, when a musical variety special titled simply <a href="/wiki/Premiere_(TV_program)" title="Premiere (TV program)">Premiere</a> was shown over a network of five East Coast CBS affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Viewing was again restricted: the program could not be seen on black-and-white sets, and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> estimated that only thirty prototype color receivers were available in the New York area.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Regular color broadcasts began that same week with the daytime series <a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Yours_(TV_series)" title="The World Is Yours (TV series)">The World Is Yours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Homemakers" title="Modern Homemakers">Modern Homemakers</a>. While the CBS color broadcasting schedule gradually expanded to twelve hours per week (but never into prime time),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the color network expanded to eleven affiliates as far west as Chicago,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> its commercial success was doomed by the lack of color receivers necessary to watch the programs, the refusal of television manufacturers to create adapter mechanisms for their existing black-and-white sets,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and the unwillingness of advertisers to sponsor broadcasts seen by almost no one. CBS had bought a television manufacturer in April,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and in September 1951, production began on the only CBS-Columbia color television model, with the first color sets reaching retail stores on 28 September.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> However, it was too little, too late. Only 200 sets had been shipped, and only 100 sold, when CBS discontinued its color television system on 20 October 1951, ostensibly by request of the <a href="/wiki/National_Production_Authority" title="National Production Authority">National Production Authority</a> for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and bought back all the CBS color sets it could to prevent lawsuits by disappointed customers.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> RCA chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> later charged that the NPA's order had come "out of a situation artificially created by one company to solve its own perplexing problems" because CBS had been unsuccessful in its color venture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compatible_color">Compatible color</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compatible color">edit</a>]</div> While the FCC was holding its JTAC meetings, development was taking place on a number of systems allowing true simultaneous color broadcasts, "dot-sequential color systems". Unlike the hybrid systems, dot-sequential televisions used a signal very similar to existing black-and-white broadcasts, with the intensity of every dot on the screen being sent in succession. In 1938 <a href="/wiki/Georges_Valensi" title="Georges Valensi">Georges Valensi</a> demonstrated an encoding scheme that would allow color broadcasts to be encoded so they could be picked up on existing black-and-white sets as well. In his system the output of the three camera tubes were re-combined to produce a single "<a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a>" value that was very similar to a monochrome signal and could be broadcast on the existing VHF frequencies. The color information was encoded in a separate "<a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a>" signal, consisting of two separate signals, the original blue signal minus the luminance (B'–Y'), and red-luma (R'–Y'). These signals could then be broadcast separately on a different frequency; a monochrome set would tune in only the luminance signal on the VHF band, while color televisions would tune in both the luminance and chrominance on two different frequencies, and apply the reverse transforms to retrieve the original RGB signal. The downside to this approach is that it required a major boost in bandwidth use, something the FCC was interested in avoiding. RCA used Valensi's concept as the basis of all of its developments, believing it to be the only proper solution to the broadcast problem. However, RCA's early sets using mirrors and other projection systems all suffered from image and color quality problems, and were easily bested by CBS's hybrid system. But solutions to these problems were in the pipeline, and RCA in particular was investing massive sums (later estimated at $100 million) to develop a usable dot-sequential tube. RCA was beaten to the punch by the <a href="/wiki/Geer_tube" title="Geer tube">Geer tube</a>, which used three B&W tubes aimed at different faces of colored pyramids to produce a color image. All-electronic systems included the <a href="/wiki/Chromatron" title="Chromatron">Chromatron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penetron" title="Penetron">Penetron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beam-index_tube" title="Beam-index tube">beam-index tube</a> that were being developed by various companies. While investigating all of these, RCA's teams quickly started focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_mask" title="Shadow mask">shadow mask</a> system. In July 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_mask" title="Shadow mask">shadow mask</a> color television was patented by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Flechsig" title="Werner Flechsig">Werner Flechsig</a> (1900–1981) in Germany, and was demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/IFA_Berlin" title="IFA Berlin">International radio exhibition Berlin</a> in 1939. Most CRT color televisions used today are based on this technology. His solution to the problem of focusing the electron guns on the tiny colored dots was one of brute-force; a metal sheet with holes punched in it allowed the beams to reach the screen only when they were properly aligned over the dots. Three separate guns were aimed at the holes from slightly different angles, and when their beams passed through the holes the angles caused them to separate again and hit the individual spots a short distance away on the back of the screen. The downside to this approach was that the mask cut off the vast majority of the beam energy, allowing it to hit the screen only 15% of the time, requiring a massive increase in beam power to produce acceptable image brightness. The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using a "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's <a href="/wiki/Kukla,_Fran_and_Ollie" title="Kukla, Fran and Ollie">Kukla, Fran and Ollie</a> on 10 October 1949,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> viewable in color only at the FCC. It did not receive FCC approval. In spite of these problems in both the broadcast and display systems, RCA pressed ahead with development and was ready for a second assault on the standards by 1950. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_NTSC">Second NTSC</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second NTSC">edit</a>]</div> The possibility of a compatible color broadcast system was so compelling that the NTSC decided to re-form, and held a second series of meetings starting in January 1950. Having only recently selected the CBS system, the FCC heavily opposed the NTSC's efforts. One of the FCC Commissioners, R. F. Jones, went so far as to assert that the engineers testifying in favor of a compatible system were "in a conspiracy against the public interest". Unlike the FCC approach where a standard was simply selected from the existing candidates, the NTSC would produce a board that was considerably more pro-active in development. Starting before CBS color even got on the air, the U.S. television industry, represented by the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">National Television System Committee</a>, worked in 1950–1953 to develop a color system that was compatible with existing black-and-white sets and would pass FCC quality standards, with RCA developing the hardware elements. RCA first made publicly announced field tests of the dot sequential color system over its New York station <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBT</a> in July 1951.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> When CBS testified before Congress in March 1953 that it had no further plans for its own color system,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Production_Authority" title="National Production Authority">National Production Authority</a> dropped its ban on the manufacture of color television receivers,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and the path was open for the NTSC to submit its petition for FCC approval in July 1953, which was granted on 17 December.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's <a href="/wiki/Kukla,_Fran_and_Ollie" title="Kukla, Fran and Ollie">Kukla, Fran and Ollie</a> on 30 August 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters. The first network broadcast to go out over the air in NTSC color was a performance of the opera <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> on 31 October 1953. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_introduction_of_color_television_in_countries_and_territories" title="Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries and territories">Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries and territories</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Colour broadcasts from the United States were available to Canadian population centres near the border from the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_goes_colour-52">[52]</a> At the time that NTSC colour broadcasting was officially introduced into Canada in 1966, less than one percent of Canadian households had a colour television set.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_goes_colour-52">[52]</a> Colour television in Canada was launched on the <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>'s (CBC) <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">English language TV service</a> on 1 September 1966.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_goes_colour-52">[52]</a> Private television broadcaster <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> also started colour broadcasts in early September 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Color_is_Expensive-53">[53]</a> The CBC's French-language service, <a href="/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Ici Radio-Canada Télé">Radio-Canada</a>, was broadcasting colour programming on its television network for 15 hours a week in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Full-time colour transmissions started in 1974 on the CBC, with other private sector broadcasters in the country doing so by the end of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_goes_colour-52">[52]</a> The following provinces and areas of Canada introduced colour television by the years as stated <ul><li>Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec (1966; Major networks only – private sector around 1968 to 1972)</li> <li>Newfoundland and Labrador (1967)</li> <li>Nova Scotia, New Brunswick (1968)</li> <li>Prince Edward Island (1969)</li> <li>Yukon (1971)</li> <li>Northwest Territories (including Nunavut) (1972; Major networks in large centers, many remote areas in the far north did not get colour until at least 1977 and 1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuba">Cuba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> Cuba in 1958 became the second country in the world to introduce color television broadcasting, with Havana's Channel 12 using the American <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standard and technology patented by RCA. But the color transmissions ended when broadcasting stations were seized in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> in 1959, and did not return until 1975, using equipment acquired from Japan's <a href="/wiki/NEC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Corporation">NEC Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> equipment from the Soviet Union, adapted for the American NTSC standard.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Camarena" title="Guillermo González Camarena">Guillermo González Camarena</a> independently invented and developed a field-sequential tricolor disk system in Mexico in the late 1930s, for which he requested a patent in Mexico on 19 August 1940, and in the United States in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-US2296019-56">[56]</a> González Camarena produced his color television system in his Gon-Cam laboratory for the Mexican market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago, which regarded it as the best system in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Newcomb-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gon-Cam1-58">[58]</a> Goldmark had actually applied for a patent for the same field-sequential tricolor system in the US on 7 September 1940,<a href="#cite_note-Goldmark1-17">[17]</a> while González Camarena had made his Mexican filing 19 days before, on 19 August. On 31 August 1946, González Camarena sent his first color transmission from his lab in the offices of the Mexican League of Radio Experiments at Lucerna St. No. 1, in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz and the audio in the 40-metre band. He obtained authorization to make the first publicly announced color broadcast in Mexico, on 8 February 1963, of the program Paraíso Infantil on Mexico City's <a href="/wiki/XHGC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="XHGC-TV">XHGC-TV</a>, using the NTSC system that had by now been adopted as the standard for color programming. González Camarena also invented the "simplified Mexican color TV system" as a much simpler and cheaper alternative to the NTSC system.<a href="#cite_note-Simplified-Mexican-59">[59]</a> Due to its simplicity, NASA used a modified version of the system in its Voyager mission of 1979, to take pictures and video of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg/250px-RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg/330px-RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg/500px-RCA_CT-100_screenshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>RCA <a href="/wiki/CT-100" title="CT-100">CT-100</a> at the <a href="/wiki/SPARK_Museum_of_Electrical_Invention" title="SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention">SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1940s_animated_film_series)" title="Superman (1940s animated film series)">Superman</a>. The RCA CT-100 was the first mass-produced color TV set.<a href="#cite_note-lancasteronline-61">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Although all-electronic color was introduced in the US in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tournament of Roses Parade">Tournament of Roses Parade</a>) occurred on 1 January 1954, but over the next dozen years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1956, NBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Perry_Como_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Perry Como Show">The Perry Como Show</a> became the first live network television series to present a majority of episodes in color. The CBS television production of <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_musical)" title="Cinderella (Rodgers and Hammerstein musical)">Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella</a> was broadcast live in color on 31 March 1957. It was their only musical written directly for television, and had the highest one-night number of viewers to date at 107 million.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> CBS's <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Record" title="The Big Record">The Big Record</a>, starring pop vocalist <a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a>, in 1957–1958 became the first television show broadcast in color for an entire season. The production costs for these shows were greater than most movies were at the time, not only because of all the stars featured in the musical and on the hour-long variety extravaganza, but also due to the extremely high-intensity lighting and electronics required for the new <a href="/wiki/RCA_TK-41" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA TK-41">RCA TK-41</a> cameras,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which were the first practical color television cameras. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that autumn. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s pioneering coast-to-coast color broadcast of the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Tournament_of_Roses_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tournament of Roses Parade">Tournament of Roses Parade</a> was accompanied by public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers by manufacturers <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallicrafters" title="Hallicrafters">Hallicrafters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Television" title="Hoffman Television">Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mercury" title="Pacific Mercury">Pacific Mercury</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Two days earlier, Admiral had demonstrated to its distributors the prototype of Admiral's first color television set planned for consumer sale using the NTSC standards, priced at $1,175 (equivalent to $13,758 in 2024). It is not known when actual commercial sales of this receiver began. Production was extremely limited, and no advertisements for it were published in New York newspapers, nor those in Washington, DC.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A color model from Admiral C1617A became available in the Chicago area on 4 January 1954<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and appeared in various stores throughout the country, including those in Maryland on 6 January 1954,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> San Francisco, 14 January 1954,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Indianapolis on 17 January 1954,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Pittsburgh on 25 January 1954,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and Oakland on 26 January 1954,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> among other cities thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A color model from <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_H840CK15" title="Westinghouse H840CK15">Westinghouse H840CK15</a> ($1,295, or equivalent to $15,163 in 2024) became available in the New York area on 28 February 1954;<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Only 30 sets were sold in its first month.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A less expensive color model from RCA (<a href="/wiki/CT-100" title="CT-100">CT-100</a>) reached dealers in April 1954.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Television's first prime time network color series was <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_(American_TV_series)" title="The Marriage (American TV series)">The Marriage</a>, a situation comedy broadcast live by NBC in the summer of 1954.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> NBC's <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Theatre" title="Ford Theatre">Ford Theatre</a> became the first network color-filmed series that October; however, due to the high cost of the first fifteen color episodes, Ford ordered that two black-and-white episodes be filmed for every color episode.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The first series to be filmed entirely in color was NBC's <a href="/wiki/Norby_(TV_series)" title="Norby (TV series)">Norby</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> a sitcom that lasted 13 weeks, from January to April 1955, and was replaced by repeats of Ford Theatre's color episodes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> process introduced in 1947. It was not until September 1956 that NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958, which NBC used to tape <a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Fred_Astaire" title="An Evening with Fred Astaire">An Evening with Fred Astaire</a>, the oldest surviving network color videotape. This system was also used to unveil a demonstration of color television for the press. On 22 May 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the WRC-TV NBC studios in Washington, D.C., and gave a speech touting the new technology's merits. His speech was recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress for posterity.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The syndicated <a href="/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid_(TV_series)" title="The Cisco Kid (TV series)">The Cisco Kid</a> had been filmed in color since 1949 in anticipation of color broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Several other syndicated shows had episodes filmed in color during the 1950s, including <a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)" title="The Lone Ranger (TV series)">The Lone Ranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Friend_Flicka_(TV_series)" title="My Friend Flicka (TV series)">My Friend Flicka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Superman_(TV_series)" title="Adventures of Superman (TV series)">Adventures of Superman</a>. The first was carried by some stations equipped for color telecasts well before NBC began its regular weekly color dramas in 1959, beginning with the Western series <a href="/wiki/Bonanza" title="Bonanza">Bonanza</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] NBC was at the forefront of color programming because its parent company RCA manufactured the most successful line of color sets in the 1950s and, at the end of August 1956, announced that in comparison with 1955–56 (when only three of its regularly scheduled programs were broadcast in color) the 1956–57 season would feature 17 series in color.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By 1959 RCA was the only remaining major manufacturer of color sets,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> competitors having discontinued models that used RCA picture tubes because of poor sales, while working on their own improved tube designs.<a href="#cite_note-time19580630-90">[90]</a> CBS and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, not affiliated with set manufacturers and not eager to promote their competitor's product, were much slower to broadcast in color.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-time19580630-90">[90]</a> CBS broadcast color specials and sometimes aired its big weekly variety shows in color, but it offered no regularly scheduled color programming until the fall of 1965. At least one CBS show, <a href="/wiki/The_Lucy_Show" title="The Lucy Show">The Lucy Show</a>, was filmed in color beginning in 1963, but continued to be telecast in black and white through the end of the 1964–65 season. ABC delayed its first color programs until 1962, but these were initially only broadcasts of the cartoon shows <a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jetsons" title="The Jetsons">The Jetsons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beany_and_Cecil" title="Beany and Cecil">Beany and Cecil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a> network, although it did have a television-manufacturing parent company, was in financial decline by 1954 and was dissolved two years later.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The only known original color programming broadcast over the DuMont network was a <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a> <a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving game</a> from New Jersey in 1957, a year after the network had ceased regular operations.<a href="#cite_note-disappearing_tradition-94">[94]</a> The relatively small amount of network color programming, combined with the high cost of color television sets, meant that as late as 1964 only 3.1 percent of television households in the US had a color set. However, by the mid-1960s, the subject of color programming turned into a ratings war. A 1965 <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Audio" title="Nielsen Audio">American Research Bureau (ARB)</a> study that proposed an emerging trend in color television set sales convinced NBC that a full shift to color would gain a ratings advantage over its two competitors.<a href="#cite_note-tvobscurities.com-95">[95]</a> As a result, NBC provided the catalyst for rapid color expansion by announcing that its <a href="/wiki/1965-66_United_States_network_television_schedule" class="mw-redirect" title="1965-66 United States network television schedule">prime time schedule for fall 1965</a> would be almost entirely in color.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> ABC and CBS followed suit and over half of their combined prime-time programming also moved to color that season, but they were still reluctant to telecast all their programming in color due to production costs.<a href="#cite_note-tvobscurities.com-95">[95]</a> All three broadcast networks were airing full color prime time schedules by the <a href="/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1966–67 United States network television schedule">1966–67 broadcast season</a>, and ABC aired its last new black-and-white daytime programming in December 1967.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Public broadcasting networks like <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">NET</a>, however, did not use color for a majority of their programming until 1968. The number of color television sets sold in the US did not exceed black-and-white sales until 1972, which was also the first year that more than fifty percent of television households in the US had a color set.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This was also the year that "in color" notices before color television programs ended[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], due to the rise in color television set sales, and color programming having become the norm. In a display of foresight, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> had filmed many of its earlier shows in color so they were able to be repeated on NBC, and since most of Disney's feature-length films were also made in color, they could now also be telecast in that format. To emphasize the new feature, the series was re-dubbed <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney anthology television series">Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color</a>, which premiered in September 1961, and retained that moniker until 1969.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> By the mid-1970s, the only stations broadcasting in black-and-white were a few high-numbered UHF stations in small markets, and a handful of low-power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color and by the early 1980s, B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets, notably low-power uses, small portable sets, or use as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These black-and-white displays were still compatible with color signals and remained usable through the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st Century for uses that did not require a full color display. The <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States" title="Digital television transition in the United States">digital television transition in the United States</a> in 2009 rendered the remaining black-and-white television sets obsolete; all digital television receivers are capable of displaying full color. Color broadcasting in Hawaii started on 5 May 1957.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> One of the last television stations in North America to convert to color, <a href="/wiki/WINP-TV" title="WINP-TV">WQEX</a> (now WINP-TV) in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, started broadcasting in color on 16 October 1986, after its black-and-white transmitter, which dated from the 1950s, broke down in February 1985 and the parts required to fix it were no longer available. The owner of WQEX, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station <a href="/wiki/WQED_(TV)" title="WQED (TV)">WQED</a>, used some of its pledge money to buy a color transmitter.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Early color sets were either floor-standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy, so in practice, they remained firmly anchored in one place. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE's</a> relatively compact and lightweight <a href="/wiki/Porta-Color" title="Porta-Color">Porta-Color</a> set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition. In 1972, the year sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black-and-white sets, the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color, resulting in the first completely all-color network season.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> The first two color television broadcasts in Europe were made by early tests in France (<a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>) between 1963 and 1966, then officially launched in October 1967 and by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a> beginning on 1 July 1967 and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> in August, both using the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> system. They were followed by the Netherlands in September (PAL). On 1 October 1968, the first scheduled television program in color was broadcast in Switzerland. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and Hungary all started regular color broadcasts around 1969–1970. Ireland's national TV station <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> began using color in 1968 for recorded programs; the first <a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">outside broadcast</a> made in color for RTÉ Television was when Ireland hosted the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1971" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1971">in Dublin in 1971</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RTÉ_Archives-102">[102]</a> The PAL system spread through most of Western Europe. More European countries introduced color television using the PAL system in the 1970s and early 1980s; examples include <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (1971, but not fully implemented until 1972), <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1972, but not fully implemented until 1977), <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (1973, but not fully implemented until 1976), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (1975, but not fully implemented until 1980), <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (1981) and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (1983, but not fully implemented until 1985–1991). In Italy there were debates to adopt a national color television system, the ISA, developed by <a href="/wiki/Indesit" title="Indesit">Indesit</a>, but that idea was scrapped. As a result, and after a test during the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>, Italy was one of the last European countries to officially adopt the PAL system in the 1976–1977 season.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">France</a>, Luxembourg, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Eastern Bloc</a> along with their overseas territories opted for <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>. SECAM was a popular choice in countries with much hilly terrain, and countries with a very large installed base of older monochrome equipment, which could cope much better with the greater ruggedness of the SECAM signal. However, for many countries the decision was more down to politics than technical merit. A drawback of SECAM for production is that, unlike PAL or NTSC, certain post-production operations of encoded SECAM signals are not really possible without a significant drop in quality. As an example, a simple fade to black is trivial in NTSC and PAL: one merely reduces the signal level until it is zero. However, in SECAM the color difference signals, which are frequency modulated, need first to be decoded to e.g. RGB, then the fade-to-black is applied, and finally the resulting signal is re-encoded into SECAM. Because of this, much SECAM video editing was actually done using PAL equipment, then the resultant signal was converted to SECAM. Another drawback of SECAM is that <a href="/wiki/Comb_filter" title="Comb filter">comb filtering</a>, allowing better color separation, is of limited use in SECAM receivers. This was not, however, much of a drawback in the early days of SECAM as such filters were not readily available in high-end TV sets before the 1990s. The first regular color broadcasts in SECAM were started on 1 October 1967, on <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France's Second Channel (ORTF 2e chaîne)</a>. In France and the UK color broadcasts were made on <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">625-line</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> frequencies, the <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> band being used for black and white, <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a> in UK or <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 lines</a> in France, until the beginning of the 1980s. Countries elsewhere that were already broadcasting 625-line monochrome on VHF and UHF, simply transmitted color programs on the same channels. Some British television programs, particularly those made by or for <a href="/wiki/ITC_Entertainment" title="ITC Entertainment">ITC Entertainment</a>, were shot on color film before the introduction of color television to the UK, for the purpose of sales to US networks. The first British show to be made in color was the drama series <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sir_Lancelot" title="The Adventures of Sir Lancelot">The Adventures of Sir Lancelot</a> (1956–57), which was initially made in black and white but later shot in color for sale to the <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> network in the United States. Other British color television programs made before the introduction of color television in the UK include <a href="/wiki/Stingray_(1964_TV_series)" title="Stingray (1964 TV series)">Stingray</a> (1964–1965), which was claimed to be the first British TV show to be filmed entirely in color, although when this claim was made in the 1960s it was protested by Francis Coudrill who said his series The Stoopendus Adventures of Hank had been shot entirely in color some years previously;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)" title="Thunderbirds (TV series)">Thunderbirds</a> (1965–1966), <a href="/wiki/The_Baron_(TV_series)" title="The Baron (TV series)">The Baron</a> (1966–1967), <a href="/wiki/The_Saint_(TV_series)" title="The Saint (TV series)">The Saint</a> (from 1966 to 1969), <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(TV_series)" title="The Avengers (TV series)">The Avengers</a> (from 1967 to 1969), <a href="/wiki/Man_in_a_Suitcase" title="Man in a Suitcase">Man in a Suitcase</a> (1967–1968), <a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner" title="The Prisoner">The Prisoner</a> (1967–1968) and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Scarlet_and_the_Mysterons" title="Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons">Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons</a> (1967–1968). However, most UK series predominantly made using videotape, such as <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> (1963–89; 2005–present) did not begin color production until later, with the first color Doctor Who episodes not airing until 1970. (The first four, comprising the story <a href="/wiki/Spearhead_from_Space" title="Spearhead from Space">Spearhead from Space</a>, were shot on film owing to a technician's strike, with videotape being used thereafter). Although marginal, some UK viewers are still using black and white tv sets. The number of black and white <a href="/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television licensing in the United Kingdom">licenses</a> issued was 212000 in 2000 and 6586 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The last country in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to introduce color television was <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_the_Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Asia and the Pacific">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Television" title="Nippon Television">NTV</a> introduced color television, using a variation of the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> system (called <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>) on 10 September 1960, making it the first country in Asia to introduce color television. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (1966) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (1969) also adopted the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> system. Other countries in the region instead used the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> system, starting with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (1974, originally scheduled for 1972 and tested in 1967, but not fully implemented until 1975–1978), and then <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (1967–69; this country converted from 525-line NTSC to 625-line PAL), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (1967–70), the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (1970, but not fully implemented until 1984), <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (1974, but not fully implemented until 1979–82), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (1976, but not fully implemented until 1982), <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (1978, but not fully implemented until 1980), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (1979, but not fully implemented until 1982–86), <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> (1980), and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> did not introduce color television (using <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>) until 1980–1981, although it was already manufacturing color television sets for export. The last country in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the world to introduce color television was <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> in 1986. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> The People's Republic of China began plans and early testing for color TV as early as 1960, but were quickly cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-cn_early_color_tv_research-107">[107]</a> China started testing again in 1970 and adopted <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> the next year. <a href="#cite_note-uestc_weibo-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Regular full-time color broadcasts on what is now <a href="/wiki/CCTV-2" title="CCTV-2">CCTV-2</a> since October 1973, and full-time color transmissions for the CCTV's then-two channels since July 1977. The following provinces and areas of China introduced color television by the years as stated: <ul><li>Beijing (1973)</li> <li>Shanghai (1974)</li> <li>Guangdong (1976)</li> <li>Jilin (1977)</li> <li>Fujian and Hainan (1978)</li> <li>Inner Mongolia (1979)</li> <li>Ningxia (1980)</li> <li>Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Heilionjiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong and Shanxi (1981)</li> <li>Xinjiang (1982, peripheral in 1984) <a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Henan (1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> Nearly all of the countries in the Middle East use PAL. The first country in the Middle East to introduce color television was Lebanon in 1967. Jordan, Iraq and Oman, become second in the early-1970s. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar followed in the mid-1970s, but Israel and Cyprus continued to broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s. Israeli television even erased the color signals using a device called the <a href="/wiki/Color_killer#Color_eraser_(Mehikon)" title="Color killer">mehikon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> The first color television service in Africa was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzanian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, in 1973, using PAL.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 1973 also, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> broadcast the OCAMM Conference, in color, using SECAM. At the time, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> did not have a television service at all, owing to opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime, but in 1976, one was <a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Africa#Introduction_of_television" title="Television in South Africa">finally launched</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> adopted PAL for color transmissions in 1974 in the Benue Plateau state in the north central region of the country, but countries such as <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> continued with black and white until 1985 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service">Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service</a> (SLBS) started television broadcasting in 1963 as a cooperation between the SLBS and commercial interests; coverage was extended to all districts in 1978 when the service was also upgraded to color.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Therefore, the list of the countries in color TV in Africa: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (1972)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (1972)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (1973)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (1973)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> (1973)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (1974)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (1974)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> (1975)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (1975)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (1975)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (1976)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (1976)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (1976)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/60px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> (1977)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/60px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (1977)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (1977)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> (1978)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (1978)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (1978)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> (1978)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> (1978)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/40px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/60px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> (1979)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (1979)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/60px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> (1981)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> (1981)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> (1982)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> (1982)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (1983)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (1983)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1984)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (1984)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (1984)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (1984)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (1984)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> (1985)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (1985)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1985)</li></ul> The last country in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> to introduce color television was <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> in 1985. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> Unlike most other countries in the Americas, which had adopted <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, Brazil began broadcasting in color using <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>, on 19 February 1972. Ecuador was the first South American country to broadcast in color using <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, on 5 November 1974. In 1978, Argentina started international broadcasting in color using <a href="/wiki/PAL-B" class="mw-redirect" title="PAL-B">PAL-B</a> in connection with the country's hosting of the <a href="/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1978 FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>. However domestic color broadcasting remained black & white with only some hours of color broadcasting per day, until 1 May 1980 when regular broadcasting started using <a href="/wiki/PAL-N" class="mw-redirect" title="PAL-N">PAL-N</a>, a variation of PAL-B specially suited for Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Also in April 1978, Chile adopted color television officially through the NTSC standard, This led to experimental broadcasts during the <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar_International_Song_Festival" title="Viña del Mar International Song Festival">Viña del Mar Festival</a> and the widespread use of color TV during the 1978 FIFA World Cup, followed by the charity event Teletón in December of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some other countries in South America, including Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay [1981], did not broadcast full-time color television until the early 1980s. Cor Dillen, director and later <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> of the South American branch of <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, was responsible for bringing color television to South America.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_standards">Color standards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Color standards">edit</a>]</div> There are three main analog <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a> in use around the world, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> (Phase Alternating Line), <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (National Television Standards Committee), and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> (Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire—Sequential Color with Memory). The system used in The Americas and part of the Far East is NTSC. Most of Asia, Western Europe, Australia, Africa, and Eastern South America use PAL (though Brazil and Cambodia uses a hybrid PAL-M system). Eastern Europe and France uses SECAM.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Generally, a device (such as a television) can only read or display video encoded to a standard that the device is designed to support; otherwise, the source must be converted (such as when European programs are broadcast in North America or vice versa). This table illustrates the differences:<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>NTSC M </th> <th>PAL B,G,H </th> <th>PAL I </th> <th>PAL N </th> <th>PAL M </th> <th>SECAM B,G,H </th> <th>SECAM D,K,K' </th> <th>SECAM L </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lines/Fields </td> <td>525/60 </td> <td>625/50 </td> <td>625/50 </td> <td>625/50 </td> <td>525/60 </td> <td>625/50 </td> <td>625/50 </td> <td>625/50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horizontal Frequency </td> <td>15.734 kHz </td> <td>15.625 kHz </td> <td>15.625 kHz </td> <td>15.625 kHz </td> <td>15.750 kHz </td> <td>15.625 kHz </td> <td>15.625 kHz </td> <td>15.625 kHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vertical Frequency </td> <td>60 Hz </td> <td>50 Hz </td> <td>50 Hz </td> <td>50 Hz </td> <td>60 Hz </td> <td>50 Hz </td> <td>50 Hz </td> <td>50 Hz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Color Subcarrier Frequency </td> <td>3.579545 MHz </td> <td>4.43361875 MHz </td> <td>4.43361875 MHz </td> <td>3.582056 MHz </td> <td>3.575611 MHz </td> <td>4.25000/4.40625 MHz[1] </td> <td>4.25000/4.40625 MHz[1] </td> <td>4.25000/4.40625 MHz[1] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Video Bandwidth </td> <td>4.2 MHz </td> <td>5.0 MHz </td> <td>5.5 MHz </td> <td>4.2 MHz </td> <td>4.2 MHz </td> <td>5.0 MHz </td> <td>6.0 MHz </td> <td>6.0 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sound Carrier </td> <td>4.5 MHz </td> <td>5.5 MHz </td> <td>5.9996 MHz </td> <td>4.5 MHz </td> <td>4.5 MHz </td> <td>5.5 MHz </td> <td>6.5 MHz </td> <td>6.5 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Video Modulation </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Negative </td> <td>Positive </td></tr></tbody></table> [1] For SECAM the color sub-carrier alternates between 4.25000 MHz for the lines containing the Db color signal and 4.40625 MHz for the Dr signal (both are frequency modulated unlike both PAL and NTSC, which are phase modulated). The frequency of the sub-carrier is the only means that the decoder has of determining which color difference signal is actually being transmitted. <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital television broadcasting</a> standards, such as <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a>, have superseded these analog transmission standards in many countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization#Ban_on_color_TV" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Ban on CBS Color TVs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam-index_tube" title="Beam-index tube">Beam-index tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triniscope" title="Triniscope">Triniscope</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/40px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/60px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/120px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Michael Reilly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9633-calculating-the-speed-of-sight">"Calculating the speed of sight"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910114905/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9633-calculating-the-speed-of-sight/">Archived</a> 10 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Scientist, 28 July 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-name-2"><a href="#cite_ref-name_2-0">^</a> National Television System Committee (1951–1953), [Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports, and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission, n.p., 1953], 17 v. illus., diagrams., tables. 28 cm. LC Control No.:54021386 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&PAGE=First">Library of Congress Online Catalog</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/baird_logie.shtml">"BBC - History - John Logie Baird"</a>. Retrieved 25 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+History+-+John+Logie+Baird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbaird_logie.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKammBaird" class="citation book cs1">Kamm, Antony; Baird, John. 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V.K. Zworykin with Frederick Olessi, Iconoscope: An Autobiography of Vladimir Zworykin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidsarnoff.org/vkz-chapter10.html">Chapter 10 – Television Becomes a Reality, 1945–1954</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419083408/http://www.davidsarnoff.org/vkz-chapter10.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1971. "The system used two color filters in combination with photocells and a flying spot scanner for pickup." Alfred V. 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Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2480571">U.S. Patent 2,480,571</a>, filed 7 September 1940. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Current Broadcasting 1940 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "Color Television Success in Test", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 30 August 1940, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "Color Television Achieves Realism", The New York Times, 5 September 1940, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120">New Television System Transmits Images in Full Color</a>", Popular Science, December 1940, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Color Television Success in Test", The New York Times, 30 August 1940, p. 21. "CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television", <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, 5 September 1940, p. 1. "Television Hearing Set", The New York Times, 13 November 1940, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Ed Reitan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colortelevision.info/rca-nbc_firsts.html">RCA-NBC Color Firsts in Television (commented)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20141225155750/http://colortelevision.info/rca-nbc_firsts.html">Archived</a> 25 December 2014 at Wikiwix </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22", The New York Times, 8 March 1942, p. 1. "Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations", The Wall Street Journal, 3 June 1942, p. 4. "WPB Cancels 210 Controls; Radios, Trucks in Full Output", The New York Times, 21 August 1945, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Bob Cooper, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/color_tv_cooper.html">Television: The Technology That Changed Our Lives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223155937/http://www.earlytelevision.org/color_tv_cooper.html">Archived</a> December 23, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Early Television Foundation. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHempstead2005" class="citation book cs1">Hempstead, Colin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediathce00hemp">Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology</a>. 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"Video Color Test Begins on C.B.S.", The New York Times, 14 November 1950, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "CBS Color Preview Seen By 2,000 in Philadelphia", The Wall Street Journal, 16 December 1950, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "CBS to Display Color Video in City Next Week", Chicago Tribune, 6 January 1951, television and radio section, p. C4. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> "Preview of CBS Color TV Wins City's Acclaim", Chicago Tribune, 10 January 1951, p. A8. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "C.B.S. Color Video Presents a 'First'", The New York Times, 26 June 1951, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Four-hundred guests watched the premiere commercial broadcast on eight color receivers at a CBS studio in New York, as no color receivers were available to the general public. "C.B.S. Color Video Presents a 'First'", The New York Times, 26 June 1951, p. 31. A total of about 40 color receivers was available in the five cities on the color network. The CBS affiliate in Washington had three receivers and a monitor. "First Sponsored TV in Color Praised by WTOP Audience", The Washington Post, 26 June 1951, p. 1. Most of the remainder of the prototype color receivers were given to advertisers sponsoring the color broadcasts. "Today, June 25, 1951, is a turning point in broadcasting history" (WTOP-TV advertisement), The Washington Post, 25 June 1951, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ed Reitan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206003312/http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/CBS_Color_Programming_rev_h.htm#ProgressColorcasting">Progress of CBS Colorcasting</a>", Programming for the CBS Color System. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206003312/http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/CBS_Color_Programming_rev_h.htm#affiliates">CBS Color System Network Affiliates</a>", Programming for the CBS Color System. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "CBS Color System Makes Television Set Makers See Red", The Wall Street Journal, 17 October 1950, p. 1. Three exceptions among the major television manufacturers were <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>, which offered 11 models that could show CBS color broadcasts in black-and-white; and <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)">Westinghouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(electrical_appliances)" title="Admiral (electrical appliances)">Admiral</a>, which offered adapters to receive color broadcasts in black and white. "Philco Offers 11 TV Sets To Receive CBS Color TV in Black and White", The Wall Street Journal, 4 June 1951, p. 9. "Westinghouse to Sell Adapter for CBS Color TV Signals", The Wall Street Journal, 7 August 1951, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> "Hytron's Deal With CBS Seen TV Color Aid", The Washington Post, 12 April 1951, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "CBS Subsidiary Starts Mass Production of Color Television Sets", The Wall Street Journal, 13 September 1951, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8">Para-TV Color Sets To Go On Sale Soon</a>", <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>, 6 October 1951, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCEEAAAAMBAJ&q=cbs+color">Text of Note to CBS Asking Color Set Halt</a>", Billboard, 27 October 1951, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> "Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step", The New York Times, 20 October 1951, p. 1. "Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry", The New York Times, 22 October 1951, p. 23. Ed Reitan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">CBS Field Sequential Color System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105183213/http://novia.net/~ereitan/Color_Sys_CBS.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmBKjL00BSA">"Kukla, Fran and Ollie" broadcast</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "RCA to Test Color TV System On Three Shows Daily Beginning Today", The Wall Street Journal, 9 July 1951, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV", The Washington Post, 26 March 1953, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "N.P.A. Decides to End Restrictions on Output Of Color TV Sets", The Wall Street Journal, 21 March 1953, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once", The New York Times, 19 December 1953, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_goes_colour-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_goes_colour_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_goes_colour_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_goes_colour_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_goes_colour_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCBC_Staff1991" class="citation news cs1">CBC Staff (5 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194040/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/media/canada-tunes-in-the-early-years-of-radio-and-tv/cbc-in-living-colour.html">"CBC in Living Colour"</a>. CBC News. Ottawa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/media/canada-tunes-in-the-early-years-of-radio-and-tv/cbc-in-living-colour.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=CBC+in+Living+Colour&rft.date=1991-09-05&rft.au=CBC+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmedia%2Fcanada-tunes-in-the-early-years-of-radio-and-tv%2Fcbc-in-living-colour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Color_is_Expensive-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Color_is_Expensive_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yWhkAAAAIBAJ&dq=introduction%20of%20colour%20television%20in%20canada&pg=3834%2C322129">"Color It Expensive"</a>. The Calgary Herald. Calgary, Alberta. 1 September 1966. p. 4. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Color+It+Expensive&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1966-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DyWhkAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dintroduction%2520of%2520colour%2520television%2520in%2520canada%26pg%3D3834%252C322129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/src-radio-canada-network">"SRC Radio-Canada Network – History of Canadian Broadcasting"</a>. www.broadcasting-history.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226073947/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/src-radio-canada-network">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.broadcasting-history.ca&rft.atitle=SRC+Radio-Canada+Network+%E2%80%93+History+of+Canadian+Broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Flisting_and_histories%2Fsrc-radio-canada-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Roberto Diaz-Martin, "The Recent History of Satellite Communications in Cuba", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch19.htm">Selection of a Color Standard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225231626/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch19.htm">Archived</a> 25 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217, 1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-US2296019-56"><a href="#cite_ref-US2296019_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Camarena,_Guillermo" class="citation web cs1">González Camarena, Guillermo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2296019">"Chromoscopic adapter for television equipment"</a>. Patent No. US 2,296,019. filed in Mexico 19 August 1940, filed in US 1941, patented 1942. United States Patent Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425205657/https://www.google.com/patents/US2296019">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patent+No.+US+2%2C296%2C019&rft.atitle=Chromoscopic+adapter+for+television+equipment&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Camarena%2C+Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2296019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newcomb-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Newcomb_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb,_Horace2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Newcomb, Horace (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUzIAgAAQBAJ&q=gon-cam+columbia+gonzalez+camarena">Encyclopedia of Television, second edition</a>. Vol. 1 A-C. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-411-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-411-X"><bdi>1-57958-411-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Television%2C+second+edition&rft.pages=1484&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57958-411-X&rft.au=Newcomb%2C+Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUzIAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgon-cam%2Bcolumbia%2Bgonzalez%2Bcamarena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gon-Cam1-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Gon-Cam1_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPIVAQAAMAAJ&q=gon-cam+columbia">"Historia de la televisión en México"</a>. Boletín de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística. 97–99. Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística: 287. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Mexicana+de+Geograf%C3%ADa+y+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=Historia+de+la+televisi%C3%B3n+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.volume=97-99&rft.pages=287&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPIVAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgon-cam%2Bcolumbia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simplified-Mexican-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Simplified-Mexican_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Solomon1964" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie Solomon (July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Electronics-World/60s/1964/Electronics-World-1964-07.pdf">"Simplified Mexican Color TV"</a> (PDF). Electronics World. 72 (1): 48 and 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics+World&rft.atitle=Simplified+Mexican+Color+TV&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48+and+71&rft.date=1964-07&rft.au=Leslie+Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Electronics-World%2F60s%2F1964%2FElectronics-World-1964-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> ^ *Enrique Krauze – Guillermo Gonzalez-Camarena Jr. "50 años de la televisión mexicana" (50th anniversary of Mexican TV) – 1999 Mexican TV documentary produced by Editorial Clío & Televisa, broadcast in 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-lancasteronline-61"><a href="#cite_ref-lancasteronline_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lancasteronline.com/news/rca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube/article_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497.html">"news/rca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube/article_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497"</a>. lancasteronline.com. 7 June 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lancasteronline.com&rft.atitle=news%2Frca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube%2Farticle_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flancasteronline.com%2Fnews%2Frca-pioneers-remember-making-the-first-color-tv-tube%2Farticle_2d5e6fb1-6c7d-55ce-82b8-255fe3c15497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler2006" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Jeremy G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rWFRLVyvY0C&q=color+television+December+17+1953&pg=PA290">Television: Critical Methods and Applications</a>. Psychology Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410614742" title="Special:BookSources/9781410614742"><bdi>9781410614742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television%3A+Critical+Methods+and+Applications&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781410614742&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rWFRLVyvY0C%26q%3Dcolor%2Btelevision%2BDecember%2B17%2B1953%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rodgersandhammerstein.com/production/cinderella/1957-live-television-broadcast/">"Cinderella - 1957 Live Television Broadcast"</a>. 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinderella+-+1957+Live+Television+Broadcast&rft.date=2020-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frodgersandhammerstein.com%2Fproduction%2Fcinderella%2F1957-live-television-broadcast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould1954" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gould" title="Jack Gould">Gould, Jack</a> (1 January 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/01/01/83743685.html?pageNumber=19">"Television in Review / Intra-Industry Row Over TV Color Credits Beginning to Assume Silly Proportions"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Television+in+Review+%2F+Intra-Industry+Row+Over+TV+Color+Credits+Beginning+to+Assume+Silly+Proportions&rft.date=1954-01-01&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1954%2F01%2F01%2F83743685.html%3FpageNumber%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Television in Review: N.B.C. Color". The New York Times. 5 January 1954. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Television+in+Review%3A+N.B.C.+Color&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1954-01-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"First Admiral Color TV". The New York Times. 31 December 1953. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+Admiral+Color+TV&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1953-12-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Admiral's First Color TV Set". The Wall Street Journal. 31 December 1953. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Admiral%27s+First+Color+TV+Set&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1953-12-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kWAbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5574%2C5806019">"TV Firm Moves to Golden Triangle"</a>. The Pittsburgh Press. 23 February 1954. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=TV+Firm+Moves+to+Golden+Triangle&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1954-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkWAbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5574%252C5806019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"Admiral introduces their first color set in Chicago"</a>. Pittsburgh Press. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=Admiral+introduces+their+first+color+set+in+Chicago&rft.date=1954-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"Invitation to see Admiral color set"</a>. The Cumberland News. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cumberland+News&rft.atitle=Invitation+to+see+Admiral+color+set&rft.date=1954-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"Orders taken on a priority basis"</a>. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Orders+taken+on+a+priority+basis&rft.date=1954-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"Admiral color set at dealer open house"</a>. The Indianapolis Star. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=Admiral+color+set+at+dealer+open+house&rft.date=1954-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"Purchase price $1,175.00 installed with your existing antenna"</a>. The New Palladium. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palladium&rft.atitle=Purchase+price+%241%2C175.00+installed+with+your+existing+antenna&rft.date=1954-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"See your first color television at Maxwells"</a>. The Oakland Tribune. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=See+your+first+color+television+at+Maxwells&rft.date=1954-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visions4netjournal.com/admiral-c1617a-color-tv/">"Admiral C1617A Color TV"</a>. visions4netjournal.com. 12 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visions4netjournal.com&rft.atitle=Admiral+C1617A+Color+TV&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisions4netjournal.com%2Fadmiral-c1617a-color-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Westinghouse display ad". The New York Times. 28 February 1954. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Westinghouse+display+ad&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1954-02-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "Color TV Reduced by Westinghouse", 2 April 1954, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> RCA's manufacture of color sets began on 25 March 1954, and 5,000 Model CT-100s were produced. Initially $1,000, its price was cut to $495 in August 1954 ($5,796 in today's dollars). "R.C.A. Halves Cost of Color TV Sets", The New York Times, 10 August 1954, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "News of TV and Radio", The New York Times, 20 June 1954, p. X11. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> After 15 episodes in color, Ford reduced costs by making only every third episode in color. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10">Ford Cuts Back on Color Film</a>", Billboard, 30 October 1954, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFno_byline1955" class="citation magazine cs1">no byline (26 March 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Norby+color+David+Wayne&pg=PA2">"Eastman May Spot-Book 'Norby' Color"</a>. Billboard. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Eastman+May+Spot-Book+%27Norby%27+Color&rft.date=1955-03-26&rft.au=no+byline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliEEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DNorby%2Bcolor%2BDavid%2BWayne%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9R0EAAAAMBAJ&q=Norby+David+Wayne&pg=PA5">"Kodak to Sub Gems' 'Fords' for 'Norby'"</a>. Billboard. 28 August 1954. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Kodak+to+Sub+Gems%27+%27Fords%27+for+%27Norby%27&rft.date=1954-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9R0EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DNorby%2BDavid%2BWayne%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland, 2003, p. 74. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1220-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1220-4">978-0-7864-1220-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrew_Desilver2015" class="citation web cs1">Drew Desilver (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/02/13/from-telegrams-to-instagram-a-look-at-presidents-and-technology/">"From telegrams to Instagram, a look at presidents and technology"</a>. Pew Research. Retrieved 29 October 2023. <q>Although Harry Truman's 1949 inauguration was the first to be televised, Eisenhower proved to be the first real television president. His 1952 campaign introduced TV ads; on Jan. 19, 1955 he held the first presidential press conference to be covered by television as well as by radio and motion-picture newsreels; and in 1958 Eisenhower became the first president to appear on color TV.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=From+telegrams+to+Instagram%2C+a+look+at+presidents+and+technology&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.au=Drew+Desilver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2015%2F02%2F13%2Ffrom-telegrams-to-instagram-a-look-at-presidents-and-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMascaro2012" class="citation book cs1">Mascaro, Tom (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzZu1JDE5-sC&dq=library+of+congress+eisenhower+in+color+tv&pg=PA57">Into the Fray: How NBC's Washington Documentary Unit Reinvented the News</a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597975575" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597975575"><bdi>978-1597975575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Fray%3A+How+NBC%27s+Washington+Documentary+Unit+Reinvented+the+News&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1597975575&rft.aulast=Mascaro&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzZu1JDE5-sC%26dq%3Dlibrary%2Bof%2Bcongress%2Beisenhower%2Bin%2Bcolor%2Btv%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47">'Cisco Kid' for TV Via Pact With Ziv</a>", Billboard, September 24, 1949, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14">Ziv to Shoot All New Series in B & W and Color Versions</a>", Billboard, 4 April 1953, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams1956" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Val (31 August 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/08/31/121450267.html?pageNumber=35">"N. B. C.-TV Lists Colorful Plans / 17 Series of Tinted Shows Slated on Regular Basis, an Increase of 14"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=N.+B.+C.-TV+Lists+Colorful+Plans+%2F+17+Series+of+Tinted+Shows+Slated+on+Regular+Basis%2C+an+Increase+of+14&rft.date=1956-08-31&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Val&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1956%2F08%2F31%2F121450267.html%3FpageNumber%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> RCA made about 95 percent of the color television sets sold in the US in 1960. Peter Bart, "Advertising: Color TV Set Output Spurred", The New York Times, 31 July 1961, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-time19580630-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time19580630_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time19580630_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724201955/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891921-1,00.html">"Chasing the Rainbow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 30 June 1958. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891921-1,00.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Chasing+the+Rainbow&rft.date=1958-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C891921-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8">"ABC to Go Tint at First Sponsor Nibble"</a>. Billboard. 4 September 1954. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=ABC+to+Go+Tint+at+First+Sponsor+Nibble&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1954-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jetsons" title="The Jetsons">The Jetsons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beany_and_Cecil" title="Beany and Cecil">Beany and Cecil</a>. "A.B.C.-TV To Start Color Programs", The New York Times, 1 April 1962, p. 84. "More Color", The New York Times, 23 September 1962, p. 145. Ed Reitan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html">RCA-NBC Firsts in Television</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219060637/http://novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jack Gould, "Tinted TV Shows Its Colors", The New York Times, 29 November 1964, p. X17. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Clarke Ingram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dumonthistory.com/7.html">The DuMont Television Network, Chapter Seven: Finale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804165205/https://dumonthistory.com/7.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The small amount of color programming that DuMont broadcast in 1954–1955 (mostly its show Sunday Supplement) was all from color films. </li> <li id="cite_note-disappearing_tradition-94"><a href="#cite_ref-disappearing_tradition_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTober" class="citation web cs1">Tober, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/essex/montclair/2017/11/20/thanksgiving-football-games/879640001/">"Thanksgiving football games a disappearing tradition"</a>. North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Jersey+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Thanksgiving+football+games+a+disappearing+tradition&rft.aulast=Tober&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northjersey.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fessex%2Fmontclair%2F2017%2F11%2F20%2Fthanksgiving-football-games%2F879640001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tvobscurities.com-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tvobscurities.com_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tvobscurities.com_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/color60s/">"Color Revolution: Television In The Sixties – TVObscurities"</a>. tvobscurities.com. 14 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103093236/http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/color60s/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvobscurities.com&rft.atitle=Color+Revolution%3A+Television+In+The+Sixties+%E2%80%93+TVObscurities&rft.date=2009-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvobscurities.com%2Farticles%2Fcolor60s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> The exceptions being <a href="/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeannie" title="I Dream of Jeannie">I Dream of Jeannie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convoy_(TV_series)" title="Convoy (TV series)">Convoy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> The game show Everybody's Talking. CBS's daytime soap opera <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Storm" title="The Secret Storm">The Secret Storm</a> was the last network show to switch to color after airing its last black-and-white performance on 11 March 1968, making it the last black-and-white series on commercial network television. The last black-and-white series on network television was <a href="/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood" title="Mister Rogers' Neighborhood">MisteRogers' Neighborhood</a> on the non-commercial <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">NET</a>. Production of this series switched over to color in August 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvhistory.tv/facts-stats.htm">Television Facts and Statistics – 1939 to 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080731144259/http://www.tvhistory.tv/facts-stats.htm">Archived</a> 31 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Television History – The First 75 Years. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney anthology television series">Walt Disney anthology television series</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> "Kaiser Station On The Air Tonight", Honolulu Advertiser; 5 May 1957 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-wqex-tv-returns/33723584/">"WQEX-TV returns to air with new look, sound, feel"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 14 October 1986. p. 11. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=WQEX-TV+returns+to+air+with+new+look%2C+sound%2C+feel&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1986-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fpittsburgh-post-gazette-wqex-tv-returns%2F33723584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTÉ_Archives-102"><a href="#cite_ref-RTÉ_Archives_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1970s.html">"The Advent of Colour Television: 1971"</a>. RTÉ Archives. 18 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204210214/http://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1970s.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Advent+of+Colour+Television%3A+1971&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Flaweb%2Fbrc%2Fbrc_1970s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229212545/http://www.pagine70.com/vmnews/wmview.php?ArtID=650">"PAGINE 70 - anni 70 - anni settanta, 70's, investigatori privati.Confronta i prezzi degli hotel"</a>. www.at-hotels.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.at-hotels.com/it/pagine70.html">the original</a> on 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.at-hotels.com&rft.atitle=PAGINE+70+-+anni+70+-+anni+settanta%2C+70%27s%2C+investigatori+privati.Confronta+i+prezzi+degli+hotel.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.at-hotels.com%2Fit%2Fpagine70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hank Says He Was The First". <a href="/wiki/The_Stage" title="The Stage">The Stage</a>. London. 3 September 1964. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stage&rft.atitle=Hank+Says+He+Was+The+First&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1964-09-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/cs/media-centre/news/view.app?id=1369787209230">"Thousands of black and white TVs still in use as BBC One in colour hits 50 - TV Licensing ™"</a>. www.tvlicensing.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tvlicensing.co.uk&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+black+and+white+TVs+still+in+use+as+BBC+One+in+colour+hits+50+-+TV+Licensing+%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvlicensing.co.uk%2Fcs%2Fmedia-centre%2Fnews%2Fview.app%3Fid%3D1369787209230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824012104/http://stiri.tvr.ro/tvr-a-scris-istorie-30-de-ani-de-la-prima-transmisie-tv-color-din-romania_34079.html">"TVR a scris istorie: 30 de ani de la prima transmisie tv color din România"</a>. Știrile TVR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stiri.tvr.ro/tvr-a-scris-istorie-30-de-ani-de-la-prima-transmisie-tv-color-din-romania_34079.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C8%98tirile+TVR&rft.atitle=TVR+a+scris+istorie%3A+30+de+ani+de+la+prima+transmisie+tv+color+din+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstiri.tvr.ro%2Ftvr-a-scris-istorie-30-de-ani-de-la-prima-transmisie-tv-color-din-romania_34079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cn_early_color_tv_research-107"><a href="#cite_ref-cn_early_color_tv_research_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF中国电子视像行业协会全子一2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">中国电子视像行业协会; 全子一 (March 2010). "回顾篇 • 一 • 中国广播电视产业发展历史回顾". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215129/http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180724/20180724213349_75168.pdf">中国彩电工业发展回顾</a> (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-121-07439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-121-07439-4"><bdi>978-7-121-07439-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180724/20180724213349_75168.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 July 2023. 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"回顾篇 • 二 • 中国广播电视设备的发展历程". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215129/http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180724/20180724213349_75168.pdf">中国彩电工业发展回顾</a> (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-121-07439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-121-07439-4"><bdi>978-7-121-07439-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180724/20180724213349_75168.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 July 2023. 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"中国电视产业发展大事记". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215129/http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180724/20180724213349_75168.pdf">中国彩电工业发展回顾</a> (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 电子工业出版社. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-121-07439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-121-07439-4"><bdi>978-7-121-07439-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180724/20180724213349_75168.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%B0&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%B5%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%BE&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2010-03&rft.isbn=978-7-121-07439-4&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%86%E5%83%8F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wenqujingdian.com%2FPublic%2Feditor%2Fattached%2Ffile%2F20180724%2F20180724213349_75168.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2011-08-13/detail-ikftssan8053630.d.html?from=wap">"新疆少数民族语言广播电视在发展中不断壮大"</a>. Sina Finance (in Chinese). 13 August 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sina+Finance&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%AD%E5%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7&rft.date=2011-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.cn%2Fsa%2F2011-08-13%2Fdetail-ikftssan8053630.d.html%3Ffrom%3Dwap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF郭1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">郭, 镇之 (1 May 1989). "中国电视大事记(1955—1978)". 新闻研究资料 (in Chinese (China)). 1989 (2): 182. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1005-2577">1005-2577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%B0%281955%E2%80%941978%29&rft.volume=1989&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1989-05-01&rft.issn=1005-2577&rft.aulast=%E9%83%AD&rft.aufirst=%E9%95%87%E4%B9%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7h1DAQAAIAAJ&q=Zanzibar+">Mass Media, Towards the Millennium: The South African Handbook of Mass Communication</a>, Arrie De Beer, J.L. van Schaik, 1998, page 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/tv-in-south-africa-marks-its-40th-anniversary-20160105">TV in South Africa marks its 40th anniversary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215230324/http://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/tv-in-south-africa-marks-its-40th-anniversary-20160105">Archived</a> 15 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/News24_(website)" title="News24 (website)">channel24</a>, 5 January 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MhBAAAAYAAJ&q=Colour+transmission">A Concise Encyclopedia of Zimbabwe</a>, Donatus Bonde, Mambo Press, 1988, page 410 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgptYdAcsOgC&dq=sierra+leone+broadcasting+service+colour+television&pg=PA173">World Broadcasting: A Comparative View</a>, Alan Wells, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, page 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspectaculos2018" class="citation web cs1">Espectaculos, Equipo (13 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emol.com/noticias/Espectaculos/2018/04/13/902335/A-40-anos-de-la-TV-a-color-en-Chile-recuerda-con-que-programas-debuto-la-nueva-tecnologia.html">"A 40 años de la TV a color en Chile, recuerda con qué programas debutó la nueva tecnología Fuente"</a>. EMOL. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMOL&rft.atitle=A+40+a%C3%B1os+de+la+TV+a+color+en+Chile%2C+recuerda+con+qu%C3%A9+programas+debut%C3%B3+la+nueva+tecnolog%C3%ADa+Fuente&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Espectaculos&rft.aufirst=Equipo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emol.com%2Fnoticias%2FEspectaculos%2F2018%2F04%2F13%2F902335%2FA-40-anos-de-la-TV-a-color-en-Chile-recuerda-con-que-programas-debuto-la-nueva-tecnologia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paradiso-design.net/TVsystems_worldwide.html">http://www.paradiso-design.net/TVsystems_worldwide.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419155821/http://www.paradiso-design.net/TVsystems_worldwide.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World TV standards. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> CCIR Report 308-2 Characteristics of Monochrome Television Systems (All characteristics are identical between the monochrome system and the superimposed color variant with the exception of the color subcarrier frequency. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206021559/http://dmcitarsi.com/block-diagram-of-colour-television-sets/">"Block diagram of color television sets"</a>. dmcitarsi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmcitarsi.com/block-diagram-of-colour-television-sets/">the original</a> on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dmcitarsi.com&rft.atitle=Block+diagram+of+color+television+sets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdmcitarsi.com%2Fblock-diagram-of-colour-television-sets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells,_Alan1997" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Alan (1997). World Broadcasting: A Comparative View. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56750-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56750-245-8"><bdi>1-56750-245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Broadcasting%3A+A+Comparative+View&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56750-245-8&rft.au=Wells%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShubilla,_Thom_"Beefstew"2022" class="citation book cs1">Shubilla, Thom "Beefstew" (2022). Primetime 1966-1967: The Full Spectrum Television's First All-Color Season. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476683447" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476683447"><bdi>978-1476683447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primetime+1966-1967%3A+The+Full+Spectrum+Television%27s+First+All-Color+Season&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1476683447&rft.au=Shubilla%2C+Thom+%22Beefstew%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+television" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_television&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdoDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+mechanic+anti-tank+1941&pg=PA497">"Television in Color"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a>. April 1944. One of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48">"TV Color Controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>. 27 February 1950. About the FCC debating which color television system to approve for US broadcasts.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_F" title="CCIR System F">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td 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bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849194#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata483" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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