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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family and names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_Yama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_Yama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Association with Yama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_Yama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Association with Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يامونا في الهندوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يامونا في الهندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দু ধৰ্মত যমুনা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দু ধৰ্মত যমুনা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80)" title="যমুনা (দেবী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যমুনা (দেবী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_(Gottheit)" title="Yamuna (Gottheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yamuna (Gottheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iam%C3%AD" title="Iamí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iamí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami_(d%C3%A9esse)" title="Yami (déesse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yami (déesse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="यमी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यमी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami" title="Yami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_(dea)" title="Yamuna (dea) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yamuna (dea)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಮುನಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಧರ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಮುನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami" title="Jami – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jami" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="يامونا فى الهندوسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يامونا فى الهندوسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମରେ ଯମୁନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମରେ ଯମୁନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami_(mifologiya)" title="Yami (mifologiya) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yami (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਯਮੁਨਾ (ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਮੁਨਾ (ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="ទង្សាទេវី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទង្សាទេវី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ями (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ями (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="හින්දු ආගම තුළ යමුනා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දු ආගම තුළ යමුනා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yamuna in Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami" title="Yami – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yami" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="இந்து மத கோட்பாட்டில் யமுனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து மத கோட்பாட்டில் யமுனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="พระยมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระยมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yami" and "Kalindi" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yami_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yami (disambiguation)">Yami (disambiguation)</a>. For the Brazilian footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Kalindi_(footballer)" title="Kalindi (footballer)">Kalindi (footballer)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River Yamuna in Hindu texts and beliefs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Yamuna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Personification of the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna river">Yamuna river</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG/220px-YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG/330px-YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG/440px-YamunaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="2905" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">5th century terracotta sculpture of Yamuna with attendants</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">यमुना</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Yamunā</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_deities_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="River deities in Hinduism">River goddess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data">Suryaloka, <a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Om Yamunaya Namaha<br />Yamunashtaka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbols</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">Lotus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">Tortoise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data">Yamuna Jayanti, Surya Shashti, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapati" title="Tapati">Tapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revanta" title="Revanta">Revanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaivasvata_Manu" title="Vaivasvata Manu">Vaivasvata Manu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10 children including Shruta</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a></b> is a sacred river in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and the main tributary of the Ganges River. The river is also worshipped as a Hindu goddess called Yamuna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamuna is known as <b>Yami</b> in early texts, while in later literature, she is called <b>Kalindi</b>. In Hindu scriptures, she is the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, the sun god, and <a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a>, the cloud goddess. She is also the twin sister of <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, god of death. She is associated with the deity <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as one of his eight principal consorts, called the <a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamuna plays an important role in Krishna's early life as a river. According to Hindu scriptures, bathing in or drinking Yamuna's waters removes sin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yamuna's iconographic depiction is seen on temple doorjambs, paired with that of <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> (the goddess of the Ganges), since the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i> describes Yamuna as black in complexion, standing on her mount, the tortoise, and holding a water pot in her hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani894_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an ancient painting she is shown as a beautiful maiden standing on the banks of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_names">Family and names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> literature, Yamuna is described as the daughter of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (though some say that she was the daughter of Brahma) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Saranyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranyu">Saranyu</a> (Sanjna in later literature), the goddess of the clouds, and the twin sister of <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, the god of death. Her other brothers include <a href="/wiki/Vaivasvata_Manu" title="Vaivasvata Manu">Vaivasvata Manu</a>, the first man, the twin <a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a>, or divine physicians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the planet Saturn (<a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a>). She is described as Surya's favourite child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the daughter of Surya, she is also called as Suryatanaya, Suryaja, and Ravinandini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tale explains her name Yamuna: Sanjna was unable to bear her husband, the sun's heat, and its light and closed her eyes in his presence. Surya felt insulted and said that their son will be known as Yama ("restraint"), due to the restraint she showed. Thereafter, Sanjna tried her best to keep her eyes open, however she flickered them angering Surya again who proclaimed that her daughter would be Yamuna. Since Sanjna had tried to keep the eyes open, Yamuna was blessed that she would worshipped as a goddess and remembered throughout time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989–10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989–10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg/220px-Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg/330px-Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg/440px-Indischer_Maler_um_1640_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Krishna defeats Kaliya, dwelling in the Yamuna.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Kalindi</i> may be derived from her association with Yama, the god of death and darkness as Kala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source suggests that she derives the name <i>Kalindi</i> from her "earthly" source, the mountain Kalinda.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani375_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani375-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some legends also explain Yamuna's darkness and thus her name <i>Kalindi</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana Purana</a></i> narrates the tale how the originally clear waters turned black. Distraught by the death of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sati_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sati (goddess)">Sati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> wandered the whole universe. Ever thinking of Sati, Shiva jumped into Yamuna to overcome the sorrow and memories of Sati, turning her waters into black by his sorrow and unfulfilled desire.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani894_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another legend describes that Krishna defeated and banished the serpent <a href="/wiki/Kaliya" title="Kaliya">Kaliya</a> in the Yamuna. While the dark serpent entered the waters, the river became dark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_Yama">Association with Yama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Association with Yama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to O'Flaherty, Yami is considered to be the twin sister of <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty198028_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty198028-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yama and Yami are a divine pair of creator deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji1970177_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji1970177-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Yama is depicted as the Lord of Death, Yami is said to be the Lady of Life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway199464_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway199464-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yami also addresses a hymn to Yama in the <i>Rig Veda</i>, describing various drinks offered to dying sacrificers in the after-life. The <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Samhita">Taittiriya Samhita</a></i> says that Yama is <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> (fire) and Yami is the earth. Yami is thus further described as an association with the earth, relating her to the goddess of graveyards and sorrow, <a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bti_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛti (goddess)">Nirriti</a>, another partner of Yama in the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Brahmanas; however retains the central role of being Yama's twin sister in the Samhita texts. In the <a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a> rite in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i>, a mother of twins is sacrificed to Yami, while twins are offered in the <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Brahmana">Taittiriya Brahmana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197098_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197098-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the dialogue hymn between Yama and Yamī (RV 10.10), as the first two humans, Yamī tries to convince her twin brother Yama to have sex with her. Yamī makes a variety of arguments, including continuing the mortal line, that <a href="/wiki/Tvastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvastar">Tvashtar</a> created them as a couple in the womb, and that <a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a> are famous for their incest. Yama argues that their ancestors, "the Gandharva in the waters and the watery maiden," as a reason not to commit incest, that <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> are strict in their ordinances, and that they have spies everywhere. By the end of the hymn, Yamī becomes frustrated but Yama remains firm in his stance. However, by RV 10.13.4, Yama is stated to have chosen to leave offspring, but Yamī is not mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brahmana text <i>Maitrayani Samhita</i> narrates: Yami grieved instantly the death of Yama, the first mortal to die. As there was continuously daytime at the start of creation, Yami was unable to understand the lapse of time since Yama's death. The gods created night separating two days so that Yami understood that time was passing and slowly recovered from her sorrow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the pair of twins with the festival of <a href="/wiki/Bhau-beej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhau-beej">Bhau-beej</a>, celebrated by a brother and a sister, honors the divine siblings. A prayer recited by the sister to her brother requests him to enjoy her offerings of food and eat them to please Yama and Yamuna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg/200px-CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg/300px-CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg/400px-CsAdJA5UIAAXeni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Yamuna with attendants, 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri,_Odisha" title="Ratnagiri, Odisha">Ratangiri</a> temple.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_Krishna">Association with Krishna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Association with Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg/200px-Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg/300px-Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg/400px-Krishna_carried_over_river_yamuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Krishna being carried over Yamuna by Vasudeva just after his birth.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Krishna's birth-story, Krishna's father <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> was carrying the new-born Krishna to safety was crossing the Yamuna river. He asked Yamuna to make a way for him to cross the river, which she did by creating a passage. This was the first time that she saw Krishna whom she marries in later life.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamuna wanted to touch the feet of the baby which she did at deeper depths of the river and as a result the river became very calm.<sup id="cite_ref-Vishwananda2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vishwananda2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krishna also spent most of youth in <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> on the banks of Yamuna, playing the flute and playing with his consort <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and the gopis on the banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> narrates: Once, an adult Krishna visited his cousins – the five <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> brothers with their common wife <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a> and their mother <a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a> in their capital <a href="/wiki/Indraprastha" title="Indraprastha">Indraprastha</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>), located on the banks of the Yamuna. The eldest Pandava <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> requests Krishna to stay with them for a couple of days. One day, Krishna and the middle Pandava <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> go for hunting in the forest. During their hunting, Arjuna was tired. He and Krishna went to the Yamuna and bathed and drank the clear water. There, a lovely girl was strolling along the river bank. Krishna who saw her and asked Arjuna to meet her to know who she was. When Arjuna inquired, the girl told him that she was Kalindi, the daughter of Surya, and that she was living in a house constructed by her father in the river where she has been was performing austerities with intent to have Vishnu as her husband and would remain there, until she finds him. Arjuna conveys Kalindi's message to Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu, who readily agreed to marry the beautiful damsel. Then they traveled to Indraprastha with Kalindi in the chariot and met Yudhishthira. After a stay of few days there, Krishna and Kalindi returned to his capital <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dvaraka</a> with their entourage and duly married each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashta_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> she had ten sons: Shruta, Kavi, Vrsa, Vira, Subahu, Bhadra, Santi, Darsa, Purnamasa, and the youngest, Somaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Vishnu Purana</i> mentions that she had many sons headed by Shruta.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1870_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1870-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Bhagavata Purana</i> also narrates: Krishna's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> was staying in Ambadi on Yamuna's banks for a few months. Once, he was frolicking with the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a> on the river banks and desired to play in the waters. Experiencing the heat of the sun, Balarama felt a need to take a bath in the river. However, he refused to walk to the waters and called upon the river to come near him, but the chaste Yamuna refused despite repeated orders from Balarama. An angry Balarama dragged the river by his weapon – the plough and changed its course, hurting the river goddess. Terrified, the river assumed her form as a goddess and bowed to Balarama and asked his forgiveness. A pacified Balarama ordered the river to flood the forest so he could bathe and play in her waters, and the river complied.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani375_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani375-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199810–11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199810–11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg/250px-Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg/375px-Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg/500px-Yamunotri_temple_and_ashram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> near the source of the river.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yamuna is one of the holiest rivers in Hinduism. Yamuna is only second to the Ganges (Ganga), the holiest river in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and the mythical <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati river">Sarasvati River</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Triveni Sangam</a>, which is a very holy pilgrimage spot.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani375_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani375-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pilgrimage sites along the river banks include Yamuna's source <a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and Bateshvar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010399_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010399-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> mentions Yamuna being one of the seven tributaries of the Ganges. Drinking its waters is described to absolve sin. The river is mentioned many times in the epic as backdrop for events like <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajnas</a> (sacrifices), austerities and even a suicide by a defeated minister Hamsa of Jarasandha.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani375_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani375-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> narrate the greatness of bathing in the Yamuna. The <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> narrates the story of two brothers, who lived a life of indulgence and lust and gave up the virtuous ways. They finally plunged in poverty and resorted to robbery and were killed by beasts in the forest. Both of them reached Yama's court for judgement. While the elder brother was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a> (hell), the younger was granted <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a> (heaven). Astonished, the younger brother asked the reason for it, as both had lived similar lives. Yama explained that the younger brother had lived in the <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> of a sage on Yamuna's banks and bathed in the sacred river for two months. The first month absolved him of sins and the second one granted him a place in heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani894_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapati" title="Tapati">Tapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Hinduism" title="Rivers in Hinduism">Rivers in Hinduism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010398_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Mani, Vettam</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+a+Comprehensive+Dictionary+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani894-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani894_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani894_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani894_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mani p. 894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1998">Bhattacharji 1998</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199811_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1998">Bhattacharji 1998</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989–10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji19989–10_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1998">Bhattacharji 1998</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani375-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani375_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani375_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani375_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani375_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mani p. 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty198028-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty198028_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty 1980</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji1970177-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji1970177_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1970">Bhattacharji 1970</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway199464-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway199464_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConway1994">Conway 1994</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197096_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1970">Bhattacharji 1970</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197098-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji197098_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1970">Bhattacharji 1970</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonBrereton2014" class="citation book cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2014). <i>The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1381–1383, 1389–1390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370184" title="Special:BookSources/9780199370184"><bdi>9780199370184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%3A+The+Earliest+Religious+Poetry+of+India&rft.pages=1381-1383%2C+1389-1390&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199370184&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Brereton%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashta-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashta_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashta_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Shekar" class="citation web cs1">Veena Shekar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906133911/http://www.chitralakshana.com/ashtabharyas.html">"The'Ashta Bharyas' of Krishna"</a>. Chitralakshana.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chitralakshana.com/ashtabharyas.html">the original</a> on 2017-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The%27Ashta+Bharyas%27+of+Krishna&rft.pub=Chitralakshana.com&rft.au=Veena+Shekar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chitralakshana.com%2Fashtabharyas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vishwananda2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vishwananda2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSri_Swami_Vishwananda2012" class="citation book cs1">Sri Swami Vishwananda (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiFNIYUquEsC&pg=PA409"><i>Just Love 3</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 409–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940381-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940381-22-4"><bdi>978-3-940381-22-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Love+3&rft.pages=409-&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2012-02&rft.isbn=978-3-940381-22-4&rft.au=Sri+Swami+Vishwananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiFNIYUquEsC%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html">"Five Ques married by Krishna"</a>. Krishnabook.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ques+married+by+Krishna&rft.pub=Krishnabook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrsnabook.com%2Fch58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en">Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 10 Chapter 58</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143938/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en">Archived</a> 2013-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vedabase.net. Retrieved on 2013-05-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genealogy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krsnabook.com/ch61.html">"The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna"</a>. Krsnabook.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Genealogical+Table+of+the+Family+of+Krishna&rft.pub=Krsnabook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrsnabook.com%2Fch61.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1870-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1870_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace_Hayman_Wilson1870" class="citation book cs1">Horace Hayman Wilson (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition</i></a>. Trübner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n84">81</a>–3, 107–8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vish%C5%84u+Pur%C3%A1%C5%84a%3A+a+system+of+Hindu+mythology+and+tradition&rft.pages=81-3%2C+107-8&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Horace+Hayman+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199810–11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharji199810–11_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharji1998">Bhattacharji 1998</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010399-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010399_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_in_Hinduism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharji1970" class="citation cs2">Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102"><i>The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Purānas</i></a>, CUP Archive, GGKEY:0GBP50CQXWN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Theogony%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Indian+Mythology+from+the+Vedas+to+the+Pur%C4%81nas&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bhattacharji&rft.aufirst=Sukumari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDc9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharji1998" class="citation cs2">Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1998), <i>Legends Of Devi</i>, Orient Blackswan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1438-6"><bdi>978-81-250-1438-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+Of+Devi&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1438-6&rft.aulast=Bhattacharji&rft.aufirst=Sukumari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway1994" class="citation cs2">Conway, D. J. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnJgevpp3DMC&pg=PA64"><i>Maiden, Mother, Crone: The Myth and Reality of the Triple Goddess</i></a>, Llewellyn Worldwide, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-171-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-171-1"><bdi>978-0-87542-171-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maiden%2C+Mother%2C+Crone%3A+The+Myth+and+Reality+of+the+Triple+Goddess&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87542-171-1&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnJgevpp3DMC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation cs2">Dalal, Roshen (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA398"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>, Penguin Books India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Mani, Vettam</a> (1975), <i>Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+a+Comprehensive+Dictionary+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty1980" class="citation cs2">O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug_9cVR4lW8C&pg=PA411"><i>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04098-4"><bdi>978-0-520-04098-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Evil+in+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04098-4&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUg_9cVR4lW8C%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUshanas1997" class="citation cs2">Ushanas, Egbert Richter (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZYbWQbKAsC&pg=PA207"><i>The Indus Script and the Ṛg-Veda</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1405-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1405-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Script+and+the+%E1%B9%9Ag-Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1405-9&rft.aulast=Ushanas&rft.aufirst=Egbert+Richter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DZYbWQbKAsC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYamuna+in+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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