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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Names which are used to describe the group subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Names_which_are_used_to_describe_the_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_militant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_militant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sunni militant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_militant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qutbi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qutbi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Qutbi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qutbi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wahhabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wahhabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Wahhabi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wahhabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_Islamist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_Islamist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Radical Islamist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_Islamist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jihadi-Salafist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jihadi-Salafist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Jihadi-Salafist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jihadi-Salafist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Jihadist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Jihadist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Global Jihadist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Jihadist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khawarij" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khawarij"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Khawarij </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khawarij-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamist-fascist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamist-fascist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Islamist-fascist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamist-fascist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenets_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenets_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Tenets and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tenets_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tenets and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tenets_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demands_of_the_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demands_of_the_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Demands of the Caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demands_of_the_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_Jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_Jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Offensive Jihad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_Jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_Salafism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_Salafism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Importance of Salafism </div> </a> <ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks mw-collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:100%;"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Category:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State" title="History of the Islamic State">History of the Islamic State</a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/100px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/150px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/200px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> (1999‑2004) <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (2004‑2006) <a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Jaysh_Ahl_al-Sunnah_wa-l-Jamaah" title="Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah">Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah</a> (2004‑2006) <a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a> (2004‑2006) <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a> (2006) <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (2006‑2013) <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State#Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant_(2013–14)" title="History of the Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (2013‑2014) <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2014‑present)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border: 1px solid #000000; font:#FFFFFF;"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Administrative_organization" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State beheading incidents">Beheadings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields_in_Libya_claimed_by_the_Islamic_State" title="List of oil fields in Libya claimed by the Islamic State">Claimed oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_of_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Military activity of the Islamic State">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">List of battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Timeline of terrorist incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Template:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Template talk:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The ideology of the Islamic State, unoffically referred to as Islamic Statism, has been described as being a blend of <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Through its official statement of beliefs originally released by its first leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Omar al-Baghdadi">Abu Omar al-Baghdadi</a> in 2007 and subsequently updated since June 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> defined its <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">creed</a> as "a middle way between the extremist <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Kharijites</a> and the lax <a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ites</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a>: 38  Important doctrines of ISIL include its belief that it represents a restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early Islam</a> to which all Muslims are required to pledge allegiance;<a href="#cite_note-speckhard-29-8-2014-9">[9]</a> that a "defiled" Islam must be purged of apostasy, often with bloody sectarian killings,<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-30-8-2014-10">[10]</a> that the final <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Day of Judgment</a> by God is near and will follow the defeat of the army of "Rome" by IS;<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> that a strict adherence to following the precepts "established by the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers" is necessary, surpassing even that of other Salafi-Jihadi groups.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Importance">edit</a>]</div> Experts disagree on the importance of ideology in IS. According to Cole Bunzel, not all members of IS are aware of the ideology of the group they support.<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Bernard Haykel</a>, who specializes in the study of IS, argues that many Western observers fail to understand the passionate attachment of IS—including to its rank and file—to religious doctrine: "Even the foot soldiers spout" <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> verses "constantly. They mug for their cameras and repeat their basic doctrines in formulaic fashion, and they do it all the time."<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> Fawaz A. Gerges also writes "researchers have tended to underestimate the power of the Salafi-jihadist ideology"—which he identifies as ISIL ideology—"at their own peril".<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_which_are_used_to_describe_the_group">Names which are used to describe the group</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names which are used to describe the group">edit</a>]</div> The names which are used to describe the group or its ideology vary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni_militant">Sunni militant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sunni militant">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> writes that "The Islamic State is a group of Sunni militants" that "believes in the strict enforcement of Sharia law."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In a conversation with a Western journalist (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas L. Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a>), a deputy crown prince of Saudi Arabia (<a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud">Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud</a>), described IS's message to Saudi and other Arab Muslims as: "The West is trying to enforce its agenda on you — and the Saudi government is helping them — and Iran is trying to colonize the Arab world. So we — ISIS — are defending Islam."<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-bin-salman-11-25-15-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qutbi">Qutbi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qutbi">edit</a>]</div> The Islamic State adheres to global <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist</a> principles and follows the hard-line ideology of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and many other modern-day jihadist groups.<a href="#cite_note-NS-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> is considered the "Father of the Jihadi-Salafi" movement,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> thus followers of the Salafi-Jihadi school are often derogatorily labelled as "Qutbi". Major elements of ISIL ideology as well as its extremist practices are thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> works of the Egyptian scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> and the manuals of the hard-line wings of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The central role of Qutbist influence on Daesh is best captured in a saying popular among Islamic State supporters, attributed to Yemeni journalist <a href="/wiki/Abdulelah_Haider_Shaye" title="Abdulelah Haider Shaye">Abdulelah Haider Shaye</a>: <blockquote>“The Islamic State was drafted by Sayyid Qutb, taught by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a>, globalized by Osama bin Laden, transferred to reality by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and implemented by al-Baghdadis: Abu Omar and Abu Bakr.”<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wahhabi">edit</a>]</div> Other sources trace the group's roots to <a href="/wiki/Wahabbi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabbi movement">Wahhabism</a>. The New York Times wrote: <blockquote>For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State ... are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam. The group circulates images of Wahhabi religious textbooks from Saudi Arabia in the schools it controls. Videos from the group's territory have shown Wahhabi texts plastered on the sides of an official missionary van.<a href="#cite_note-ISIS-NYT-18">[18]</a></blockquote>In a seven-page memorandum (titled "That Those Who Perish Would Perish upon Proof"),<a href="#cite_note-jihadica.com-19">[19]</a> the Delegated Committee of Islamic stated that while the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a> was established to wage war against the <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism) of grave-worship for over 70 years, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">IS</a> was established "to wage war against the shirk of the constitution, representing the <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">global system</a>, and it was thus fought by <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">east</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">west</a>."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Quoting <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, the memorandum declares:<blockquote>“Of the greatest blessings upon one for whom Allah wants wellness is that He brought him to live in this time, during which Allah is renewing the religion and reviving the slogan of the Muslims and the conditions of the believers and the mujahidin, so that they may be similar to those who preceded them of the Muhajirin and Ansar..."<a href="#cite_note-jihadica.com-19">[19]</a></blockquote>The Islamic State aims to return to the early days of Islam, rejecting all <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">innovations</a> in the religion, which it believes corrupts its original spirit. It condemns later caliphates and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for deviating from what it calls pure Islam.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Following Salafi-Jihadi tradition, the Islamic State condemns the followers of secular law as disbelievers, putting the current Saudi government in that category.<a href="#cite_note-ibrahim140822-22">[22]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, Saudi Wahhabi practices followed by the group include the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">religious police</a> to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction or re-purposing of any non-Sunni religious buildings.<a href="#cite_note-economist-behead-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Bernard Haykel</a> has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism".<a href="#cite_note-ISIS-NYT-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Crooke" title="Alastair Crooke">Alastair Crooke</a> described the Islamic State as adopting Wahhabi "puritanism," but denying the "Saudi Kingdom any legitimacy as founders of a State, as the head of the Mosque, or as interpreter of the Qur'an. The IS claims all these attributes for itself."<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-30-8-2014-10">[10]</a> Although IS adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, it rebels against all Sunni schools of law as well as traditional Salafi interpretations. Their lack of adherence to Sunni legal authorities, coupled with absence of major manuals of law for reference led IS ideologues to derive personal rulings based on self-interpretation of Qur'an and Traditions. ISIL does not differentiate between Sufis and Salafis in their anathemization. Although IS claims to be Salafi they condemn majority of Salafis and despite adopting a <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> worldview, they condemn majority of Jihadists. Major scholars of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Aziz_Fawzan_Al-Fawzan" title="Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan">Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_al-Tarefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz al-Tarefe">Abdulaziz al-Tarefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Al-Alwan" title="Sulaiman Al-Alwan">Sulaiman Al-Alwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a>, etc. have refuted the Caliphate claim of ISIL as illegal and condemned them as a "rogue, criminal organisation" reminiscent of the "fanatical <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-islam21c.com-25">[25]</a> In contrast to the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> in the discourse and propaganda of the Islamic State, traditional Wahhabi scholars were not known to have called for the re-establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>. Their doctrines on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and just leadership were a reiteration of classical Sunni beliefs and did not amount to a novel political theology. The 18th century reformer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al Wahhab</a> was mainly concerned with implementing religious reforms and purification of faith rather than incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim Ummah</a> into a unified political entity headed by a <a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">Khalifa</a>. This trend had continued in the Wahhabi treatises of the early twentieth century which didn't call for the re-establishment of a caliphate to fill the power vacuum left after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. After their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mecca (1924)">conquest of Mecca</a>, Wahhabis had not declared it the centre of a new Islamic caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_Islamist">Radical Islamist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radical Islamist">edit</a>]</div> The BBC defines the group's ideology as "radical Islamist," that "aims to establish a "caliphate", a state ruled by a single political and religious leader according to Islamic law, or Sharia." Furthermore, the BBC adds that "IS members are jihadists who adhere to an extreme interpretation of Sunni Islam and consider themselves the only true believers. They hold that the rest of the world is made up of unbelievers who seek to destroy Islam, justifying attacks against other Muslims and non-Muslims alike."<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jihadi-Salafist">Jihadi-Salafist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jihadi-Salafist">edit</a>]</div> Cole Bunzel of the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Graeme Wood</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> state the ideology of the Islamic State is based on Jihadi-Salafism, "a distinct ideological movement in Sunni Islam". According to their works, and ISIL itself, it unites two streams of Islamic thought that are the original <a href="/wiki/Moslem_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslem Brotherhood">Moslem Brotherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> However, major figures of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi-Jihadist</a> movement have disassociated themselves from ISIS. The systematic policy of murder, brutality, excommunication (takfir) and anathemization were extreme even for mainstream Salafi-Jihadists. Salafi-Jihadist leader Abu Abdillah Muhammad al-Mansur, a teacher of Al-Baghdadi, wrote a treatise refuting ISIS titled "The Islamic State between Reality and Illusion" wherein he condemned his former student as a deviant ignorant who "did not master one single book in theology or jurisprudence".<a href="#cite_note-Al-Yaqoubi_2015_xx,_19,_26–27-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Jihadist">Global Jihadist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global Jihadist">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div> Australian National Security informs that "The Islamic State is an Iraq and Syria-based Sunni extremist group and former al‑Qa'ida affiliate that adheres to the global jihadist ideology."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khawarij">Khawarij</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Khawarij">edit</a>]</div> Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist <a href="/wiki/Muftis" class="mw-redirect" title="Muftis">muftis</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Basir_al-Tartusi" title="Abu Basir al-Tartusi">Abu Basir al-Tartusi</a>, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but modern-day <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Khawarij</a>—Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam—serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-econ140906-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamist-fascist">Islamist-fascist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islamist-fascist">edit</a>]</div> Some journalists, historians, writers and opponents of ISIL and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> Islamism in Arabic countries have called ISIL and its self-proclaimed Caliphate's strictly ruled regime "<a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a>" (other terms which have also been used are "Islamic fascism" and "Islamist fascism").<a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Fascism_2016-32">[32]</a> Similarities exist between the ISIL militias and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> regimes, namely their structures, their romanticized images of death, their longing for a violent struggle, their glorification of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a>, their imperialistic goals, their <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a>, their brutal <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and the methods of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> which they used against their opponents, their <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> which mixes messages about "<a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>" with militant ideals about "forging a new man" through "<a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a>, action and religious discipline", etc., with the ideals and mentality of "ur-fascist" regimes, and the ideals and mentality of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascist</a> movements and regimes, for example, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Fascism_2016-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> For example, the fanatically extremist <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian Romanian</a> fascist <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> movement and the Hungarian extremist <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> fascist <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross movement</a> both spread similar messages in order to unite the members of their death squads and paramilitary organizations, boost their morale and school them in ideals about becoming "higher" men through hardness, war, fanatic religious worship, and motivate them to commit acts of intolerance and brutality against members of other <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a> and anyone else who opposed their ideas. Their methods of "punishing" non-believers, as well as political and religious opponents, have also been compared. For example, the Iron Guard hanged Jews on meat-hooks in slaughterhouses during <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in Bucharest during the 1940s, and it slaughtered them according to <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> methods and wrote the word "kosher" on their corpses, including the corpses of schoolchildren, in order to desecrate the victims and their <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During its strict rule of <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, ISIL published execution videos in which it murdered people on meat-hooks in a Syrian slaughterhouse according to <a href="/wiki/Halal_slaughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Halal slaughter">Halal slaughter</a> methods, during the Islamic holiday of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Forced participation in religious ceremonies was another indoctrination tool which was used by all of the Clerical fascist puppet-states and ISIS because they believed that forced participation in religious ceremonies was "necessary" in order to "teach the people" through force. The modern ISIL regime and the old Fascist movements openly advocated <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, and they also committed genocide against minorities and murdered anyone else who did not conform to their worldviews, such as "traitors" to their faiths or countries, members of different ethnic groups, people who practiced different religions, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, members of progressive or secular groups (for example, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-occupied Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">Yazidis</a> and members of non-religious Syrian groups in ISIL-occupied zones), people who their ideologies considered "weak", "decadent", "pacifist", etc. (see the Fascist & Nazi ideas of "purity", <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">supermen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhumans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In classical <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, and the so-called "ur-fascist" weltanschauung, the belief in performing actions for the sake of actions, the idea that war was a "natural place for the worthy man" and the belief that conservative and extreme traditionalist values should be defended were all important parts of the movement's ideology and "culture of violence"; the same contempt for "weakness", and the glorification/romanticism of engaging in "actions that speak louder than words" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>) and the belief that going to war is something which "the new man" should "naturally want to do" is just as central and important to ISIL's ideology, propaganda and recruiting tactics as it was to the European Fascists. Fascism and ISIL's variant of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> are ultra traditionalist and they also have goals and dreams of waging war in order to conquer territory and form an "<a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a>". Fascists want to reconquer territory and restore the glory of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, while ISIL wants to conquer territory and create its own version of a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>. This view which is based on machismo, the desire to rule over conquered lands and cities and impose a harsh regime on others with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_of_might&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Right of might (page does not exist)">right of might</a> is central to both movements' ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The fascist and traditionalist writer <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>, a strong advocate of "spiritual imperialism", <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a>, brutal machismo and what he saw as a strive for a "pure soul" and a "higher ideals", often wrote about his contempt for "the Modern World", <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, progress and its values, and in one of his works which was titled "The Metaphysics of War", he praised the so-called ancient "warrior soul" and claimed that he could still find it in the different religions of the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He praised the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> lifestyle, Pagan spiritualism, and the "Islamistic warrior-ideals" which he believed existed in <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The same simplistic ideas about Islamism were also shared by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the rise of ISIL the book has been mentioned by authors and journalists in order to prove the claim that many Fascist thinkers and ISIL all hold the same views on this topic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets_and_sources">Tenets and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tenets and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> is based on the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> literature that had ascended in the <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> field since the 1980s. The core features of Jihadist literature during this era were outlined by the influential <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (d. 1966 C.E/ 1386 A.H), who believed that Islamic principles had become titular and condemned his society as being sunk in a state of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a> (pre-Islamic ignorance). To overcome this state, Qutb proposed the implementation of the Hakimiyya doctrine, which espoused the Sovereignty of God in all aspects of life. This was to be achieved by overthrowal of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a> and subsequent establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic order</a> based on the society of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, through armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>. Those Muslims who opposed their principles were considered renegades guilty of <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a>. Qutb drew his revolutionary ideals mainly from the works of medieval theologians <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a> (d. 1328 C.E/ 728 A.H) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim</a> (d. 1350 C.E/ 751 A.H); which strongly condemned the cult of saints and practices related to grave veneration. Qutb re-oriented Ibn Taymiyya's critiques against what he described as the "modern idols", i.e, the contemporary nation states. These re-invigorated doctrines would shape the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi Jihadist</a> theology from the 1970s, represented by organisations like <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a>, etc. The Islamic State regards itself as the true successor of these theological doctrines and accuses Al-Qaeda leadership under <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Zawahiri</a> of being deviated. Unlike Al-Qaeda, IS was also able to implement these doctrines in its territories during its brief stint of power in parts of Iraq and Syria during 2014-2019.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> According to Professor Bartosz Bolechów of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, the ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> was formed as a consequence of ideological radicalisation in response to the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> launched after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>. Asserting that the binary worldview of Islamic State and its ideological evolution is compatible with the conclusions of <a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror Management Theory</a> (TMT), Bolechów states:<blockquote>"Jihadi, revolutionary variant of Salafism is a modern phenomenon inspired initially by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (and then by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Maqdisi" title="Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi">Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Basir_al-Tartusi" title="Abu Basir al-Tartusi">Abu Basir al-Tartusi</a>) and born as a reaction to Islamic political fragmentation (after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">fall of Ottoman Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">colonization</a> (by Western powers) and modernization.. If <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadi-Salafism</a> should be understood as a radical fringe of Salafism, the ideology of the Islamic State is so far its most extreme version. Some scholars are calling this variant Neo-<a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfirism</a> to stress the fact of its strained or even openly hostile relations with more “traditional” strains of jihadi organizations, its thinkers and leaders. This new variant is definitely an indirect byproduct of 9/11 and direct byproduct of GWOT: the chain of events started by the disruption of Al-Qaeda central in Afghanistan and then continued with an <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">intervention in Iraq</a>.. GWOT basically supported the narrative of the revolutionary Salafism: that counterterrorism is only a pretext used by the West in its historical quest for destroying Islam. It was a leading force and a key factor behind a further radicalization of an already radical worldview."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">Jihadist</a> theoretician and ideologue Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir, is widely regarded as the "theologian who shaped ISIS". His works provided the most influential inspiration for modern jihadist strategies.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2018-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-49">[49]</a> Al-Muhajir's legal manual on violence, Fiqh al-Dima (The Jurisprudence of Jihad or The Jurisprudence of Blood),<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winter_2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2018-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> became ISIL's standard reference for justifying its extraordinary acts of violence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winter_2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2018-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-49">[49]</a> The book has been described by counter-terrorism scholar Orwa Ajjoub as rationalizing and justifying "suicide operations, the mutilation of corpses, beheading, and the killing of children and non-combatants".<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-49">[49]</a> His theological and legal justifications influenced ISIL,<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2018-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-49">[49]</a> al-Qaeda,<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2016-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2018-48">[48]</a> as well as several other jihadi terrorist groups.<a href="#cite_note-Winter_2016-47">[47]</a> Fawaz A. Gerges believes that ISIL has drawn from Salafi-jihadists’ "repertoire of ideas and selectively borrowed whatever fits its unique worldview".<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a> In particular, he believes ISIL has drawn from three works that share an advocacy of offensive jihad, opposition to any gradualism or political activity, attacking the near enemy not just the far, observing no limits in killing and brutalizing as extreme violence as this is following the way of the prophet (they assert in opposition to the scholarly consensus) and is the best way to bring the enemy to submission. Three works are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a> (Idarat at-Tawahhush). Written under the pseudonym Abu Bakr al-Najji and published online around 2004. The most famous of the three works, it has been described by several journalists and analysts as influential to ISIL,<a href="#cite_note-McCoy-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crooke-30-8-2014-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyJune14-53">[53]</a> Among its important points are that earlier jihadists wasted time on preaching, neglecting killing and destruction. “We must drag all the people to battle and bring the temple down on the heads of everyone". After all, “the worst chaotic condition is by far preferable to stability under the system of apostasy”,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and even "if the whole umma [community of Muslims] perishes" during jihadi generated fighting, "they would all be martyrs".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a></li> <li>An Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Jihad by Abu Abdullah al-Muhajjer. According to this interpretation of jihad (also against the consensus of other scholars) "killing kuffar and fighting them in their Homeland is a necessity even if they do not harm Muslims". It doesn't really matter if enemy killed are combatants or non-combatants because the main reason for "killing them and confiscating their property" is that "they are not Muslims".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a></li> <li>The Essentials of Making Ready [for Jihad] by Sayyid Imam al-Sharif, (also known as Abdel-Qader Ibn Abdel-Aziz or Dr. Fadl). This work focuses on hakimiyya or rule of God, and differs somewhat from the others in encouraging attacks on the far as well as near enemy. Its author asserts that jihad against near enemy—any Muslim who rules by non-sharia law—is <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">fard</a> ayn, an Islamic obligation for every Muslim male 15 and over. Anyone who avoids jihad in the path of God betrays <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul> The classical references of IS mainly consist of the medieval legal literature of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a> and various collections of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> and their exegeses. Contemporary scholarly references relied upon by IS include the 19th century treatises of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Al ash-Sheikh">Aal al-Shaykhs</a>, treatises of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman Al-'Utaybi</a>, as well as the popular <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadi</a> literature produced by the exponents of the <a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamoud_al-Aqla_al-Shu%27aybi#Al-Shuebi_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamoud al-Aqla al-Shu'aybi">Shu'aybi school</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>. Major references also consist of the legal works of various scholars influential in the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> tradition; such as the early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Muhammad Al-Shawkani</a>. The writings of classical theologian Ibn Taymiyya are disproportionately cited throughout IS pamphlets, propaganda videos and magazines. Throughout their works, IS ideologues refer to Ibn Taymiyya by the title "<a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islam</a>". As of 2019, Ibn Taymiyya has been cited more than 40,000 times out of all the 300,000 pages published by various AQ and IS Publications. However, IS strategists are highly selective in appropriating the ideas found in scholarly literature; by moulding them to align with their revolutionary propaganda and militant ideology.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Al-Shawkani's tracts condemning the building over graves, in particular, are often abbreviated, re-published and distributed via IS propaganda material and leaflets. During its <a href="/wiki/ISIS_occupation_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS occupation of Mosul">occupation of Mosul</a>, IS distributed Shawkani's treatises that advocated the "levelling" of tombs and elevated graves, asserting it as a core religious doctrine. Citing Shawkani, IS <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">excommunicated</a> those who visit graves for beseeching favours as polytheists and <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a>. Executions of captured enemy combatants suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Shi%27Ites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'Ites">Shi'ites</a> are also justified through these writings. Despite resistance from local populace, IS engaged in a campaign of destroying the tombs of various saints throughout their three year-reign in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Various scholars assert that <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> misappropriates classical scholarly <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> (legal verdicts) to justify their ruthless religious interpretations that diverges from traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a>, including mainstream <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>. IS ideologues often accuse their religious critics of being guilty of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a> (blind following), for disagreeing with their brutal execution methods and violent tactics like suicide bombings. IS magazines such as <a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Islam_(magazine)" title="Dar al-Islam (magazine)">Dar al-Islam</a> regularly publish numerous articles fervently denouncing those who fall into Taqlid as heretics since "it implies following someone other than Allah and his messenger". Dabiq magazine published an article in 2015 titled “The Evil of Division and Taqlid”, which emphasized the obligation to follow <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Prophetic</a> commands and condemned the practice of imitating scholarly verdicts without basis in Scriptures. An example of this literalism was manifested in the 2015 burning to death of Jordanian pilot <a href="/wiki/Muath_al-Kasasbeh" title="Muath al-Kasasbeh">Muath al-Kasasbeh</a> which was justified by IS based on <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a> ("eye for an eye") principle in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, despite the fact that Sunni <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Fuqaha</a> (legal scholarship) unanimously condemn burning living beings as sinful.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demands_of_the_Caliphate">Demands of the Caliphate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demands of the Caliphate">edit</a>]</div> Having declared itself to be a new Caliphate, and al-Baghdadi to be the new Caliph, ISIL has declared "We inform the Muslims that, with the announcement of the caliphate, it has become obligatory for all Muslims to give <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a> and support him", and "O Muslims in all places. Whoso is able to emigrate to the Islamic State, let him emigrate. For emigration to the Abode of Islam is obligatory".<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a> This holds true for all other jihadi groups including Al-Qaeda which (ISIL believes) has lost its reason for existing independently. Salafi Jihadists such as ISIL believe that only a legitimate authority can undertake the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, and that the first priority over other areas of combat, such as fighting non-Muslim countries, is the purification of Islamic society. For example, ISIL regards the (non-Salafi) Palestinian Islamist Sunni group <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> as apostates who have no legitimate authority to lead jihad and it regards fighting Hamas as the first step before confrontation with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-ISIS-NYT-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> But ISIL goes further, ordering all jihadists everywhere that they obey and must pledge their loyalty to the commander of the faithful — i.e. their now deceased caliph Abu Bakr al Baghdadi — who had ordered his fighters to "split the head" and "strike the neck" of those who do not.<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a> That ISIL is serious about this demand for obedience is reflected in its attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> in Syria, a group which declined to pledge loyalty to ISIL. The fight has involved "wholesale rapes, beheadings and crucifixions" and killed "thousands of skilled fighters from both sides".<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_Jihad">Offensive Jihad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Offensive Jihad">edit</a>]</div> According to Hayder al-Khoei, the central importance of the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> of early Islam to ISIL's philosophy is symbolized by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a> ISIL has adopted, a variant of the legendary battle flag of Muhammad displaying the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Muhammad" title="Seal of Muhammad">Seal of Muhammad</a> within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">There is no God but Allah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-speckhard-29-8-2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Without a caliphate, there can be no offensive jihad, according to traditional Islamic law. According to jihadist preacher <a href="/wiki/Anjem_Choudary" title="Anjem Choudary">Anjem Choudary</a>, "Hitherto, we were just defending ourselves," but now ISIL can fight to the forcible expansion into countries that are ruled by non-Muslims. Waging of war to expand the caliphate is an essential duty of the caliph, so according to its ideological supporters like Anjem Choudary, ISIL is not just allowed to fight offensively but forbidden not to.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> The work The <a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a> describes three stages of jihad. <ol><li>In stage one ("vexation and empowerment") the "will of the enemy" would be broken by destruction of "vital economic and strategic targets such as oil facilities and the tourism infrastructure". Concentrating security forces to protect these sensitive targets will cause the state to weaken and its powers wither, bringing “savagery and chaos.” Salafi-jihadists would then take advantage of this security vacuum, by launching an all-out battle on the thinly dispersed security forces.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Once the state has been overthrown, the "administration or management of savagery" (Idrarat al-Tawhush) will follow. The "law of the jungle" will prevail and survivors will "accept any organization, regardless of whether it is made up of good or evil people,”<a href="#cite_note-Neurink-2015-69">[69]</a> and jihadis will step in to provide organization, administering sharia law.</li> <li>The final stage, "empowerment" (Shawkat al-Tamkeen), will establish the Islamic state, ruled by a single leader who would then unify diffuse and scattered groups and regions of “savagery” in a caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Despite the enormous suffering and loss of life caused by the forces of jihad, through a mixture of persuasion and coercion, they will (according to Najji) win hearts and minds and gain legitimacy and recognition for Islamic rule.<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_Salafism">Importance of Salafism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Importance of Salafism">edit</a>]</div> Author <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Graeme Wood</a> has noted the importance of the "governing precepts that were embedded in Islam by the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers" (which together with two succeeding generations of Muslims are known as the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>), from which ISIL insists it "cannot waver". <blockquote>Virtually every major decision and law promulgated by the Islamic State adheres to what it calls, in its press and pronouncements, and on its billboards, license plates, stationery, and coins, "the Prophetic methodology," which means following the prophecy and example of Muhammad, in punctilious detail.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a></blockquote> While other jihadis are salafist in doctrine, ISIL been more exacting in following early practices by "embrac[ing] slavery and crucifixion without apology," as well as a <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> tax on Christians.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> It has boasted about its enslavement of Yazidi women in its international magazine <a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a> Despite this, ISIL/ISIS rejects many traditional Salafi interpretations and condemns the majority of Salafis as heretics. Major Salafi scholars of contemporary era such as <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Aziz_Fawzan_Al-Fawzan" title="Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan">Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_al-Tarefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz al-Tarefe">Abdulaziz al-Tarefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Al-Alwan" title="Sulaiman Al-Alwan">Sulaiman Al-Alwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a>, etc. have refuted the Caliphate claim of ISIL/ISIS as illegal and condemned them as a "rogue, criminal organisation" reminiscent of the "fanatical <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-islam21c.com-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_Jihadi-Salafism">Of Jihadi-Salafism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Of Jihadi-Salafism">edit</a>]</div> The ideology of the Islamic State is based on Jihadi-Salafism, "a distinct ideological movement in Sunni Islam", according to Cole Bunzel of the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Graeme Wood</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. According to their works, and ISIL itself, it unites two streams of Islamic thought that are the original <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>, though ISIL regards the modern Muslim Brotherhood and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> as traitors and <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostates</a>. "We believe that jihad in God's path is an individual obligation, from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_(1491)" title="Treaty of Granada (1491)">fall of al-Andalus</a> until the liberation of [all] Muslim lands, and [that it is an individual obligation] in the presence of a pious person or an impious person."<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> defines the organisation's ideology as "generally viewed as identical to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaida</a>'s or the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Saudi version of Salafism</a>– adherence to fundamental Islamic tenets."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, the sheer brutality and extreme tendencies of ISIL/ISIS have alienated them from mainstream Salafi-Jihadists. Prominent Salafi-Jihadist ideologues have condemned ISIL/ISIS and wrote treatises against them.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Yaqoubi_2015_xx,_19,_26–27-28">[28]</a> One of the most repeated propaganda tropes of IS is the denunciation of its <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> and other religious opponents as "<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ites</a>", an ancient heterodox sect condemned as heretical by mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a>. According to Jeffrey Bristol,<blockquote>"This is an important accusation, for ISIS believes that true Islam is one wholly without sects, even without the traditional four schools of jurisprudence, so that any creation of sectarianism renders one's Islam void."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Takfir">Takfir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Takfir">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfirism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a> ideology of groups like <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic state</a> has its roots in the writings of the 20th century Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islamist">militant Islamist</a> ideologue <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (1906-1966 C.E), which preached against the governments and societies of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a>. Qutb regarded the Muslim world as being sunk in a state of <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a> (pre-Islamic ignorance) and by employing <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (excommunication); he demanded violent overthrowal of contemporary regimes.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Describing the contemporary conditions of society, Qutb claimed: <blockquote>“Our whole environment, people's beliefs and ideas, habits and art, rules and laws - is Jahiliyyah, even to the extent that what we consider to be Islamic culture, Islamic sources, Islamic philosophy and Islamic thought are also constructs of Jahiliyyah!”<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></blockquote>Daesh's sectarianism and takfiri approach is historically rooted in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (AQI),<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi</a> in 2004. Its ideological roots are found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> and Sayyid Qutb.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> (declaring self-proclaimed Muslims to be apostates, which usually also means calling for their death) of ISIL on large numbers of Muslims has been a point of difference between itself and other jihadis such as Al-Qaeda. ISIL is "committed to purifying the world by killing vast numbers of people", according to <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Graeme Wood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> According to Jamileh Kadivar, ISIS has given a higher priority to fighting what it views as apostates than "original disbelievers" (Jews, Christians, Hindus, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Consequently, the majority of the "27,947 terrorist deaths" it has been responsible for as of 2020<a href="#cite_note-80">[Note 1]</a> have been Muslims<a href="#cite_note-82">[Note 2]</a> it regards "as kafir".<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a> On the other hand, Troy E. Spier notes that the demarcation of believers and non-believers is more complex than a simple assignation of religious faith.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Takfiri ideology is "a significant part" of ISIS "identity and being" (according to Kadivar), and a message emphasizing the pure Islam of Daesh supporters and the "otherness", unbelief and apostasy of "other Muslims" permeates its media/propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[Note 3]</a> From about 2003 to 2006, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>, the head of ISIL predecessor group, al‑Qaeda in Iraq, expanded "the range of behavior" that could make large number of self-proclaimed Muslims infidels (<a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a>) -- including "in certain cases, selling alcohol or drugs, wearing Western clothes or shaving one's beard, voting in an election—even for a Muslim candidate—and being lax about calling other people apostates".<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> However, Shi’a Muslims have been its "main target" in takfir. Al-Zarqawi wrote that "the danger from the Shi’a ... is greater, and their damage is worse and more destructive to the (Islamic) nation (Ummah) than the Americans, ... so fighting the Shiites ... will not end until the land is ... purified of them".<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> ISIL continued the policy of takfir, on Shia and others. “Those who reject the takfir of Twelver Shiite scholars" are "disbelievers”.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The group states that if a Muslim who commits one of the “10 nullifiers (nawaqid) of Islam” established by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10_nulifiers-87">[84]</a> they become an apostate from Islam. The "third nullifier" was that: “Whoever does not hold the polytheists (mushrikeen) to be disbelievers (kuffar), or has doubts about their disbelief or considers their ways and beliefs to be correct, has committed disbelief”<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a> An "Important memorandum" by the group from 2017 stated: <blockquote>The Islamic State has not ceased for a single day from making Takfir of the Mushrikin [polytheists], and that it treats the making of the Takfir of the Mushrikin as one of the utmost principles of the religion, which must be known before knowing the prayer and other obligations that are known of the religion by necessity <a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></blockquote> However the ISIL definition of mushrikeen was not limited to those who had multiple gods in their religion. ISIL included amongst the sins qualifying as one of the nullifiers "adopting democracy or fighting for the sake of patriotism, nationalism or civil state".<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Another example of the willingness to takfir is a statement not only calling for the revival of slavery (specifically of <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a>) but takfiring any Muslim who disagreed with that doctrine. <blockquote>Yazidi women and children [are to be] divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">Sinjar operations</a> … Enslaving the families of the <a href="/wiki/Kuffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuffar">kuffar</a> and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a></blockquote> Despite their similarities in ideology, ISIL also takfired other Islamists and jihadi groups—the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (Al-Ikhwan ul-Muslimin), <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> and Al Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in particular has been dubbed a “devastating cancer”, “the brothers of Shaytan, a deviant sect, and the laboring agents of the Crusaders against Islam and its people". It claims that “To actualize the ‘New World Order’ project, the Crusaders (Christians) found none better than the Murtadd Brotherhood to be the role model for people”.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> According to Jamileh Kadivar, an examination of ISIL public statements reveals conflict within the group over takfir—over whether takfir is “one of the principles of the religion,” or merely a “requirement/necessity of religion”, which has led to "warnings, imprisonment, and execution" of "Sharia office members, judges, and amirs"<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_violence">Importance of violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Importance of violence">edit</a>]</div> ISIL has been noted for what many observers have called "appalling"<a href="#cite_note-WRIGHT-16-6-2014-93">[90]</a> or "horrifying" brutality,<a href="#cite_note-McCoy-51">[51]</a> its release of videos and photographs of beheadings, shootings, caged prisoners being burnt alive or submerged gradually until drowned.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-12-8-15-94">[91]</a> Among other effects, the group's mass killings and publicizing of them led to a split between it and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WRIGHT-16-6-2014-93">[90]</a> ISIL's violence is "not some whimsical, crazed fanaticism, but a very deliberate, considered strategy", according to some analysts,<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-30-8-2014-10">[10]</a> who often quote from the tract <a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a><a href="#cite_note-MoS-95">[92]</a> This work asserts that "one who previously engaged in jihad knows that it is naught but violence, crudeness, terrorism, deterrence and massacring."<a href="#cite_note-NEGUS-1-4-2015-96">[93]</a> While "savage chaos" is unpleasant it has to be remembered that even "the most abominable of the levels of savagery" are better "than stability under the order of unbelief," i.e. any regime other than ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-McCoy-12-8-2004-97">[94]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Atran-nybooks-11-16-15-98">[95]</a> One observer has described ISIL's publicizing of its mass executions and killing of civilians as part of "a conscious plan designed to instill among believers a sense of meaning that is sacred and sublime, while scaring the hell out of fence-sitters and enemies."<a href="#cite_note-Atran-nybooks-11-16-15-98">[95]</a> Another describes it purpose as to "break" psychologically those under its control "so as to ensure their absolute allegiance through fear and intimidation", while generating "outright hate and vengeance" by its enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Reardon-6-7-15-99">[96]</a> (That this doctrine has been embraced by at least some lower level ISIL fighters would seem to be corroborated by German journalist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Todenh%C3%B6fer" title="Jürgen Todenhöfer">Jürgen Todenhöfer</a>, an opponent of Western intervention in Iraq who spent ten days embedded with ISIS in Mosul, and noted "something that I don't understand at all is the enthusiasm in their plan of religious cleansing, planning to kill the non-believers ... They were talking about hundreds of millions. They were enthusiastic about it ...")<a href="#cite_note-Greyvenstein-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eschatology">edit</a>]</div> One difference between ISIL and other Islamist and jihadist movements, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, is the group's emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalypticism</a>—that is, a belief that the final Day of Judgment by God are near, and specifically, that the arrival of one known as Imam <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> is close at hand. It has been described as "a major part" of ISIL's "recruiting pitch."<a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-21-8-15-101">[98]</a> The ISIL caliph, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi and other leaders have depicted themselves as battling the “antichrist” (<a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a>?) according to Fawaz A. Gerges.<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">[11]</a> ISIL believes that it will defeat the army of "Rome" at the town of <a href="/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria" title="Dabiq, Syria">Dabiq</a>, in fulfilment of prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> Following its interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_Twelve_Successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the Twelve Successors">Hadith of the Twelve Successors</a>, ISIL also believes that after al-Baghdadi there will be only four more legitimate caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">[2]</a> The noted scholar of militant Islamism <a href="/wiki/Will_McCants" title="Will McCants">William McCants</a> writes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">References to the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End Times</a> fill Islamic State <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. It is a big selling point with foreign fighters, who want to travel to the lands where the final battles of the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> will take place. The civil wars raging in those countries today [Iraq and Syria] lend credibility to the prophecies. The Islamic State has stoked the apocalyptic fire. [...] For Bin Laden's generation, the apocalypse wasn't a great recruiting pitch. Governments in the Middle East two decades ago were more stable, and sectarianism was more subdued. It was better to recruit by calling to arms against corruption and tyranny than against the Antichrist. Today, though, the apocalyptic recruiting pitch makes more sense.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William McCants, The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_with_Al-Qaeda">Differences with Al-Qaeda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Differences with Al-Qaeda">edit</a>]</div> Roots of the doctrinal divergences between Al-Qaeda and IS lie in the various theological and policy disagreements between <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama Bin Laden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>; the Jordanian leader of Al-Qaeda's <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Iraq franchise</a> (AQI). Bin Laden believed in Muslim unity (i.e. sectarianism was discouraged) and aimed the war of “vexing and exhausting” at the “far enemy” (United States). On the other hand, Zarqawi pivoted towards eliminating internal enemies, most notably <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularists</a>; whom he regarded as the "near enemy". ISIL focuses on "grievance (heavily grounded in the feelings of a displaced and impoverished rural class)" which involve a "near enemy".<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> In the wake of the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, not only were Sunnis removed from power but the capital <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and the Iraqi army were ethically cleansed of Sunni. This created a "sense of Sunni loss of privilege" and power; "a deep desire for revenge against “usurpers” specifically the "cosmopolitan, affluent elite" and "above all" the Shi’a and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-2014-104">[101]</a> Al-Qaeda leadership criticised both Zarqawi and his successor <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Omar al-Baghdadi">Abu Omar al-Baghdadi</a> over their <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">anti-Shia</a> outlook. Bin Laden had advocated for a joint front of Shia and Sunni <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups to fight together during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="American occupation of Iraq">American occupation of Iraq</a>. However, Zarqawi believed in igniting a sectarian war in Iraq as part of the anti-American insurgency; which eventually culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> ISIL ideologues had adopted Wahhabist beliefs that Islam should be "cleansed" or purged of deviant groups that "defiled" the religion, and amplified them in their Global Jihadist strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-2014-104">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> ideologues also regularly criticise IS for exaggerating the status of the medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> in their doctrinal and legal manuals; accusing them of disregarding the wider classical <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholarship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Urging Zarqawi to refrain from harming Shia civilians and mosques; <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> wrote: <blockquote>"such acts affect the protected blood of women, children, and non-combatant Shia public, who are protected because they are excused for their ignorance [of true religious doctrine, unlike Shia clerics]. This is the consensus of the Sunni toward the Shia public and ignorant followers.”<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a></blockquote> Another difference is Islamic State's total rejection of traditional <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars</a>, whom they accuse of being agents of apostate regimes. In contrast, Al-Qaeda considers mainstream clerics as authoritative and follows the policy of appealing to them for their cause. By February 2014, Al-Qaeda had publicly severed its ties to Islamic State and condemned its brutal violence; accusing the organisation of estranging the Muslim public from the <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadist</a> cause.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">British Intelligence</a> officer and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Crooke" title="Alastair Crooke">Alastair Crooke</a> sees "two elements" to the difference between ISIL and Al-Qaeda: <ol><li>ISIL believes that original historic Islamic state was formed by “fighting-scholars” and their armed followers, (which departs from the orthodox understanding). Although it adopted Wahhabi doctrines, ISIL radically departs from Wahhabi tradition by denying the home of that sect (Saudi Arabia) "any legitimacy as founders of a State, as the head of the Mosque, or as interpreter of the Qur’an." Instead, in complete repudiation of all aspects of Sunni temporal and religious authority, ISIL asserts these attributes for itself and views itself as the sole legitimate State.<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-2014-104">[101]</a></li> <li>ISIL bases its tactics from the book The Management of Savagery which advocates for "No Mercy" with no room for “softness”; since softness is the "ingredient for failure." It promotes a very narrow definition of apostasy. The beheadings and other violent enactments of ISIL form part of a deliberate strategy to inflict fear and psychologically intimidate its opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Crooke-2014-104">[101]</a></li></ol> Numerous Al-Qaeda leaders and ideologues penned key treatises contesting the legitimacy of Caliphate claims of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, citing precedence from classical, modern and pre-modern Islamic jurisprudents such as Ibn Taymiyya, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Mawardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, etc. In a 10-page tract titled "Taqrib Mafhum al-Khilafat al-Rashida" (Familiarising the Muslim masses with the concept of the rightly guided caliphate), <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi" title="Sami al-Oraydi">Sami al-'Uraydi</a> asserts that people cannot be forced to pledge <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">bay'ah</a> (allegiance) to the Caliphate; rather it needs to be established through <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a> (consultation) with the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-hall_wal-aqd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl al-hall wal-aqd">qualified representatives of the Muslim populations</a>. Although a caliphate can be established forcibly in a lexical sense, the regime of IS cannot be termed "Rightly Guided Caliphate" since it was violently created by forcibly oppressing the Muslim population and is led by "<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a>".<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Citing Rashid Rida, Al-'Uraydi writes: <blockquote>"Sheikh Muhammad Rashid Rida, (may God have mercy on him) says: 'The meaning of this is that; seizing power by force is like eating dead meat and pork in necessity to avoid starvation, is enforced by force and is less [disastrous] than <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>... and its implication is that it is necessary to strive to always remove it when possible, and it is not permissible to settle on its permanence' "<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_sex_roles">Women and sex roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Women and sex roles">edit</a>]</div> ISIL publishes material directed at women. Although women are not allowed to take up arms, media groups encourage them to play supportive roles within ISIL, such as providing first aid, cooking, nursing and sewing skills, in order to become "good wives of jihad".<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> A document entitled Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study, released 23 January 2015 by the media wing of ISIL's all-female Al-Khanssaa Brigade, (issued in Arabic and not translated by ISIL but by an anti-Islamist Quilliam Foundation<a href="#cite_note-quilliam-women-114">[111]</a>) emphasized the paramount importance of marriage and motherhood (as early as nine-years-old) for women. Women should live a life of "sedentariness", fulfilling their "divine duty of motherhood" at home: "Yes, we say 'stay in your houses,' ....."<a href="#cite_note-quilliam-women-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-imsorfw-115">[112]</a> Under "exceptional circumstances," women may leave home—doctors, teachers, women studying Islam are exempt from confinement, as are women if they are needed to fight jihad and ordered to do so by religious leaders when there are not enough men around to protect the country from enemy attack.<a href="#cite_note-quilliam-women-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-imsorfw-115">[112]</a> In education, the document author envisions a system where girls complete their formal schooling by age 15. Women are encouraged to study, provided the content is not "worldly" knowledge, but religious, for example <a href="/wiki/Shari%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'ah">Shari'ah</a>, (Islamic law). The proper Muslim women should not study <blockquote>these worthless worldly sciences in the farthest mountains and the deepest valleys, ... She travels, intent upon learning Western lifestyle and sitting in the midst of another culture, to study the brain cells of crows, grains of sand and the arteries of fish!</blockquote> If instead she studies <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence), "there is with no need for her to flit here and there to get degrees and so on, just so she can try to prove that her intelligence is greater than a man's."<a href="#cite_note-imsorfw-115">[112]</a> The treatise decries Western feminism and the blurring of lines between the roles of each sex, which has caused Muslims to forget how to worship God properly. "Women are not presented with a true picture of man", and men have become emasculated.<a href="#cite_note-quilliam-women-114">[111]</a> Equality for women is criticized on the grounds that <blockquote>Women gain nothing from the idea of their equality with men apart from thorns ... Under 'equality' they have to work and rest on the same days as men even though they have 'monthly complications' and pregnancies and so on, in spite of the nature of her life and responsibilities to their husband, sons and religion."<a href="#cite_note-imsorfw-115">[112]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_with_Revolutionary_Marxism">Similarities with Revolutionary Marxism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Similarities with Revolutionary Marxism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">List of communist ideologies</a></div> Various scholars have articulated the resemblance of the <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islamist">militant Islamist</a> ideology of the Islamic State with revolutionary variants of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> doctrine. Major themes espoused by ideology of IS have been compared to various aspects of Marxist worldview such as opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a> system, binary categorisations of human societies into oppressed and oppressor classes, advocacy of global revolution to overthrow the prevalent <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">world system</a>, belief in an ideologically dedicated vanguard to carry out the armed revolution, <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministic</a> conceptualisation of history, negation of diplomatic engagement with opponents and emphasis on violent means to change the hostile world order rather than participating in internal reforms.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> According to political scientist Massimo Ramaioli:<blockquote>"<a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Al-Baghdadi</a> was not unlike <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>: leaders of an uncompromising vanguard, hellbent on the rejection of the incumbent historical bloc, ready to deploy violence to upend such order, zealots in their representation of the Enemy. The scientific truth adumbrated by an averred correct understanding of history granted both ISIS and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> brazen confidence and frightful resolve. It revealed in their ideology and attendant political praxis."<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice">In practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In practice">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> Residents report that the ISIL dress code for women was both very strict and strictly enforced.<a href="#cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">[115]</a> Shortly after tasking control of Mosul in 2014 residents reported that ISIL distributed from door-to-door a "Bill of the City," detailing its plans for governing the city, and declaring that women should wear a "wide, loose jilbab, stay in your homes and leave them only in cases of necessity."<a href="#cite_note-Aqeedi-2016-119">[116]</a> The dress code was implemented gradually and completed with the requirement that every part of the female body including the eyes be covered in public. Some former female residents complained that this prevented them from such basic tasks as seeing where they were going; or when shopping seeing what they were buying and what change was being given them.<a href="#cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">[115]</a> Thousands of sets of <a href="/wiki/Niqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Niqab">niqab</a> were distributed to shops in Mosul after the ISIL takeover and decrees ordered that women wear them along with gloves. ISIL billboards gave details of required apparel for women stating that outer gowns should be "thick and not reveal what is beneath" and should "not draw attention."<a href="#cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">[115]</a> Regulations on dress are enforced by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police#ISIL" title="Islamic religious police">Diwan al-Hisba</a> or "morality police" who issue citations and confiscate IDs. According to the New York Times, "depending on the offense, he was forced to pay a fine, or else either he or his wife was sentenced to a whipping, recent escapees said."<a href="#cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">[115]</a> In one case a woman resident complained that she was arrested by a vigilant morality police officer who spotted her lifting her veil to let food enter her mouth while on a family picnic. She was sentenced to 21 lashes administered with "a cable that had metal spikes on the end" and had to be hospitalized afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men">Men</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Men">edit</a>]</div> The Diwan al-Hisba also enforced laws on behavior for men in Mosul, who were fined and flogged for infractions such as "incorrect beard length, for failure to pray at the sanctioned time, for possession of cigarettes and alcohol".<a href="#cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_reception">Initial reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Initial reception">edit</a>]</div> Following the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (ISIL's predecessor) in 2006, there was much celebration on Jihadist websites. A number of popular forums added counters that counted the number of days that had passed since the Islamic state's establishment, with a statement underneath: "[a certain number of] days have passed since the announcement of the Islamic State and the [Muslim] community's coming hope…and it will continue to persist by the will of God." However, outside of jihadists online, it was not considered by people as an official state.<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdullah_al-Rashid_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi">Abu Umar al-Baghdadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Masri" title="Abu Ayyub al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Muhajir</a> both insisted that the Islamic State of Iraq was not simply a new name for <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda in Iraq">Al Qaeda in Iraq</a>, but was an actual state. When other Iraq-based Salafi factions like the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a> refused to recognize it as a state and give it their <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">allegiance</a>, Abu Umar al-Baghdadi called them "sinners".<a href="#cite_note-Bunzel-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> U.S. Secretary Of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> said in a statement that "[ISIL] is not Islamic", and denied it was a state, instead calling it a terrorist organization. Neither governments nor peoples recognize it as legitimate government.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> directly or through affiliated groups, from its inception in 2014 to 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014; 2015<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> "Daesh's official media" includes, "al-Hayat Media Center (including videos, Dabiq, and Rumiyah magazines), Al-Furqan, Ajnad, Al-Himmah publications, Al-Naba newsletter, Al-Bayan Radio, and Wilayat media offices".<a href="#cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">[80]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bunzel-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunzel_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBunzel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en">"From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State"</a> (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. 19. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Middle East Policy">Center for Middle East Policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>): 1–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Project+on+U.S.+Relations+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=From+Paper+State+to+Caliphate%3A+The+Ideology+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-48&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2FResearch%2FFiles%2FPapers%2F2015%2F03%2Fideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel%2FThe-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-isis-really-wants-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what-isis-really-wants_2-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Wood_(journalist)" title="Graeme Wood (journalist)">Wood, Graeme</a> (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/">"What ISIS Really Wants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095910/https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+ISIS+Really+Wants&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2015%2F02%2Fwhat-isis-really-wants%2F384980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Gerges2016" class="citation book cs1">A. Gerges, Fawaz (2016). "Introduction". ISIS: A History. Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540: Princeton University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17000-8"><bdi>978-0-691-17000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=ISIS%3A+A+History&rft.place=Princeton+University+Press%2C+41+William+Street%2C+Princeton%2C+New+Jersey+08540&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17000-8&rft.aulast=A.+Gerges&rft.aufirst=Fawaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong_2014-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_2014_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127132619/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism">"Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism">the original</a> on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Wahhabism+to+ISIS%3A+how+Saudi+Arabia+exported+the+main+source+of+global+terrorism&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld-affairs%2F2014%2F11%2Fwahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Crooke" title="Alastair Crooke">Crooke, Alastair</a> (30 March 2017) [First published 27 August 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html">"You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Understand+ISIS+If+You+Don%27t+Know+the+History+of+Wahhabism+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Fisis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Dodeye U. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicsandreligionjournal.com/index.php/prj/article/view/317">"The Incongruity of Sayyid Qutb's Political Islam and National Integration in Nigeria: A Descriptive Analysis"</a>. Politics and Religion Journal. 12 (2): 245–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54561%2Fprj1202245w">10.54561/prj1202245w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1820-6581">1820-6581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Religion+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Incongruity+of+Sayyid+Qutb%27s+Political+Islam+and+National+Integration+in+Nigeria%3A+A+Descriptive+Analysis&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-262&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.54561%2Fprj1202245w&rft.issn=1820-6581&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dodeye+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliticsandreligionjournal.com%2Findex.php%2Fprj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSazanov,_Ploom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sazanov, Ploom, Vladimir, Illimar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50040064">"Some Remarks on the Ideological Core and Political Pillars of the So-called Islamic State"</a>. Modern Management Review. 26 (1): 59–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7862%2Frz.2021.mmr.06">10.7862/rz.2021.mmr.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237957039">237957039</a> – via Academia.edu. <q>Thus, in essence, ISIS draws heavily from the Qutbist branch of Salafism, using and promoting the ideas and views of such Islamist scholars and spokesmen as Sayyid Qutb...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+the+Ideological+Core+and+Political+Pillars+of+the+So-called+Islamic+State&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-80&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7862%2Frz.2021.mmr.06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237957039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sazanov%2C+Ploom&rft.aufirst=Vladimir%2C+Illimar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50040064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._George2016" class="citation book cs1">A. George, Fawaz (2016). ISIS: A History. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 L 1TW: Princeton University Press. pp. 217–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17000-8"><bdi>978-0-691-17000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISIS%3A+A+History&rft.place=United+Kingdom%3A+Princeton+University+Press%2C+6+Oxford+Street%2C+Woodstock%2C+Oxfordshire+OX20+L+1TW&rft.pages=217-218&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17000-8&rft.aulast=A.+George&rft.aufirst=Fawaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-speckhard-29-8-2014-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speckhard-29-8-2014_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speckhard-29-8-2014_9-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917040453/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/anne-speckhard/isis-iraq_b_5541693.html">Endtimes Brewing</a> Huffington Post (UK) article by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Speckhard" title="Anne Speckhard">Anne Speckhard</a>, 29 August 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crooke-30-8-2014-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crooke-30-8-2014_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooke-30-8-2014_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooke-30-8-2014_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooke-30-8-2014_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke2014" class="citation web cs1">Crooke, Alastair (30 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/iraq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html">"The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq"</a>. The World Post. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Post&rft.atitle=The+ISIS%27+%27Management+of+Savagery%27+in+Iraq&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Firaq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerges-18-3-19-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges-18-3-19_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerges2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gerges, Fawaz A. (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2016/03/18/the-world-according-to-isis/">"The World According to ISIS"</a>. Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+ISIS&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Gerges&rft.aufirst=Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicyjournal.com%2F2016%2F03%2F18%2Fthe-world-according-to-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolie_Lee,_USA_TODAY_Network2014" class="citation news cs1">Jolie Lee, USA TODAY Network (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/08/28/islamic-state-what-you-need-to-know/14675923/">"Islamic State: What you need to know"</a>. USA TODAY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Islamic+State%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.au=Jolie+Lee%2C+USA+TODAY+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation-now%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2Fislamic-state-what-you-need-to-know%2F14675923%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-bin-salman-11-25-15-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-bin-salman-11-25-15_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2015" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Thomas L. (25 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/opinion/letter-from-saudi-arabia.html?ribbon-ad-idx=5&rref=opinion&module=Ribbon&version=context&region=Header&action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&pgtype=article">"Letter From Saudi Arabia"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Letter+From+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fletter-from-saudi-arabia.html%3Fribbon-ad-idx%3D5%26rref%3Dopinion%26module%3DRibbon%26version%3Dcontext%26region%3DHeader%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3DOpinion%26pgtype%3Darticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-14"><a href="#cite_ref-NS_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708054051/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx">"Islamic State"</a>. Australian National Security. Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx">the original</a> on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Security&rft.atitle=Islamic+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalsecurity.gov.au%2FListedterroristorganisations%2FPages%2FIslamicState.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManne2016" class="citation news cs1">Manne, Robert (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380">"Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133334/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Sayyid+Qutb%3A+Father+of+Salafi+Jihadism%2C+Forerunner+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fsayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-%2F10096380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Yaqoubi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi" title="Muhammad al-Yaqoubi">Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad</a> (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. United States: Sacred Knowledge. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908224125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908224125"><bdi>978-1908224125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuting+ISIS%3A+A+Rebuttal+Of+Its+Religious+And+Ideological+Foundations&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Sacred+Knowledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908224125&rft.aulast=Al-Yaqoubi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2016" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Hassan (13 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/06/13/sectarianism-of-islamic-state-ideological-roots-and-political-context-pub-63746">"The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <q>The central role of Islamist ideas is best captured in a saying popular among Islamic State supporters, attributed to Yemeni journalist Abdulelah Haider Shaye: "The Islamic State was drafted by Sayyid Qutb, taught by Abdullah Azzam, globalized by Osama bin Laden, transferred to reality by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and implemented by al-Baghdadis: Abu Omar and Abu Bakr."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Sectarianism+of+the+Islamic+State%3A+Ideological+Roots+and+Political+Context&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fsectarianism-of-islamic-state-ideological-roots-and-political-context-pub-63746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISIS-NYT-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISIS-NYT_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISIS-NYT_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISIS-NYT_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2014" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/world/middleeast/isis-abu-bakr-baghdadi-caliph-wahhabi.html?_r=0">"ISIS' Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ISIS%27+Harsh+Brand+of+Islam+Is+Rooted+in+Austere+Saudi+Creed&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisis-abu-bakr-baghdadi-caliph-wahhabi.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jihadica.com-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jihadica.com_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jihadica.com_19-1">b</a> "That Those Who Perish Would Perish upon Proof", published May 2017 by the "Delegated Committee about takfir", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jihadica.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/That-Those-Who-Perish.pdf">http://www.jihadica.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/That-Those-Who-Perish.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> (Important memorandum, June 2017, p.12, Al-Hayat Media Center.). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernholz2014" class="citation news cs1">Fernholz, Tim (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz.com/228833/dont-believe-the-people-telling-you-to-freak-out-over-this-isil-map/#/">"Don't believe the people telling you to freak out over this "ISIL" map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Don%27t+believe+the+people+telling+you+to+freak+out+over+this+%22ISIL%22+map&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.aulast=Fernholz&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F228833%2Fdont-believe-the-people-telling-you-to-freak-out-over-this-isil-map%2F%23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibrahim140822-22"><a href="#cite_ref-ibrahim140822_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Ibrahim2014" class="citation web cs1">al-Ibrahim, Fouad (22 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234">"Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise"</a>. Al Akhbar (Lebanon). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234">the original</a> on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Akhbar+%28Lebanon%29&rft.atitle=Why+ISIS+is+a+threat+to+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Wahhabism%27s+deferred+promise&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.aulast=al-Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Fouad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.al-akhbar.com%2Fnode%2F21234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-behead-23"><a href="#cite_ref-economist-behead_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21618918-possible-reasons-mysterious-surge-executions-other-beheaders">"Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: The other beheaders"</a>. The Economist. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Crime+and+punishment+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+The+other+beheaders&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21618918-possible-reasons-mysterious-surge-executions-other-beheaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Yaqoubi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi" title="Muhammad al-Yaqoubi">Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad</a> (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. United States: Sacred Knowledge. p. xiii, xx,11, 18, 19, 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908224125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908224125"><bdi>978-1908224125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuting+ISIS%3A+A+Rebuttal+Of+Its+Religious+And+Ideological+Foundations&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=xiii%2C+xx%2C11%2C+18%2C+19%2C+26-27&rft.pub=Sacred+Knowledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908224125&rft.aulast=Al-Yaqoubi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-islam21c.com-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-islam21c.com_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-islam21c.com_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islam21c.com/politics/conclusive-scholarly-opinions-on-isis/">"Conclusive scholarly opinions on ISIS"</a>. ISLAM21C.com. 10 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724114010/https://www.islam21c.com/politics/conclusive-scholarly-opinions-on-isis/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_d1e5c8c4eb391c27b823ce10b3a5bbd868d596c8-1627126682-0-gqNtZGzNAk2jcnBszQr6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISLAM21C.com&rft.atitle=Conclusive+scholarly+opinions+on+ISIS&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam21c.com%2Fpolitics%2Fconclusive-scholarly-opinions-on-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed,_Kersten,_Shterin2015" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Kersten, Shterin, Madawi, Carol, Marat (2015). Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118, 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932795-9"><bdi>978-0-19-932795-9</bdi></a>. <q>Wahhabis are not known to have called for the establishment of an Islamic caliphate. Neither their eighteenth-century classical sources nor contemporary publications endorse a call for this Islamic polity.. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), was mainly concerned with the purity of faith rather than the unity of the Muslim community or its incorporation in a single political entity... Neither the caliphate nor the Islamic state is theorized in the writings of Wahhabi 'ulama, including the founder of the movement.. Wahhabis are not known for producing political theology. Their views on the rightful Islamic leadership are a reiteration of classical Sunni opinions... Nothing in the Wahhabis' writings of the early twentieth century indicates that they aspired to establish a caliphate to fill the power vacuum left by the demise of the Ottoman empire. When their forces occupied Mecca in 1924 they did not declare it the centre of a new Islamic caliphate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+the+Caliphate%3A+Historical+Memory+and+Contemporary+Contexts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117-118%2C+123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932795-9&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed%2C+Kersten%2C+Shterin&rft.aufirst=Madawi%2C+Carol%2C+Marat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144">"What is Islamic State?"</a>. 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United States: Sacred Knowledge. p. xx, 19, 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908224125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908224125"><bdi>978-1908224125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuting+ISIS%3A+A+Rebuttal+Of+Its+Religious+And+Ideological+Foundations&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=xx%2C+19%2C+26-27&rft.pub=Sacred+Knowledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908224125&rft.aulast=Al-Yaqoubi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708054051/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx">"Islamic State - Australian National Security"</a>. nationalsecurity.gov.au. 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Retrieved 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chechens+In+Syria&rft.atitle=Umar+Shishani%27s+Second-in-Command+in+ISIS+Slams+Scholars+Who+%22Sow+Discord%22+%26+Don%27t+Fight&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Paraszczuk&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chechensinsyria.com%2F%3Fp%3D19207%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ140906-31"><a href="#cite_ref-econ140906_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21615634-sunni-religious-authorities-turn-against-islamic-state-slow-backlash">"The slow backlash – Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State"</a>. The Economist. 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+slow+backlash+%E2%80%93+Sunni+religious+authorities+turn+against+Islamic+State&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21615634-sunni-religious-authorities-turn-against-islamic-state-slow-backlash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamic_Fascism_2016-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islamic_Fascism_2016_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islamic_Fascism_2016_32-1">b</a> Islamic Fascism. Hamed Abdel-Samad. 2016. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781633881242" title="Special:BookSources/9781633881242">9781633881242</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/fascist-caliphate-how-islamic-state-mirrored-fascist-political-tactics-through-appealing">"The Fascist Caliphate: How the Islamic State Mirrored Fascist Political Tactics Through Appealing to a Relatively Deprived Middle Class | Small Wars Journal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fascist+Caliphate%3A+How+the+Islamic+State+Mirrored+Fascist+Political+Tactics+Through+Appealing+to+a+Relatively+Deprived+Middle+Class+%26%23124%3B+Small+Wars+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallwarsjournal.com%2Fjrnl%2Fart%2Ffascist-caliphate-how-islamic-state-mirrored-fascist-political-tactics-through-appealing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-liberal-uncanny-isis-_b_8934148">"The Liberal Uncanny: ISIS is Fascist (And So Are We?)"</a>. 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+Uncanny%3A+ISIS+is+Fascist+%28And+So+Are+We%3F%29&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-liberal-uncanny-isis-_b_8934148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The Holocaust in Romania. 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Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Abu+Abdullah+al-Muhajir%3A+The+Obscure+Theologian+Who+Shaped+ISIS&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.aulast=al-Saud&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+K.&rft.au=Winter%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F12%2Fisis-muhajir-syria%2F509399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend_2018-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2018_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2018_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2018_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2018_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2018_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2018" class="citation news cs1">Townsend, Mark (13 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/12/isis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar">"The core Isis manual that twisted Islam to legitimise barbarity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609090007/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/12/isis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+core+Isis+manual+that+twisted+Islam+to+legitimise+barbarity&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmay%2F12%2Fisis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_49-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjjoub2021" class="citation book cs1">Ajjoub, Orwa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmes.lu.se/sites/cmes.lu.se/files/2021-02/orwa_ajjoub_rapport_a4_0203_interaktiv.pdf">The Development of the Theological and Political Aspects of Jihadi-Salafism</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>: Swedish South Asian Studies Network (SASNET) at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies_at_Lund_University" title="Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University">Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University</a>. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7895-772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7895-772-9"><bdi>978-91-7895-772-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210042321/https://www.cmes.lu.se/sites/cmes.lu.se/files/2021-02/orwa_ajjoub_rapport_a4_0203_interaktiv.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Theological+and+Political+Aspects+of+Jihadi-Salafism&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Swedish+South+Asian+Studies+Network+%28SASNET%29+at+the+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies+at+Lund+University&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-91-7895-772-9&rft.aulast=Ajjoub&rft.aufirst=Orwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmes.lu.se%2Fsites%2Fcmes.lu.se%2Ffiles%2F2021-02%2Forwa_ajjoub_rapport_a4_0203_interaktiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stout_(psychologist)" title="Chris Stout (psychologist)">Stout, Chris E.</a> (2018) [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvHeDgAAQBAJ&q=jurisprudence+of+blood+ISIS&pg=PA5">"The Psychology of Terrorism"</a>. Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism: New Psychology to Understand, Face, and Defuse the Threat. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440851926" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440851926"><bdi>978-1440851926</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994829038">994829038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Political+Violence%2C+and+Extremism%3A+New+Psychology+to+Understand%2C+Face%2C+and+Defuse+the+Threat&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994829038&rft.isbn=978-1440851926&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Chris+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvHeDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djurisprudence%2Bof%2Bblood%2BISIS%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2014" class="citation news cs1">McCoy, Terrence McCoy (12 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/12/the-calculated-madness-of-the-islamic-states-horrifying-brutality/">"The calculated madness of the Islamic State's horrifying brutality"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+calculated+madness+of+the+Islamic+State%27s+horrifying+brutality&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Terrence+McCoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2Fthe-calculated-madness-of-the-islamic-states-horrifying-brutality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2015" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Hassan (8 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/isis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot">"Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+has+reached+new+depths+of+depravity.+But+there+is+a+brutal+logic+behind+it&rft.date=2015-02-08&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fisis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyJune14-53"><a href="#cite_ref-nyJune14_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Wright, Lawrence (16 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/isiss-savage-strategy-in-iraq">"ISIS's Savage Strategy in Iraq"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=ISIS%27s+Savage+Strategy+in+Iraq&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fdaily-comment%2Fisiss-savage-strategy-in-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Najji, Management of Savagery, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Najji, Management of Savagery, p.76; quoted in ... </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Muhajjer, An Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Jihad, p.32; quoted in ... </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Ibn Abdel-Aziz, The Essentials of Making Ready, 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeránek,_Ťupek2018" class="citation book cs1">Beránek, Ťupek, Ondřej, Pavel (2018). "4: Following Current Paths of Destruction: ISIS and Beyond". The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry. The Tun -Holyrood Road, 12 (2f) Jackson's Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 178, 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1757-0"><bdi>978-1-4744-1757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Following+Current+Paths+of+Destruction%3A+ISIS+and+Beyond&rft.btitle=The+Temptation+of+Graves+in+Salafi+Islam%3A+Iconoclasm%2C+Destruction+and+Idolatry&rft.place=The+Tun+-Holyrood+Road%2C+12+%282f%29+Jackson%27s+Entry%2C+Edinburgh+EH8+8PJ&rft.pages=178%2C+181-182&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1757-0&rft.aulast=Ber%C3%A1nek%2C+%C5%A4upek&rft.aufirst=Ond%C5%99ej%2C+Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovacek,_Beranek,_Melcăk,_Starkova2021" class="citation book cs1">Novacek, Beranek, Melcăk, Starkova, Karel, Ondrej, Miroslav, Lenka (2021). 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Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62635-8"><bdi>978-3-030-62635-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+A+City+Destroyed&rft.btitle=Mosul+after+Islamic+State%3A+The+Quest+for+Lost+Architectural+Heritage&rft.place=Gewerbestrasse+11%2C+6330+Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-62635-8&rft.aulast=Novacek%2C+Beranek%2C+Melc%C4%83k%2C+Starkova&rft.aufirst=Karel%2C+Ondrej%2C+Miroslav%2C+Lenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroneFisher,_Prucha2019" class="citation book cs1">Marone, Francesco; Fisher, Prucha, Ali, Nico (2019). 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Alamanni, 11 – 20141 Milano – Italy: Ledizioni LediPublishing. pp. 50–51, 60, 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788855261357" title="Special:BookSources/9788855261357"><bdi>9788855261357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Follow+the+White+Rabbit+-+Tracking+IS+Online+and+Insights+into+What+Jihadists+Share&rft.btitle=Digital+Jihad%3A+Online+Communication+and+Violent+Extremism&rft.place=Alamanni%2C+11+%E2%80%93+20141+Milano+%E2%80%93+Italy&rft.pages=50-51%2C+60%2C+65-66&rft.pub=Ledizioni+LediPublishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788855261357&rft.aulast=Marone&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Prucha%2C+Ali%2C+Nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeránek,_Ťupek2018" class="citation book cs1">Beránek, Ťupek, Ondřej, Pavel (2018). "4: Following Current Paths of Destruction: ISIS and Beyond". The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry. The Tun -Holyrood Road, 12 (2f) Jackson's Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 178, 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1757-0"><bdi>978-1-4744-1757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Following+Current+Paths+of+Destruction%3A+ISIS+and+Beyond&rft.btitle=The+Temptation+of+Graves+in+Salafi+Islam%3A+Iconoclasm%2C+Destruction+and+Idolatry&rft.place=The+Tun+-Holyrood+Road%2C+12+%282f%29+Jackson%27s+Entry%2C+Edinburgh+EH8+8PJ&rft.pages=178%2C+181-182&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1757-0&rft.aulast=Ber%C3%A1nek%2C+%C5%A4upek&rft.aufirst=Ond%C5%99ej%2C+Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovacek,_Beranek,_Melcăk,_Starkova2021" class="citation book cs1">Novacek, Beranek, Melcăk, Starkova, Karel, Ondrej, Miroslav, Lenka (2021). 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Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62635-8"><bdi>978-3-030-62635-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+A+City+Destroyed&rft.btitle=Mosul+after+Islamic+State%3A+The+Quest+for+Lost+Architectural+Heritage&rft.place=Gewerbestrasse+11%2C+6330+Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-62635-8&rft.aulast=Novacek%2C+Beranek%2C+Melc%C4%83k%2C+Starkova&rft.aufirst=Karel%2C+Ondrej%2C+Miroslav%2C+Lenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroneFisher,_Prucha2019" class="citation book cs1">Marone, Francesco; Fisher, Prucha, Ali, Nico (2019). 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Alamanni, 11 – 20141 Milano – Italy: Ledizioni LediPublishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788855261357" title="Special:BookSources/9788855261357"><bdi>9788855261357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Follow+the+White+Rabbit+-+Tracking+IS+Online+and+Insights+into+What+Jihadists+Share&rft.btitle=Digital+Jihad%3A+Online+Communication+and+Violent+Extremism&rft.place=Alamanni%2C+11+%E2%80%93+20141+Milano+%E2%80%93+Italy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Ledizioni+LediPublishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788855261357&rft.aulast=Marone&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Prucha%2C+Ali%2C+Nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakomy2021" class="citation book cs1">Lakomy, Miron (2021). 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Islamic State's Online Propaganda: A Comparative Analysis. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-69947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-69947-5"><bdi>978-0-367-69947-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1-+Appropriating+the+Past%3A+Twentieth-century+Reconstruction+of+Pre-Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.btitle=Islamic+State%27s+Online+Propaganda%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.place=2+Park+Square%2C+Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon+OX14+4RN&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-69947-5&rft.aulast=Lakomy&rft.aufirst=Miron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2017" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (2017). "3- The Jihadi Imaginary: the Islamisation of Radicalism". Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of Islamic State. New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 60–61, 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190843632" title="Special:BookSources/9780190843632"><bdi>9780190843632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3-+The+Jihadi+Imaginary%3A+the+Islamisation+of+Radicalism&rft.btitle=Jihad+and+Death%3A+The+Global+Appeal+of+Islamic+State&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=60-61%2C+108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190843632&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamouri2014" class="citation web cs1">Mamouri, Ali (29 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/07/islamic-state-fighting-hamas-priority-before-israel.html">"Why Islamic State has no sympathy for Hamas"</a>. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Islamic+State+has+no+sympathy+for+Hamas&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.aulast=Mamouri&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F07%2Fislamic-state-fighting-hamas-priority-before-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3311665/isis-flag-iraq-syria/">What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group</a>, Time.com article by <a href="/wiki/Ilene_Prusher" title="Ilene Prusher">Ilene Prusher</a>, 9 September 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Najji, Management of Savagery, p.20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurink-2015-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Neurink-2015_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeurink2015" class="citation web cs1">Neurink, Judit (21 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/analysis/21022015">"ANALYSIS: The 'Savage' book behind ISIS violence"</a>. Rudaw. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rudaw&rft.atitle=ANALYSIS%3A+The+%27Savage%27+book+behind+ISIS+violence&rft.date=2015-02-21&rft.aulast=Neurink&rft.aufirst=Judit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fanalysis%2F21022015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Najji, Management of Savagery, p.50 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Yaqoubi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi" title="Muhammad al-Yaqoubi">Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad</a> (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. United States: Sacred Knowledge. pp. xiii, 11, 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908224125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908224125"><bdi>978-1908224125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuting+ISIS%3A+A+Rebuttal+Of+Its+Religious+And+Ideological+Foundations&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=xiii%2C+11%2C+18&rft.pub=Sacred+Knowledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908224125&rft.aulast=Al-Yaqoubi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan_Hassan2015" class="citation web cs1">Hassan Hassan (25 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/25/inside-isis-training-camps">"The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword"</a>. the Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+secret+world+of+Isis+training+camps+%E2%80%93+ruled+by+sacred+texts+and+the+sword&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft.au=Hassan+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F25%2Finside-isis-training-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristol2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bristol, Jeffrey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:39157/">"ISIS: The Taint of Murji'ism and the Curse of Hypocrisy"</a>. Mizan: Journal for the Study of Muslim Societies and Civilizations. 1: 129–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17613%2Ft7ev-0j45">10.17613/t7ev-0j45</a> – via Humanities Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mizan%3A+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Muslim+Societies+and+Civilizations&rft.atitle=ISIS%3A+The+Taint+of+Murji%27ism+and+the+Curse+of+Hypocrisy&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=129-166&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17613%2Ft7ev-0j45&rft.aulast=Bristol&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A39157%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a/700780/2347798920921706.pdf">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a> (PDF). Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>. <q>The contemporary usage of takfir has its roots in Qutb's writings against the state or the society which he regarded as being in the state of jahiliyyah (ignorance). In the mid-20th century, Qutb (2014) divided Muslim societies into good and evil, and invoked the idea of takfir against those he considered evil. Through terms such as jahiliyyah and takfir, he not only considered Muslim regimes as ignorant but also demanded their overturn. He wrote against some Islamic governments and societies and considered many Muslims to be disbelievers... According to Qutb, using violence is necessary against corrupt Muslim rulers. His view on the Jahiliyyah of Muslim societies has influenced the takfiri thoughts of groups such as AQ and Daesh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a%2F700780%2F2347798920921706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a/700780/2347798920921706.pdf">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a> (PDF). Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a%2F700780%2F2347798920921706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutb2006" class="citation book cs1">Qutb, Sayyid (2006). al-Mehri, A.B. (ed.). Milestones: Special Edition. 384 Stratford Rd, Sparkhill, Birmingham, B11 4AB, United Kingdom: Maktabah Booksellers and Publications. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9548665-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9548665-1-7"><bdi>0-9548665-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones%3A+Special+Edition&rft.place=384+Stratford+Rd%2C+Sparkhill%2C+Birmingham%2C+B11+4AB%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Maktabah+Booksellers+and+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9548665-1-7&rft.aulast=Qutb&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpier2022" class="citation book cs1">Spier, Troy E. (2022). Ideological Exclusion: Defining the (Dis)believer in Extremist Muslim Periodicals - Dabiq and Inspire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009064057" title="Special:BookSources/9781009064057"><bdi>9781009064057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideological+Exclusion%3A+Defining+the+%28Dis%29believer+in+Extremist+Muslim+Periodicals+-+Dabiq+and+Inspire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=194-212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781009064057&rft.aulast=Spier&rft.aufirst=Troy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a/700780/2347798920921706.pdf">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a> (PDF). Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>. <q>Daesh's roots, its takfiri approach and sectarian plan in Iraq can directly be traced back to Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). AQI was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2004... while Daesh is historically rooted in AQI, its takfiri ideology's roots can be found in the Khawarij's view, and in the writings of Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and Sayyid Qutb.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a%2F700780%2F2347798920921706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> This is our aqidah and this is our methodology [Hazih Aqidatuna Wa Haza Manhajuna] . (2015). Al-Himmah Publications; cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a/700780/2347798920921706.pdf">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a> (PDF). Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a%2F700780%2F2347798920921706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadivar-2020-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadivar-2020_81-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadivar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a/700780/2347798920921706.pdf">"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media"</a> (PDF). 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Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (3): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920921706">10.1177/2347798920921706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219460446">219460446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Exploring+Takfir%2C+Its+Origins+and+Contemporary+Use%3A+The+Case+of+Takfiri+Approach+in+Daesh%27s+Media&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920921706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219460446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadivar&rft.aufirst=Jamileh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F65c93b66f223090b714c0ba62505e7b6290fa3c357d193a2c627d2f6ee577f9a%2F700780%2F2347798920921706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Important statement . 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamion.com/news/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86/">the original</a> on 6 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islamion.com&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Al-%27Uraydi&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamion.com%2Fnews%2F%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2585%25D9%2581%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway,_Jarvis,_Lehane,_MacdonaldJ._Weimann2017" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Jarvis, Lehane, Macdonald, Maura, Lee, Orla, Stuart; J. 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Contemporary Islam. 17 (2): 297–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00514-z">10.1007/s11562-023-00514-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256867289">256867289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Islam&rft.atitle=Salafism+as+Gramscian+informed+vanguardism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-318&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11562-023-00514-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256867289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramaioli&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11562-023-00514-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16_118-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CALLIMACHI-12-12-16_118-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCALLIMACHI2016" class="citation news cs1">CALLIMACHI, RUKMINI (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/world/middleeast/islamic-state-mosul-women-dress-code-morality.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news">"For Women Under ISIS, a Tyranny of Dress Code and Punishment"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Women+Under+ISIS%2C+a+Tyranny+of+Dress+Code+and+Punishment&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=CALLIMACHI&rft.aufirst=RUKMINI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F12%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fislamic-state-mosul-women-dress-code-morality.html%3Fhp%26action%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26clickSource%3Dstory-heading%26module%3Dsecond-column-region%26region%3Dtop-news%26WT.nav%3Dtop-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aqeedi-2016-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Aqeedi-2016_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Aqeedi2016" class="citation book cs1">Al Aqeedi, Rasha (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025042950/https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/cchs.gwu.edu/files/downloads/AlAqeedi_Paper.pdf">Hisba in Mosul: Systematic Oppression in the Name of Virtue</a> (PDF). Program on Extremism at George Washington University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cchs.gwu.edu/sites/cchs.gwu.edu/files/downloads/AlAqeedi_Paper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hisba+in+Mosul%3A+Systematic+Oppression+in+the+Name+of+Virtue&rft.pub=Program+on+Extremism+at+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2016-02&rft.aulast=Al+Aqeedi&rft.aufirst=Rasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcchs.gwu.edu%2Fsites%2Fcchs.gwu.edu%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2FAlAqeedi_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooke_Alastair2014" class="citation news cs1">Crooke Alastair (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/obama-isis-not-islamic_b_5843830.html">"Obama Is Wrong That ISIS Is 'Not Islamic'"</a>. huffingtonpost. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Is+Wrong+That+ISIS+Is+%27Not+Islamic%27&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.au=Crooke+Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Fobama-isis-not-islamic_b_5843830.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManne2017" class="citation book cs1">Manne, Robert (2017). The Mind of the Islamic State: ISIS and the Ideology of the Caliphate. Amherst: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1633883710" title="Special:BookSources/978-1633883710"><bdi>978-1633883710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+the+Islamic+State%3A+ISIS+and+the+Ideology+of+the+Caliphate&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1633883710&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology+of+the+Islamic+State" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505095656/http://www.foi.se/Documents/foir4058_reducerad.pdf">ISIS and Hezbollah</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_State" title="Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_State" title="Template talk:Islamic State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Names of the Islamic State">Names of the Islamic State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Islamic_State" title="List of leaders of the Islamic State">List of leaders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhayfah_Al-Ansari" title="Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari">Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Fatima_al-Jaheishi" title="Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi">Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusaf" title="Abu Yusaf">Abu Yusaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baraa_el-Azdi" title="Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi">Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Habib_al-Libi" title="Abu Habib al-Libi">Abu Habib al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Masri" title="Abu Jandal al-Masri">Abu Jandal al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfi_Hoxha" title="Zulfi Hoxha">Zulfi Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajro_Ikanovi%C4%87" title="Bajro Ikanović">Bajro Ikanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faysal_Ahmad_Ali_al-Zahrani" title="Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani">Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Mejjati" title="Fatiha Mejjati">Fatiha Mejjati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_al-Nasr" title="Ahlam al-Nasr">Ahlam al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abuanza" title="Issam Abuanza">Issam Abuanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_al-Alwani" title="Abu Ahmad al-Alwani">Abu Ahmad al-Alwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bakr" title="Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Usamah_al-Maghrebi" title="Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi">Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdulrahman_al-Bilawi" title="Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi">Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhannad_al-Suwaydawi" title="Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi">Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_Aliza" title="Abdul Rauf Aliza">Abdul Rauf Aliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(Islamic_State_leader)" title="Abu Sayyaf (Islamic State leader)">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Awni_al-Harzi" title="Ali Awni al-Harzi">Ali Awni al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Harzi" title="Tariq al-Harzi">Tariq al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khattab_al-Tunisi" title="Abu Khattab al-Tunisi">Abu Khattab al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_Meshaal" title="Maher Meshaal">Maher Meshaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Turkmani" title="Abu Muslim al-Turkmani">Abu Muslim al-Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saleh" title="Abu Saleh">Abu Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_John" title="Jihadi John">Mohammed Emwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nabil_al-Anbari" title="Abu Nabil al-Anbari">Abu Nabil al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Waheeb" title="Abu Waheeb">Abu Waheeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Aswad_al-Jiburi" title="Ali Aswad al-Jiburi">Ali Aswad al-Jiburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Abu Omar al-Shishani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Hassen_Ould_Khalill_Jouleibib" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib">El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Adnani">Abu Mohammad al-Adnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Furqan" title="Abu Muhammad al-Furqan">Abu Muhammad al-Furqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Kuwaiti" title="Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti">Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_al-Harbi" title="Abu Bilal al-Harbi">Abu Bilal al-Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abousamra" title="Ahmad Abousamra">Ahmad Abousamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki_al-Binali" title="Turki al-Binali">Turki al-Binali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareq_Kamleh" title="Tareq Kamleh">Tareq Kamleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavdrim_Muhaxheri" title="Lavdrim Muhaxheri">Lavdrim Muhaxheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Osama_al-Masri" title="Abu Osama al-Masri">Abu Osama al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_al-Muhajir" title="Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir">Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Shimali" title="Abu Muhammad al-Shimali">Abu Muhammad al-Shimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov" title="Gulmurod Khalimov">Gulmurod Khalimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash" title="Abdul Nasser Qardash">Abdul Nasser Qardash</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yasser_al-Issawi" title="Abu Yasser al-Issawi">Abu Yasser al-Issawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-Hindi">Yusuf al-Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Omar al-Muhajir">Abu Omar al-Muhajir</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Nazih" title="Othman al-Nazih">Othman al-Nazih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Udeen_Al-Harith" title="Jamal Udeen Al-Harith">Jamal Udeen Al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aine_Davis" title="Aine Davis">Aine Davis</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanda_Kotey" title="Alexanda Kotey">Alexanda Kotey</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shafee_Elsheikh" title="El Shafee Elsheikh">El Shafee Elsheikh</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cuspert" title="Denis Cuspert">Denis Cuspert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abaaoud" title="Abdelhamid Abaaoud">Abdelhamid Abaaoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubaker_El_Hakim" title="Boubaker El Hakim">Boubaker El Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State" title="History of the Islamic State">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State#Name" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Timeline of events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2016)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2017)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2018)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2019)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2021" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2022" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2023" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2024)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Specific_territorial_claims" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Libya_Province" title="Islamic State – Libya Province">Libyan Provinces (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sinai_Province" title="Islamic State – Sinai Province">Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Algeria_Province" title="Islamic State – Algeria Province">Algeria Province (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Province" title="Islamic State – Yemen Province">Yemen Province (Yemen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Bengal_Province" title="Islamic State – Bengal Province">Bengal Province (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali)</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Central_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – Central Africa Province">Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Uganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – Sahil Province">Sahil Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Hind_Province" title="Islamic State – Hind Province">Hind Province (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Pakistan_Province" title="Islamic State – Pakistan Province">Pakistan Province ((Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Turkey_Province" title="Islamic State – Turkey Province">Turkey Province (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State – Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Mozambique Province (Mozambique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Omar_Hadid_Brigade" title="Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade">Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa (Philippines)</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Khilafah_Brazil" title="Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil">Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indonesia_Mujahideen" title="East Indonesia Mujahideen">East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia)</a> (2014–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorganized cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Azerbaijan" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Kurdistan" title="Islamic State in Kurdistan">Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Saudi_Arabia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Lebanon Province (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Jund al Khilafah in Tunisia (Tunisia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war">Opposition–Islamic State conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict (1968–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">Military intervention against IS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hawija_clashes" title="2013 Hawija clashes">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Ali_Ben_Aoun" title="Battle of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun">Sidi Ali Ben Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Anbar campaign (2013–2014)">Anbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah" title="Fall of Fallujah">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">N Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">N Iraq (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_campaign" title="Salahuddin campaign">Salahuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baiji" title="Fall of Baiji">Baiji (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="First Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">N Iraq (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_campaign_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Derna campaign (2014–2016)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Baiji (14–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumar" title="Battle of Zumar">Zumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amirli" title="Siege of Amirli">Amirli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Nofaliya_(2015)" title="Fall of Nofaliya (2015)">Nofaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">W Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">Egyptian airstrikes in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">Niger raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">E al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2015)" title="Battle of Sirte (2015)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">W al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)">Ramadi (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs (Nov–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">E Aleppo (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains_offensive" title="Nineveh Plains offensive">Niveneh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Fallujah (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)" title="Nangarhar offensive (2016)">Nangarhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Guerdane" title="Battle of Ben Guerdane">Ben Guerdane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hit_(2016)" title="Battle of Hit (2016)">Hīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Tipo-Tipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ar-Rutbah_(2016)" title="Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)">Ar-Rutbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">N Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">N al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">W al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">E Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Nineveh_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Western Nineveh offensive">W Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Syrian Desert (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">S Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">C Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2017)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2017)">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (17–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hawija" title="Battle of Hawija">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">E Syria (Sep–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">W Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">S Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)#Battle_of_Hajin" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinagodrar" title="Battle of Chinagodrar">Chinagodrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danag" title="Battle of Danag">Danag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%ADmboa_da_Praia_offensive" title="Mocímboa da Praia offensive">Mocímboa da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda_offensive" title="Al Bayda offensive">Al Bayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)" title="Battle of Tessit (2021)">Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palma" title="Battle of Palma">Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Sambisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Killing of Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Dangarous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi#Death" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Atme raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)" title="Battle of Andéramboukane (2022)">Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)" title="Battle of Talataye (2022)">Talataye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falagountou" title="Battle of Falagountou">Falagountou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">Camp Speicher massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Beheading of Copts in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corinthia_Hotel_attack" title="2015 Corinthia Hotel attack">Corinthia Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qubbah_bombings" title="Al Qubbah bombings">Al Qubbah bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">Bardo National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombings" title="March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings">Sanaa bombings (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Culwell_Center_attack" title="Curtis Culwell Center attack">Curtis Culwell Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_and_Dammam_mosque_bombings" title="Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings">Qatif & Dammam bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_June_2015_Islamist_attacks" title="26 June 2015 Islamist attacks">26 June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier_attack" title="Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack">Saint-Quentin-Fallavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing" title="2015 Kuwait mosque bombing">Kuwait mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sousse_attacks" title="2015 Sousse attacks">Sousse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Khan_Bani_Saad_bombing" title="2015 Khan Bani Saad bombing">Khan Bani Saad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_bombing" title="Suruç bombing">Suruç bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2015_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2015 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombing" title="September 2015 Sanaa mosque bombing">Sanaa bombing (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">Ankara bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Saihat_shooting" title="2015 Saihat shooting">Saihat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Beirut_bombings" title="2015 Beirut bombings">Beirut bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Tunis_bombing" title="2015 Tunis bombing">Tunis bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_truck_bombing" title="Zliten truck bombing">Zliten truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack" title="2016 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="January 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ramadi_bombing" title="2016 Ramadi bombing">Ramadi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasin_mosque_attack" title="Mahasin mosque attack">Mahasin mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attack">Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mosul_massacre" title="2016 Mosul massacre">Mosul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab bombings">Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="March 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">Brussels bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aden_car_bombing" title="2016 Aden car bombing">Aden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandariya_suicide_bombing" title="Iskandariya suicide bombing">Iskandariya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2016_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2016 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samawa_bombing" title="2016 Samawa bombing">Samawa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Gaziantep_bombing" title="May 2016 Gaziantep bombing">Gaziantep bombing (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (11 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_fan_club_massacres" title="Real Madrid fan club massacres">Real Madrid fan club massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Taji_gas_plant_attack" title="2016 Taji gas plant attack">Baghdad gas plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Yemen_police_bombings" title="May 2016 Yemen police bombings">Yemen police bombings (15 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (17 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_May_2016_Yemen_bombings" title="23 May 2016 Yemen bombings">Yemen bombings (23 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aktobe_shootings" title="2016 Aktobe shootings">Aktobe shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Magnanville_stabbing" title="2016 Magnanville stabbing">Magnanville stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mukalla_attacks" title="June 2016 Mukalla attacks">Mukalla (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">Atatürk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack" title="July 2016 Dhaka attack">Dhaka (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">Karrada bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi_Mausoleum_attack" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack">Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">Nice truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack" title="Würzburg train attack">Würzburg train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing" title="July 2016 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ansbach_bombing" title="2016 Ansbach bombing">Ansbach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack" title="2016 Normandy church attack">Normandy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Charleroi_police_officers" title="2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers">Charleroi stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway police station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2016_Aden_bombing" title="August 2016 Aden bombing">Aden bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">Syria bombings (5 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_September_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="9 September 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Baghdad_attacks" title="October 2016 Baghdad attacks">Baghdad bombings (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack" title="2016 Quetta police training college attack">Quetta police college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Alil_massacre" title="Hamam al-Alil massacre">Hamam al-Alil massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing" title="2016 Khuzdar bombing">Khuzdar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samarinda_church_bombing" title="2016 Samarinda church bombing">Samarinda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Hillah_suicide_truck_bombing" title="November 2016 Hillah suicide truck bombing">Hillah bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Aden_suicide_bombings" title="December 2016 Aden suicide bombings">Aden bombings (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Botroseya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Al-Karak_attack" title="2016 Al-Karak attack">Al-Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack" title="2016 Berlin truck attack">Berlin truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Sefter_Ta%C5%9F_and_Fethi_%C5%9Eahin" title="Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin">Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2,_2017_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2, 2017 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwan_suicide_bombing" title="Sehwan suicide bombing">Sehwan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2017 Kabul attack">Kabul (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">St Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Egypt church bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing" title="2017 Mastung suicide bombing">Mastung bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_bombings" title="2017 Jakarta bombings">Jakarta bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_bus_attack" title="2017 Minya bus attack">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faqma_ice_cream_parlor_bombing" title="Al-Faqma ice cream parlor bombing">Al-Faqma bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Brighton_siege" title="2017 Brighton siege">Brighton siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks" title="June 2017 Pakistan attacks">Pakistan attacks (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack" title="2017 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2017 Brussels attack">Brussels (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nasiriyah_attacks" title="2017 Nasiriyah attacks">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (20 Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_truck_attack" title="2017 New York City truck attack">New York City truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">Sinai mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (28 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Menas_church" title="Attack on Saint Menas church">Saint Menas church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack" title="Save the Children Jalalabad attack">Save The Children Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_church_shooting" title="Kizlyar church shooting">Kizlyar church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_and_Tr%C3%A8bes_attack" title="Carcassonne and Trèbes attack">Carcasonne & Trèbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (22 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings" title="30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings">Kabul bombings (30 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_attack_on_the_High_National_Elections_Commission_in_Tripoli,_Libya" title="2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mako_Brimob_standoff" title="2018 Mako Brimob standoff">Mako Brimob standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paris_knife_attack" title="2018 Paris knife attack">Paris knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_bombings" title="Surabaya bombings">Surabaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge_attack" title="2018 Liège attack">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings" title="2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings">Mastung & Bannu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="2018 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Tajikistan_tourist_attack" title="2018 Tajikistan tourist attack">Tajikistan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_Kabul_attacks" title="September 2018 Kabul attacks">Kabul (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Ahvaz military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Melbourne_stabbing_attack" title="2018 Melbourne stabbing attack">Melbourne stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Louisa_Vesterager_Jespersen_and_Maren_Ueland" title="Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland">Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthamaruthu_shootout" title="Sainthamaruthu shootout">Sainthamaruthu shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="17 August 2019 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (17 Aug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting" title="6 March 2020 Kabul shooting">Kabul shooting (6 Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitaxi_massacre" title="Xitaxi massacre">Xitaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="May 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad prison attack">Jalalabad prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack" title="2020 Kabul University attack">Kabul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vienna_attack" title="2020 Vienna attack">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="December 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Machh_attack" title="2021 Machh attack">Machh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2021_Baghdad_bombings" title="January 2021 Baghdad bombings">January Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">Kabul school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack" title="2021 Kabul airport attack">Kabul airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">Kunduz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Uganda_bombings" title="2021 Uganda bombings">Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_hospital_attack" title="2021 Kabul hospital attack">Kabul hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Diyala_massacre" title="2022 Diyala massacre">Diyala massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack" title="2022 Peshawar mosque attack">Peshawar mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hadera_shooting" title="2022 Hadera shooting">Hadera shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_mosque_bombing" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing">Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_minivan_bombings" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings">Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourasso_and_Namissiguima_massacres" title="Bourasso and Namissiguima massacres">Bourasso and Namissiguima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuje_prison_break" title="Kuje prison break">Kuje prison break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_August_2022_Kabul_bombing" title="5 August 2022 Kabul bombing">5 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Kabul_mosque_bombing" title="August 2022 Kabul mosque bombing">August Kabul mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Russian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul">Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shah_Cheragh_attack" title="2022 Shah Cheragh attack">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kabul_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kabul hotel attack">Kabul hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kabul_airport_bombing" title="2023 Kabul airport bombing">Kabul airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan_bombing" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing" title="2023 Khar bombing">Khar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_school_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras school stabbing">Arras school stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pul-i-Khumri_bombing" title="2023 Pul-i-Khumri bombing">Pul-i-Khumri bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Brussels_shooting" title="2023 Brussels shooting">Brussels shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2023_Kabul_bombing" title="November 2023 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Paris_attack" title="2023 Paris attack">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman bombings">Kerman bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings" title="2024 Balochistan bombings">Balochistan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sibi_bombing" title="2024 Sibi bombing">Sibi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucojo_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucojo attack">Mucojo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Karabulak_clash" title="2024 Karabulak clash">Karabulak clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kandahar_New_Kabul_Bank_bombing" title="2024 Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing">Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tillab%C3%A9ri_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Tillabéri attack">Tillabéri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Guzara_Attack" title="2024 Guzara Attack">2024 Guzara Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bamyan_shooting" title="2024 Bamyan shooting">2024 Bamyan shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beirut_US_embassy_shooting" title="2024 Beirut US embassy shooting">2024 Beirut US embassy shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_pre-trial_detention_center_hostage_crisis" title="Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis">Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_attack_on_the_Israeli_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade">2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Muscat_mosque_shooting" title="2024 Muscat mosque shooting">2024 Muscat mosque shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kabul_bus_bombing" title="2024 Kabul bus bombing">2024 Kabul bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surovikino_penal_colony_hostage_crisis" title="Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis">Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Solingen_stabbing" title="2024 Solingen stabbing">2024 Solingen stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qala_Bakhtiar_bombing" title="2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing">2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Afghanistan_bus_shooting" title="2024 Afghanistan bus shooting">2024 Afghanistan bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qusar_attack" title="2024 Qusar attack">2024 Qusar attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Finances of the Islamic State">Finances</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_Health_Service" title="Islamic State Health Service">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Armoured warfare of the Islamic State">Armoured warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">Genocide of Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Genocide of Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_gay_and_bisexual_men_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State">Persecution of gay and bisexual men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Killing of captives by the Islamic State">Killing of captives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State beheading incidents">Beheading incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_occupation_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS occupation of Mosul">Occupation of Mosul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL-occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul">Executions in Mosul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Iran and the Islamic State">Iran and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Philippines and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Islamic_State" title="United Kingdom and the Islamic State">United Kingdom and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State">Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_and_War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_changes_due_to_the_Islamic_State" title="Name changes due to the Islamic State">Name changes due to the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_the_Islamic_State_in_American_media" title="Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media">Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Terrorist cell in Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Territorial claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">al-Barakah district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Second_Message_to_America" title="A Second Message to America">A Second Message to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayan_(radio_station)" title="Al-Bayan (radio station)">Al-Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_Media_Center" title="Al-Furat Media Center">Al-Furat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_Media_Center" title="Al-Hayat Media Center">Al-Hayat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naba" title="Al-Naba">Al-Naba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency" title="Amaq News Agency">Amaq News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Islam_(magazine)" title="Dar al-Islam (magazine)">Dar al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlat_al-Islam_Qamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawlat al-Islam Qamat">Dawlat al-Islam Qamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huroof" title="Huroof">Huroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27lam_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="I'lam foundation">I'lam foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istok_(magazine)" title="Istok (magazine)">Istok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantiniyye_(magazine)" title="Konstantiniyye (magazine)">Konstantiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumiyah_(magazine)" title="Rumiyah (magazine)">Rumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatihin_Magazine" title="Al-Fatihin Magazine">Al-Fatihin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salil_al-Sawarim" title="Salil al-Sawarim">Salil al-Sawarim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defeating_ISIS" title="Defeating ISIS">Defeating ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS-chan" title="ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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