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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>经济</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-思想文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#思想文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>思想文化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-思想文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戏剧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戏剧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>戏剧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戏剧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-杂剧" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#杂剧"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>杂剧</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-杂剧-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-传奇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传奇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>传奇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传奇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-诗歌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#诗歌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>诗歌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-诗歌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文章" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文章"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>文章</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文章-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>明朝文学</b>是对<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>（1368年—1644年）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学">文学</a>状态的概括。明朝是中国历史上最后一个汉族封建王朝，同时期也是封建社会没落，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>兴起的时期。明朝是中国传统高雅文学衰落，通俗大众化文学兴盛的时期，其中以“<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="长篇小说">长篇小说</a>”最为辉煌夺目。<sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>文学的发展离不开时代背景，明朝文学也是如此。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>开国初期，他极力巩固皇权、强化中央集权，废除<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a>制度和三省制度，建立“吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工”内阁六部，各部直接对皇帝负责，建立“<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A6%E8%A1%A3%E5%8D%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="锦衣卫">锦衣卫</a>”（秘密警察制度），秘密逮捕反对者，监视朝中大臣，实行恐怖的特务统治。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>176</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经济"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>经济</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝初年，连年战乱民不聊生，朱元璋实行“休养生息”政策，经济陆续恢复和发展，明朝中后期，资本主义萌芽，使得<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A" title="商业">商业</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="手工业">手工业</a>迅速崛起。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="思想文化"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>思想文化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：思想文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝朱元璋上台以来，实行“愚民政策”，删除《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>》一书中的部分“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>”思想章节，大力主张“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a>”，中后期，民间思想解放运动兴起，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="王阳明">王阳明</a>的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="心学">心学</a>”大放光芒，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%89%AE" class="mw-disambig" title="王艮">王艮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%B4%BD" title="李贽">李贽</a>的“左派王学”席卷时代潮流，与官方思想抗衡。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>176</span></sup> </p><p>明朝教育制度是“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%82%A1%E6%96%87" title="八股文">八股取士</a>”，钳制<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="知识分子">知识分子</a>思想，荼毒知识分子灵魂，打压民主进步思想。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>176</span></sup> </p><p>明朝继承了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a>以来的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="文字狱">文字狱</a>”，对文化实行高压政策，大兴文字狱，压制知识分子的不满和反抗。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>176</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A"></span>社会</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：社会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝社会矛盾有两条主轴，一是明朝统治阶级内部的权力斗争，即“党争”，尤其是“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%9E%97%E5%85%9A" title="东林党">东林党</a>”和“邪党”之争，后来又是“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E7%A4%BE" title="復社">复社</a>”和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%A0%E8%B4%A4" title="魏忠贤">魏忠贤</a>的“阉党”之争。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>176</span></sup>另一条主轴是民间的阶级斗争，贪官、宦官腐败导致了民间群众的日益不满和造反起义，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%87%AA%E6%88%90" title="李自成">李自成</a>领导的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="农民起义">农民起义</a>最终推翻了这个没落王朝。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>176</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各体裁"><span id=".E5.90.84.E4.BD.93.E8.A3.81"></span>各体裁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：各体裁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="小说"><span id=".E5.B0.8F.E8.AF.B4"></span>小说</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：小说"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E4%B8%96%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%80" title="警世通言">警世通言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E4%B8%96%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%80" title="喻世明言">喻世明言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%92%E4%B8%96%E6%81%92%E8%A8%80" title="醒世恒言">醒世恒言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E5%88%BB%E6%8B%8D%E6%A1%88%E9%A9%9A%E5%A5%87" title="初刻拍案驚奇">初刻拍案惊奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%BB%E6%8B%8D%E6%A1%88%E9%A9%9A%E5%A5%87" title="二刻拍案驚奇">二刻拍案惊奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89" title="三国演义">三国演义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B5%92%E4%BC%A0" title="水浒传">水浒传</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0" title="西游记">西游记</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%A2%85%E5%AD%A6" title="金瓶梅学">金瓶梅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89" title="封神演义">封神演义</a></div> <p>中国各朝代的“小说”发展非常缓慢，直到明朝才壮大成为文学的主流，取代“诗歌”的霸主地位。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中国小说最早可于追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="三国">魏</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晋</a>时期，宋元<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%9D%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="话本">话本</a>是小说的兴起的前奏，明朝长篇小说主要是“章回体小说”，与世界长篇小说不同，它即丰富了中国文化，也丰富了世界文化。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>中国上古神话、传说和秦汉史学、人物传记著作为明朝小说的兴起奠定了基础。<sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>魏晋志怪、志人小说的诞生，开启了中国古典小说的开端。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>唐朝“<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="唐傳奇">唐传奇</a>”文学的开启，丰富了古典小说的形式，之前的小说都是片言只语，取材于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="神话">神话</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4" title="传说">传说</a>，记录方式是“<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0" title="笔记">笔记</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="寓言">寓言</a>”，其轮廓简单、体制短小、形象模糊，只是小说的雏形，并不算真正意义上的小说。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>唐朝“传奇”文学的诞生，标志着小说开始成熟。宋元话本则实现了语言的革新，以前都是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a>，话本更多的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="白话">白话</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝和清朝长篇章回体小说标志着中国古典小说走向大繁荣和巅峰，清朝末年民国初年的白话文长篇小说兴起，则标志着古典小说的没落。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>中国古典小说分为文言小说和白话小说（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="通俗小说">通俗小说</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝的白话小说空前繁荣，短篇小说集有<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%E6%A2%A6%E9%BE%99" title="冯梦龙">冯梦龙</a>的《三言》（《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E4%B8%96%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%80" title="警世通言">警世通言</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%BB%E4%B8%96%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%80" title="喻世明言">喻世明言</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%92%E4%B8%96%E6%81%92%E8%A8%80" title="醒世恒言">醒世恒言</a>》）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E6%BF%9B%E5%88%9D" title="凌濛初">凌濛初</a>的《二拍》（《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E5%88%BB%E6%8B%8D%E6%A1%88%E9%A9%9A%E5%A5%87" title="初刻拍案驚奇">初刻拍案惊奇</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%BB%E6%8B%8D%E6%A1%88%E9%A9%9A%E5%A5%87" title="二刻拍案驚奇">二刻拍案惊奇</a>》），后世也称“拟话本小说”，这些作品的出现，标志着白话短篇小说的繁荣。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝长篇小说分为四大类：《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89" title="三国演义">三国演义</a>》为代表的历史演义小说；《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B5%92%E4%BC%A0" title="水浒传">水浒传</a>》为代表的英雄传奇小说；《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0" title="西游记">西游记</a>》为代表的神话小说；《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%A2%85%E5%AD%A6" title="金瓶梅学">金瓶梅</a>》为代表的世情小说。其中，《三国演义》、《西游记》、《水浒传》、《金瓶梅》又被誉为“四大奇书”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>中国古典长篇小说只有一个体制，就是“章回体”，由讲史话本演变而来。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>宋朝话本分为四大类：说经、小说、合生、讲史，只有讲史发扬光大了。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>现存宋朝话本有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%AF%9D%E4%BA%94%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全相平话五种（页面不存在）">全相平话五种</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E5%9B%BD%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B9%B3%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七国春秋平话（页面不存在）">七国春秋平话</a>》，每次到结束的时候总是“欲知后事如何，且听下回分解”，引起悬念，吊观众胃口。这种形式也被引入到了明朝的长篇小说里。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝中期后，章回体小说更加成熟，内容更加扩大，艺术上更加细腻、文采，语言更加口语化、通俗化。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>回目上也由最早的单句到参差不齐的双句再到对仗工整的双句，标志着章回体长篇小说的成熟，其创作特征主要是： </p> <ul><li>题材奇巧深广，情节曲折完整。</li></ul> <p>题材具有传奇性、偶然性、纵向和横向范围很深，写奇特的事件、传奇的人物，讲述人生和命运。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝之前的小说一味地追求“离奇”，明朝之后，讲究“奇、巧”，把事物的偶然和必然联系起来，就更加能吸引观众和读者。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>小说家也更加注重描写“社会生活”，小说体现了小说家对于社会生活的深刻体验，无论是《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《金瓶梅》都隐含着明朝社会的方方面面。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝小说情节的形式是：组织上以“人”或“事”为线索；情节结构上，有“单线平行”、“双线平行”或“多线平行”；情节过程更加完整，包括开端、发展、高潮、结局。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>动态人物刻画</li></ul> <p>“以动传神”是中国古典长篇小说的显著特征。人物的刻画必须要有“言”和“行”，才能生动活泼，即使不写其姓名，一阅读对他的言行描述，就可以看出其是“某人”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝古典长篇小说的突破就是“心理描写”，展现了人物的内心世界和想法，如《金瓶梅》。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>语言通俗</li></ul> <p>明朝长篇小说讲究语言通俗，重视口语化，具有明快、洗练、幽默、生动、传神的特征，这是文言不及的。其次，通俗化的语言更加能烘托氛围、建立意境。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝长篇小说并非完全丢掉文言的使用，在《三国演义》、《水浒传》等作品里，可以看到诗词或韵文的使用，它们典雅富丽，有文白相间、相映成趣的艺术魅力。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>艺术手法</li></ul> <p>明朝长篇小说既有浪漫主义，也有现实主义，并且达到了非常高的水平，代表性作品是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="浪漫主义">浪漫主义</a>长篇小说《西游记》，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实主义">现实主义</a>长篇小说《金瓶梅》。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="戏剧"><span id=".E6.88.8F.E5.89.A7"></span>戏剧</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：戏剧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>明朝的戏剧分为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E5%89%A7" title="杂剧">杂剧</a>”和“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="传奇">传奇</a>”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝杂剧是元朝杂剧的余波，总体上是在走向衰落；传奇从宋元南戏上发展而来，到明朝中期进入全盛时期。明朝传奇代表了明朝戏剧的最高成就。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="杂剧"><span id=".E6.9D.82.E5.89.A7"></span>杂剧</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：杂剧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%87%89" title="朱有燉">朱有燉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="贾仲明">贾仲明</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王子一（页面不存在）">王子一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%B8%9C%E7%94%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="刘东生">刘东生</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%B5%B7" title="康海">康海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B9%9D%E6%80%9D" title="王九思">王九思</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%B8%AD" title="徐渭">徐渭</a></div> <p>杂剧的全盛时期是元朝，到了明朝是强弩之末，明朝杂剧虽然有剧目500多种，剧本家100多人，但是从数量上和艺术成就上，无法和元朝杂剧企及。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝杂剧比元朝杂剧有突破，结构方面，它突破了元朝杂剧“四折一楔子”的体制，明朝杂剧有五折、八折的、一折的等等、体制更加自由；剧目的题名上，有的在第一折之前，有的是“副末开扬”的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%88%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="南戏">南戏</a>形式；音乐方面，元朝杂剧只用北方曲调，明朝兼用南、北曲调，演唱方面，元朝杂剧是一人主唱到底，明朝杂剧有对唱、轮唱、合唱。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝杂剧分为二个时期，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97" title="明武宗">明武宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%BE%B7_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="正德 (明朝)">正德</a>年间作为分界线。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>前期是统治阶级的附庸，没有现实内容，纯粹歌功颂德，充满了道德说教，代表性人物是：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%9C%89%E7%87%89" title="朱有燉">朱有燉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E4%BB%B2%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="贾仲明">贾仲明</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王子一（页面不存在）">王子一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%B8%9C%E7%94%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="刘东生">刘东生</a>，代表性作品有：《黑旋风仗义疏财》、《关云长义勇辞金》。第二个时期的明朝杂剧则非常优秀，代表性人物有：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%B5%B7" title="康海">康海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B9%9D%E6%80%9D" title="王九思">王九思</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%B8%AD" title="徐渭">徐渭</a>，康海的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%8B%BC" class="mw-disambig" title="中山狼">中山狼</a>》、王九思的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E7%94%AB%E6%B8%B8%E6%98%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜甫游春（页面不存在）">杜甫游春</a>》，借古讽今、鞭挞社会黑暗、抨击腐败当局。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>徐渭的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A3%B0%E7%8C%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四声猿（页面不存在）">四声猿</a>》是明朝杂剧的最高成就，被誉为“明曲第一”，它由四个独立的剧目组成，《狂鼓吏》（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A2%E8%A1%A1" title="祢衡">祢衡</a>）、《玉蝉师》（月明和尚度柳翠）、《雌木兰》（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B0" title="花木兰">花木兰</a>）、《女状元》（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E6%A1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黄春桃（页面不存在）">黄春桃</a>）。《四声猿》取自古代巴蜀民谣“巴东三峡巫峡长，猿鸣三声泪沾裳”，有悲愤、轻礼法、疾世俗的精神，语言豪迈奔放。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="传奇"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E5.A5.87"></span>传奇</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：传奇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E6%98%BE%E7%A5%96" title="汤显祖">汤显祖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E7%92%9F" title="沈璟">沈璟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E8%BE%B0%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="梁辰鱼">梁辰鱼</a></div> <p>明朝传奇是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%88%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="南戏">南戏</a>的基础上，吸收北曲杂剧的唱腔形成的，篇幅宏大、题材广阔、情节曲折、词采丰富、人物生动；结构上，明朝传奇分“出”，和杂剧的“折”相同，一般是四五十“出”，或者百多“出”，分上下“本”；音乐上，吸取了杂剧同宫曲子联套的方式，杂剧唱北曲，南戏唱南曲，但是明朝传奇是南北曲都唱，同时，传奇不受杂剧“一折一宫调”的限制，可以“借宫犯调”、“换韵”；表演上，传奇各种角色都可以唱，演唱方式也丰富。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>传奇的出现，标志着中国古代戏剧的进步和成熟，它占据了明朝和清朝的戏剧舞台，被后人誉为“明清传奇”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝传奇的分界线是<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%9D%96" title="嘉靖">嘉靖</a>时期，前期的传奇和杂剧一样，被统治阶级用来宣扬礼教、辅助朝纲、文辞典雅，但是脱离社会劳苦大众，嘉靖之后，传奇走入民间，进入全盛时期，出现了“三大传奇”、“三大戏剧流派”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三大传奇是《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9D%E5%89%91%E8%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宝剑记（页面不存在）">宝剑记</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B8%A3%E5%87%A4%E8%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鸣凤记（页面不存在）">鸣凤记</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A3%E7%BA%B1%E8%AE%B0" title="浣纱记">浣纱记</a>》。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三大戏剧流派是：以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E6%98%BE%E7%A5%96" title="汤显祖">汤显祖</a>为代表是“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E5%B7%9D%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临川派（页面不存在）">临川派</a>”，强调内容、讲究文采、反对格律，又名“文采派”；以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E7%92%9F" title="沈璟">沈璟</a>为代表的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%8B%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格律派（页面不存在）">格律派</a>”，讲究格律，有“因律害文”的弊端；以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E8%BE%B0%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="梁辰鱼">梁辰鱼</a>为代表的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%86%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昆山派（页面不存在）">昆山派</a>”，讲究音韵和语言的通俗，有“词藻堆砌”的弊端。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>汤显祖的传奇是明朝传奇的代表，《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E4%BA%AD" title="牡丹亭">牡丹亭</a>》是明朝传奇的最高成就。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="诗歌"><span id=".E8.AF.97.E6.AD.8C"></span>诗歌</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：诗歌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%BF%82" title="宋濂">宋濂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="刘基">刘基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%90%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高启">高启</a></div> <p>明朝的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>和文章一同进入了衰落时期，远比明朝小说、戏剧逊色。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝初期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>遗民<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%BF%82" title="宋濂">宋濂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%BC%AF%E6%B8%A9" title="刘伯温">刘基</a>（刘伯温）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%90%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="高启">高启</a>等，讲究现实主义，追求反映社会现实和民生疾苦，成就较高，三人被誉为“明初诗文三大家”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝中期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%A3%AB%E5%A5%87" title="楊士奇">杨士奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E8%8D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="杨荣">杨荣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%BA%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="杨溥">杨溥</a>的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E9%96%A3%E9%AB%94" title="台閣體">台阁体</a>”，诗歌追求歌功颂德、赞美太平盛世，只是富贵地主阶级玩弄文字风雅的工具，进入了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="形式主义">形式主义</a>”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝末年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E8%B0%A6" title="于谦">于谦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9A%E7%BB%A7%E5%85%89" title="戚继光">戚继光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BE%E7%82%8E%E6%AD%A6" title="顾炎武">顾炎武</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%AD%90%E9%BE%99" title="陈子龙">陈子龙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AE%8C%E6%B7%B3" title="夏完淳">夏完淳</a>等人的诗歌，具有刚健之气，饱含民生疾苦、民族气节和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="爱国主义">爱国主义</a>光辉，含有真情实感和时代精神。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文章"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.AB.A0"></span>文章</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：文章"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E9%96%A3%E9%AB%94" title="台閣體">台阁体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E9%99%B5%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="茶陵派">茶陵派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%90" title="前七子">前七子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%90" title="後七子">后七子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E6%B4%BE" title="公安派">公安派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AE%8B%E6%B4%BE" title="唐宋派">唐宋派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9F%E9%99%B5%E6%B4%BE" title="竟陵派">竟陵派</a></div> <p>明朝的文章成就不高，整个明朝一直陷入了“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复古（页面不存在）">复古</a>”与“反復古”的争论，毫无“时代创新精神”。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bee_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiger_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cat_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duck_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duck-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝的文章模来仿去，一直没有描写现实生活，同时缺乏<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="创新">创新</a>精神，给后世文学带来不利影响，间接促成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E6%8D%AE%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考据派（页面不存在）">考据派</a>”的兴起。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>明朝的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E6%96%87" title="小品文">小品文</a>”发达，代表人物有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%B2%B1" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="张岱">张岱</a>，同时明朝的山水游记值得一阅，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%9C%9E%E5%AE%A2" title="徐霞客">徐霞客</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%9C%9E%E5%AE%A2%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0" title="徐霞客游记">徐霞客游记</a>》。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%AD%A6" title="洪武">洪武</a>年间道统文学盛行，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%BF%82" title="宋濂">宋濂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%BC%AF%E6%B8%A9" title="刘伯温">刘基</a>为主要代表。在《文原》一文中，宋濂强调了文章并非是“辞翰之文”，而是道“象”的显现。其在《白云稿序》也提出，“文非道不立，非道不充，非道不行”。<sup id="cite_ref-中国文学简史_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国文学简史-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:296</sup>刘基的散文相较于宋濂则更多的体现了传统儒学中积极的部分，更多的是以故事论说政治，用质朴的语言反映社会的矛盾和问题，并不过于注重文章的文学性<sup id="cite_ref-中国文学简史_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国文学简史-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:297</sup>。 </p><p>明朝中期“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复古派（页面不存在）">复古派</a>”盛行，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%9C%E9%98%B3" title="李东阳">李东阳</a>为代表的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E9%99%B5%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="茶陵派">茶陵派</a>”，反对“台阁体”，提出复古来改变文风，“诗宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%94%AB" title="杜甫">杜甫</a>、文崇韩、柳（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E6%84%88" title="韩愈">韩愈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%AE%97%E5%85%83" title="柳宗元">柳宗元</a>）”，侧重形式、追求古雅。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-man_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%A2%A6%E9%98%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="李梦阳">李梦阳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%99%AF%E6%98%8E" title="何景明">何景明</a>为代表的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%90" title="前七子">前七子</a>”和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%80%E9%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="李攀龙">李攀龙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9E" title="王世贞">王世贞</a>为代表的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%AD%90" title="後七子">后七子</a>”提出“诗必盛唐、文必秦汉”的复古主张，取代了“台阁体”的社会地位。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E6%9C%89%E5%85%89" title="归有光">归有光</a>为代表的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AE%8B%E6%B4%BE" title="唐宋派">唐宋派</a>”，则推崇唐朝和宋朝的古文，肯定了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6" title="唐宋八大家">唐宋八大家</a>”的地位和贡献，但是也陷入了“形式主义”，对后世没有什么重大影响。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ming_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ming-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>明朝中后期，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E5%AE%97%E9%81%93" title="袁宗道">袁宗道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E5%AE%8F%E9%81%93" title="袁宏道">袁宏道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93" title="袁中道">袁中道</a>“三袁”为代表的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E6%B4%BE" title="公安派">公安派</a>”，反对“贵古贱今”和“模仿古人”，提出文章要“独抒性灵、不拘格套”，给了“复古派”沉重打击，具有时代进步意义，但是他们没有正视现实的勇气和牺牲精神，只注重形式创新，描写个人游历感受、感情等，不去描述民间劳苦大众的疾苦，使得题材单薄，内容狭窄。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E6%83%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="钟惺">钟惺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%AD%E5%85%83%E6%98%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="谭元春">谭元春</a>为代表的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9F%E9%99%B5%E6%B4%BE" title="竟陵派">竟陵派</a>”，继承了公安派的理论，提出“幽深孤峭”的文风观点，来纠正公安派的“浮浅轻率”弊端，但是矫枉过正，反而更加狭窄，更加没有时代创新精神。<sup id="cite_ref-fish_5-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bee-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-0"><sup><b>1.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-1"><sup><b>1.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-2"><sup><b>1.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-3"><sup><b>1.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-4"><sup><b>1.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-5"><sup><b>1.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-6"><sup><b>1.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-7"><sup><b>1.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-8"><sup><b>1.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-9"><sup><b>1.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-10"><sup><b>1.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bee_1-11"><sup><b>1.11</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">马积高; 黄钧. 《中国古代文学史》. 北京市: 人民文学出版社. 2009-05-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787020067534" title="Special:网络书源/9787020067534"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787020067534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E9%A9%AC%E7%A7%AF%E9%AB%98&rft.au=%E9%BB%84%E9%92%A7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787020067534&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiger-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-0"><sup><b>2.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-1"><sup><b>2.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-2"><sup><b>2.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-3"><sup><b>2.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-4"><sup><b>2.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-5"><sup><b>2.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-6"><sup><b>2.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-7"><sup><b>2.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-8"><sup><b>2.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-9"><sup><b>2.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-10"><sup><b>2.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiger_2-11"><sup><b>2.11</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">北京师范大学文学院. 《中国古代文学史》. 北京市: 北京师范大学出版社. 2008-08-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787303093915" title="Special:网络书源/9787303093915"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787303093915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787303093915&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-0"><sup><b>3.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-1"><sup><b>3.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-2"><sup><b>3.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-3"><sup><b>3.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-4"><sup><b>3.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-5"><sup><b>3.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-6"><sup><b>3.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-7"><sup><b>3.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-8"><sup><b>3.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-9"><sup><b>3.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-10"><sup><b>3.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_3-11"><sup><b>3.11</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《中国古代文学史（元明清及近代）》. 北京市: 中国人民大学出版社. 2003-04-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787300045788" title="Special:网络书源/9787300045788"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787300045788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787300045788&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duck-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-0"><sup><b>4.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-1"><sup><b>4.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-2"><sup><b>4.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-3"><sup><b>4.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-4"><sup><b>4.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-5"><sup><b>4.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-6"><sup><b>4.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-7"><sup><b>4.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-8"><sup><b>4.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-9"><sup><b>4.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_4-10"><sup><b>4.10</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">郭豫衡. 《中国古代文学史长编（元明清卷）》. 北京市: 首都师范大学出版社. 2000-08-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787810398596" title="Special:网络书源/9787810398596"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787810398596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E8%B1%AB%E8%A1%A1&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E9%95%BF%E7%BC%96%EF%BC%88%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787810398596&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fish-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-0"><sup><b>5.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-1"><sup><b>5.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-2"><sup><b>5.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-3"><sup><b>5.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-4"><sup><b>5.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-5"><sup><b>5.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-6"><sup><b>5.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-7"><sup><b>5.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-8"><sup><b>5.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-9"><sup><b>5.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-10"><sup><b>5.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-11"><sup><b>5.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-12"><sup><b>5.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-13"><sup><b>5.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-14"><sup><b>5.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-15"><sup><b>5.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-16"><sup><b>5.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-17"><sup><b>5.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-18"><sup><b>5.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-19"><sup><b>5.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-20"><sup><b>5.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-21"><sup><b>5.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-22"><sup><b>5.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-23"><sup><b>5.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-24"><sup><b>5.24</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-25"><sup><b>5.25</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-26"><sup><b>5.26</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-27"><sup><b>5.27</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-28"><sup><b>5.28</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-29"><sup><b>5.29</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-30"><sup><b>5.30</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-31"><sup><b>5.31</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-32"><sup><b>5.32</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-33"><sup><b>5.33</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-34"><sup><b>5.34</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-35"><sup><b>5.35</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-36"><sup><b>5.36</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-37"><sup><b>5.37</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-38"><sup><b>5.38</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-39"><sup><b>5.39</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-40"><sup><b>5.40</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-41"><sup><b>5.41</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-42"><sup><b>5.42</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-43"><sup><b>5.43</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-44"><sup><b>5.44</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-45"><sup><b>5.45</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-46"><sup><b>5.46</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-47"><sup><b>5.47</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-48"><sup><b>5.48</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-49"><sup><b>5.49</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-50"><sup><b>5.50</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-51"><sup><b>5.51</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fish_5-52"><sup><b>5.52</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">刘廷乾; 李桂奎; 喻斌; 张辉忠. 《新编中国古代文学史（下册）》. 天津市: 天津教育出版社. 1995-07-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5309-2228-9" title="Special:网络书源/7-5309-2228-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-5309-2228-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E5%88%98%E5%BB%B7%E4%B9%BE&rft.au=%E5%96%BB%E6%96%8C&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E8%BE%89%E5%BF%A0&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%A1%82%E5%A5%8E&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%96%B0%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8B%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1995-07-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5309-2228-9&rft.place=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.hexun.com/2013-01-30/150772160.html">明代后期文学思想的世俗化倾向</a>. 和讯. 2013-01-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-27</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%8C%96%E5%80%BE%E5%90%91&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%92%8C%E8%AE%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.hexun.com%2F2013-01-30%2F150772160.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-中国文学简史-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-中国文学简史_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中国文学简史_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王飞鸿; 崔晟. 中国文学简史. 吉林大学出版社. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787560164212" title="Special:网络书源/9787560164212"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787560164212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E5%B4%94%E6%99%9F&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E9%A3%9E%E9%B8%BF&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787560164212&rft.pub=%E5%90%89%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-man-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-man_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2008-08/01/content_814071.htm">明代文学研究的重要成果</a>. 光明网. 2008-08-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-27</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmw.cn%2F01gmrb%2F2008-08%2F01%2Fcontent_814071.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ming-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ming_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111829/http://gs.people.com.cn/GB/210704/16435664.html">明代不自觉的文学创作及其发展的动力</a>. 人民网. 2011-11-29 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-27</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gs.people.com.cn/GB/210704/16435664.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%8D%E8%87%AA%E8%A7%89%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%9B%E4%BD%9C%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgs.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F210704%2F16435664.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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