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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":34908159,"identifier":"Attachment_34908159","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":8531059,"created_at":"2014-09-28T03:43:16.210-07:00","from_world_paper_id":126879971,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T21:36:58.925-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"This study investigates the receptive field properties of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of the monkey striate cortex concerning their sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color. Findings reveal that while cells in these layers show significant selectivity for multiple stimulus attributes, there is no strict segregation based on these sensitivities as previously hypothesized. The analysis challenges existing models of visual processing in the primate brain, suggesting a more integrated function of these sensory attributes within the studied cortical layers.","ai_title_tag":"Integrated Sensitivity in Monkey Striate Cortex","publication_date":"1995,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Concomitant Sensitivity to Orientation, Direction, and Color of Cells in Layers 2, 3, and 4 of Monkey Striate Cortex","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [17516651]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":34908159,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Concomitant Sensitivity to Orientation, Direction, and Color of Cells in Layers 2, 3, and 4 of Monkey Striate Cortex”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/34908159/mini_magick20190320-25060-10oo6dc.png?1553094212" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Concomitant Sensitivity to Orientation, Direction, and Color of Cells in Layers 2, 3, and 4 of Monkey Striate Cortex</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17516651" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YifengZhou"><img alt="Profile image of Yifeng Zhou" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Yifeng Zhou</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1995</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 8531059; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This study investigates the receptive field properties of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of the monkey striate cortex concerning their sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color. Findings reveal that while cells in these layers show significant selectivity for multiple stimulus attributes, there is no strict segregation based on these sensitivities as previously hypothesized. The analysis challenges existing models of visual processing in the primate brain, suggesting a more integrated function of these sensory attributes within the studied cortical layers.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":34908159,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8531059/Concomitant_Sensitivity_to_Orientation_Direction_and_Color_of_Cells_in_Layers_2_3_and_4_of_Monkey_Striate_Cortex"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":34908159,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/8531059/Concomitant_Sensitivity_to_Orientation_Direction_and_Color_of_Cells_in_Layers_2_3_and_4_of_Monkey_Striate_Cortex"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-premium-marketing"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-premium-marketing"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="premium-banner-content"><div class="left"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><span>Get access to the world's latest research</span></div><div class="right"><div class="card free"><div class="header">Free</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Download one paper at a time</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to bookmarks</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Basic search</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-free"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="card premium"><div class="pill">Recommended</div><div class="header premium">Premium</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get highly curated PDF packages</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact with Mentions</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Access advanced search filters</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Support Academia’s mission</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Create your personal website</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-upgrade","submitText":"Try Premium for $1"}">Try Premium for $1</button></div></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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We investigated the neural basis of the form-color link in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) by studying orientation selectivity of single V1 cells for pure color patterns. Neurons that responded to color were classified, based on cone inputs and spatial selectivity, into chromatically single-opponent and double-opponent groups. Single-opponent cells responded well to color but weakly to luminance contrast; they were not orientation-selective for color patterns. Most double-opponent cells were orientation-selective to pure color stimuli as well as to achromatic patterns. We also found non-opponent cells that responded weakly or not at all to pure color; most were orientation-selective for luminance patterns. Double-and non-opponent cells' orientation selectivities were not contrast-invariant; selectivity usually increased with contrast. Double-opponent cells were approximately equally orientation-selective for luminance and equiluminant color stimuli when stimuli were matched in average cone contrast. V1 double-opponent cells could be the neural basis of the influence of form on color perception. The combined activities of single-and double-opponent cells in V1 are needed for the full repertoire of color perception.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Orientation Selectivity of Color-Responsive Neurons in Macaque V1","attachmentId":66783125,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47889048/The_Orientation_Selectivity_of_Color_Responsive_Neurons_in_Macaque_V1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47889048/The_Orientation_Selectivity_of_Color_Responsive_Neurons_in_Macaque_V1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="18409044" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18409044/Meridional_differences_in_orientation_sensitivity_in_monkey_striate_cortex">Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38416820" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SusanVolman">Susan Volman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brain Research, 1976</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent physiological investigations1-3, 5 have suggested that in humans there is greater sensitivity and discrimination for horizontally and vertically oriented edges and gratings than for diagonal ones. Several investigations have looked for a neurophysiological counterpart of this effect in striate cortex of the cat and monkey. Two hypotheses have been proposed:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Meridional differences in orientation sensitivity in monkey striate cortex","attachmentId":40048488,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18409044/Meridional_differences_in_orientation_sensitivity_in_monkey_striate_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18409044/Meridional_differences_in_orientation_sensitivity_in_monkey_striate_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="55503528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55503528/Orientation_selective_chromatic_mechanisms_in_human_visual_cortex">Orientation-selective chromatic mechanisms in human visual cortex.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31611829" href="https://optusnet.academia.edu/ErinGoddard">Erin Goddard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Vision, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3T in human participants to trace the chromatic selectivity of orientation processing through functionally defined regions of visual cortex. Our aim was to identify mechanisms that respond to chromatically defined orientation and to establish whether they are tuned specifically to color or operate in an essentially cue-invariant manner. Using an annular test region surrounded inside and out by an inducing stimulus, we found evidence of sensitivity to orientation defined by red-green (L-M) or blue-yellow (S-cone isolating) chromatic modulations across retinotopic visual cortex and of joint selectivity for color and orientation. The likely mechanisms underlying this selectivity are discussed in terms of orientation-specific lateral interactions and spatial summation within the receptive field.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Orientation-selective chromatic mechanisms in human visual cortex.","attachmentId":85934093,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55503528/Orientation_selective_chromatic_mechanisms_in_human_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55503528/Orientation_selective_chromatic_mechanisms_in_human_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="104586209" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104586209/A_quantitative_study_of_chromatic_organisation_and_receptive_fields_of_cells_in_the_lateral_geniculate_body_of_the_rhesus_monkey">A quantitative study of chromatic organisation and receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32452139" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AElepfandt">A. Elepfandt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental Brain Research, 1979</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The responses of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were investigated in anaesthetised rhesus monkeys. A new classification for cells in the parvocellular layers (PCL) is proposed, based on their spectral response curve and their response to white stimuli: (A) narrow-band, short wavelength (NS) excited cells, activity suppressed by white stimuli; (B) wide-band, short-wavelength (WS) excited cells, excited by white stimuli; (C) wide-band, long-wavelength (WL) excited cells, (D) narrow-band, long-wavelength (NL) excited cells, activity suppressed by white stimuli; (E) light suppressed (LI) cells, activity suppressed by all wavelengths, usually with some concealed excitatory input at extreme short or long wavelengths. Responses to moving bars and to spots of various diameters (area response curves) were determined for various wavelengths. It was found that the receptive fields from which wavelength-dependent excitatory or suppressive effects could be elicited are concentrically superimposed. The spectral responsiveness of the excitatory inputs to individual cell types corresponds to the absorption curves of single cones (S-, M-or L-cone for NS, WS and WL cells respectively), the spectral distribution of the suppressive mechanisms of all cells was panchromatic and approximately fitted to a sum of all cones. The excitatory input to NL-cells cannot be related to any of the known cone absorption curves, and a simple (L-M) subtraction model is questioned. Neurones in the magnocellular layers (MCL) can be divided into on-and off-centre cells as in the cat's LGN and give qualitatively similar responses over the whole spectrum. In contrast to the tonic responses of PCL cells, MCL cells respond phasically to chromatic and white flashed spots, even with the smallest stimuli. Implications of these findings for colour processing in the LGN are discussed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A quantitative study of chromatic organisation and receptive fields of cells in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey","attachmentId":104276298,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104586209/A_quantitative_study_of_chromatic_organisation_and_receptive_fields_of_cells_in_the_lateral_geniculate_body_of_the_rhesus_monkey","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104586209/A_quantitative_study_of_chromatic_organisation_and_receptive_fields_of_cells_in_the_lateral_geniculate_body_of_the_rhesus_monkey"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="120696395" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120696395/Color_Processing_in_Macaque_Striate_Cortex_Relationships_to_Ocular_Dominance_Cytochrome_Oxidase_and_Orientation">Color Processing in Macaque Striate Cortex: Relationships to Ocular Dominance, Cytochrome Oxidase, and Orientation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59838750" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielTso">Daniel Tso</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neurophysiology, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We located clusters of color-selective neurons in macaque striate cortex, as mapped with optical imaging and confirmed with electrophysiological recordings. By comparing responses to an equiluminant red/green stimulus versus a high-contrast luminance stimulus, we were able to reveal a patchy distribution of color selectivity. Other color imaging protocols, when compared with electrophysiological data, did not reliably indicate the location of functional structures. The imaged color patches were compared with other known functional subdivisions of striate cortex. There was a high degree of overlap of the color patches with the cytochrome-oxidase (CO) blobs. The patches were often larger than a single blob in size, however, and in some instances spanned two neighboring blobs. More than one-half (56%) of the color-selective patches seen in optical imaging were not confined to one ocular dominance (OD) column. Almost one-quarter of color patches (23%) extended across OD columns to encom...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Color Processing in Macaque Striate Cortex: Relationships to Ocular Dominance, Cytochrome Oxidase, and Orientation","attachmentId":115764612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120696395/Color_Processing_in_Macaque_Striate_Cortex_Relationships_to_Ocular_Dominance_Cytochrome_Oxidase_and_Orientation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120696395/Color_Processing_in_Macaque_Striate_Cortex_Relationships_to_Ocular_Dominance_Cytochrome_Oxidase_and_Orientation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="11655948" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11655948/The_spatial_transformation_of_color_in_the_primary_visual_cortex_of_the_macaque_monkey">The spatial transformation of color in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28487068" href="https://duke.academia.edu/ElizabethJohnson">Elizabeth Johnson</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38191640" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertShapley">Robert Shapley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">nature neuroscience, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Perceptually, color is used to discriminate objects by hue and to identify color boundaries. The primate retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have cell populations sensitive to color modulation, but the role of the primary visual cortex (V1) in color signal processing is uncertain. We reevaluated color processing in V1 by studying single-neuron responses to luminance and to equiluminant color patterns equated for cone contrast.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The spatial transformation of color in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey","attachmentId":46586770,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11655948/The_spatial_transformation_of_color_in_the_primary_visual_cortex_of_the_macaque_monkey","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11655948/The_spatial_transformation_of_color_in_the_primary_visual_cortex_of_the_macaque_monkey"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="72725682" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72725682/Orientation_selectivity_without_orientation_maps_in_visual_cortex_of_a_highly_visual_mammal">Orientation selectivity without orientation maps in visual cortex of a highly visual mammal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8476794" href="https://bu.academia.edu/LouisToth">Louis Toth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In mammalian neocortex, the orderly arrangement of columns of neurons is thought to be a fundamental organizing principle. In primary visual cortex (V1), neurons respond preferentially to bars of a particular orientation, and, in many mammals, these orientationselective cells are arranged in a semiregular, smoothly varying map across the cortical surface. Curiously, orientation maps have not been found in rodents or lagomorphs. To explore whether this lack of organization in previously studied rodents could be attributable to low visual acuity, poorly differentiated visual brain areas, or small absolute V1 size, we examined V1 organization of a larger, highly visual rodent, the gray squirrel. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-cell recordings, we found no evidence of an orientation map, suggesting that formation of orientation maps depends on mechanisms not found in rodents. We did find robust orientation tuning of single cells, and this tuning was invariant to stimulus contrast. Therefore, it seems unlikely that orientation maps are important for orientation tuning or its contrast invariance in V1. In vertical electrode penetrations, we found little evidence for columnar organization of orientation-selective neurons and little evidence for local anisotropy of orientation preferences. We conclude that an orderly and columnar arrangement of functional response properties is not a universal characteristic of cortical architecture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Orientation selectivity without orientation maps in visual cortex of a highly visual mammal","attachmentId":81538839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72725682/Orientation_selectivity_without_orientation_maps_in_visual_cortex_of_a_highly_visual_mammal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72725682/Orientation_selectivity_without_orientation_maps_in_visual_cortex_of_a_highly_visual_mammal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="24817332" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24817332/Laminar_processing_of_stimulus_orientation_in_cat_visual_cortex">Laminar processing of stimulus orientation in cat visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33183788" href="https://upc-pe.academia.edu/LuismiguelMaceraMartinez">Luis miguel Macera Martinez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Physiology, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Laminar processing of stimulus orientation in cat visual cortex","attachmentId":45143436,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24817332/Laminar_processing_of_stimulus_orientation_in_cat_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24817332/Laminar_processing_of_stimulus_orientation_in_cat_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="80004842" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80004842/Orientation_preference_and_horizontal_disparity_sensitivity_in_the_monkey_visual_cortex">Orientation preference and horizontal disparity sensitivity in the monkey visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145786774" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FranciscoGonzalez802">Francisco Gonzalez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose: Disparity sensitivity may be explained by interocular positional differences of the receptive fields (RF) of visual cortical cells or by interocular shifts of the On and Off RF subregions. Since this latter model assumes shifts are orthogonal to the orientation of the RF, cells with disparity sensitivity should be oriented. The objective of the present study is to test this assumption. Methods: Single unit recordings were performed in areas V1 and V2 of two Macaca mulatta. For assessing disparity sensitivity, we generated dynamic random dot stereograms. A stereofigure was flashed over the cell RF with different horizontal disparities. To assess orientation sensitivity we used a flashing bar with eight orientations, in several positions over the cell RF in a pseudorandom manner. Results: We found no relationship between sensitivity to horizontal disparity and orientation preference in V1 and V2 cells. Conclusions: Our data indicate that horizontal disparity sensitivity and orientation preference are unrelated properties. This favors the notion that sensitivity to horizontal disparity is mostly based on RF interocular horizontal positional differences.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Orientation preference and horizontal disparity sensitivity in the monkey visual cortex","attachmentId":86530505,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80004842/Orientation_preference_and_horizontal_disparity_sensitivity_in_the_monkey_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80004842/Orientation_preference_and_horizontal_disparity_sensitivity_in_the_monkey_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="69070614" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69070614/Local_sensitivity_to_stimulus_orientation_and_spatial_frequency_within_the_receptive_fields_of_neurons_in_visual_area_2_of_macaque_monkeys">Local sensitivity to stimulus orientation and spatial frequency within the receptive fields of neurons in visual area 2 of macaque monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39028639" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/IzumiOhzawa">Izumi Ohzawa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Local sensitivity to stimulus orientation and spatial frequency within the receptive fields of neurons in visual area 2 of macaque monkeys","attachmentId":79309375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69070614/Local_sensitivity_to_stimulus_orientation_and_spatial_frequency_within_the_receptive_fields_of_neurons_in_visual_area_2_of_macaque_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69070614/Local_sensitivity_to_stimulus_orientation_and_spatial_frequency_within_the_receptive_fields_of_neurons_in_visual_area_2_of_macaque_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":34908159,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":34908159,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_34908159" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="79618213" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79618213/Functional_organization_for_color_and_orientation_in_macaque_V4">Functional organization for color and orientation in macaque V4</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="220799247" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaRoe2">Anna Roe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature Neuroscience, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Functional organization for color and orientation in macaque V4","attachmentId":86271430,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79618213/Functional_organization_for_color_and_orientation_in_macaque_V4","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79618213/Functional_organization_for_color_and_orientation_in_macaque_V4"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="98539427" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98539427/The_nature_and_origin_of_orientation_specificity_in_neurons_of_the_visual_pathways">The nature and origin of orientation specificity in neurons of the visual pathways</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176926829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianWimborne">Brian Wimborne</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Progress in Neurobiology, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The nature and origin of orientation specificity in neurons of the visual 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