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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== Grammar == Like English, [[Afrikaans]], and the [[Nguni languages|Nguni]] languages, Fanagalo uses a [[Subject–verb–object word order|subject-verb-object]] word order. The language possesses a highly regular and analytical [[inflection]]al [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] with only a few inflectional [[affix]]es and a few grammatical exceptions.<ref name=":2" /> === Verbs === Most present tense (which double as infinitive) verbs in Fanagalo end in ''-a''; other tenses are formed by removing ''-a'' and adding other affixes or words. The following table shows the inflection of the regular verb ''hamba'', meaning "to go."<ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Grammatical Tense''' !'''English''' !'''Fanagalo''' |- |Present |I arrive. |Mina fika. |- |Past |I arrived. |Mina fikile. |- |Future |I will arrive. |Mina zo fika. |- |Present Progressive |I am arriving. |Mina fikwa. |- |Present Perfect |I have arrived. |Mina fikiwe. |- |Causative |I make others arrive. |Mina fikisa. |- |Future Perfect |I will have arrived. |Mina zo fikile. |- |Present Modal |I can arrive. |Mina yazi fika. |- |Past Modal |I could have arrived. |Mina yazi fikile. |- |Present Permissive |I may arrive. |Mina wena fika. |- |Possibility |I might arrive. |Mhlaumbe mina zo fika. |- |Desire |I want to arrive. |Mina funa fika. |- |Wish |I like to arrive. |Mina tanda fika. |- |Desire (Formal) |I would like to arrive. |Mina zo tanda fika. |- |Expectation |I should arrive. |Muhle mina fika. |- |Irrealis |I am about to arrive. |Mina zo fika konamanje. |} Several irregular verbs, some of which end in ''-a'' and some of which do not, also exist in the language and do not follow these basic rules for conjugation. For example, the following verbs ''hamba'' (to go) and ''azi'' (to know) are conjugated in the following way. The remote past tense prefix ''nga-'' and the recent past tense prefix ''be-'' can be used only with verbs that do not end in ''-a'' along with some other verbs such as ''dula'' (to stay), ''cula'' (to sing), and ''lala'' (to sleep).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suzman |first=S |title=In Step with Fanagalo: Fanakalo Made Easy. |publisher=Quoin Institute |location=Astoria, South Africa}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !'''Grammatical Tense''' !'''English''' !'''Fanagalo''' |- |Present |I go. |Mina hamba. |- |Past |I went. |Mina hambile. |- |Remote Past |I went a long time ago. |Mina ngahamba. |- |Recent Past |I just went. |Mina behamba. |- |Future |I will go. |Mina zo hamba. |- |Present Progressive |I am going. |Mina hambwa. |- |Present Perfect |I have gone. |Mina hambiwe. |- |Causative |I drive away (cause to go). |Mina hambisa. |- |Future Perfect |I will have gone. |Mina zo hambile. |- |Present Modal |I can go. |Mina yazi hamba. |- |Past Modal |I could have gone. |Mina yazi hambile. |- |Present Permissive |I may go. |Mina wena hamba. |- |Possibility |I might go. |Mhlaumbe mina zo hamba. |- |Desire |I want to go. |Mina funa hamba. |- |Wish |I like to go. |Mina tanda hamba. |- |Desire (Formal) |I would like to go. |Mina zo tanda hamba. |- |Expectation |I should go. |Muhle mina hamba. |- |Irrealis |I am about to go. |Mina zo hamba konamanje. |} {| class="wikitable" !'''Grammatical Tense''' !'''English''' !'''Fanagalo''' |- |Present |I know. |Mina azi. |- |Past |I knew. |Mina aziile. |- |Remote Past |I knew a long time ago. |Mina ngaazi. |- |Recent Past |I just knew. |Mina beazi. |- |Future |I will know. |Mina zo azi. |- |Present Progressive |I am knowing. |Mina aziwa. |- |Present Perfect |I have known. |Mina aziiwe. |- |Causative |I teach (cause to know). |Mina aziisa. |- |Future Perfect |I will have known. |Mina zo aziile. |- |Present Modal |I can know. |Mina yazi azi. |- |Past Modal |I could have known. |Mina yazi aziile. |- |Present Permissive |I may know. |Mina wena azi. |- |Possibility |I might know. |Mhlaumbe mina zo azi. |- |Desire |I want to know. |Mina funa azi. |- |Wish |I like to know. |Mina tanda azi. |- |Desire (Formal) |I would like to know. |Mina zo tanda azi. |- |Expectation |I should know. |Muhle mina azi. |- |Irrealis |I am about to know. |Mina zo azi konamanje. |} === Noun Pluralisation === Most inanimate nouns in Fanagalo are pluralised by adding ''ma-'' to the base form of the word, but words starting with ''i'' are pluralised by adding ''z-'' and words beginning with ''n'' are pluralised with ''zi-''. For example, the plural of ''foshol'' (shovel) is ''mafoshol'' (shovels); the plural form of ''inyoni'' (bird) is ''zinyoni'' (birds) and the plural form of ''nkomo'' (cow) is ''zinkomo'' (cattle). Regular proper nouns referring to people and categories of people are pluralised by adding ''ba-'' to the base form of the word. For example, the plural form of the proper name Judah (spelled ''Juda)'' in Fanagalo would be ''BaJuda'' (Judahs).<ref name=":2" /> Bold documents several irregular plurals in his guidebook to the language: ''Abelungu'' (white people) as the plural of ''Mlungu'' (white person), ''mehlo'' (eyes) as the plural form of ''iliso'' (eye), and ''befazi'' (women) as the plural form of ''mfazi'' (woman). === Interrogatives === [[Yes–no question]]s are formed by raising the tone in a [[declarative sentence]] with the same meaning similarly to Spanish or by adding the grammatical particle ''na'' at the end of the [[declarative sentence]]. Other questions are formed by adding [[Wh words|wh-words]] to the beginning of sentences.<ref name=":2" /> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanagalo">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanagalo</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanagalo&action=edit&section=6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5jk64","wgBackendResponseTime":268,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.070","walltime":"0.094","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 66.653 1 -total"," 99.87% 66.565 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 41.99% 27.989 2 Template:Replace"," 39.14% 26.091 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 34.56% 23.038 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.09% 10.060 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 13.22% 8.813 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.47% 1.645 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.30% 1.532 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.76% 1.173 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043247,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5jk64","timestamp":"20241124123854","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>