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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visualization_of_co-citation_analysis_methods.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Documents A and B are cited by documents C, D and E, hence the documents A and B exhibit a co-citation strength of three. A more recent refinement of co-citation takes into account placement of citations with the document." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Visualization_of_co-citation_analysis_methods.png/400px-Visualization_of_co-citation_analysis_methods.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9c/Visualization_of_co-citation_analysis_methods.png 1.5x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Figure visualizing co-citation on the left and a refinement of co-citation, Co-citation Proximity Analysis (CPA) on the right.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Co-citation</b> is the frequency with which two documents are <i><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">cited</a></i> together by other documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If at least one other document cites two documents in common, these documents are said to be <i>co-cited</i>. The more co-citations two documents receive, the higher their co-citation strength, and the more likely they are semantically related.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">bibliographic coupling</a>, co-citation is a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">semantic similarity</a> measure for documents that makes use of <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">citation analyses</a>. </p><p>The figure to the right illustrates the concept of co-citation and a more recent variation of co-citation which accounts for the placement of citations in the full text of documents. The figure's left image shows the Documents A and B, which are both cited by Documents C, D and E; thus Documents A and B have a <b>co-citation strength</b>, or <b>co-citation index</b><sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaisen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaisen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of three. This score is usually established using <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexes</a>. Documents featuring high numbers of co-citations are regarded as more similar.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> The figure's right image shows a citing document which cites the Documents 1, 2 and 3. Both the Documents 1 and 2 and the Documents 2 and 3 have a co-citation strength of one, given that they are cited together by exactly one other document. However, Documents 2 and 3 are cited in much closer proximity to each other in the citing document compared to Document 1. To make co-citation a more meaningful measure in this case, a <b>Co-Citation Proximity Index (CPI)</b> can be introduced to account for the placement of citations relative to each other. Documents co-cited at greater relative distances in the full text receive lower CPI values.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gipp and Beel were the first to propose using modified co-citation weights based on proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyack_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyack-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Small<sup id="cite_ref-Small_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Irina Marshakova<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are credited for introducing co-citation analysis in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaisen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaisen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both researchers came up with the measure independently, although Marshakova gained less credit, likely because her work was published in Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-citation analysis provides a forward-looking assessment on document similarity in contrast to Bibliographic Coupling, which is retrospective.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citations a paper receives in the future depend on the evolution of an academic field, thus co-citation frequencies can still change. In the adjacent diagram, for example, Doc A and Doc B may still be co-cited by future documents, say Doc F and Doc G. This characteristic of co-citation allows for a dynamic <a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">document classification</a> system when compared to Bibliographic Coupling. </p><p>Over the decades, researchers proposed variants or enhancements to the original co-citation concept. Howard White introduced author co-citation analysis in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gipp and Beel proposed <b><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Co-citation Proximity Analysis</a> (CPA)</b> and introduced the CPI as an enhancement to the original co-citation concept in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-citation Proximity Analysis considers the proximity of citations within the full-texts for similarity computation and therefore allows for a more fine-grained assessment of semantic document similarity than pure co-citation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Considerations">Considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-citation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The motivations of authors for citing literature can vary greatly and occur for a variety of reasons aside from simply referring to academically relevant documents. Cole and Cole expressed this concern based on the observation that scientists tend to cite friends and research colleagues more frequently, a partiality known as <i><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it has been observed that academic works which have already gained much credit and reputation in a field tend to receive even more credit and thus citations in future literature, an observation termed the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_effect_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew effect (sociology)"><i>Matthew effect</i></a> in science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-citation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isg.uni-konstanz.de/projects/citrec/">CITREC</a>, an evaluation framework for citation-based similarity measures including <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a>, Co-citation, <a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Co-citation Proximity Analysis</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipp2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipp2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-citation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Small-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Small_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenry_G._Small1973" class="citation journal cs1">Henry G. Small (July 1973). "Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Association_for_Information_Science_and_Technology" title="Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology">Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4): 265–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2FASI.4630240406">10.1002/ASI.4630240406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-2882">1532-2882</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56679837" class="extiw" title="d:Q56679837">Q56679837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Association+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Co-citation+in+the+scientific+literature%3A+A+new+measure+of+the+relationship+between+two+documents&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=265-269&rft.date=1973-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2FASI.4630240406&rft.issn=1532-2882&rft.au=Henry+G.+Small&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACo-citation" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolaisen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaisen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaisen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeppe Nicolaisen, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iva.dk/bh/Core%20Concepts%20in%20LIS/articles%20a-z/cocitation_by_jeppe_nicolaisen.htm">Co-citation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315064318/http://www.iva.dk/bh/Core%20Concepts%20in%20LIS/articles%20a-z/cocitation_by_jeppe_nicolaisen.htm">Archived</a> 2013-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Birger Hjørland, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.db.dk/bh/Core%20Concepts%20in%20LIS/home.htm">Core Concepts in Library and Information Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525203337/http://www.db.dk/bh/core%20concepts%20in%20lis/home.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from The Royal School of Library and Information Science (RSLIS), Copenhagen, Denmark.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gipp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gipp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gipp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bela Gipp and Joeran Beel, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gipp.com/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/gipp09a.pdf">"Citation Proximity Analysis (CPA) – A new approach for identifying related work based on Co-Citation Analysis"</a> in Birger Larsen and Jacqueline Leta, editors, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI’09), volume 2, pages 571–575, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyack-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyack_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin W. Boyack, Henry Small and Richard Klavans, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sticonference.org/Proceedings/vol1/Boyack_Improving_155.pdf">"Improving the Accuracy of Co-citation Clustering Using Full Text"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121440/http://sticonference.org/Proceedings/vol1/Boyack_Improving_155.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 64, Issue 9, pages 1759–1767, September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irena Marshakova Shaikevich, 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/marshakova/marshakovanauchtechn1973.pdf">"System of Document Connections Based on References"</a>. Scientific and Technical Information Serial of VINITI, 6(2):3–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Havemann, 2009. "Einführung in die Bibliometrie." Humboldt University of Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garfield, E., November 27, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/drexelbelvergriffith92001.pdf">"From Bibliographic Coupling to Co-Citation Analysis Via Algorithmic Historio-Bibliography: A Citationist’s Tribute to Belver C. Griffith.</a> a paper presented at the Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard D. White and Belver C. Griffith, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.4630320302/abstract">"Author Cocitation: A Literature Measure of Intellectual Structure."</a> Journal of the American Society for Information Science (JASIS), May, 1981 volume 32(3), pp. 163-171. -- the first ACA paper. DOI = 10.1002/asi.4630320302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Schwarzer, M. Schubotz, N. Meuschke, C. Breitinger, <a href="/wiki/Volker_Markl" title="Volker Markl">V. Markl</a>, and B. 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Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gipp2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gipp2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bela Gipp, Norman Meuschke & Mario Lipinski, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gipp.com/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/gipp15b.pdf">"CITREC: An Evaluation Framework for Citation-Based Similarity Measures based on TREC Genomics and PubMed Central"</a> in Proceedings of the iConference 2015, Newport Beach, California, 2015.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Co-citation&oldid=1201500254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Co-citation&oldid=1201500254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">Citation metrics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 January 2024, at 19:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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