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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-元素氣體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元素氣體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>元素氣體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元素氣體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物理性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>物理性质</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宏观属性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宏观属性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>宏观属性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-宏观属性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关宏观属性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-宏观属性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-壓力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#壓力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>壓力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-壓力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-温度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#温度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>温度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-温度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>比容</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-密度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#密度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>密度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-密度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-微观属性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#微观属性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>微观属性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-微观属性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关微观属性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-微观属性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分子运动论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子运动论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>分子运动论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子运动论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-布朗运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#布朗运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>布朗运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-布朗运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分子间作用力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子间作用力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>分子间作用力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子间作用力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-模型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#模型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>模型</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-模型-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关模型子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-模型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-理想氣體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理想氣體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>理想氣體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理想氣體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真实气体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真实气体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>真实气体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真实气体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史成果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史成果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>历史成果</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史成果-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史成果子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史成果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-波以耳定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波以耳定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>波以耳定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波以耳定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-查理定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#查理定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>查理定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-查理定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蓋-呂薩克定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蓋-呂薩克定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>蓋-呂薩克定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蓋-呂薩克定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亞佛加厥定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞佛加厥定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>亞佛加厥定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞佛加厥定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-道爾頓分壓定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#道爾頓分壓定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>道爾頓分壓定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-道爾頓分壓定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特殊主題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特殊主題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>特殊主題</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特殊主題-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关特殊主題子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特殊主題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-可壓縮性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可壓縮性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>可壓縮性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可壓縮性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雷諾數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雷諾數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>雷諾數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雷諾數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-黏度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#黏度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>黏度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-黏度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-紊流" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#紊流"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>紊流</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-紊流-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-邊界層" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#邊界層"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>邊界層</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-邊界層-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱力學平衡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱力學平衡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>熱力學平衡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱力學平衡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-備註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#備註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>備註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-備註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">气体</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。154种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyft" title="Lyft – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lyft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="गैस – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गैस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="غاز – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%A3%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ݣاز – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ݣاز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="غاز – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غاز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B" title="গেছ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গেছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="गैस – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गैस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaz" title="Qaz – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قاز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doj%C4%97s" title="Dojės – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dojės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="गैस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गैस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="গ্যাসীয় পদার্থ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্যাসীয় পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plin" title="Plin – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Хии – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хии" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Ké-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ké-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_(kimika)" title="Gas (kimika) – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gas (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="گاز – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyn" title="Plyn – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plyn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwy" title="Nwy – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αέριο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αέριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaso" title="Gaso – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="گاز – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasu" title="Kaasu – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaasu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasi" title="Kasi – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kasi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1s" title="Gás – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytundyry" title="Pytundyry – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pytundyry" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81" title="વાયુ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વાયુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-th%C3%AD" title="Hi-thí – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hi-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96" title="גז – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="गैस – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plin" title="Plin – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1z" title="Gáz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gáz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A6" title="Գազ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6" title="Կազ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կազ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaso" title="Gaso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gaso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E4%BD%93" title="気体 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gias" title="Gias – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gias" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gapci" title="gapci – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gapci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აირი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2" title="ಅನಿಲ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನಿಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="기체 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujos" title="Dujos – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81ze" title="Gāze – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gāze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etona" title="Etona – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гас – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വാതകം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хий – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="वायू – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7" title="အငွေ့ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အငွေ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8F" title="Лекся – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лекся" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ggas" title="Ggas – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ggas" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्यास – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्यास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="वायु – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वायु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_(aggregatietoestand)" title="Gas (aggregatietoestand) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gas (aggregatietoestand)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gass" title="Gass – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gass" title="Gass – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gase" title="Gase – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Gase" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaazii" title="Gaazii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gaazii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%82" title="ਫੂ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ګاز – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګاز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1s" title="Gás – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapsi" title="Wapsi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wapsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaro" title="Zaro – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Zaro" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гаас – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="گيس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گيس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urrig" title="Urrig – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Urrig" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="වායු – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyn" title="Plyn – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گیس – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="گیس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plin" title="Plin – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasi" title="Gasi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gasi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawo" title="Hawo – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hawo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi" title="Gazi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гас – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesi" title="Gesi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goz" title="Goz – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Goz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வளிமம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82)" title="వాయువు (భౌతిక శాస్త్రం) – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాయువు (భౌతిక శాస్త్రం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA" title="แก๊ส – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก๊ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хей – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хей" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گیس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazlar" title="Gazlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gazlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_kh%C3%AD" title="Chất khí – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất khí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaze" title="Goaze – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Goaze" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5z" title="Gåz – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gåz" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="气体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აირი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%96" title="גאז – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80f%C3%BA%C3%B9f%C3%B9" title="Ẹ̀fúùfù – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀fúùfù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%AA" title="氣質 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氣質" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-th%C3%A9" title="Khì-thé – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khì-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="氣體 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氣體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHowo" title="UHowo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UHowo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> 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id="noteTA-deba4144" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:盖-呂薩克; zh-hant:給呂薩克;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:范德华力; zh-hant:凡德瓦力;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:压力; zh-hk:壓強; zh-tw:壓力;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:摩尔; zh-hk:摩爾; zh-tw:莫耳;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:开尔文; zh-hant:克爾文;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:波义耳; zh-hant:波以耳;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_liquid_gas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Solid_liquid_gas.svg/220px-Solid_liquid_gas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Solid_liquid_gas.svg/330px-Solid_liquid_gas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Solid_liquid_gas.svg/440px-Solid_liquid_gas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>氣體、液體、固體（由上而下）不同的分子、原子結構。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>氣體</b>（英語：gas，荷蘭語：「gas」，舊稱<b>瓦斯</b>）<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>是四种基本<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质状态</a>之一（其他三种分别为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体">固体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体">液体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子体</a>）。气体可以由单个原子（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">稀有气体</a>）、一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="元素">元素</a>组成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%B4%A8" title="单质">单质</a>分子（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a>）、多种元素组成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>分子（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>）等组成。气体<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物">混合物</a>可以包括多种气体物质，比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94" title="空气">空气</a>。气体与液体和固体的显著区别就是气体粒子之间间隔很大。这种间隔使得人眼很难察觉到无色气体。气体与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体">液体</a>一样是流体：它可以流动，可变形、壓縮。假如没有限制（容器或力场）的话，气体可以扩散，其体积不受限制，沒有固定。气态物质的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>相互之间可以自由<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-氣體_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-氣體-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>氣體的特性介於液體和等离子体之間，氣體的溫度不會超過等离子体，氣體的溫度下限為簡併態夸克氣體<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，現在也越來越受到重視<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。高密度的原子氣體冷卻到非常低的低溫，可以依其統計特性分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="玻色氣體">玻色氣體</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="費米氣體">費米氣體</a>，其他相態可以參照<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="相態列表">相態列表</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元素氣體"><span id=".E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0.E6.B0.A3.E9.AB.94"></span>元素氣體</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：元素氣體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="標準狀況">標準狀況</a>下為氣體分子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>（H<sub>2</sub>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a> （N<sub>2</sub>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>（O<sub>2</sub>）和兩種<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>，分別是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>（F<sub>2</sub>）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>（Cl<sub>2</sub>）。另外還有單原子的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">稀有气体</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>（He）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a>（Ne）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="氬">氬</a>（Ar）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪</a>（Kr）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙</a>（Xe）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>（Rn）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物理性质"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E8.B4.A8"></span>物理性质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：物理性质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purplesmoke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Purplesmoke.jpg/240px-Purplesmoke.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Purplesmoke.jpg/360px-Purplesmoke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Purplesmoke.jpg/480px-Purplesmoke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99" title="煙">烟</a>的颗粒提供了周围气体运动的线索。</figcaption></figure> <p>因为大多数气体很难直接观察，他们常被通过其四个<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="物理性质">物理属性</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82" title="宏观">宏观</a>性质来描述：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="體積 (熱力學)">体积</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="粒子數">粒子數</a>（化学家用<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="摩尔 (单位)">摩尔</a>来表示）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>。这四个属性被许多科学家（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%B9%89%E8%80%B3" title="罗伯特·波义耳">罗伯特·波义耳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86" title="雅克·查理">雅克·查理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="约翰·道尔顿">约翰·道尔顿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9B%96-%E5%90%95%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克">约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8E%AB%E8%BF%AA%E6%AC%A7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8F%E4%BC%BD%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿莫迪欧·阿伏伽德罗">阿莫迪欧·阿伏伽德罗</a>等）通过不同的气体和不同的裝置来反复观察过。他们的仔细研究最终形成了描述这些属性的数学关系的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体定律">理想气体定律</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宏观属性"><span id=".E5.AE.8F.E8.A7.82.E5.B1.9E.E6.80.A7"></span>宏观属性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：宏观属性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当观察气体时，一般会指明参考物或<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="长度尺度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Length scale"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长度尺度（页面不存在）">长度尺度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_scale" class="extiw" title="en:Length scale"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Length scale</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<b>较大</b>的长度尺度对应着气体的宏观属性或是总体看法。其范围（可指<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF" title="体积">体积</a>）至少要能容纳大量的气体粒子。对如此采样尺寸的气体的统计分析会得到样品内所有气体粒子的<b>平均</b>属性（例如速度，温度，压强等）。相反，一个较小的参考长度尺度对应着气体的微观属性或是粒子层面的看法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="壓力"><span id=".E5.A3.93.E5.8A.9B"></span>壓力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：壓力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a></div> <p>在公式中常用<b>"p"</b>或<b>"P"</b>来表示气体壓力，其单位则常为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位制</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a>（Pa）。 </p><p>在描述一個有容器的氣體時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>（或是絕對壓力）是在氣體作用在容器表面上，單位面積所施的力，在此空間內，可以視為氣體粒子會直線運動，直到和其他分子或是容器壁碰撞為止。若和容器壁碰撞，單位時間內氣體粒子<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="動量">動量</a>的變化就是氣體作用在容器上的力<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在碰撞過程中，只有垂直容器壁的氣體粒子速度分量會變化，若氣體粒子是沿著容器壁運動，其動量不會變化。因此容器壁受到的力就是和容器壁碰撞的氣體粒子其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="動量">動量</a>變化的平均值。 </p><p>壓強是所有碰撞容器壁的氣體粒子，其產生的力除以容器壁總面積後的值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="温度"><span id=".E6.B8.A9.E5.BA.A6"></span>温度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：温度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/220px--Nitrogen.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Nitrogen.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nitrogen.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/Nitrogen.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/Nitrogen.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Nitrogen.ogv/Nitrogen.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>空气团在浸入液<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>后缩小。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">热力学温度</a></div> <p>在公式中常用<b>"T"</b>来表示气体温度，其单位则常为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位制</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">开尔文</a>（K）。 </p><p>氣體粒子的速度和其<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="絕對溫度">絕對溫度</a>成正比。在右邊的影片中，當氣球放進液態氮中時，因為溫度降低，氣體粒子速度變慢，氣球體積也隨之縮小。氣體系統的溫度和其中粒子（原子或分子）的運動有關<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>中，溫度可以表示儲存在粒子中的平均動能。儲存能量的方式和粒子的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (物理学)">自由度</a>有關。藉由氣體粒子碰撞，粒子產生平移、旋轉或是振動的運動，其動能也隨之提高。相反的，固體中的分子因為在晶格中，無法有平移或旋轉的運動，只能以振動的方式提高溫度。加熱的氣體，因為持續和容器或其他氣體粒子碰撞，其速度分佈範圍較大，可以用<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6-%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布">麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布</a>描述，此時會假設氣體粒子近似為接近<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">熱力學平衡</a>狀態下的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="理想氣體">理想氣體</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="比容"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E5.AE.B9"></span>比容</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：比容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%AE%B9" title="比容">比容</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="體積 (熱力學)">體積 (熱力學)</a></div> <p>在公式中常用<b>"v"</b>来表示气体比容，其单位则常为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位制</a>中的立方米每千克（m<sup>3</sup>/kg）。表示气体体积常用<b>"V"</b>，其单位常为立方米（m<sup>3</sup>）。 </p><p>在描述熱力學性質時，會將性質區分<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%90%AB%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%96%E5%BB%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="內含及外延性質">內含及外延性質</a>。和氣體的量（體積或是質量）有關的量稱為外延性質，和氣體的量（體積或是質量）無關的量稱為內含性質。比容是內含性質，是熱平衡時，單位質量氣體的體積<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。氣體的體積和氣體量有關，因此是外延性質。 </p><p>固態和液體的比容會隨壓強或溫度而有輕微的變化，但壓強或溫度改變時，氣體的比容會有顯著的變化，溫度相同的氣體，當壓強減半時，其比容會加倍，因此氣體具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%80%A7" title="压缩性">压缩性</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="密度"><span id=".E5.AF.86.E5.BA.A6"></span>密度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：密度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></div> <p>在公式中常用<b>ρ</b>来表示气体密度，其单位则常为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位制</a>中的千克每立方米（kg/m<sup>3</sup>），为比容的<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%92%E6%95%B0" title="倒数">倒数</a>。 </p><p>由於氣體分子常會裝在容器中移動，其質量一般會用密度來表示。密度是單位體積下的質量，也是比容的倒數。氣體密度變化的範圍很大．因為當受到壓強或體積的限制時，氣體分子之間可以靠得更近。密度的變化即為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可壓縮性（页面不存在）">可壓縮性</a>，氣體的密度和壓強及溫度都是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" title="狀態變數">狀態變數</a>，在過程中的變化會依照熱力學的定律。針對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体静力学">靜態氣體</a>而言，氣體的密度在整個容器中是相同的。密度是一<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="标量 (物理学)">純量</a>，若是固定質量氣體，密度和容器的體積成反比。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="微观属性"><span id=".E5.BE.AE.E8.A7.82.E5.B1.9E.E6.80.A7"></span>微观属性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：微观属性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子运动论"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8.E8.AE.BA"></span>分子运动论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：分子运动论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%BA" title="分子运动论">分子运动论</a></div> <p>分子运动论通过考虑气体颗粒的成分和运动来对气体的宏观属性提供一个内在的视角。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="布朗运动"><span id=".E5.B8.83.E6.9C.97.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>布朗运动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：布朗运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diffusion_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Diffusion_animation.gif/220px-Diffusion_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Diffusion_animation.gif/330px-Diffusion_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Diffusion_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>氣體粒子的隨機運動，一開始上方和下方是不同的氣體，但最後可以看出氣體的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="扩散">擴散</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="布朗运动">布朗运动</a></div> <p>布朗运动是描述流體中粒子隨機運動的數學模型。右圖動畫中粉紅色和綠色的粒子說明氣體運動的方式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子间作用力"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E9.97.B4.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.8A.9B"></span>分子间作用力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：分子间作用力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/180px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/270px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/360px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>当气体被压缩时，分子间作用力开始显示更大的作用。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="分子间作用力">分子间作用力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8A%9B" title="范德华力">范德华力</a></div> <p>气体颗粒间短暂的吸引（或排斥）对<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="气体动力学">气体动力学</a>会有影响。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a>中，给这类分子间作用力一个名称叫“范德华力”。这种力在决定气体的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="物理性质">物理属性</a>（比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="粘性">粘性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9F" title="流速">流速</a>）时很重要。在特定条件下（参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%BA" title="分子运动论">分子动力学理论</a>）忽略这种力使得<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="真實氣體">真实气体</a>可以被当作<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体">理想气体</a>看待，从而可以使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体定律">理想气体定律</a>做简化计算。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="模型"><span id=".E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B"></span>模型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：模型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理想氣體"><span id=".E7.90.86.E6.83.B3.E6.B0.A3.E9.AB.94"></span>理想氣體</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：理想氣體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体">理想气体</a></div> <p><b>理想氣體</b>為假想的<b>气体</b>。其特性為： </p> <ul><li>氣體分子間無作用力</li> <li>氣體分子本身不占有<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="體積">體積</a></li> <li>氣體分子與容器器壁間發生完全<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7%E7%A2%B0%E6%92%9E" title="彈性碰撞">彈性碰撞</a></li></ul> <p>只有在温度高和压力极低的情况下，分子间距离大大增加，分子间作用力趋向于零，实际气体才接近于理想气体。而像He、H<sub>2</sub>、O<sub>2</sub>、N<sub>2</sub>这样的气体，不易液化，在常温常压下的性质也近似于理想气体。 </p><p>理想氣體遵守<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体状态方程式">理想氣體狀態方程式</a><sup id="cite_ref-Halliday_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（pp. 509-512）</sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle PV=nRT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle PV=nRT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/934032db2ac1f12624f85a90eeba651dcf4af377" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.426ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle PV=nRT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<i>P</i>、<i>V</i>、<i>n</i>和<i>T</i>分別是壓強、體積、氣體莫耳數及絕對溫度，<i>R</i>為<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理想氣體常數">理想氣體常數</a>，8.314 J/(mol K)。 </p><p>真實氣體在愈低壓、愈高溫的狀態，性質愈接近理想氣體。最接近理想氣體的氣體為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦氣</a>。常溫常壓下的空氣也近似理想氣體。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真实气体"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E5.AE.9E.E6.B0.94.E4.BD.93"></span>真实气体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：真实气体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="真實氣體">真实气体</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="真實氣體">真实气体</a>一般是指有以下的特性，不能用理想氣體簡化的氣體： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="压缩因子">壓縮因子</a>Z不為1。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%AE%B9" title="比容">比容</a>會隨溫度而改變。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%85%8B%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="非平衡態熱力學">非平衡態熱力學</a>下的氣體。</li> <li>氣體粒子之間的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8A%9B" title="范德华力">范德华力</a>不能忽略。</li> <li>氣體粒子有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="離解">離解</a>，或是和其他粒子發生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%83%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="基元反应">基元反应</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史成果"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E6.88.90.E6.9E.9C"></span>历史成果</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：历史成果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>氣體形態可通過其<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="體積">體積</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>和其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">壓强</a>所影響。這幾項要素構成了多項氣體定律，而三者之間可以互相影響： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波以耳定律"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E4.BB.A5.E8.80.B3.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>波以耳定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：波以耳定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BB%A5%E8%80%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波以耳定律">波以耳定律</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyle_air_pump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Boyle_air_pump.jpg/200px-Boyle_air_pump.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Boyle_air_pump.jpg/300px-Boyle_air_pump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Boyle_air_pump.jpg/400px-Boyle_air_pump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>波义耳的实验装置</figcaption></figure> <p>波以耳定律是指在一定溫度下，氣體體積增大時，其壓强必減小。這可用以下公式表達<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {k}{P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>k</mi> <mi>P</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {k}{P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32cd58b2130f65e99976ad1ddc197a5d3e52509b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.467ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {k}{P}}}"></span> </p><p>這裡 </p> <ul><li>V 是指氣體的體積</li> <li>P 指壓强</li> <li>k 為一常數</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="查理定律"><span id=".E6.9F.A5.E7.90.86.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>查理定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：查理定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="查理定律">查理定律</a></div> <p>查理定律是指當壓力保持固定時，氣體體積與其<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>成正比。即是氣體溫度一增加，其體積也隨之而增大。其数学表达式为<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {V_{1} \over T_{1}}={V_{2} \over T_{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {V_{1} \over T_{1}}={V_{2} \over T_{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48b9aa62634216f32e702c039215ae9fbf8d7bad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.594ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {V_{1} \over T_{1}}={V_{2} \over T_{2}}}"></span> </p><p>這裡 </p> <ul><li>V 是指氣體的體積</li> <li>T 指溫度，單位為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="絕對溫標">絕對溫標</a>K</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蓋-呂薩克定律"><span id=".E8.93.8B-.E5.91.82.E8.96.A9.E5.85.8B.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>蓋-呂薩克定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：蓋-呂薩克定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B-%E5%91%82%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋-呂薩克定律">蓋-呂薩克定律</a></div> <p>蓋-呂薩克定律是指一固定容器內的理想氣體，其壓強和溫度成正比<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{1}}{T_{1}}}={\frac {P_{2}}{T_{2}}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{1}}{T_{1}}}={\frac {P_{2}}{T_{2}}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d590baa7f3246b101d5acd4ac8c0777f774ad1b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:10.251ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{1}}{T_{1}}}={\frac {P_{2}}{T_{2}}}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>這裡 </p> <ul><li>P 是指氣體的壓強</li> <li>T 指溫度，單位為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="絕對溫標">絕對溫標</a>K</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞佛加厥定律"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E4.BD.9B.E5.8A.A0.E5.8E.A5.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>亞佛加厥定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：亞佛加厥定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%A5%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="亞佛加厥定律">亞佛加厥定律</a></div> <p>亞佛加厥定律是指相同溫度及壓強的理想氣體，其體積和其<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="摩尔 (单位)">莫耳</a>數成正比，由此可得氣體的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%80%B3%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="莫耳體積">莫耳體積</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5" title="标准状况">标准状况</a>下是22.4<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8D%87" title="公升">公升</a>。氣體體積和莫耳數的關係如下<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50f9d9fb325e1bd777e27d253691e02d6940d963" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:10.056ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{1}}{n_{1}}}={\frac {V_{2}}{n_{2}}}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中n等於氣體的莫耳數（總分子數除以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%A5%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="亞佛加厥數">亞佛加厥數</a>） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="道爾頓分壓定律"><span id=".E9.81.93.E7.88.BE.E9.A0.93.E5.88.86.E5.A3.93.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>道爾頓分壓定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：道爾頓分壓定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%E5%88%86%E5%A3%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="道爾頓分壓定律">道爾頓分壓定律</a></div> <p>道耳吞定律是指不會反應的理想氣體混合物，其總壓力等於各氣體<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="分壓">分壓</a>的和，若有<i>n</i>種氣體，可以表示為下式<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>壓強<sub>total</sub> = 分壓<sub>1</sub> + 分壓<sub>2</sub> + ... + 分壓<sub>n</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特殊主題"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E6.AE.8A.E4.B8.BB.E9.A1.8C"></span>特殊主題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：特殊主題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="可壓縮性"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E5.A3.93.E7.B8.AE.E6.80.A7"></span>可壓縮性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：可壓縮性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png/220px-Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png/330px-Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png/440px-Compressibility_Factor_of_Air_75-200_K.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>空氣的可壓縮係數圖</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="可壓縮係數">可壓縮係數</a></div> <p>熱力學家利用可壓縮係數（<i>Z</i>）來調整理想氣體方程式，考慮真實氣體可壓縮性的影響。可壓縮係數是實際比容和理想比容之間的比例。一般而言其數值很接近1，可壓縮係數圖描述可壓縮係數和溫度之間的變化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雷諾數"><span id=".E9.9B.B7.E8.AB.BE.E6.95.B8"></span>雷諾數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：雷諾數"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="雷諾數">雷諾數</a></div> <p>在流體機械上，雷諾數是慣性力（<i>v<sub>s</sub>ρ</i>）和粘滯力（<i>μ/L</i>）之間的比例，是流體力學中最重要的無因次量，常和其他無因次量配合使用來提供動態相似性的準則。雷諾數可以提供模型和全尺寸的實際條件之間的相關性，也常用來作為流體的分類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="黏度"><span id=".E9.BB.8F.E5.BA.A6"></span>黏度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：黏度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="黏度">黏度</a></div> <p>黏度是有關相鄰粒子之間影響程度的物理量。固體因為內部的分子間作用力，可以承受剪力，流體在類似的剪力下則會持續的變形，氣體的黏度比液體小，不過仍可以觀測到黏度的影響，若是氣體沒有黏度，就不會黏在機翼的表面形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E5%B1%A4" title="邊界層">邊界層</a>。一個有關<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%BF%BC" title="三角翼">三角翼</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E5%BD%B1%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="紋影照相">紋影照相</a>的研究可以看出氣體分子之間會粘在一起（參照「邊界層」一節）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="紊流"><span id=".E7.B4.8A.E6.B5.81"></span>紊流</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：紊流"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlierenfoto_Mach_17_Delta_-_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Schlierenfoto_Mach_17_Delta_-_NASA.jpg/220px-Schlierenfoto_Mach_17_Delta_-_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Schlierenfoto_Mach_17_Delta_-_NASA.jpg/330px-Schlierenfoto_Mach_17_Delta_-_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Schlierenfoto_Mach_17_Delta_-_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>在風洞中的三角翼，當氣體在機翼前端被壓縮時，折射係數變化，產生陰影</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8A%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="紊流">紊流</a></div> <p>紊流是指流場有隨機的、混沌的變化，包括少量的動量擴散，大量的動量對流，壓強和速度在空間和時間上有快速的變化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="邊界層"><span id=".E9.82.8A.E7.95.8C.E5.B1.A4"></span>邊界層</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：邊界層"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E5%B1%A4" title="邊界層">邊界層</a></div> <p>當氣體粒子沿著一物體表面流過時，有些粒子會因物體表面而速度變慢，好像粘在物體表面一樣，這稱為邊界層。主要是因為表面的摩擦力造成。物體和上面的邊界層會影響後面的流體，而邊界層也會和物體表面分離，形成新的表面，並且改變流體流動的路徑。像飛機的失速就是因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="邊界層分離">邊界層分離</a>使得機翼的升力下降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="熱力學平衡"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8.E5.B9.B3.E8.A1.A1"></span>熱力學平衡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：熱力學平衡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">熱力學平衡</a></div> <p>當系統中沒有能量轉移時，此系統已達到熱力學平衡。一般而言此時系統和週圍的溫度相同，因此不會有熱的轉移。這也表示外力是平衡的，系統體積不會變化，系統中的化學反應也已完成。熱力學平衡需要的時間隨系統而不同，像冰塊在室溫下約花幾個小時才能融化，在半導體內，一元件由開到關產生的熱轉移可能只需要數奈秒的時間。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="備註"><span id=".E5.82.99.E8.A8.BB"></span>備註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：備註"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">荷蘭語「gas」意為「氣體」的音譯，漢語「瓦斯」是從日語來的外來詞。日语「瓦斯」是日本人音譯荷蘭語或英語「gas」的漢字詞，可能始見於1822年日人宇田川榛所著《遠西醫方名物考（補遺）》。該書說：「瓦斯（ガス）……古來稱為氣，或稱為類氣流體，然為與太虛蒼蒼之大氣區別，晚近名之為瓦斯（ガス），畢竟大氣亦數種瓦斯襍合而成者。」（引自《日本外來語大辭典》，荒川惣兵衛，1967年。原為日文）。「瓦」字日語舊讀<span lang="ja">グヮ</span>／ɡua，現在讀<span lang="ja">ガ</span>／ɡa。「斯」字日語讀<span lang="ja">シ</span>／si，但在「瓦斯」一詞讀<span lang="ja">ス</span>／su。中文維基許多條目內容凡涉及「气体」或「氣體」常被轉換顯示為<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" title="瓦斯">瓦斯</a></b>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="融化">融化</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="液體">液體</a>→<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="氣化">氣化</a>→<b>氣體</b> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a>←<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA" title="凝固">凝固</a>←<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="液體">液體</a>←<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96" title="液化">液化</a>←<b>氣體</b> </p> <hr /> <p><b>氣體</b>←<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昇華">昇華</a>←<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a>←<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%8D%8E" title="凝华">凝華</a>←<b>氣體</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style><div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="table-layout: fixed; width: 100% !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="地球大气">地球大氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="理想气体">理想气体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" title="蒸氣">蒸氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="氬">氬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="工業氣體">工業氣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="火山气体">火山氣體</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80" title="空氣調節">空氣調節</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E7%AE%B1" title="风箱">风箱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="呼吸">呼吸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91" title="云">云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E7%AD%9D" title="风筝">风筝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5" title="闪电">闪电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%91%B3" title="氣味">氣味</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%82%98" class="mw-redirect" title="降落傘">降落傘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="航行">航行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A1%E8%BD%AE%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="涡轮发动机">涡轮发动机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天氣">天氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" title="風">風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%BB%8A_(%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E6%A9%9F)" title="風車 (動力機)">風車 (動力機)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="風力發動機">風力發動機</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E4%BB%80" title="亨利·卡文迪什">亨利·卡文迪什</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E9%94%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡">安托万-洛朗·德·拉瓦锡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="約瑟夫·普利斯特里">約瑟夫·普利斯特里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="威廉·拉姆齐">威廉·拉姆齐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="烹飪">烹飪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="電解">電解</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%B0%E8%89%B2%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="焰色反应">焰色反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="照明">照明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="气体列表">气体列表</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gases" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gases"><span style="font-weight:bold;">气体</span></a></div></div> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-氣體-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-氣體_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">劉建仁. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taiwanlanguage.wordpress.com/2014/08/22/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF/">［雜記］瓦斯</a>. 臺灣話的語源與理據（劉建仁著）. 2014-08-22 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916230103/https://taiwanlanguage.wordpress.com/2014/08/22/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF/">存档</a>于2021-09-16） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=%EF%BC%BB%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%98%EF%BC%BD+%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E5%BB%BA%E4%BB%81&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E6%BA%90%E8%88%87%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%EF%BC%88%E5%8A%89%E5%BB%BA%E4%BB%81%E8%91%97%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaiwanlanguage.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F08%2F22%2F%25E7%2593%25A6%25E6%2596%25AF%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Zelevinski的工作和有關鍶元素和此領域相關的研究有關，參見<cite class="citation journal">Tanya Zelevinsky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030083517/http://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/94">84Sr—just right for forming a Bose-Einstein condensate</a>. Physics. 2009, <b>2</b>: 94 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-05</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhyOJ...2...94Z"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2009PhyOJ...2...94Z</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysics.2.94"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/physics.2.94</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/94">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=84Sr%E2%80%94just+right+for+forming+a+Bose-Einstein+condensate&rft.au=Tanya+Zelevinsky&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics&rft.pages=94&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.aps.org%2Farticles%2Fv2%2F94&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PhyOJ...2...94Z&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysics.2.94&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104140812.htm">Quantum Gas Microscope Offers Glimpse Of Quirky Ultracold Atoms</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140717130313/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091104140812.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. ScienceDaily. 4 November 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">J. Clerk Maxwell. Theory of Heat. Mineola: Dover Publications. 1904: 319–20. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-486-41735-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-486-41735-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-486-41735-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.au=J.+Clerk+Maxwell&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Heat&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-486-41735-2&rft.pages=319-20&rft.place=Mineola&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 137–8 of Society, Cornell (1907)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kenneth Wark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thermodynamics0003wark">Thermodynamics</a> 3. McGraw-Hill. 1977: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thermodynamics0003wark/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-068280-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-068280-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-07-068280-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.au=Kenneth+Wark&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics&rft.date=1977&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-068280-1&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthermodynamics0003wark&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHallidayResnickWalker2005" class="citation">Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jerl, Fundamental of Physics 7th, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-23231-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-23231-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-23231-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.au=Resnick%2C+Robert&rft.au=Walker%2C+Jerl&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.btitle=Fundamental+of+Physics&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-23231-9&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=4316">波以耳定律(Boyle’s Law)</a>. 國科會高瞻自然科學教學資源平台. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054747/http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=4316">存档</a>于2014-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%A2%E4%BB%A5%E8%80%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B%28Boyle%E2%80%99s+Law%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%9C%83%E9%AB%98%E7%9E%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw%2Fwordpress%2F%3Fp%3D4316&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1326085/?index=1">查理定律</a>. 國家教育研究院. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095753/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1326085/?index=1">存档</a>于2016-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F1326085%2F%3Findex%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093410/http://web.kmsh.tnc.edu.tw/~c2375/t0108.htm">查理與給呂薩克</a>. Web.kmsh.tnc.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.kmsh.tnc.edu.tw/~c2375/t0108.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E7%B5%A6%E5%91%82%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Web.kmsh.tnc.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.kmsh.tnc.edu.tw%2F~c2375%2Ft0108.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717081549/http://content.edu.tw/senior/chemistry/tp_sc/content1/number1/2/2-1.htm">2-1 亞佛加厥定律</a>. Content.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.edu.tw/senior/chemistry/tp_sc/content1/number1/2/2-1.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2014-07-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=2-1+%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%A5%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Content.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.edu.tw%2Fsenior%2Fchemistry%2Ftp_sc%2Fcontent1%2Fnumber1%2F2%2F2-1.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=4324">道耳頓分壓定律</a>. 國科會高瞻自然科學教學資源平台. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061902/http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=4324">存档</a>于2015-09-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E9%81%93%E8%80%B3%E9%A0%93%E5%88%86%E5%A3%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%A7%91%E6%9C%83%E9%AB%98%E7%9E%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw%2Fwordpress%2F%3Fp%3D4324&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E2%80%93%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" title="玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚">玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" title="费米凝聚">费米凝聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="量子霍尔效应">量子霍尔效应</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯物質" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯物質（页面不存在）">里德伯物質</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_matter" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯極化子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg polaron"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯極化子（页面不存在）">里德伯極化子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_polaron" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg polaron"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg polaron</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇异物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体">超流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="超固体">超固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="光子分子">光子分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="超金属">超金属</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">高能量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夸克物质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QCD matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夸克物质（页面不存在）">夸克物质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter" class="extiw" title="en:QCD matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">QCD matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lattice夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lattice QCD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lattice%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lattice夸克（页面不存在）">Lattice夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_QCD" class="extiw" title="en:Lattice QCD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lattice QCD</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B-%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="夸克-膠子電漿">夸克-膠子漿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇異物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超臨界流體">超臨界流體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色荷玻璃冷凝物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Color-glass condensate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色荷玻璃冷凝物（页面不存在）">色荷玻璃冷凝物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" class="extiw" title="en:Color-glass condensate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Color-glass condensate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他物态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体">晶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="无定形体">无定形体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="時間晶體">時間晶體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="准晶体">準晶体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柔粘性結晶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plastic crystal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%94%E7%B2%98%E6%80%A7%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柔粘性結晶（页面不存在）">柔粘性結晶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_crystal" class="extiw" title="en:Plastic crystal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plastic crystal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>磁狀態 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="反铁磁性">反铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="亚铁磁性">亚铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="铁磁性">铁磁性</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81#弦狀網液態" title="物质状态">弦狀網液態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="超玻璃">超玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="暗物质">暗物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="反物质">反物质</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸腾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="临界线_(热力学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临界线 (热力学)（页面不存在）">临界线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Critical line (thermodynamics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%82%B9_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="临界点 (热力学)">临界点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6" title="结晶">结晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%8D%8E" title="凝华">凝华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E8%92%B8" title="闪蒸">闪蒸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA" title="凝固">凝固</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%82%B9" title="Λ点">λ点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96" title="熔化">熔化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%86%B0%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="復冰現象">復冰現象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B6%B2%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="氣液平衡">饱和流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华">升华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%86%B7" title="过冷">过冷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%B0%E9%BB%9E" title="清晰點">清晰點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6%E5%8C%96%E9%BB%9E" title="液晶化點">液晶化點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%98" title="二级相变">二级相变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%AD" title="升华热">升华热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" title="潛內能">潜内能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E9%A0%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="特魯頓規則">特魯頓規則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7" title="揮發性">揮發性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双结点" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Binodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双结点（页面不存在）">双结点</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binodal" class="extiw" title="en:Binodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Binodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="压缩流体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compressed fluid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="压缩流体（页面不存在）">压缩流体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_fluid" class="extiw" title="en:Compressed fluid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compressed fluid</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="冷卻曲線">冷卻曲線‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">狀態方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E9%A1%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="莱顿弗罗斯特现象">莱顿弗罗斯特现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%BD%98%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="姆潘巴现象">姆潘巴现象</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有序与无序_(物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Order and disorder (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%97%A0%E5%BA%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有序与无序 (物理)（页面不存在）">有序与无序</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Order and disorder (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Order and disorder (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调幅分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spinodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E5%B9%85%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调幅分解（页面不存在）">调幅分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinodal" class="extiw" title="en:Spinodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spinodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超导现象">超导现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%86%B1%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="過熱蒸汽">过热蒸汽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%83%AD" title="过热">过热</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热-电介质效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermo-dielectric effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD-%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热-电介质效应（页面不存在）">热-电介质效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Thermo-dielectric effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermo-dielectric effect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%80%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="相态列表">相态列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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