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{"work":{"id":111841329,"created_at":"2023-12-19T10:03:11.159-08:00","from_world_paper_id":246238454,"updated_at":"2024-11-26T19:51:11.447-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","grobid_abstract":"Within the framework of the French archaeological mission 'Caucasus', in a previous paper we have presented new geochemical analyses on geological obsidians from the southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and eastern Turkey. We present here the second part of this research, which deals with provenance studies of archaeological obsidians from Armenia. These new data enhance our knowledge of obsidian exploitation over a period of more than 14 000 years, from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age. The proposed methodology shows that source attribution can be easily made by plotting element contents and element ratios on three simple binary diagrams. The same diagrams were used for source discrimination. As the southern Caucasus is a mountainous region for which the factor of distance as the crow flies cannot be applied, we have explored the capacity of the Geographic Information System to evaluate the nature and patterns of travel costs between the sources of obsidian and the archaeological sites. The role of the secondary obsidian deposits, which enabled the populations to acquire raw material at a considerable distance from the outcrops, is also considered.","publication_date":"2013,1,7","publication_name":"Archaeometry","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"109256567"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"New Data on the Exploitation of Obsidian in the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and Eastern Turkey, Part 2: Obsidian Procurement from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [58602709]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":109256567,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “New Data on the Exploitation of Obsidian in the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and Eastern Turkey, Part 2: Obsidian Procurement from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/109256567/mini_magick20231219-1-ypf5hy.png?1703009788" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">New Data on the Exploitation of Obsidian in the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and Eastern Turkey, Part 2: Obsidian Procurement from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58602709" href="https://independent.academia.edu/cchataigner"><img alt="Profile image of christine chataigner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/58602709/26382317/24954470/s65_christine.chataigner.jpg" />christine chataigner</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013, Archaeometry</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 111841329; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Within the framework of the French archaeological mission 'Caucasus', in a previous paper we have presented new geochemical analyses on geological obsidians from the southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and eastern Turkey. We present here the second part of this research, which deals with provenance studies of archaeological obsidians from Armenia. These new data enhance our knowledge of obsidian exploitation over a period of more than 14 000 years, from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age. The proposed methodology shows that source attribution can be easily made by plotting element contents and element ratios on three simple binary diagrams. The same diagrams were used for source discrimination. As the southern Caucasus is a mountainous region for which the factor of distance as the crow flies cannot be applied, we have explored the capacity of the Geographic Information System to evaluate the nature and patterns of travel costs between the sources of obsidian and the archaeological sites. The role of the secondary obsidian deposits, which enabled the populations to acquire raw material at a considerable distance from the outcrops, is also considered.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":109256567,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/111841329/New_Data_on_the_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_Armenia_Georgia_and_Eastern_Turkey_Part_2_Obsidian_Procurement_from_the_Upper_Palaeolithic_to_the_Late_Bronze_Age"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":109256567,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/111841329/New_Data_on_the_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_Armenia_Georgia_and_Eastern_Turkey_Part_2_Obsidian_Procurement_from_the_Upper_Palaeolithic_to_the_Late_Bronze_Age"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The results will be presented in two parts: the first part, this paper, deals with the presentation and characterization of obsidian outcrops in the southern Caucasus, while the second presents some results obtained from a selection of artefacts originating from different Armenian sites dated to between the Upper Palaeolithic and the Late Bronze Age. The same analytical method, LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), has been used to characterize all the studied samples (both geological and archaeological). This method is more and more widely used to determine the elemental composition of obsidian artefacts, as it causes minimal damage to the studied objects. We present in this first part new geochemical analyses on geological obsidians originating from the southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and eastern Turkey. These data enhance our knowledge of the obsidian sources in these regions. A simple methodology, based on the use of three diagrams, is proposed to easily differentiate the deposits and to study the early exploitation of this material in the southern Caucasus.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New Data on the Exploitation of Obsidian in the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia) and Eastern Turkey, Part 1: Source Characterization","attachmentId":85006961,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77711193/New_Data_on_the_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_Armenia_Georgia_and_Eastern_Turkey_Part_1_Source_Characterization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77711193/New_Data_on_the_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_Armenia_Georgia_and_Eastern_Turkey_Part_1_Source_Characterization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="90175890" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90175890/The_procurement_of_obsidian_at_Arslantepe_Eastern_Anatolia_during_the_Chalcolithic_and_Early_Bronze_Age_Connections_with_Anatolia_and_Caucasus">The procurement of obsidian at Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia) during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age: Connections with Anatolia and Caucasus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46343498" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ebruakk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC">ebru akköprü</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Quaternary International, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Arslantepe is a h€ oyük (¼ tell) located within the fertile Malatya Plain, near the right bank of the Euphrates River. The site is excavated since more than 55 years by the Italian Sapienza University archaeologists and reveals periods from at least the sixth millennium BCE until the final destruction of the Neo-Hittite town. This long sequence records the changing relations and connections with various civilizations and regions of the Near East. Using the chemical characterization of a large group of artefacts (388 analysed), we propose, in this paper, a new sourcing of the obsidian used by the inhabitants of Arslantepe from the beginning of the Late Chalcolithic to the end of the Early Bronze Age. The method is based on the portable XRF analyse of the artefacts and their attribution to a geological source using our database collected within the ongoing "GeObs" project (resp. D. Mouralis) in the Eastern Anatolia as well as previous published data in Central Anatolia and Caucasus. Moreover, the chemical characterization is coupled with the techno-functional determination of the artefacts. The present study conducted by an interdisciplinary research group allows to precise the procurement of obsidian in Arslantepe and to better understand the external relations of the site over time. This research also questions and discusses the preferential choice of the obsidian sources through time, in relation with various factors such as distance, quality and abundance of the raw material as well as sociocultural influences.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The procurement of obsidian at Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia) during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age: Connections with Anatolia and Caucasus","attachmentId":93810363,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90175890/The_procurement_of_obsidian_at_Arslantepe_Eastern_Anatolia_during_the_Chalcolithic_and_Early_Bronze_Age_Connections_with_Anatolia_and_Caucasus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90175890/The_procurement_of_obsidian_at_Arslantepe_Eastern_Anatolia_during_the_Chalcolithic_and_Early_Bronze_Age_Connections_with_Anatolia_and_Caucasus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="77500786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77500786/The_first_archaeometric_characterization_of_obsidian_artifacts_from_the_archaeological_site_of_Samshvilde_South_Georgia_Caucasus_">The first archaeometric characterization of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21765325" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DavidBerikashvili">David Berikashvili</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents the first results about the provenance of obsidian fragments recovered in the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus) with the aim to obtain knowledge related to the network distribution and procurement of obsidian in Georgia. The geochemical characterization of thirty archaeological finds was obtained by the LA-ICP-MS method, an almost non-destructive technique capable of chemically characterizing the volcanic glass. A comparison of geochemical results obtained on both archaeological artefacts and geological samples collected from Chikiani outcrop in Georgia, together with literature data of southern Caucasus and eastern Turkey, allowed us to define the source of the archaeological obsidians of Samshvilde site. The majority of archaeological samples (28/30) shows a local provenance, precisely from Chikiani (Georgia) on the contrary the other two samples suggest a provenance from two different Armenian sources respectively Gegham and Akhurian volcanic system.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The first archaeometric characterization of obsidian artifacts from the archaeological site of Samshvilde (South Georgia, Caucasus)","attachmentId":84849506,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77500786/The_first_archaeometric_characterization_of_obsidian_artifacts_from_the_archaeological_site_of_Samshvilde_South_Georgia_Caucasus_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77500786/The_first_archaeometric_characterization_of_obsidian_artifacts_from_the_archaeological_site_of_Samshvilde_South_Georgia_Caucasus_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37495597" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37495597/OBSIDIAN_SOURCES_IN_THE_REGIONS_OF_ERZURUM_AND_KARS_NORTH_EAST_TURKEY_NEW_DATA">OBSIDIAN SOURCES IN THE REGIONS OF ERZURUM AND KARS (NORTH-EAST TURKEY): NEW DATA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="94026701" href="https://atauni.academia.edu/Volkan%C3%87il">Volkan Çil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The obsidian sources on the Erzurum–Kars Plateau have not been extensively surveyed, and their geochemical signatures are still poorly understood. Yet a significant number of artefacts from archaeological sites in Georgia and Armenia have produced chemical compositions that are unrelated to any Turkish or Caucasian source analysed so far. Their origins may lie in these poorly known deposits. The objective of the collaborative project undertaken by the University of Erzurum and the French mission 'Caucasus' is to study the sources of obsidian in the Erzurum and Kars regions, in order to shed light on the intensity of exploitation of this material, and to highlight the exchange networks that may have existed between northeastern Turkey and the southern Caucasus. The analyses that we have carried out on the samples taken during this exploratory survey have enabled a definite extension of the territory of circulation of this obsidian to western Transcaucasia. The lack of knowledge concerning the diffusion of obsidian from the regions of Erzurum and Kars thus appears for the moment mainly related to insufficient geochemical characterization of the sources, confirming the importance of future surveys.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"OBSIDIAN SOURCES IN THE REGIONS OF ERZURUM AND KARS (NORTH-EAST TURKEY): NEW DATA","attachmentId":57466475,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37495597/OBSIDIAN_SOURCES_IN_THE_REGIONS_OF_ERZURUM_AND_KARS_NORTH_EAST_TURKEY_NEW_DATA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37495597/OBSIDIAN_SOURCES_IN_THE_REGIONS_OF_ERZURUM_AND_KARS_NORTH_EAST_TURKEY_NEW_DATA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="27876876" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27876876/Caucasus_Connections_New_Data_and_Interpretations_for_Armenian_Obsidian_in_Northern_Mesopotamia">Caucasus Connections? New Data and Interpretations for Armenian Obsidian in Northern Mesopotamia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="502931" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/SCampbell">Stuart Campbell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41148" href="https://yale.academia.edu/ElleryFrahm">Ellery Frahm</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Contact across long distances is evident in the Neolithic of the Near East, whether driven by social networks, exchange links, or movement of individuals or populations. Movement of material, such as obsidian, can elucidate these processes but is often studied within a bounded world that places Mesopotamia at the center. This paper focuses on links that cut across the traditionally imposed boundaries between Northern Mesopotamia and the Caucasus. While Armenia is one of the world’s most obsidian-rich landscapes, reports of Armenian obsidians in Northern Mesopotamia are scarce. The confirmation (or lack thereof) of these rare reports has important consequences regarding the movement of people, material, and information out of the Caucasus. As discussed here, all but one report either cannot be corroborated or are demonstrably erroneous. For one archaeological site, data processing methods led to overlaps in the signals for different obsidian sources. For another site, one element used in source identification suffered from unsystematic error. For other sites, data and key details went unpublished at the time. To corroborate past work that had identified Armenian obsidian at Domuztepe, 66 artifacts were newly sourced by electron microprobe analysis and portable X-ray fluorescence. This sample was biased toward artifacts potentially from Armenia. Our analyses revealed that 15 artifacts match Pokr Arteni, one of the most used obsidian sources in Armenia. For reasons not yet clear, obsidian was brought to this Late Neolithic settlement over a distance of 670 km linearly and more than 800 km on foot. Additionally, there are artifacts from four other sources within the Kura-Araxes basin, lending extra support to movement of materials, if not people, between the Caucasus and Domuztepe. Furthermore, there are similar patterns in the two chemical varieties of Pokr Arteni obsidian at Domuztepe and at a Late Neolithic site in Armenia, reflecting similar processes or behaviors at this source.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Caucasus Connections? New Data and Interpretations for Armenian Obsidian in Northern Mesopotamia","attachmentId":48453338,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27876876/Caucasus_Connections_New_Data_and_Interpretations_for_Armenian_Obsidian_in_Northern_Mesopotamia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27876876/Caucasus_Connections_New_Data_and_Interpretations_for_Armenian_Obsidian_in_Northern_Mesopotamia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="91305316" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91305316/New_data_on_different_patterns_of_obsidian_procurement_in_Georgia_Southern_Caucasus_during_the_Chalcolithic_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Periods">New data on different patterns of obsidian procurement in Georgia (Southern Caucasus) during the Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron Age Periods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="320442" href="https://unive.academia.edu/ElenaRova">Elena Rova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archaeological Research in Asia</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The analysis of 107 obsidian samples collected in the course of the archaeological investigations carried out from 2009 to 2019 by the Georgian-Italian expeditions in Eastern Georgia in the provinces of Shida Kartli (Natsargora, Aradetis Orgora and Okherakhevi) and Kakheti (Tsiteli Gorebi 5) allowed us to confirm the existence of two contrasting obsidian procurement patterns in the region. Virtually all the samples (56 out of 57) from the province of Shida Kartli, west of the present capital Tbilisi, regardless of their site of origin and of their date, which varies from the late 4 th to the early 1 st millennium BC, originate from a single general source (i.e., the outcrops of the Chikiani volcano near lake Paravani in southern Georgia). On the other hand, the samples from the early 5 th millennium site of Tsiteli Gorebi 5 in the province of Kakheti, close to the present border of Azerbaijan, originate from seven different volcanoes located in Armenia (Gegham, Syunik, Gutansar and Tsaghkunyats), in southern Georgia (Chikiani), and in eastern Turkey (Sarıkamış region and Yağlıca Dağ). They thus outline for Kakheti a more complex multisource procurement pattern, already familiar from other sites of the same region, as well as of the neighbouring area beyond the Georgian/Azerbaijani and Georgian/Armenian borders, which deserves being further investigated in the future.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New data on different patterns of obsidian procurement in Georgia (Southern Caucasus) during the Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron Age Periods","attachmentId":94629470,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91305316/New_data_on_different_patterns_of_obsidian_procurement_in_Georgia_Southern_Caucasus_during_the_Chalcolithic_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Periods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91305316/New_data_on_different_patterns_of_obsidian_procurement_in_Georgia_Southern_Caucasus_during_the_Chalcolithic_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_Periods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="20102146" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20102146/Trans_Caucasian_Obsidian_the_Exploitation_of_the_Sources_and_their_Distribution">Trans-Caucasian Obsidian: the Exploitation of the Sources and their Distribution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39995437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/christineChataigner">christine Chataigner</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32258497" href="https://archaeologyethnographynationalacademysciencesarmenia.academia.edu/RubenBadalyan">Ruben Badalyan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Archaeological cultures are always studied in terms of their natural setting, on the one hand, and the surrounding populations with whom they interacted, on the other. Problems with the former include the utilisation of natural resources, particularly raw materials, while study of the latter requires consideration of all different forms of contact, including stipulated demands in raw materials. Thus, both types of archaeological investigation concern themselves with the study of natural resources and their distribution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trans-Caucasian Obsidian: the Exploitation of the Sources and their Distribution","attachmentId":41008205,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20102146/Trans_Caucasian_Obsidian_the_Exploitation_of_the_Sources_and_their_Distribution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20102146/Trans_Caucasian_Obsidian_the_Exploitation_of_the_Sources_and_their_Distribution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7062262" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7062262/Obsidian_Sources_in_the_Regions_of_Erzurum_and_Kars_A_New_Data">Obsidian Sources in the Regions of Erzurum and Kars: A New Data</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="929185" href="https://assist.academia.edu/MehmetI%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1">Mehmet Işıklı</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The obsidian sources on the Erzurum-Kars Plateau have not been extensively surveyed, and their geochemical signatures are still poorly understood. Yet a significant number of artefacts from archaeological sites in Georgia and Armenia have produced chemical compositions that are unrelated to any Turkish or Caucasian source analysed so far. Their origins may lie in these poorly known deposits. The objective of the collaborative project undertaken by the University of Erzurum and the French mission 'Caucasus' is to study the sources of obsidian in the Erzurum and Kars regions, in order to shed light on the intensity of exploitation of this material, and to highlight the exchange networks that may have existed between north-eastern Turkey and the southern Caucasus. The analyses that we have carried out on the samples taken during this exploratory survey have enabled a definite extension of the territory of circulation of this obsidian to western Transcaucasia. The lack of knowledge concerning the diffusion of obsidian from the regions of Erzurum and Kars thus appears for the moment mainly related to insufficient geochemical characterization of the sources, confirming the importance of future surveys.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Obsidian Sources in the Regions of Erzurum and Kars: A New Data","attachmentId":33713857,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7062262/Obsidian_Sources_in_the_Regions_of_Erzurum_and_Kars_A_New_Data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7062262/Obsidian_Sources_in_the_Regions_of_Erzurum_and_Kars_A_New_Data"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="111151879" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111151879/Trace_Element_Characteristics_of_Central_Anatolian_Obsidian_Flows_and_Their_Relevence_to_Pre_History">Trace Element Characteristics of Central Anatolian Obsidian Flows and Their Relevence to Pre-History</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16257439" href="https://huji.academia.edu/JosephYellin">Joseph Yellin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Israel Journal of Chemistry, 1995</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This report concerns the chemical characterization of obsidian sources from Central Anatolia by neutron activation analysis. The sources covered in this study were Galin Dag, Hotamis Dag, Koru Dag, Nenezi Dag, and Catkoy, The study reported here was undertaken with the object of obtaining an accurate "fingerprint" of the compositions of obsidian sources that would permit tracing the origin of archaeological obsidian artifacts to their sources, and in particular, archaeological obsidian recovered from prehistoric sites in Israel. The extent of the sampling within the sources was more thorough than hitherto reported and the results are of high precision and accuracy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trace Element Characteristics of Central Anatolian Obsidian Flows and Their Relevence to Pre-History","attachmentId":108759231,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111151879/Trace_Element_Characteristics_of_Central_Anatolian_Obsidian_Flows_and_Their_Relevence_to_Pre_History","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111151879/Trace_Element_Characteristics_of_Central_Anatolian_Obsidian_Flows_and_Their_Relevence_to_Pre_History"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28600549" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28600549/P_Biagi_B_Gratuze_2016_New_Data_on_Source_Characterization_and_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_from_the_Chikiani_Area_Georgia_">P. Biagi, B. Gratuze 2016 - New Data on Source Characterization and Exploitation of Obsidian from the Chikiani Area (Georgia)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2820173" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/BernardGRATUZE">Bernard GRATUZE</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99604" href="https://unive.academia.edu/PaoloBiagi">Paolo Biagi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents the results obtained from two brief surveys carried out in 2012 and 2014 along the slopes of Mt. Chikiani in south Georgia. The scope of the surveys was to collect obsid-ian samples for characterization, to improve our knowledge of the raw material resources exploited in prehistoric times. The analysis of 69 samples retrieved from 20 different points have confirmed that Chikiani obsidian is to be subdivided into 3 main groups, characterised by variable percentages of barium and zirconium. The new results have important implications in the prehistory of the Caucasus and its related regions. They improve our knowledge on the exploitation of the obsidian resources, and their circulation in the territory.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"P. Biagi, B. Gratuze 2016 - New Data on Source Characterization and Exploitation of Obsidian from the Chikiani Area (Georgia)","attachmentId":50108579,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28600549/P_Biagi_B_Gratuze_2016_New_Data_on_Source_Characterization_and_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_from_the_Chikiani_Area_Georgia_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28600549/P_Biagi_B_Gratuze_2016_New_Data_on_Source_Characterization_and_Exploitation_of_Obsidian_from_the_Chikiani_Area_Georgia_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109256567,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109256567,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_109256567" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="43317838" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43317838/Badalyan_2010_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_The_use_of_raw_materials_In_Von_Majkop_bis_Trialeti_obsidian">Badalyan 2010 Obsidian in the Southern Caucasus The use of raw materials. In Von Majkop bis Trialeti obsidian</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32258497" href="https://archaeologyethnographynationalacademysciencesarmenia.academia.edu/RubenBadalyan">Ruben Badalyan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Von Majkop bis Trialeti. Gewinnung und Verbreitung von Metallen und Obsidian in Kaukasien im 4. , 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Badalyan 2010 Obsidian in the Southern Caucasus The use of raw materials. In Von Majkop bis Trialeti obsidian","attachmentId":63599799,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43317838/Badalyan_2010_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_The_use_of_raw_materials_In_Von_Majkop_bis_Trialeti_obsidian","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43317838/Badalyan_2010_Obsidian_in_the_Southern_Caucasus_The_use_of_raw_materials_In_Von_Majkop_bis_Trialeti_obsidian"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="79113909" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79113909/On_sourcing_obsidian_assemblages_from_the_Mediterranean_area_analytical_strategies_for_their_exhaustive_geochemical_characterisation">On sourcing obsidian assemblages from the Mediterranean area: analytical strategies for their exhaustive geochemical characterisation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1484199" href="https://unica-it.academia.edu/CarloLugli%C3%A8">Carlo Lugliè</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On sourcing obsidian assemblages from the Mediterranean area: analytical strategies for their exhaustive geochemical characterisation","attachmentId":85945897,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79113909/On_sourcing_obsidian_assemblages_from_the_Mediterranean_area_analytical_strategies_for_their_exhaustive_geochemical_characterisation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79113909/On_sourcing_obsidian_assemblages_from_the_Mediterranean_area_analytical_strategies_for_their_exhaustive_geochemical_characterisation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="45599247" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45599247/Extending_the_scale_of_obsidian_studies_Towards_a_high_resolution_investigation_of_obsidian_prehistoric_circulation_patterns_in_the_southern_Caucasus_and_north_western_Iran">Extending the scale of obsidian studies: Towards a high‐resolution investigation of obsidian prehistoric circulation patterns in the southern Caucasus and north‐western Iran</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="379301" href="https://univ-bordeaux.academia.edu/MarieOrange">Marie Orange</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73012971" href="https://u-bordeaux3.academia.edu/FXLeBourdonnec">François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata 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(2006), ‘A new programme of obsidian characterization at Çatalhöyük, Turkey’, Journal of Archaeological Science 33(7): 893-909</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4108398" href="https://aber.academia.edu/NIckPearce">Nick Pearce</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27146" href="https://mcmaster.academia.edu/TristanCarter">Tristan Carter</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carter, T., Poupeau, G., Bressy, C. and Pearce, N.J.G. 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