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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Andrea Pitzer</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1968 (age 55–56)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Parkersburg,_West_Virginia" title="Parkersburg, West Virginia">Parkersburg, West Virginia</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-zocalopublicsquare2019-04-30_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zocalopublicsquare2019-04-30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Journalist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andreapitzer.com">andreapitzer<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andrea Pitzer</b> is an American journalist, known for her books <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=One_Long_Night:_A_Global_History_of_Concentration_Camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps (page does not exist)">One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_History_of_Vladimir_Nabokov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Secret History of Vladimir Nabokov (page does not exist)">The Secret History of Vladimir Nabokov</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire2019-06-13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire2019-06-13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorker2019-06-21_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker2019-06-21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitzer's third book, <i>Icebound: Shipwrecked at the Edge of the World</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published in 2021. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Pitzer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pitzer attended the Georgetown School of Foreign Service, where she says she studied nuclear negotiations and treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, she founded <a href="/wiki/Nieman_Foundation_for_Journalism" title="Nieman Foundation for Journalism">Nieman Storyboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Pitzer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pitzer was widely cited in 2019 over whether the camps where the United States Border authorities detained refugee claimants were or weren't canonical <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire2019-06-13_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire2019-06-13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorker2019-06-21_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker2019-06-21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael2019-06-19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael2019-06-19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweet</a> where <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Representative">Congressional Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> linked to an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquire magazine">Esquire magazine</a></i>, that extensively quoted Pitzer stirred widespread debate. </p><p>Pitzer was interviewed on <i><a href="/wiki/All_In_with_Chris_Hayes" title="All In with Chris Hayes">All In with Chris Hayes</a></i>, on the Border Patrol detention camps, on June 6, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Msnbc2019-06-06_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Msnbc2019-06-06-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pitzer, recognizable concentration camps were first used in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Spanish Cuba</a>, developed by General <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She said that while the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi death camps</a> were the best known concentration camps, they have been used around the world. She said she found that concentration camps were hard to close; how she found that authorities found them so convenient, that they were re-used for other groups. She cited how French camps first used to house refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> were later used by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> to house Jews rounded up to hand over to their Nazi occupiers, and a camp at the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo Naval Base">Guantanamo Naval Base</a> to house Haitian and Cuban refugees was later used to house captives from Afghanistan. She said her book began when she "looked to see how this idea, of rounding up a whole bunch of civilians - noncombatants - and putting them in detention, without trial... How did that get to be seen as a good idea?" </p><p>Pitzer has described the internment systems for ethnic <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, Japanese American during World war II and Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar as concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Pitzer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFandreapitzer2020" class="citation web cs1">@andreapitzer (November 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/andreapitzer/status/1331667616834990086">"1968 is great--no need for day/month. Fabulous. Thank you!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1968+is+great--no+need+for+day%2Fmonth.+Fabulous.+Thank+you%21&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.au=andreapitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fandreapitzer%2Fstatus%2F1331667616834990086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zocalopublicsquare2019-04-30-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zocalopublicsquare2019-04-30_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Pitzer2019" class="citation news cs1">Andrea Pitzer (April 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2019/04/30/the-small-town-west-virginia-bookstore-that-helped-me-survive-my-terrible-childhood/ideas/essay/">"The small-town West Virginia bookstore that helped me survive my terrible childhood: The Books in My Grandparents' Parkersburg Store Helped Me Escape From My Troubles and Understand Cruelty"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zocalo_Public_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zocalo Public Square (page does not exist)">Zocalo Public Square</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zocalo+Public+Square&rft.atitle=The+small-town+West+Virginia+bookstore+that+helped+me+survive+my+terrible+childhood%3A+The+Books+in+My+Grandparents%E2%80%99+Parkersburg+Store+Helped+Me+Escape+From+My+Troubles+and+Understand+Cruelty&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.au=Andrea+Pitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zocalopublicsquare.org%2F2019%2F04%2F30%2Fthe-small-town-west-virginia-bookstore-that-helped-me-survive-my-terrible-childhood%2Fideas%2Fessay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esquire2019-06-13-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire2019-06-13_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire2019-06-13_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Holmes2019" class="citation news cs1">Jack Holmes (June 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a27813648/concentration-camps-southern-border-migrant-detention-facilities-trump/">"An Expert on Concentration Camps Says That's Exactly What the U.S. Is Running at the Border: "Things can be concentration camps without being Dachau or Auschwitz."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquire magazine">Esquire magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2019</span>. <q>But while the world-historical horrors of the Holocaust are unmatched, they are only the most extreme and inhuman manifestation of a concentration-camp system鈥攚hich, according to Andrea Pitzer, author of One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps, has a more global definition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire+magazine&rft.atitle=An+Expert+on+Concentration+Camps+Says+That%27s+Exactly+What+the+U.S.+Is+Running+at+the+Border%3A+%22Things+can+be+concentration+camps+without+being+Dachau+or+Auschwitz.%22&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.au=Jack+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fa27813648%2Fconcentration-camps-southern-border-migrant-detention-facilities-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorker2019-06-21-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker2019-06-21_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newyorker2019-06-21_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasha_Gessen2019" class="citation news cs1">Masha Gessen (June 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-unimaginable-reality-of-american-concentration-camps">"The Unimaginable Reality of American Concentration Camps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yorker magazine">New Yorker magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Pitzer argued that "mass detention of civilians without a trial" was what made the camps concentration camps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Unimaginable+Reality+of+American+Concentration+Camps&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.au=Masha+Gessen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Four-columnists%2Fthe-unimaginable-reality-of-american-concentration-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TDB-Oct2013-PaleFire_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2013" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Michael (October 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/pale-fire-cold-war">"Pale Fire, Cold War"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Pale+Fire%2C+Cold+War&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fpale-fire-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlade2021" class="citation news cs1">Slade, Rachel (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/books/review/icebound-andrea-pitzer.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Icebound' Takes Us Back to the Arctic, in All Its Terror and Splendor"</a>. New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Icebound%E2%80%99+Takes+Us+Back+to+the+Arctic%2C+in+All+Its+Terror+and+Splendor&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Slade&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Ficebound-andrea-pitzer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briefly reviewed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/icebound-sylvia-pankhurst-life-among-the-terranauts-and-pickard-county-atlas">January 25, 2021 issue</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, p.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2012" class="citation news cs1">Desai, Sagar (February 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/2/10/nahil-fathi-speech/">"Exiled Iranian Reporter Speaks to Undergraduates"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Exiled+Iranian+Reporter+Speaks+to+Undergraduates&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Sagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F2%2F10%2Fnahil-fathi-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesofisrael2019-06-19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael2019-06-19_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-concentration-camp-debate-explained/">"The Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez 'concentration camp' debate, explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>. June 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=The+Alexandria+Ocasio-Cortez+%27concentration+camp%27+debate%2C+explained&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-concentration-camp-debate-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Msnbc2019-06-06-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Msnbc2019-06-06_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Hayes2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Chris Hayes</a> (June 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/lessons-from-history-as-u-s-detains-more-migrants-61457989855?cid=sm_npd_ms_tw_ai">"Lessons from history as U.S. detains more migrants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2019</span>. <q>As the U.S. camp system to detain migrants grows, author Andrea Pitzer laid out lessons from history on camp detentions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+history+as+U.S.+detains+more+migrants&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.au=Chris+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fall-in%2Fwatch%2Flessons-from-history-as-u-s-detains-more-migrants-61457989855%3Fcid%3Dsm_npd_ms_tw_ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/on-anniversary-of-auschwitz-liberation-writer-calls-attention-to-modern-day-concentration-camps-1.5442253">"On anniversary of Auschwitz liberation, writer calls attention to modern-day concentration camps"</a>. <i>The Current</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. January 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Current&rft.atitle=On+anniversary+of+Auschwitz+liberation%2C+writer+calls+attention+to+modern-day+concentration+camps&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fthecurrent%2Fon-anniversary-of-auschwitz-liberation-writer-calls-attention-to-modern-day-concentration-camps-1.5442253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl4.html">"Crucible of Empire - PBS Online"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Crucible+of+Empire+-+PBS+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fcrucible%2Ftl4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrea+Pitzer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Pitzer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-04-09/andrea-pitzers-new-biography-secret-history-vladimir-nabokov">Interview with Pitzer about her biography 'The Secret History of Vladimir Nabokov'</a></li></ul> <div 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