CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>古英语 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"f1c256de-39eb-4eef-9879-29003a4d9473","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"古英语","wgTitle":"古英语","wgCurRevisionId":85036642,"wgRevisionId":85036642,"wgArticleId":83804,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1英语来源 (en)","含有古英語的條目","ISO 639-2代码的语言","含有英語的條目","含有非中文內容的條目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目", "包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目","英语史","古英語"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"古英语","wgRelevantArticleId":83804,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q42365","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="古英语 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-古英语 rootpage-古英语 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-文字字母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文字字母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>文字字母</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文字字母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-代表時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代表時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>代表時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代表時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>音系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古英語文選" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古英語文選"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>古英語文選</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古英語文選-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">古英语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。99种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D3%99%D1%8B%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Ажәытә англыз бызшәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ажәытә англыз бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Engels" title="Ou Engels – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ou Engels" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%9B" title="ጥንታዊ እንግሊዝኛ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥንታዊ እንግሊዝኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_angl%C3%A9s_antigo" title="Idioma anglés antigo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma anglés antigo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86nglisc_spr%C3%A6c" title="Ænglisc spræc – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ænglisc spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BD_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुरानऽ अंगरेजी भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पुरानऽ अंगरेजी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإنجليزية القديمة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإنجليزية القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_antiguu" title="Inglés antiguu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hn%C9%99_ingilis_dili" title="Köhnə ingilis dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köhnə ingilis dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglsaxische_Sproch" title="Anglsaxische Sproch – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Anglsaxische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнаанглійская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытнаанглійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стараангельская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стараангельская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староанглийски език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Староанглийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রাচীন ইংরেজি ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন ইংরেজি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hensaozneg" title="Hensaozneg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hensaozneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s_antic" title="Anglès antic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglès antic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئینگلیزیی کۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلیزیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroangli%C4%8Dtina" title="Staroangličtina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Staroangličtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Saesneg" title="Hen Saesneg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hen Saesneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelsaksisk_(sprog)" title="Angelsaksisk (sprog) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Angelsaksisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenglisch" title="Altenglisch – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altenglisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία αγγλική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία αγγλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Old English" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosaksa_lingvo" title="Anglosaksa lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglosaksa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_anglosaj%C3%B3n" title="Idioma anglosajón – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma anglosajón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanainglise_keel" title="Vanainglise keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanainglise keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_ingelesa" title="Antzinako ingelesa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako ingelesa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان انگلیسی باستان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان انگلیسی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaisenglanti" title="Muinaisenglanti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaisenglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornenskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Fornenskt mál – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fornenskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieil_anglais" title="Vieil anglais – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieil anglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ualingels" title="Ualingels – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ualingels" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldingelsk" title="Aldingelsk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aldingelsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_antigo" title="Inglés antigo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inglés antigo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کؤنه اينگيليسي زوان – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کؤنه اينگيليسي زوان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אנגלית עתיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגלית עתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ऐंग्लो-सैक्सन भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐंग्लो-सैक्सन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_English" title="Purana English – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Purana English" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroengleski_jezik" title="Staroengleski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staroengleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93angol_nyelv" title="Óangol nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Óangol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հին անգլերեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին անգլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglese_antique" title="Anglese antique – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anglese antique" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Kuno" title="Bahasa Inggris Kuno – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daan_nga_Ingles" title="Daan nga Ingles – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daan nga Ingles" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosaxona_linguo" title="Anglosaxona linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anglosaxona linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornenska" title="Fornenska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_inglese_antica" title="Lingua inglese antica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua inglese antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="古英語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Inggris_Kuna" title="Basa Inggris Kuna – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Inggris Kuna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ძველი ინგლისური ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი ინგლისური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Көне ағылшын тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көне ағылшын тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="고대 영어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Важ англичан кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ англичан кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglo-Saxonica" title="Lingua Anglo-Saxonica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Anglo-Saxonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglo-saksona" title="Lingua Anglo-saksona – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua Anglo-saksona" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engles_antica" title="Engles antica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Engles antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aajdingels" title="Aajdingels – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aajdingels" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ພາສາອັງກິດເກົ່າ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອັງກິດເກົ່າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senoji_angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senoji anglų kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senoji anglų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Senangļu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senangļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Ingarihi_Tawhito" title="Reo Ingarihi Tawhito – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Ingarihi Tawhito" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староанглиски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Староанглиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_Kuno" title="Bahasa Inggeris Kuno – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Inggeris Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelsassische_Sprake" title="Angelsassische Sprake – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Angelsassische Sprake" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudengels" title="Oudengels – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudengels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammalengelsk" title="Gammalengelsk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gammalengelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelengelsk" title="Gammelengelsk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelengelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuur_aunglleis" title="Vuur aunglleis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vuur aunglleis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8lh_angl%C3%A9s" title="Vièlh anglés – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vièlh anglés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Рагон англисаг æвзаг – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рагон англисаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_staroangielski" title="Język staroangielski – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język staroangielski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پرانی انگریزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_antigo" title="Inglês antigo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês antigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_Inlis_simi" title="Ñawpa Inlis simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa Inlis simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83_veche" title="Limba engleză veche – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba engleză veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнеанглийский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнеанглийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Inglis" title="Auld Inglis – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auld Inglis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="پراڻي انگريزي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پراڻي انگريزي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroengleski_jezik" title="Staroengleski jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staroengleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosa%C5%A1tina" title="Anglosaština – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglosaština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_angle%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Stara angleščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stara angleščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_e_vjet%C3%ABr_angleze" title="Gjuha e vjetër angleze – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha e vjetër angleze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староенглески језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Староенглески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornengelska" title="Fornengelska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fornengelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiingereza_cha_Kale" title="Kiingereza cha Kale – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiingereza cha Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்டைய ஆங்கிலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய ஆங்கிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาอังกฤษเก่า – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอังกฤษเก่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_%C4%B0ngilizce" title="Eski İngilizce – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski İngilizce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Борынгы инглиз теле – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы инглиз теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньоанглійська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоанглійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="قدیم انگریزی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم انگریزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_c%E1%BB%95" title="Tiếng Anh cổ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudiengels" title="Oudiengels – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oudiengels" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古英语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98_Eng-g%C3%AD" title="Kó͘ Eng-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘ Eng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="古英文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古英文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&oldid=85036642" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&id=85036642&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%25A4%25E8%258B%25B1%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%25A4%25E8%258B%25B1%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_English_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42365" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">古英語</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ang">Ænglisc</span>、<span lang="ang">Anglisc</span>、<span lang="ang">Englisc</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf.Kenning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beowulf.Kenning.jpg/220px-Beowulf.Kenning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beowulf.Kenning.jpg/330px-Beowulf.Kenning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beowulf.Kenning.jpg/440px-Beowulf.Kenning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A5%A5%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="贝奥武夫">贝奥武夫</a>》首页，图中文字为“ofer hron rade”，意为“鲸路（海）之上”。此为古英语表达形式之一，称比喻复合辞。</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">今<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>（除西南端和西北端），<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏格兰">苏格兰</a>南部和东部、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="威尔士">威尔士</a>东部边缘。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">年代</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">13世纪前发展为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="西日耳曼语支">西日耳曼语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="盎格鲁-弗里西语组">盎格鲁-弗里西语组</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英语组" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="English languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英语组（页面不存在）">英语组</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languages" class="extiw" title="en:English languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">English languages</span></a></span>）</span></span><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>古英語</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">分支/方言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯特方言 (古英语)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kentish dialect (Old English)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯特方言 (古英语)（页面不存在）">肯特语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_dialect_(Old_English)" class="extiw" title="en:Kentish dialect (Old English)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kentish dialect (Old English)</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麦西亚方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mercian dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦西亚方言（页面不存在）">麦西亚语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercian_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Mercian dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mercian dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%A3%AE%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="诺森布里亚方言">诺森布里亚语</a></div> <div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西撒克逊方言 (古英语)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="West Saxon dialect (Old English)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西撒克逊方言 (古英语)（页面不存在）">西撒克逊语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect_(Old_English)" class="extiw" title="en:West Saxon dialect (Old English)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">West Saxon dialect (Old English)</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盎格鲁-撒克逊卢恩字母" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anglo-Saxon runes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E5%8D%A2%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊卢恩字母（页面不存在）">卢恩字母</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" class="extiw" title="en:Anglo-Saxon runes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anglo-Saxon runes</span></a></span>）</span></span>、后<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古英语拉丁字母" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old English Latin alphabet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古英语拉丁字母（页面不存在）">古英语字母</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Old English Latin alphabet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old English Latin alphabet</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ang" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ang">ang</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ang" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ang">ang</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">ISO 639-6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>ango</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1238">olde1238</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。</b>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>古英语</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古英語">古英語</a>：<span lang="ang">Ænglisc</span>，英語：<span lang="en">Old English</span>）或<b>盎格魯-撒克遜語</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Anglo-Saxon</span>）是指从449年到1066年间源於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7" title="西北欧">西北歐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼部落</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊人">盎格鲁-撒克逊人</a>）入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列颠岛">大不列颠岛</a>并在现今<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0" title="蘇格蘭低地">蘇格蘭低地</a>東南部定居后所说的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪早期">中世纪早期</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西日耳曼語">西日耳曼語</a>中的一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="北海日耳曼语">北海日耳曼语</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里西語">古弗里西语</a>同属<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" title="盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语组">盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语组</a>，并与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%AA%9E" title="古撒克遜語">古撒克遜語</a>有密切關係，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="诺曼征服英格兰">诺曼人征服</a>后受<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼语">诺曼语</a>（屬<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a>）影响演化为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a>。 </p><p>古英語虽然曾因<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰">盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教化</a>而受到少许<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>的影响，但和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="近代英语">近代英语</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="現代英語">现代英语</a>无论在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="读音">读音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB" title="拼寫">拼写</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87" title="词汇">词汇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="文法">文法</a>上都很不一样，基本上无法<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E6%80%A7" title="相互理解性">互通</a>；而因为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥法區">丹麦法区</a>历史，古英语受<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="维京人">维京人</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古诺斯语</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="北日耳曼语">北日耳曼语</a>）影响更大，文法反而和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="冰島語">冰島語</a>比较相近，形态变化很复杂。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文字字母"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.97.E5.AD.97.E6.AF.8D"></span>文字字母</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：文字字母"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>字母</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">IPA</a> 轉述 </th></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="a">a</span> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑ/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ā</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">æ</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æ/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ǣ</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span lang="ang">b</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[v]</span> ( /f/ 的一個異音) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span lang="ang">c</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/tʃ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span lang="ang">cg</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ddʒ/</span> (其發音為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/jj/</span> 的初期形式) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡɡ/</span> (偶爾) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">d</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ð</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θ/</span>, 包括其異音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ð]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">e</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ę</span> </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ē</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ea</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æɑ/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æːɑ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ēa</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æːɑ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">eo</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eo/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eːo/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ēo</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eːo/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">f</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/f/</span>，包括其異音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/v/</span> (同見 <b>b</b>). </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">g</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡ/</span>，包括其異音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɣ/</span>；或 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span>，包括其異音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dʒ/</span>，後來變為 <span class="Unicode">⟨</span>n<span class="Unicode">⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">h</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h/</span>，包括其異音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ç/, /x/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">i</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ī</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span lang="ang">ie</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iy/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iːy/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">īe</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iːy/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">io</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iu/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iːu/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">k</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">l</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/l/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">m</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">n</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>，包括其異音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span> (以前為 /k/, /g/). </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">o</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ō</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">oe</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ø/</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/øː/</span> （部分地區方言含有其音）. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ōe</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/øː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">p</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">qu</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/kw/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">r</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">s</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>包括其異音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/z/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">sc</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʃ/</span>，偶爾也<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/sk/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">t</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">th</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θ/</span> ，最早寫為þ (同見 <b>þ</b>). </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">þ</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θ/</span>，包括其異音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ð/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">u</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span> 有時也用 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span>表示 (可見於下方的<b>ƿ</b>). </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">uu</span> </th> <td>有時使用 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span> (可見於下方的<b>ƿ</b>). </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ū</span> </th> <td>現代版本，用 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span> 以區別於 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">w</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ƿ</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">x</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ks/</span> （或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[xs ~ çs]</span> <sub>存在不確定</sub>） </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">y</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/y/</span> 或 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">ȳ</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span lang="ang">z</span> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ts/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>該個語言字母共有49個。 </p><p>另外，雙輔音在此階段屬於萌發期，雙輔音 <span class="Unicode">⟨</span><span lang="ang">ðð</span><span class="Unicode">⟩</span>或<span class="Unicode">⟨</span><span lang="ang">þþ</span><span class="Unicode">⟩</span>、 <span class="Unicode">⟨</span><span lang="ang">ff</span><span class="Unicode">⟩</span> 以及 <span class="Unicode">⟨</span><span lang="ang">ss</span><span class="Unicode">⟩</span> 在古英語中不能被發音。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="代表時期"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>代表時期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：代表時期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古英語可以分為： </p><p>史前古英語（450年－650年），在這段時期，因為缺乏相關文獻，古英語只能<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E6%93%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="構擬">構擬</a>出來，是當時<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="盎格魯人">盎格魯人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="撒克遜人">撒克遜人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="朱特人">朱特人</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>地區的語言。 </p><p>早期古英語（650年－900年），在這段時期，開始出現最古老的英語文獻。 </p><p>後期古英語（900年－1066年），古英語的最後階段，隨着<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="诺曼征服英格兰">诺曼征服英格兰</a>，過渡至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古英語">中古英語</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音系"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>音系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：音系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古英語音系（页面不存在）">古英語音系</a></div> <p>古英語的音位表重構如下： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙唇音">雙唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齦後音">齦後音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">軟腭音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a></b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ŋ)</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a></b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p  b</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t  d</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k  ɡ</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʃ  (dʒ)</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f  (v)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ  (ð)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s  (z)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʃ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ç)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(x)  (ɣ)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">r</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="邊音">邊音</a></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">l</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>括號中的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dʒ]</span> 是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span> 的同位異音，出現於 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span> 之後與<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="長輔音">長輔音</a>中</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span> 是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span> 的同位異音，出現在 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k/</span> 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡ/</span> 之前</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[v, ð, z]</span> 分別是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/f, θ, s/</span> 的同位異音，出現在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a>之間</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ç, x]</span> 是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h/</span> 的同位異音，分別出現於在前和後元音之后的音節<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%B0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="韻尾">韻尾</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɣ]</span> 是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡ/</span> 的同位異音，出現於元音之後和早期的詞首輔音叢中</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="單元音">單元音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="元音長度">短</a> </th> <th colspan="2">長 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">後</a> </th> <th>前 </th> <th>後 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉元音">閉</a></b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i  y</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iː  yː</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a></b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">e  (ø)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">o</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eː  (øː)</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開元音">開</a></b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æː</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑː</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="圓唇元音">圓唇元音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ø(ː)/</span> 出現在某些方言中，但在信料最好的后期西撒克遜方言中未出現。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙元音">雙元音</a> </th> <th>短(單音重) </th> <th>長(雙音重) </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>前音素閉</b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iy</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iːy</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>二音素中</b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eo</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eːo</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>二音素開</b> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æɑ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æːɑ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文法"><span id=".E6.96.87.E6.B3.95"></span>文法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：文法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="古英语语法">古英语语法</a></div> <p>古英语的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名词</a>有数和格的分别。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%95%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="单数">单数</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B8_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="複數 (語法)">複數</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>分为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="所有格">所有格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="第三格">第三格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="受格">受格</a>。因此一个名词的變化數目，將數與格的變化相乘之後，共有8种变化形式。此外，名詞还分三個性別：<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">阳性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">中性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">阴性</a>。这些性的区分并不是以自然性别来判断的。例如妇女（wifmann）就是阳性的。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容词</a>的形态变化分为强、弱两种，它的数和格也共有8种变化。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="动词">动词</a>只有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="現在式">现在式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="过去式">过去式</a>两种时态变化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文學"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>文學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古英語重要的文學作品包括《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%A5%A7%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%AB" title="貝奧武夫">貝奧武夫</a>》（<span lang="en"><i>Beowulf</i></span>）、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="盎格鲁">盎格魯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="撒克遜">撒克遜</a>編年史》（<span lang="en"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i></span>）等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古英語文選"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E8.8B.B1.E8.AA.9E.E6.96.87.E9.81.B8"></span>古英語文選</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：古英語文選"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>下文節選自《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%A5%A7%E6%AD%A6%E5%A4%AB" title="貝奧武夫">貝奧武夫</a>》，約於公元900年 </p> <table cellspacing="10" lang="en"> <tbody><tr> <th>行</th> <th>原始</th> <th>直譯 </th></tr> <tr> <td>[1]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Hwæt! wē Gār-Dena in geār-dagum,</span> </td> <td>What! We [of] Gar-Danes<b> (lit. spear-danes)</b> in yore-days, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[2]</td> <td><span lang="ang">þeod-cyninga, þrym gefrunon,</span> </td> <td>[of] people-kings, trim<b> (glory)</b> afrained<b> (have learned of by asking)</b>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[3]</td> <td><span lang="ang">hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon.</span> </td> <td>how those athelings<b> (princes)</b> arm-strong feats framed<b> (made/performed)</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[4]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum,</span> </td> <td>Oft Scyld Scefing, [from] scathers<b> (enemies)</b> [in] threats<b> (armed bands)</b>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[5]</td> <td><span lang="ang">monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah,</span> </td> <td>[from] many magths<b> (clans, groups of sons, cf. Irish cognate Mac-)</b>, mead-settles took, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[6]</td> <td><span lang="ang">egsode eorl. Syððan ærest wearð</span> </td> <td>awed earls<b> (leaders of men)</b>. Sith <b>(since)</b> erst<b> (first)</b> [he] worth<b> (came to be)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[7]</td> <td><span lang="ang">feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad,</span> </td> <td>fewshiped<b> (helpless, in "fewship")</b> founden, he [in a state of] loving care abode<b> (lived)</b>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[8]</td> <td><span lang="ang">weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah,</span> </td> <td>wex<b> (waxed)</b> under welkin<b> (the clouds)</b>, [in] mind's-worth<b> (honour)</b> thrived, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[9]</td> <td><span lang="ang">oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra</span> </td> <td>oth that<b> (until that)</b> [to] him each [of] those [who were] by-sitting<b> ("sitting" or dwelling roundabout)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[10]</td> <td><span lang="ang">ofer hronrade hyran scolde,</span> </td> <td>over whale-road<b> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenning（页面不存在）">kenning</a></i> for sea)</b> hear<b> (obedience)</b> should<b> (owed)</b>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[11]</td> <td><span lang="ang">gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs god cyning!</span> </td> <td>gifts [to] yield. That was [a] good king! </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>現代英語意譯: </p> <dl><dd><span lang="en">“Listen! We have heard of the glory of the Spear-Danes, of the kings of the people, in days of yore, [and] how those princes did deeds of glory. Often Scyld Scefing deprived armed bands of foes, many clans of mead-benches, [and] terrified warriors. Since he first was found helpless (he experienced comfort for that), he grew under the heavens, thrived with honours, until each of the nearby peoples over the sea were obliged to pay him tribute. That was a good king!”</span></dd></dl> <p><br /> 下文節選自《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E7%A6%B1%E6%96%87" title="主禱文">主禱文</a>》（<span lang="en"><i>The Lord's Prayer</i></span>） </p> <table cellspacing="10" lang="en"> <tbody><tr> <th>行</th> <th>原始</th> <th>直譯 </th></tr> <tr> <td>[1]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Fæder ūre þū þe eart on heofonum,</span> </td> <td>Father of ours, thou who art in heavens, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[2]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Sī þīn nama ġehālgod.</span> </td> <td>Be thy name hallowed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[3]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Tōbecume þīn <a href="/wiki/Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich">rīċe</a>,</span> </td> <td>Come thy <a href="/wiki/Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich">riche</a> <b>(kingdom)</b>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[4]</td> <td><span lang="ang">ġewurþe þīn willa, on eorðan swā swā on heofonum.</span> </td> <td>Worth <b>(manifest)</b> thy will, on earth as also in heaven. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[5]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Ūre ġedæġhwāmlīcan hlāf syle ūs tō dæġ,</span> </td> <td>Our daily loaf do sell <b>(give)</b> to us today, </td></tr> <tr> <td>[6]</td> <td><span lang="ang">and forġyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forġyfað ūrum gyltendum.</span> </td> <td>And forgive us our guilts as also we forgive our guilters <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[7]</td> <td><span lang="ang">And ne ġelǣd þū ūs on costnunge, ac ālȳs ūs of yfele.</span> </td> <td>And do not lead thou us into temptation, but alese <b>(release/deliver)</b> us of <b>(from)</b> evil. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[8]</td> <td><span lang="ang">Sōþlīċe.</span> </td> <td>Soothly. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> 下文節選自《<span lang="en">Charter of Cnut</span>》 </p> <table cellspacing="10" lang="en"> <tbody><tr> <th>原始</th> <th>直譯 </th></tr> <tr> <td>¶ <span lang="ang">Cnut cyning gret his arcebiscopas and his leod-biscopas and Þurcyl eorl and ealle his eorlas and ealne his þeodscype, twelfhynde and twyhynde, gehadode and læwede, on Englalande freondlice.</span> </td> <td>¶ Cnut, king, greets his archbishops and his lede'<b>(people's)'</b>-bishops and Thorkell, earl, and all his earls and all his <i><b>people</b></i>ship, <i><b>greater</b></i> <b>(having a 1200 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilling">shilling</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weregild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weregild（页面不存在）">weregild</a>)</b> and <i><b>lesser</b></i> <b>(200 shilling weregild)</b>, hooded<b>(ordained to priesthood)</b> and lewd<b>(lay)</b>, in England friendly. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ang">And ic cyðe eow, þæt ic wylle beon hold hlaford and unswicende to godes gerihtum and to rihtre woroldlage.</span> </td> <td>And I kithe<b>(make known/couth to)</b> you, that I will be [a] hold<b>(civilised)</b> lord and unswiking<b>(uncheating)</b> to God's rights<b>(laws)</b> and to [the] rights<b>(laws)</b> worldly. </td></tr> <tr> <td>¶ <span lang="ang">Ic nam me to gemynde þa gewritu and þa word, þe se arcebiscop Lyfing me fram þam papan brohte of Rome, þæt ic scolde æghwær godes lof upp aræran and unriht alecgan and full frið wyrcean be ðære mihte, þe me god syllan wolde.</span> </td> <td>¶ I nam<b>(took)</b> me to mind the writs and the word that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)（页面不存在）">Archbishop Lyfing</a> me from the Pope brought of Rome, that I should ayewhere<b>(everywhere)</b> God's love<b>(praise)</b> uprear<b>(promote)</b>, and unright<b>(outlaw)</b> lies, and full frith<b>(peace)</b> work<b>(bring about)</b> by the might that me God would<b>(wished)</b> [to] sell'<b>(give)</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>¶ <span lang="ang">Nu ne wandode ic na minum sceattum, þa hwile þe eow unfrið on handa stod: nu ic mid godes fultume þæt totwæmde mid minum scattum.</span> </td> <td>¶ Now, ne went<b>(withdrew/changed)</b> I not my shot<b>(financial contribution, cf. Norse cognate in scot-free)</b> the while that you stood<b>(endured)</b> unfrith<b>(turmoil)</b> on-hand: now I, mid<b>(with)</b> God's <i><b>support</b></i>, that [unfrith] totwemed<b>(separated/dispelled)</b> mid<b>(with)</b> my shot<b>(financial contribution)</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ang">Þa cydde man me, þæt us mara hearm to fundode, þonne us wel licode: and þa for ic me sylf mid þam mannum þe me mid foron into Denmearcon, þe eow mæst hearm of com: and þæt hæbbe mid godes fultume forene forfangen, þæt eow næfre heonon forð þanon nan unfrið to ne cymð, þa hwile þe ge me rihtlice healdað and min lif byð.</span> </td> <td>Tho<b>(then)</b> [a] man kithed<b>(made known/couth to)</b> me that us more harm <i><b>had</b></i> found<b>(come upon)</b> than us well liked<b>(equalled)</b>: and tho<b>(then)</b> fore<b>(travelled)</b> I, meself, mid<b>(with)</b> those men that mid<b>(with)</b> me fore<b>(travelled)</b>, into Denmark that [to] you most harm came of<b>(from)</b>: and that[harm] have [I], mid<b>(with)</b> God's <i><b>support</b></i>, afore<b>(previously)</b> forefangen<b>(forestalled)</b> that to you never henceforth thence none unfrith<b>(breach of peace)</b> ne come the while that ye me rightly hold<b>(behold as king)</b> and my life beeth. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>参看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="近代英语">近代英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="現代英語">現代英语</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1238">Old English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Old+English&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Folde1238&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_English&oldid=787402855">Old English</a>. Wikipedia. 2017-06-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123103130/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_English&oldid=787402855">存档</a>于2022-01-23） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Old+English&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOld_English%26oldid%3D787402855&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">無法確定拼作<i>ie</i>/<i>īe</i>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙元音">雙元音</a>對究竟是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[i(ː)y]</span>還是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[i(ː)e]</span>. 該構擬基於許多方言併之入<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/y(ː)/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lit. a participle: "guilting" or "[a person who is] sinning"; cf. Latin cognate -ant/-ent.</span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前罗马铁器时代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre-Roman Iron Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前罗马铁器时代（页面不存在）">前罗马铁器时代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Pre-Roman Iron Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre-Roman Iron Age</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />前500年–前100年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马铁器时代">罗马铁器时代</a>早期<br />前100年–100年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马铁器时代">罗马铁器时代</a>晚期<br />100年–300年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲民族大迁徙">迁徙时期</a><br />300年–600年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a><br />600年–1100年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a><br />1100–1350年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪后期">中世纪后期</a><sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup><br />1350年–1500年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="近世">近代早期</a><br />1500年–1700年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="现代史">现代</a><br />1700年至今 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="22" style="background: #ccc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語">原始日耳曼语</a> </td> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼语</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E5%86%85%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="厄尔米诺内人">厄尔米诺内语</a><br />（易北河日耳曼语） </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">原始高地德语 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #cc5"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德语</a>、<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦巴底语 (早期)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lombardic language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E8%AF%AD_(%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伦巴底语 (早期)（页面不存在）">伦巴底语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardic_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lombardic language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lombardic language</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #ab5"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background: #9a5"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期现代高地德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early New High German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期现代高地德语（页面不存在）">早期现代高地德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_High_German" class="extiw" title="en:Early New High German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early New High German</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td style="background: #895"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="高地德语">高地德语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #995"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%83%E5%86%85%E4%BA%BA" title="伊斯特沃内人">伊斯特沃内语</a><br />（威悉-莱茵日耳曼语） </td> <td rowspan="5">原始法兰克语 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background: #ec7"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法兰克语</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #dc7"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古中部德语</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #cb6"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古中部德语</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background: #ba5"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期现代高地德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early New High German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期现代高地德语（页面不存在）">早期现代中部德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_High_German" class="extiw" title="en:Early New High German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early New High German</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #a95"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中部德語">中部德语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #db6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古低地法兰克语</a><br />（古荷兰语） </td> <td style="background: #ca5">早期林堡语<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a> </td> <td style="background: #ca5">晚期林堡语<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a> </td> <td style="background: #c95">早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a> </td> <td style="background: #c95"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #ea8">早期<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #ea8">晚期<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #d98"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">早期<br />现代荷兰语</a> </td> <td style="background: #d98"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #e99"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南非语">南非语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%83%E5%86%85%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="因格沃内语">因格沃内语</a><br />（北海日耳曼语） </td> <td colspan="2">原始撒克逊语<br />（东南因格沃内语） </td> <td style="background: #d9b"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古撒克逊语">古撒克逊语</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #c8a"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪低地德语">中古低地德语</a> </td> <td style="background: #b79"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="盎格鲁-弗里西语组">盎格鲁-弗里西语</a><br />（西北因格沃内语） </td> <td>原始弗里西语 </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #d8d"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古弗里西语（页面不存在）">古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td style="background: #c7c"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古弗里西语（页面不存在）">中古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td style="background: #b6b"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里西语">弗里西语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">原始英语 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #e9f"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古英语</a><br />（盎格鲁-撒克逊） </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #d8f"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">早期<br />中古英语</a> </td> <td style="background: #c7f">晚期<br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a> </td> <td style="background: #b6f"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="近代英语">近代英语</a> </td> <td style="background: #b6f"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #d7e"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期低地苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期低地苏格兰语（页面不存在）">早期苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Early Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> </td> <td style="background: #e6e"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古低地苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古低地苏格兰语（页面不存在）">中古苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td style="background: #e6e"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="低地苏格兰语">苏格兰语各变种</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语</a> </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="background: #aae"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="原始諾斯語">原始诺尔斯语</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #b9f">卢恩<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E#地域分布" title="古諾斯語">古西诺尔斯语</a> </td> <td style="background: #b3f"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古冰岛语</a> </td> <td style="background: #b39">晚期<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古冰岛语</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #b59"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #97f"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古挪威语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #a3a">古<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #b6a"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #94b">古<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="諾恩語">诺恩语</a> </td> <td style="background: #95a"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="諾恩語">诺恩语</a> </td> <td>灭绝<sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #99f">卢恩<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E#地域分布" title="古諾斯語">古东诺尔斯语</a> </td> <td style="background: #76d"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">中古挪威语</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #85b"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #87f">早期<br />古<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a> </td> <td style="background: #87d">晚期<br />古<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #76b"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #77f">早期<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古瑞典语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古瑞典语（页面不存在）">古瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #78d">晚期<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古瑞典语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古瑞典语（页面不存在）">古瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #67b"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #58b"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="达拉纳方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dalecarlian dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达拉纳方言（页面不存在）">达拉纳方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalecarlian_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Dalecarlian dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dalecarlian dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #8dd">卢恩<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a> </td> <td style="background: #7cd">早期<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a> </td> <td style="background: #5cd">晚期<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #5ac"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="哥特蘭語">哥得兰语</a><sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东日耳曼语</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #9fb"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥特语</a> </td> <td colspan="2">（未证实哥特语方言） </td> <td style="background: #8da"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="克里米亚哥特语">克里米亚哥特语</a> </td> <td>灭绝 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #af9"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="汪达尔语">汪达尔语</a> </td> <td colspan="5">灭绝 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cf7"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="勃艮第人">勃艮第语</a> </td> <td colspan="5">灭绝 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" align="left" style="font-size:small"> <dl><dt>註解</dt></dl> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪后期">中世纪后期</a>指<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>时期之后。黑死病对当时挪威语言状况的影响尤甚。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E8%AA%9E" title="倫巴底語">伦巴底语</a>的谱系学界分类存在争议。其亦被归类为同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古撒克逊语">古撒克逊语</a>相近。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">自早期北部中古英语产生<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。麦克鲁尔认为应为诺森布里亚古英语<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《牛津简明英语语言词典》（第894页）中称苏格兰语的“来源”为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="伯尼西亚王国">伯尼西亚王国</a>的古英语”和“12至13世纪来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="北英格蘭">北英格兰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="英格兰中部地区">英格兰中部</a>移民受到斯堪的纳维亚影响的英语”。“早期-中古-现代苏格兰语”的阶段划分在《简明苏格兰语词典》<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>及《古苏格兰语辞典》<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中得到使用。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">大陆古挪威语为介于古西诺尔斯语和古东诺尔斯语之间的方言。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">诺恩语的使用者为现代苏格兰语所同化（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海岛低地苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Insular Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%9B%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海岛低地苏格兰语（页面不存在）">海岛苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Insular Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Insular Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanic-diachronic-5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germanic-diachronic-5_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">现代哥得兰语（Gutamål）为古哥得兰语（Gutniska）的直系继承，现已成为标准瑞典语的哥得兰岛方言（Gotländska）。</span> </li> </ol> </div> <dl><dt>參考資料</dt></dl> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-roman;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken, A. J. and McArthur, T. Eds. (1979) <i>Languages of Scotland</i>. Edinburgh,Chambers. p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McClure (1991) in <i>The Cambridge History of the English Language</i> Vol. 5. p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson M. (ed.) (1985) the "Concise Scots Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh. p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dareau M., Pike l. and Watson, H (eds) (2002) "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" Vol. XII, Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/SCOTSHIST/output4.php?file=NEW-Revised1Introduction.htm">p. xxxiv</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本：<b><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ang:"> Old English 維基百科</a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="日耳曼语族的历史语言学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_philology" title="Template:Germanic philology"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Germanic_philology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Germanic philology（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Germanic_philology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Germanic philology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="日耳曼语族的历史语言学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">历史语言学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="易北河日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elbe Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="易北河日耳曼语（页面不存在）">易北河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Elbe Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elbe Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Weser-Rhine Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89-%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语（页面不存在）">威悉-莱茵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Weser-Rhine Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Weser-Rhine Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="英维奥尼克语">北海</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西北日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northwest Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北日耳曼语（页面不存在）">西北</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Northwest Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northwest Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E#哥德語和古諾斯語" title="哥德語">哥特-诺斯</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南日耳曼语（页面不存在）">南</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:South Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重构语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語">原始日耳曼语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始日耳曼语语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Germanic grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始日耳曼语语法（页面不存在）">原始日耳曼语语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Germanic grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Germanic grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语之前的语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic parent language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语之前的语言（页面不存在）">日耳曼语之前的语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic parent language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic parent language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="原始諾斯語">原始诺斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古诺斯语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古瑞典语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古瑞典语（页面不存在）">古瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="諾恩語">诺恩语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="格陵蘭諾爾斯語">格陵蘭諾爾斯語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古挪威語">古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古挪威语（页面不存在）">中古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="克里米亚哥特语">克里米亚哥特语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="汪达尔语">汪达尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD_(%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD)" title="勃艮第语 (日耳曼语)">勃艮第语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%AA%9E" title="古撒克遜語">古撒克遜語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪低地德语">中古低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法兰克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古弗里西语（页面不存在）">古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Frisian language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古弗里西语（页面不存在）">中古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Frisian_language" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Frisian language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Frisian language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="约拉语">约拉语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期苏格兰语（页面不存在）">早期苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Early Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古苏格兰语（页面不存在）">中古苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦巴第语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lombardic language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴第語">伦巴第语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardic_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lombardic language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lombardic language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南非语">南非语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="辛布里語">辛布里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E8%AB%BE%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="門諾低地德語">门诺低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北弗里斯兰语">北弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="萨特弗里斯兰语">萨特弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="低地苏格兰语">低地苏格兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西弗里斯兰语">西弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%BB%AA%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="意第绪语">意第绪语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="历时">历时</a>性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">维尔纳定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Holtzmann定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Holtzmann's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holtzmann%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holtzmann定律（页面不存在）">Holtzmann定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Holtzmann's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Holtzmann's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sievers定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sievers's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievers%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sievers定律（页面不存在）">Sievers定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Sievers's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sievers's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kluge定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kluge's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluge%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluge定律（页面不存在）">Kluge定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Kluge's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kluge's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语基底假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic substrate hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语基底假说（页面不存在）">日耳曼语基底假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic substrate hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic substrate hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西日耳曼语辅音延长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="West Germanic gemination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西日耳曼语辅音延长（页面不存在）">西日耳曼语辅音延长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" class="extiw" title="en:West Germanic gemination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">West Germanic gemination</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="高地德語子音推移">高地德语子音推移</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语a-异变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic a-mutation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%ADa-%E5%BC%82%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语a-异变（页面不存在）">日耳曼语a-异变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic a-mutation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic a-mutation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语元音变音">日耳曼语元音变音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="日耳曼擦音定律">日耳曼擦音定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則">北海日耳曼语鼻音消失法则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="元音大推移">元音大推移</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共时">共时</a>性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="日耳曼語強變化動詞">日耳曼语强变化动词</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语弱变化动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic weak verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%BC%B1%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语弱变化动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语弱变化动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic weak verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic weak verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Grammatischer Wechsel" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grammatischer Wechsel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatischer_Wechsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatischer Wechsel（页面不存在）">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" class="extiw" title="en:Grammatischer Wechsel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grammatischer Wechsel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="印歐語元音變換">印欧语元音变换</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语言历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="英语史">英语</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Phonological history of English" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of English（页面不存在）">Phonology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of English</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Scots language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰语史（页面不存在）">苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Scots language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Scots language</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Phonological history of Scots" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_Scots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of Scots（页面不存在）">Phonology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="德语史">德语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荷兰语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Dutch language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语史（页面不存在）">荷兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Dutch language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Dutch language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语史（页面不存在）">丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰岛语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Icelandic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰岛语史（页面不存在）">冰岛语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" class="extiw" title="en:History of Icelandic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Icelandic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑞典语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典语史（页面不存在）">瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42365#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42365#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anglais (langue) -- 450-1100 (vieil anglais)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934769b">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anglais (langue) -- 450-1100 (vieil anglais)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934769b">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4112501-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293894005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005084">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048626&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560256">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stará angličtina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126045&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300389020">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027269434">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=古英语&oldid=85036642">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=古英语&oldid=85036642</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" title="Category:英语史">英语史</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:古英語">古英語</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古英語的條目">含有古英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_639-2%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Category:ISO 639-2代码的语言">ISO 639-2代码的语言</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有非中文內容的條目">含有非中文內容的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLNB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目">包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSUDOC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目">包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月20日 (星期三) 06:37。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-n4k26","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.431","walltime":"1.605","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35408,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":252421,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":37661,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":54,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":102258,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1397.710 1 -total"," 40.47% 565.600 86 Template:Lang"," 37.35% 522.033 86 Template:Category_handler"," 23.16% 323.658 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 22.94% 320.617 86 Template:Category_handler/numbered"," 20.60% 287.954 86 Template:Namespace_detect"," 19.89% 277.963 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.88% 249.872 86 Template:Str_mid"," 16.99% 237.500 86 Template:Str_mid/core"," 13.20% 184.509 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.574","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26065020,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-kkkmt","timestamp":"20241124084039","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u53e4\u82f1\u8bed","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42365","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42365","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-11T15:20:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T06:37:51Z","headline":"\u8a9e\u8a00"}</script> </body> </html>