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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">英维奥尼克语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。25种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="إنجفونز – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجفونز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ingaev%C3%B3niques" title="Llingües ingaevóniques – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües ingaevóniques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordseegermanische_Sprachen" title="Nordseegermanische Sprachen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordseegermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ινγκβαεονικές γλώσσες – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινγκβαεονικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="North Sea Germanic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ingaev%C3%B3nicas" title="Lenguas ingaevónicas – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas ingaevónicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ژرمنی دریای شمال – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمنی دریای شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvaeonique" title="Ingvaeonique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ingvaeonique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdsiagermaans" title="Nuurdsiagermaans – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdsiagermaans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardwestgermaanske_talen" title="Noardwestgermaanske talen – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardwestgermaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_ingvae%C3%B3nicas" title="Linguas ingvaeónicas – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas ingvaeónicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingveonski_jezici" title="Ingveonski jezici – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ingveonski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik_Laut_Utara" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Laut Utara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Laut Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%A1vartungum%C3%A1l" title="Norðursjávartungumál – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðursjávartungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche_del_Mare_del_Nord" title="Lingue germaniche del Mare del Nord – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche del Mare del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingevon%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Ingevonų kalbos – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ingevonų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanik_Laut_Utara" title="Jermanik Laut Utara – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jermanik Laut Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingv%C3%A4oonsche_Spraken" title="Ingväoonsche Spraken – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ingväoonsche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzeegermaanse_talen" title="Noordzeegermaanse talen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordzeegermaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ингвеонские языки – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ингвеонские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Sea Germanic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_ingvaonike" title="Gjuhët ingvaonike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët ingvaonike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Інгвеонські мови – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інгвеонські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_German_Bi%E1%BB%83n_B%E1%BA%AFc" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German Biển Bắc – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German Biển Bắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="北海日耳曼语">北海日耳曼语</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lawngreen;">英維奧尼克語</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ingvaeonic, Ingveonic,<sup id="cite_ref-Standardization_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standardization-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coastal Germanic<sup id="cite_ref-Standardization_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standardization-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;">地理分佈</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">原本是從<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里斯兰">弗里斯蘭</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日德蘭">日德蘭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="北海">北海</a>海岸；今天，全世界</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">谱系学分类</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">印歐語系<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>英維奧尼克語</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;">分支</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="盎格魯-菲士蘭語組">盎格魯-菲士蘭語組</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="低地德語">低地德語</a></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:35%;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3175">nort3175</a></samp><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/300px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/450px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/600px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2312" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">主要<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語言">日耳曼語言</a>在歐洲的分佈 <abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AD 1</span>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="北日耳曼語支">北日耳曼語支</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <b>北海日耳曼語</b>, 或 Ingvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89-%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉-萊茵日耳曼語（页面不存在）">威悉-萊茵日耳曼語</a>, 或 Istvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="易北日耳曼語">易北日耳曼語</a>, 或 Irminonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="東日耳曼語支">東日耳曼語支</a> †</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>英维奥尼克语</b>，又叫作<b>北海日耳曼语</b>，在语言学中被认为是日耳曼语的衍生亚种之一。 </p><p>公元1世纪中期，英维奥尼克语在北海地区逐渐成形并显现出了独特的语言特征。它的衍生分支包括了古弗里西语，古撒克逊语和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语">古英语</a>（时至今日, 现代英语仍被认为是英维奥尼克语的衍生之一。）有时低地法兰克语也被认为是英维奥尼克语的衍生分支。 </p><p>在弗里西语及英语里中我们能够找到北海日耳曼语最为显著的特征，即英维奥尼克式<sup>Ingwäonismen</sup>。而荷兰语由于早期受到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">法兰克语</a>的影响，许多北海日耳曼语特征已经不复存在。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称之争"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0.E4.B9.8B.E4.BA.89"></span>名称之争</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称之争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>今日之北海日耳曼语及英维奥尼克语在使用上基本同义，其他同义名还包括西北日耳曼语，西海岸日耳曼语及海岸德语。其中的西北日耳曼语亦可指向北日耳曼语及西日耳曼语。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英维奥尼克语"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E7.BB.B4.E5.A5.A5.E5.B0.BC.E5.85.8B.E8.AF.AD"></span>英维奥尼克语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：英维奥尼克语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>其名始于古罗马文学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="塔西陀">塔西陀</a>所著之《日耳曼尼亚志》。在书中塔西陀记述了三支日耳曼族群，其中临海的一支为英维奥尼克。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>其他文学记载有<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC" title="老普林尼">老普林尼</a>所著之《博物志》，其中又把英维奥尼克成为因古厄内<sup>Inguaeones</sup>。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>自此其他相应的不同拼写方式也渐渐出现，包括 ingävonisch，ingväonisch，ingwäonisch 所指皆为英维奥尼克。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97" title="雅各布·格林">雅各布格林</a> 在他的德国神话中也有相关记载。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="北海日耳曼语"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E6.B5.B7.E6.97.A5.E8.80.B3.E6.9B.BC.E8.AF.AD"></span>北海日耳曼语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：北海日耳曼语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>尽管英维奥尼克语与北海日耳曼语两个名称可以互相替代，但单独使用北海日耳曼这一地域名仍有待商榷，因为从地域上来说，<u>北海日耳曼</u>的特征又能够在不属本支的荷兰语及内陆低地德语得到体现。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语言特点"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E7.89.B9.E7.82.B9"></span>语言特点</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：语言特点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英维奥尼克语的语言特征名为<b>英维奥尼克式</b>。尽管人们对英维奥尼克语的争论从未停止，英维奥尼克式这一相当完备的语言特征却是公认的（也有研究者认为应该将其与北海日耳曼语互相分离。）以下是简单的例子： </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則">北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則</a> :</b>省略摩擦产生的鼻音，以延长元音替代。 <ul><li>日耳曼语<i>*samftō,-ijaz,</i> 德语 <i>sanft,</i> 西弗里西语 <i>sêft,</i> 英语  <i>soft,</i> 低地德语 <i>sacht,</i> 荷兰语 <i>zacht</i></li></ul></li> <li>与德语 <i>sein</i> 的第三格单数 <i>ist</i> 相比 <b>删去<i>t</i></b> ： <ul><li>古英语 <i>is,</i> 古撒克逊语 <i>is</i></li></ul></li> <li>人称代词第一格时<b>删去<i>r</i></b>： <ul><li>日耳曼语 <i>*wīz</i> ‚德语 wir,古撒克逊语  <i>wī,</i> 古荷兰语 <i>wē,</i> 古弗里西语 <i>wī,</i> 古英语 <i>wē</i> （相对的林堡语 <i>veer,</i> 古诺斯语 <i>vér,</i> 哥德语 <i>weis</i>）</li></ul></li> <li>其他人称代词的词根 <ul><li>德语 „er“: 低地德语. <i>he,</i> 荷兰语. <i>hij,</i> 英语. <i>he,</i> 西弗里西语. <i>hy,</i> 萨特弗里西语. <i>hie,</i> 北弗里西语. <i>hi</i></li> <li>德语 „ihr“: 低地德语. <i>ji,</i> 中古荷兰语. <i>ghi,</i> 英语. <i>you,</i> 西弗里西语. <i>jim,</i> 萨特弗里西语. <i>jie,</i> 北弗里西语. <i>jam</i></li></ul></li> <li>三格系统即三四格相同</li> <li>未来式需要助动词 <i>schallen</i> <i>(sallen),</i> <i>shall:</i>  <ul><li>弗里西语. <i>ik schall (sall)</i> – 英语. <i>I shall</i> (德语 ‚ich werde‘)</li></ul></li> <li>在腭音前为字母K发出类似爆破音的擦音 <ul><li>德语 „Käse“: 英语. <i>cheese,</i> 西弗里西语. <i>tsiis,</i> 萨特弗里西语. <i>sies,</i> 北弗里西语. <i>sees</i></li> <li>德语 „Kirche“: 英语. <i>church,</i> 西弗里西语. <i>tsjerke,</i> 萨特弗里西语. <i>seerke,</i> 北弗里西语. <i>schörk, sark</i></li></ul></li> <li>腭化日耳曼语中的a<i>:</i>  <ul><li>日耳曼语 <i>*dagaz</i> ‚德语 Tag‘, 古英语. <i>dæg,</i> 古弗里西语. <i>dei;</i> 拉丁语 <i>( via) strata</i> ‚ 德语 Straße‘ 古英语. <i>strǣt,</i> 古弗里西语 <i>strēte</i></li></ul></li> <li>分词的现在完成时<b>删去</b>前缀 <i>ge-</i>: <ul><li>低地德语. daan, 英语. done, 西弗里西语 . dien, 萨特弗里西语. däin, 北弗里西语.dänj (德语 ‚getan‘)</li></ul></li> <li>R变音法 : <ul><li>英语. <i>burn,</i> 西弗里西语. <i>baarne</i> (或者 <i>brâne</i>), 北弗里西语. <i>baarn</i>win ‚德语 Brandwunde‘ (或者 <i>braan</i> ‚brennen‘)</li></ul></li> <li>动词的<b>统一</b>复数形式 : <ul><li>低地德语. <i>wi/ji/se maakt,</i>  北弗里西语. <i>we/jam/ja mååge</i> – 德语 „wir machen/ihr macht/sie machen“</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Standardization-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Standardization_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standardization_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthonia Feitsma, <i>‘Democratic’ and ‘elitist’ trends and a Frisian standard</i>, in: Andrew R. Linn, Nicola McLelland (eds.), <i>Standardization: Studies from the Germanic Languages</i>, 2002, p. 205 ff., here p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3175">North Sea Germanic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=North+Sea+Germanic&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fnort3175&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Frede Nielsen: <i>Frisian and the Grouping of the Older Germanic Languages.</i> In: Horst Haider Munske (Hrsg.): <i>Handbuch des Friesischen.</i> = <i>Handbook of Frisian Studies.</i> Niemeyer, Tübingen 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/348473048X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-484-73048-X</a>, S. 81–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolphe van Loey: <i>Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands. Kankleer, vormleer, woordvorming.</i> 8. Druck. Thieme, Zutphen, 1970, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9003211701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-03-21170-1</a>, Kap. 4, S. XXV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steffen Krogh: <i>Die Stellung des Altsächsischen im Rahmen der germanischen Sprachen</i> (= <i>Studien zum Althochdeutschen.</i> Bd. 29). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3525203446" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-525-20344-6</a>, S. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus: <i>De Origine et situ Germanorum</i> chapter.2 pag.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plinius: <i>Naturalis Historia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Grimm: <i>Grimm's Teutonic Mythology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaas Heeroma: <i>Zur Problematik des Ingwäonischen.</i> In: <i>Frühmittelalterliche Studien.</i> Bd. 4, 1970, S. 231–243, doi:10.1515/9783110242041.231 </span> </li> </ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">历史语言学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="易北河日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elbe Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="易北河日耳曼语（页面不存在）">易北河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Elbe Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elbe Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Weser-Rhine Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89-%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语（页面不存在）">威悉-莱茵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Weser-Rhine Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Weser-Rhine Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">北海</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西北日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northwest Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北日耳曼语（页面不存在）">西北</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Northwest Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northwest Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E#哥德語和古諾斯語" title="哥德語">哥特-诺斯</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南日耳曼语（页面不存在）">南</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:South Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重构语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語">原始日耳曼语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始日耳曼语语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Germanic grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始日耳曼语语法（页面不存在）">原始日耳曼语语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Germanic grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Germanic grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语之前的语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic parent language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语之前的语言（页面不存在）">日耳曼语之前的语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic parent language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic parent language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="原始諾斯語">原始诺斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古诺斯语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古瑞典语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古瑞典语（页面不存在）">古瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="諾恩語">诺恩语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="格陵蘭諾爾斯語">格陵蘭諾爾斯語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古挪威語">古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古挪威语（页面不存在）">中古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="克里米亚哥特语">克里米亚哥特语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="汪达尔语">汪达尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD_(%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD)" title="勃艮第语 (日耳曼语)">勃艮第语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%AA%9E" title="古撒克遜語">古撒克遜語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪低地德语">中古低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法兰克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古弗里西语（页面不存在）">古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Frisian language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古弗里西语（页面不存在）">中古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Frisian_language" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Frisian language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Frisian language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语">古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="约拉语">约拉语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期苏格兰语（页面不存在）">早期苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Early Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古苏格兰语（页面不存在）">中古苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦巴第语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lombardic language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴第語">伦巴第语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardic_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lombardic language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lombardic language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南非语">南非语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="辛布里語">辛布里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E8%AB%BE%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="門諾低地德語">门诺低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北弗里斯兰语">北弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="萨特弗里斯兰语">萨特弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="低地苏格兰语">低地苏格兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西弗里斯兰语">西弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%BB%AA%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="意第绪语">意第绪语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="历时">历时</a>性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">维尔纳定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Holtzmann定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Holtzmann's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holtzmann%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holtzmann定律（页面不存在）">Holtzmann定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Holtzmann's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Holtzmann's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sievers定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sievers's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievers%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sievers定律（页面不存在）">Sievers定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Sievers's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sievers's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kluge定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kluge's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluge%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluge定律（页面不存在）">Kluge定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Kluge's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kluge's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语基底假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic substrate hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语基底假说（页面不存在）">日耳曼语基底假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic substrate hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic substrate hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西日耳曼语辅音延长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="West Germanic gemination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西日耳曼语辅音延长（页面不存在）">西日耳曼语辅音延长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" class="extiw" title="en:West Germanic gemination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">West Germanic gemination</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="高地德語子音推移">高地德语子音推移</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语a-异变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic a-mutation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%ADa-%E5%BC%82%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语a-异变（页面不存在）">日耳曼语a-异变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic a-mutation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic a-mutation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语元音变音">日耳曼语元音变音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="日耳曼擦音定律">日耳曼擦音定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則">北海日耳曼语鼻音消失法则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="元音大推移">元音大推移</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共时">共时</a>性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="日耳曼語強變化動詞">日耳曼语强变化动词</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语弱变化动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic weak verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%BC%B1%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语弱变化动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语弱变化动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic weak verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic weak verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Grammatischer Wechsel" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grammatischer Wechsel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatischer_Wechsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatischer Wechsel（页面不存在）">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" class="extiw" title="en:Grammatischer Wechsel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grammatischer Wechsel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="印歐語元音變換">印欧语元音变换</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语言历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="英语史">英语</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Phonological history of English" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of English（页面不存在）">Phonology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of English</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Scots language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰语史（页面不存在）">苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Scots language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Scots language</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Phonological history of Scots" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_Scots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of Scots（页面不存在）">Phonology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="德语史">德语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荷兰语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Dutch language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语史（页面不存在）">荷兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Dutch language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Dutch language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语史（页面不存在）">丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰岛语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Icelandic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰岛语史（页面不存在）">冰岛语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" class="extiw" title="en:History of Icelandic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Icelandic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑞典语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典语史（页面不存在）">瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=英维奥尼克语&oldid=79856963">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=英维奥尼克语&oldid=79856963</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" 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