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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>February 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>May 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_24,_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_24,_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>August 24, 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_24,_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August,_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August,_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>August, 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August,_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>September 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_1959_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_1959_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>September 1959</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_1959_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:270px; font-size:100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left; font-size:88%; background:#f3f3f3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <p><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_Afghanistan" title="1958 in Afghanistan">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_Afghanistan" title="1957 in Afghanistan">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_Afghanistan" title="1956 in Afghanistan">1956</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div> </td><td style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1931%E2%80%931973).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="summary" style="text-align:center; width:50%; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/AD_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1959">1959</a></span><br /> in<br /> <span class="adr"><span class="country-name location"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:right; font-size:88%; background:#f3f3f3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <p><span style="font-size:120%">→</span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_Afghanistan" title="1960 in Afghanistan">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_Afghanistan" title="1961 in Afghanistan">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_Afghanistan" title="1962 in Afghanistan">1962</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-size:88%;">Decades:</th><td class="infobox-data hlist" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1930s in Afghanistan">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1940s in Afghanistan">1940s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1950s in Afghanistan">1950s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1960s in Afghanistan">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:1970s in Afghanistan">1970s</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-size:88%;">See also:</th><td class="infobox-data hlist" style="font-size:88%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">Other events of 1959</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years in Afghanistan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following lists events that happened during <b><a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></b>. </p><p>The budget estimates for September 23, 1958 – September 22, 1959 (1337–38 in the Afghan calendar), amount to a revenue of 1,455,122,000 Afghanis (including 521,192,000 Afghanis from foreign loans) and to an expenditure of 1,455,107,962 Afghanis. (The Afghani is worth about five U.S. cents.) Between the fiscal years 1955–56 and 1957–58 the amounts of Afghan exports rose from 1,527,000,000 Afghanis to 1,984,000,000 Afghanis, the main destinations being India, the U.S.S.R., the United States, the United Kingdom, and Poland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incumbents">Incumbents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Incumbents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Mohammed Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Mohammed Daoud Khan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="February_1959">February 1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: February 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Afghan prime minister visits New Delhi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="May_1959">May 1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: May 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Afghan prime minister is on an official visit in Moscow, where he confers with Nikita Khrushchev. An agreement on the expansion of Soviet-Afghan economic and technical cooperation is signed on May 28. Among other things, it provides for Soviet assistance in the construction of the Kushka-Herat-Kandahar motor road, more than 740 km long. </p><p>The reconstruction of the Kabul airport starts with Soviet help. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August_24,_1959"><span id="August_24.2C_1959"></span>August 24, 1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: August 24, 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speaking at Kabul on the Afghan National Day, King Mohammad Zahir Shah comments, traditionally, on the problem of Pashtunistan, "still awaiting a peaceful and just solution." Mohammad Daud Khan, the Prime Minister, explains to the correspondent of a Japanese press agency that the Pashtun problem has existed for a century and arose when part of Afghanistan was annexed to British India – the Pakistan of today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August,_1959"><span id="August.2C_1959"></span>August, 1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: August, 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emancipation of women comes about with the abolition of the veil and the <i>chadri</i> (the shroud-like head-to-toe gown). This was a big event in the history of women in Afghanistan, and it was also an intentional part of the women's emancipation policy of the Daoud Government at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-TA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The step was carefully prepared by introducing women workers at the Radio Kabul in 1957, sending women delegates to the Asian Women's Conference in Kairo, and employing forty girls to the government pottery factory in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-TA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this was met with no riots, the government decided it was time for the very controversial step of unveiling.<sup id="cite_ref-TA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1959 therefore, on the second day of the festival of Jeshyn, Queen <a href="/wiki/Humaira_Begum" title="Humaira Begum">Humaira Begum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Bilqis_Begum" title="Princess Bilqis Begum"> Princess Bilqis</a> appeared in the royal box at the military parade unveiled, alongside the Prime Minister's wife, <a href="/wiki/Zamina_Begum" title="Zamina Begum">Zamina Begum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="September_1959">September 1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: September 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian prime minister, pays a return visit to Kabul. </p><p>Mohammad Naim, Afghan foreign minister, pays an official visit to Peking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="September_1959_2">September 1959</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: September 1959"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ariana Afghan Airlines extend their services from Kabul to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany, through <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamim Ansary (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKg4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147">Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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id="Years_in_Afghanistan_(1528–present)409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (1528–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Years_of_the_16th_century_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Years of the 16th century in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">16th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1528_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1528 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1528</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Years of the 18th century in Afghanistan">18th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1729_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1729 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1738_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1738 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1738</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Years of the 19th century in Afghanistan">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1823_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1823 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1826_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1826 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1834_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1834 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1839_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1839 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1840_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1840 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1841_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1841 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1842_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1842 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1842</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1878_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1878 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_Afghanistan" title="1879 in Afghanistan">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1880 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1881_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1882_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1882 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1883_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1883 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1884_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1884 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1885_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1885 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1886_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1886 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1887_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1887 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1889_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1889 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1892_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1893_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1894_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1894 in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_Afghanistan" title="1896 in Afghanistan">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_Afghanistan" title="1897 in Afghanistan">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_Afghanistan" title="1898 in Afghanistan">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_Afghanistan" title="1899 in Afghanistan">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_Afghanistan" title="1900 in Afghanistan">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Afghanistan">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_Afghanistan" title="1901 in Afghanistan">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_Afghanistan" title="1902 in Afghanistan">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Afghanistan" title="1903 in Afghanistan">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_Afghanistan" title="1904 in Afghanistan">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_Afghanistan" title="1905 in Afghanistan">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_Afghanistan" title="1906 in Afghanistan">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_Afghanistan" title="1907 in Afghanistan">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_Afghanistan" title="1908 in Afghanistan">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_Afghanistan" title="1909 in Afghanistan">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_Afghanistan" title="1910 in Afghanistan">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_Afghanistan" title="1911 in Afghanistan">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_Afghanistan" title="1912 in Afghanistan">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_Afghanistan" title="1913 in Afghanistan">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_Afghanistan" title="1914 in Afghanistan">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_Afghanistan" title="1915 in Afghanistan">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_Afghanistan" title="1916 in Afghanistan">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_Afghanistan" title="1917 in Afghanistan">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Afghanistan" title="1918 in Afghanistan">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Afghanistan" title="1919 in Afghanistan">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_Afghanistan" title="1920 in Afghanistan">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_Afghanistan" title="1921 in Afghanistan">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_Afghanistan" title="1922 in Afghanistan">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_Afghanistan" title="1923 in Afghanistan">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_Afghanistan" title="1924 in Afghanistan">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_Afghanistan" title="1925 in Afghanistan">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_Afghanistan" title="1926 in Afghanistan">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_Afghanistan" title="1927 in Afghanistan">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_Afghanistan" title="1928 in Afghanistan">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_Afghanistan" title="1929 in Afghanistan">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_Afghanistan" title="1930 in Afghanistan">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_Afghanistan" title="1931 in Afghanistan">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_Afghanistan" title="1932 in Afghanistan">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_Afghanistan" title="1933 in Afghanistan">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_Afghanistan" title="1934 in Afghanistan">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_Afghanistan" title="1935 in Afghanistan">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_Afghanistan" title="1936 in Afghanistan">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_Afghanistan" title="1937 in Afghanistan">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_Afghanistan" title="1938 in Afghanistan">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_Afghanistan" title="1939 in Afghanistan">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_Afghanistan" title="1940 in Afghanistan">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_Afghanistan" title="1941 in Afghanistan">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_Afghanistan" title="1942 in Afghanistan">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_Afghanistan" title="1943 in Afghanistan">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_Afghanistan" title="1944 in Afghanistan">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_Afghanistan" title="1945 in Afghanistan">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_Afghanistan" title="1946 in Afghanistan">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_Afghanistan" title="1947 in Afghanistan">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_Afghanistan" title="1948 in Afghanistan">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_Afghanistan" title="1949 in Afghanistan">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_Afghanistan" title="1950 in Afghanistan">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_Afghanistan" title="1951 in Afghanistan">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_Afghanistan" title="1952 in Afghanistan">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_Afghanistan" title="1953 in Afghanistan">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_Afghanistan" title="1954 in Afghanistan">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_Afghanistan" title="1955 in Afghanistan">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_Afghanistan" title="1956 in Afghanistan">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_Afghanistan" title="1957 in Afghanistan">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_Afghanistan" title="1958 in Afghanistan">1958</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_Afghanistan" title="1960 in Afghanistan">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_Afghanistan" title="1961 in Afghanistan">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_Afghanistan" title="1962 in Afghanistan">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_Afghanistan" title="1963 in Afghanistan">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_Afghanistan" title="1964 in Afghanistan">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_Afghanistan" title="1965 in Afghanistan">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_Afghanistan" title="1966 in Afghanistan">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_Afghanistan" title="1967 in Afghanistan">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_Afghanistan" title="1968 in Afghanistan">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_Afghanistan" title="1969 in Afghanistan">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_Afghanistan" title="1970 in Afghanistan">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_Afghanistan" title="1971 in Afghanistan">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_Afghanistan" title="1972 in Afghanistan">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_Afghanistan" title="1973 in Afghanistan">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_Afghanistan" title="1974 in Afghanistan">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_Afghanistan" title="1975 in Afghanistan">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_Afghanistan" title="1976 in Afghanistan">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_Afghanistan" title="1977 in Afghanistan">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_Afghanistan" title="1978 in Afghanistan">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Afghanistan" title="1979 in Afghanistan">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Afghanistan" title="1980 in Afghanistan">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Afghanistan" title="1981 in Afghanistan">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Afghanistan" title="1982 in Afghanistan">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Afghanistan" title="1983 in Afghanistan">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Afghanistan" title="1984 in Afghanistan">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_Afghanistan" title="1985 in Afghanistan">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_Afghanistan" title="1986 in Afghanistan">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_Afghanistan" title="1987 in Afghanistan">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_Afghanistan" title="1988 in Afghanistan">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_Afghanistan" title="1989 in Afghanistan">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_Afghanistan" title="1990 in Afghanistan">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Afghanistan" title="1991 in Afghanistan">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Afghanistan" title="1992 in Afghanistan">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Afghanistan" title="1993 in Afghanistan">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_Afghanistan" title="1994 in Afghanistan">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_Afghanistan" title="1995 in Afghanistan">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_Afghanistan" title="1996 in Afghanistan">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_Afghanistan" title="1997 in Afghanistan">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Afghanistan" title="1998 in Afghanistan">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Afghanistan" title="1999 in Afghanistan">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_Afghanistan" title="2000 in Afghanistan">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in Afghanistan">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Afghanistan" title="2001 in Afghanistan">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Afghanistan" title="2002 in Afghanistan">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Afghanistan" title="2003 in Afghanistan">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Afghanistan" title="2004 in Afghanistan">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Afghanistan" title="2005 in Afghanistan">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Afghanistan" title="2006 in Afghanistan">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Afghanistan" title="2007 in Afghanistan">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Afghanistan" title="2008 in Afghanistan">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Afghanistan" title="2009 in Afghanistan">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Afghanistan" title="2010 in Afghanistan">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Afghanistan" title="2011 in Afghanistan">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Afghanistan" title="2012 in Afghanistan">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Afghanistan" title="2013 in Afghanistan">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Afghanistan" title="2014 in Afghanistan">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Afghanistan" title="2015 in Afghanistan">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Afghanistan" title="2016 in Afghanistan">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Afghanistan" title="2017 in Afghanistan">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Afghanistan" title="2018 in Afghanistan">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Afghanistan" title="2019 in Afghanistan">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Afghanistan" title="2020 in Afghanistan">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Afghanistan" title="2021 in Afghanistan">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Afghanistan" title="2022 in Afghanistan">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Afghanistan" title="2023 in Afghanistan">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Afghanistan" title="2024 in Afghanistan">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Afghanistan" title="2025 in Afghanistan">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1959_in_Asia343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_in_Asia" title="Template:Year in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Year in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1959_in_Asia343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1959 in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_China" title="1959 in China">China</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_India" title="1959 in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Iran" title="1959 in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Iraq" title="1959 in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Israel" title="1959 in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Japan" title="1959 in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Jordan" title="1959 in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_North_Korea" title="1959 in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_South_Korea" title="1959 in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Laos" title="1959 in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Malaya" title="1959 in Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Nepal" title="1959 in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Pakistan" title="1959 in Pakistan">West Pakistan</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1959 in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikkim" title="History of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Singapore" title="1959 in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="1959 in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Thailand" title="1959 in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Turkey" title="1959 in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yemen">North Yemen</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Estonia" title="1959 in Estonia">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Taiwan" title="1959 in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>, colonies<br />and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Colony of Aden">Colony of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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