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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prehistoric Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistoric_Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistoric Sri Lanka subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre_Iron_Age_(Pre_~1000_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre_Iron_Age_(Pre_~1000_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre Iron Age (Pre ~1000 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre_Iron_Age_(Pre_~1000_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_(~1000_BC–543_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_(~1000_BC–543_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iron Age (~1000 BC–543 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_(~1000_BC–543_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(543–377_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(543–377_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pre-Anuradhapura period (543–377 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(543–377_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pre-Anuradhapura period (543–377 BCE) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(543–377_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-Aryan_syncretism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Aryan_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indo-Aryan syncretism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Aryan_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anuradhapura_period_(377_BCE–1017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anuradhapura_period_(377_BCE–1017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anuradhapura period (377 BCE–1017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anuradhapura_period_(377_BCE–1017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polonnaruwa_period_(1056–1232)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polonnaruwa_period_(1056–1232)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Polonnaruwa period (1056–1232)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polonnaruwa_period_(1056–1232)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_period_(1232–1505)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_period_(1232–1505)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transitional period (1232–1505)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transitional_period_(1232–1505)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transitional period (1232–1505) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transitional_period_(1232–1505)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jaffna_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaffna_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Jaffna Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaffna_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Dambadeniya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_Of_Yapahuwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_Of_Yapahuwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Kingdom Of Yapahuwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_Of_Yapahuwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Gampola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Gampola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Kingdom of Gampola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Gampola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Kotte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Kotte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Kingdom of Kotte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Kotte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Sitawaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Kingdom of Sitawaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sitawaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vannimai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vannimai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Vannimai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vannimai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_(1505–1594)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_(1505–1594)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_(1505–1594)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_(1505–1594)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Portuguese intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Dutch intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandyan_period_(1594–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandyan_period_(1594–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kandyan period (1594–1815)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandyan_period_(1594–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Sri_Lanka_(1815–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Sri_Lanka_(1815–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Colonial Sri Lanka (1815–1948)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_Sri_Lanka_(1815–1948)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial Sri Lanka (1815–1948) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Sri_Lanka_(1815–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Independence movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>The Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka_(1948–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka_(1948–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sri Lanka (1948–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sri_Lanka_(1948–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sri Lanka (1948–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka_(1948–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Dominion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-conflict_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-conflict_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Post-conflict period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-conflict_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Easter_Sunday_Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easter_Sunday_Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Easter Sunday Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easter_Sunday_Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajapaksa_brothers_in_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajapaksa_brothers_in_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.2</span> <span>Rajapaksa brothers in power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajapaksa_brothers_in_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.3</span> <span>Since 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sri Lanka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="تاريخ سريلانكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ سريلانكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Historia de Sri Lanka – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="শ্রীলঙ্কার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রীলঙ্কার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Шри-Ланка тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шри-Ланка тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Шры-Ланкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Шры-Ланкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Història de Sri Lanka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Sr%C3%AD_Lanky" title="Dějiny Srí Lanky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Srí Lanky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Sri_Lanca" title="Hanes Sri Lanca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Sri Lanca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Historia de Sri Lanka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankako_historia" title="Sri Lankako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sri Lankako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="تاریخ سری‌لانکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ سری‌لانکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Sri_Lanka" title="Histoire du Sri Lanka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="스리랑카의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스리랑카의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շրի Լանկայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրի Լանկայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="श्रीलंका का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रीलंका का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Sri-Lanka" title="Historio di Sri-Lanka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Sri-Lanka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Sri_Lanka" title="Sejarah Sri Lanka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dello_Sri_Lanka" title="Storia dello Sri Lanka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dello Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შრი-ლანკის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შრი-ლანკის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ri_Lankos_istorija" title="Šri Lankos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šri Lankos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanka_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Srí Lanka történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Srí Lanka történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്രീലങ്കയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്രീലങ്കയുടെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Sri_Lanka" title="Sejarah Sri Lanka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Sri_Lanka" title="Geschiedenis van Sri Lanka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="श्रीलङ्काको इतिहास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रीलङ्काको इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="श्रीलङ्काया इतिहास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="श्रीलङ्काया इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="スリランカの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スリランカの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankas_historie" title="Sri Lankas historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sri Lankas historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Istòria de Sri Lanka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କାର ଇତିହାସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କାର ଇତିହାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Sri_Lanka" title="História do Sri Lanka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="История Шри-Ланки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Шри-Ланки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مێژووی سریلانکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی سریلانکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija_%C5%A0ri_Lanke" title="Istorija Šri Lanke – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istorija Šri Lanke" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_historia" title="Sri Lankan historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sri Lankan historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankas_historia" title="Sri Lankas historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sri Lankas historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="இலங்கையின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலங்கையின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ประวัติศาสตร์ศรีลังกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์ศรีลังกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%96-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Історія Шрі-Ланки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Шрі-Ланки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Sri_Lanka" title="Lịch sử Sri Lanka – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="斯里蘭卡歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯里蘭卡歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1584837#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:History of Sri Lanka">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Sri Lanka</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_(Taprobane)_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1686 Mallet map of Sri Lanka (Taprobane)"><img alt="1686 Mallet map of Sri Lanka (Taprobane)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_%28Taprobane%29_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg/150px-1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_%28Taprobane%29_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_%28Taprobane%29_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg/225px-1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_%28Taprobane%29_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_%28Taprobane%29_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg/300px-1686_Mallet_Map_of_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_%28Taprobane%29_-_Geographicus_-_Taprobane-mallet-1686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2033" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#eee"> Chronicles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cūḷavaṃsa">Cūḷavaṃsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajavaliya" title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pujavaliya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pujavaliya (page does not exist)">Pujavaliya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#eee"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Stone Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Bronze Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300,000 BP<br />–543 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre Anuradhapura period">Pre Anuradhapura</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration">Indo-Aryan settlement</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">543–377 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Arrival of Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Dutthagamani's campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Anuradhapura">Fall of Anuradhapura</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">377 BC–1017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese Resistance">Sinhalese Resistance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Invasion of Kalinga Magha</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1017–1232</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayab%C4%81_Kollaya" title="Vijayabā Kollaya">Vijayabā Kollaya</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Wars of Kotte Succession</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandy</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1670%E2%80%931675)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675)">First Kandyan–Dutch war</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Second Kandyan–Dutch war</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan–British wars</a><br /></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1597–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Great rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_revival_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist revival in Sri Lanka">Buddhist revival</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">World War II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1815–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)#Republic_(1972–2009)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Republic</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1948–present</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#eee"> By Topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces#History" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army#History" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force#History" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="History of the Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka#Economic_history" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka#History" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Tamil immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_Sri_Lankan_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of Sri Lankan history (page does not exist)">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:History of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:History of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Sri Lanka</b> covers <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and the history of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and its surrounding regions of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p><p>Prehistoric Sri Lanka goes back 125,000 years and possibly even as far back as 500,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Balangoda_Man" title="Balangoda Man">earliest humans</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> date to <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistoric times</a> about 35,000 years ago. Little is known about the history before the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Aryan_Settlement_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indo-Aryan Settlement in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Indo-Aryan Settlement</a> in the 6th century BC. The earliest documents of the settlement on the Island and its early history are found in the national chronicles of the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahāvamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930228_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930228-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasekara1900_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasekara1900-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Mahāvamsa, a chronicle written in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a>, the preceeding inhabitants of Sri Lanka were said to be <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakkhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Nagas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenaveratna19971-6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenaveratna19971-6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sinhalese">Sinhalese</a> history traditionally starts in 543 BC with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a>, a semi-legendary prince who sailed with 700 followers to the island, after being expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComing_of_Vijaya2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComing_of_Vijaya2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Vijaya thereafter established the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Kingdom">Sinhala Kingdom</a> ushering in the historical period of Sri Lanka. During the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> (377 BCE–1017) <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was introduced in the 3rd century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a>, son of Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930208_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930208-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the island's close proximity to Southern India, Dravidian influence on Sri Lankan politics and trade had been very active since the third century BC. Trade relations between the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a> and southern India existed very probably from an early time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPieris2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPieris2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Indian attempts at usurping power of the Anuradhapura Kingdom appears to have been at least motivated by the prospect of influencing the country's lucrative external trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about the fifth century AD onwards, Tamil mercenaries were brought to the island for the service of the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinahalese monarchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would play a small part in the fall of the Anuradhapura Kingdom in the 11th century with the <a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest</a>. </p><p>Invasion of the Anuradhapura Kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> began in 993 AD when he sent a large army to conquer the kingdom and absorb it into the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1935172–173_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1935172–173-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1017 most of the island was conquered and incorporated as a province of the vast empire beginning the <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> (1017–1232) of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya19947–9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya19947–9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009195–_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009195–-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawardena200571–_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawardena200571–-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Chola occupation would be overthrown in 1070 through a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese Resistance">Sinhalese Resistance</a> led by Prince Kitti (later <a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_I_of_Polonnaruwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa">Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976409_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976409-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 10th century more <a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">permanent settlements of Tamils</a> began to appear in Sri Lanka. While not extensive, these settlements formed the nucleus for later settlements around that of Northern Sri Lanka which would later form the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> community of today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Sinhalese Kingdom</a> now located in <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a> lasted less than two centuries. During its later turbulent stages it was once again <a href="/w/index.php?title=1215_invasion_of_Polonnaruwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1215 invasion of Polonnaruwa (page does not exist)">invaded from the Indian mainland</a> forcing the Sinhalese to abandon their tranditional center of administration in the <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">North central</a> region of the island and flee south into the mountainous interior. This invasion saw a catastrophic decline in Sinhalese power and began the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a> (1232–1597), which was characterised by the succession of <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">capitals</a> followed by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> as a buffer state by the South Indian <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyans</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a> (1521–1597), started with the <a href="/wiki/Vijayab%C4%81_Kollaya" title="Vijayabā Kollaya">Vijayabā Kollaya</a>, the division of the Sinhalese Kingdom, now at <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a>. The country was divided among three brothers resulting in a series of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_Kotte_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wars of Kotte Succession (page does not exist)">Wars of Succession</a>. It was also at this time that the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> intruded into the internal affiars of Sri Lanka, establishing control over the maritime regions of the island and seeking to control its lucrative external trade. The Crisis culminated in the collapse of the short lived but influential <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese</a> dominance, if not control by 1597, over two of three kingdoms that had existed at the start of the century, including the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a> was the only independent Sinhalese kingdom to survive thus beginning the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> (1597–1815).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005162_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005162-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese lost their possessions in Sri Lanka due to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch intervention</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> too were soon replaced by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> and an internal struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy">Sinhalese monarch</a> at the time and the Kandyan aristocracy, the island was united for the final time and came under <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British colonial rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Convention" title="Kandyan Convention">1815</a> beginning the <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a> (1815–1948). Armed resistance against the British took place in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">1818</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">1848</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Native sovereignty</a> was once again archieved when Independence was granted in 1948 as a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1972 Sri Lanka became a Republic. A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">constitution</a> was introduced in 1978 which created Sri Lanka a unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic. In the 1970s and 80s the country suffered from armed uprisings in <a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971</a> and <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–89</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Civil War</a> which lasted 25 years ending in 2009. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_background">Geographical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography of Sri Lanka</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:353px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A roughly oval island with a mountainous center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg/204px-Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg/306px-Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg/408px-Topography_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Topographic map of Sri Lanka</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:353px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png/230px-Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png/345px-Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png/460px-Sri_Lanka_Precipitation_and_Irrigation_map.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1223" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Precipitation and irrigation map of Sri Lanka</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sri Lanka lies on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plate</a> that was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in the Indian Ocean southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, between latitudes <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_north" title="5th parallel north">5°</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/79th_meridian_east" title="79th meridian east">79°</a> and <a href="/wiki/82nd_meridian_east" title="82nd meridian east">82°E</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaze19332_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaze19332-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTElatlong2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTElatlong2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka is separated from the mainland portion of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Bridge" title="Adam's Bridge">a land bridge</a> existed between the Indian mainland and Sri Lanka. It now amounts to only a chain of limestone shoals remaining above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legends claim that it was passable on foot up to 1480 AD, until <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> deepened the channel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarg1992142_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarg1992142-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERediff.com2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERediff.com2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portions are still as shallow as 1 metre (3 ft), hindering navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica:_Adam's_Bridge2015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica:_Adam's_Bridge2015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island consists mostly of flat to rolling coastal plains, with mountains rising only in the south-central part. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a>, reaching 2,524 metres (8,281 ft) above sea level. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_bridge_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Adams_bridge_map.png/300px-Adams_bridge_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Adams_bridge_map.png/450px-Adams_bridge_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Adams_bridge_map.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rama%27s_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama's Bridge">Rama's Bridge</a>, a shoal "connecting" (northwestern) Sri Lanka (<a href="/wiki/Talaimannar" title="Talaimannar">Talaimannar</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Sri_Lanka" title="Mannar, Sri Lanka">Mannar</a> island in that district) and (southern) India (<a href="/wiki/Dhanushkodi" title="Dhanushkodi">Dhanushkodi</a> (extinct)/<a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram district</a>) between the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> (southwest) from the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> (northeast).</figcaption></figure> <p>Sri Lanka has 103 rivers. The longest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli River</a>, extending 335 kilometres (208 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAves2003372_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAves2003372-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These waterways give rise to 51 natural waterfalls of 10 meters or more. The highest is <a href="/wiki/Bambarakanda_Falls" title="Bambarakanda Falls">Bambarakanda Falls</a>, with a height of 263 metres (863 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELonely_Planet2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELonely_Planet2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka's coastline is 1,585 km long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka claims an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) extending 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>, which is approximately 6.7 times Sri Lanka's land area. The coastline and adjacent waters support highly productive marine ecosystems such as <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing</a> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and shallow beds of coastal and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFood_and_Agriculture_Organization2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFood_and_Agriculture_Organization2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sri Lanka has 45 <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> and 40 <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> ecosystem spans over 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> and played a vital role in buffering the force of the waves in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is rich in minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEindexmundi.com2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEindexmundi.com2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVitharana2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVitharana2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existence of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and gas in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> has also been confirmed and the extraction of recoverable quantities is underway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairn_Lanka2009iv–vii_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairn_Lanka2009iv–vii-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lying within the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a>, Sri Lanka is one of 25 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittermeierMyersMittermeier2000142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittermeierMyersMittermeier2000142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the country is relatively small in size, it has the highest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> density in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnvironment_Sri_Lanka2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnvironment_Sri_Lanka2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A remarkably high proportion of the species among its flora and fauna, 27% of the 3,210 <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> and 22% of the <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mammals of Sri Lanka">List</a></i>), are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEnews.mongabay.com2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEnews.mongabay.com2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka has declared 24 wildlife reserves, which are home to a wide range of native species such as <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bears</a>, the unique small loris, a variety of deer, the <a href="/wiki/Purple-faced_langur" title="Purple-faced langur">purple-faced langur</a>, the endangered <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_pangolin" title="Indian pangolin">Indian pangolins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEcotourism_Sri_Lanka2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEcotourism_Sri_Lanka2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flowering <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a> flourish on the arid <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a>. Among the trees of the dry-land forests are valuable species such as <a href="/wiki/Chloroxylon" title="Chloroxylon">satinwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesua_ferrea" title="Mesua ferrea">ironwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a>. The wet zone is a tropical <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen forest</a> with tall trees, broad foliage, and a dense undergrowth of vines and creepers. Subtropical evergreen forests resembling those of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a> flourish in the higher altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEearthtrends.wri.org20074_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEearthtrends.wri.org20074-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yala_National_Park" title="Yala National Park">Yala National Park</a> in the southeast protects herds of elephant, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacocks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wilpattu_National_Park" title="Wilpattu National Park">Wilpattu National Park</a> in the northwest, the largest national park, preserves the habitats of many water birds such as <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spoonbill" title="Spoonbill">spoonbills</a>. The island has four <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">biosphere reserves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bundala_National_Park" title="Bundala National Park">Bundala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurulu_Forest_Reserve" title="Hurulu Forest Reserve">Hurulu Forest Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya">Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinharaja_Forest_Reserve" title="Sinharaja Forest Reserve">Sinharaja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCO2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, Sinharaja forest reserve is home to 26 endemic birds and 20 rainforest species, including the elusive <a href="/wiki/Red-faced_malkoha" title="Red-faced malkoha">red-faced malkoha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green-billed_coucal" title="Green-billed coucal">green-billed coucal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_blue_magpie" title="Sri Lanka blue magpie">Sri Lanka blue magpie</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_Development_programme" title="Mahaweli Development programme">Mahaweli Development programme</a> of the 1970s and 1980s in northern Sri Lanka, the government set aside four areas of land totalling 1,900 km<sup>2</sup> (730 sq mi) as national parks. Sri Lanka's forest cover, which was around 49% in 1920, had fallen to approximately 24% by 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEsrilankanwaterfalls.net2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEsrilankanwaterfalls.net2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMSN_Encarta_Encyclopedia2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMSN_Encarta_Encyclopedia2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periodization of Sri Lanka history: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#ffefef;"> <th>Dates</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Span (years)</th> <th>Subperiod</th> <th>Span (years)</th> <th>Main government </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">300,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>–~1000 BC </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistoric Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Stone Age">Stone Age</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>  </td> <td rowspan="2">300,000 </td> <td rowspan="3">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Bronze Age</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>~1000 BC–543 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Iron Age">Iron Age</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td> <td>457 </td></tr> <tr> <td>543 BC–437 BC </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>  </td> <td>106 </td> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>437 BC–463 AD </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">1454 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Early_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anuradhapura period">Early Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>463–691 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Anuradhapura period">Middle Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>228 </td></tr> <tr> <td>691–1017 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Late_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Anuradhapura period">Late Anuradhapura</a> </td> <td>326 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1017–1070 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">215 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest</a> </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1055–1232 </td> <td>  </td> <td>177 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1232–1341 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">365 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dambadeniya_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambadeniya period">Dambadeniya</a> </td> <td>109 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1341–1412 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gampola_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gampola period">Gampola</a> </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1412–1592 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early Modern Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotte_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotte period">Kotte</a> </td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1592–1739 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">223 </td> <td>  </td> <td>147 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1739–1815 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nayakkar_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nayakkar period (page does not exist)">Nayakkar</a> </td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1815–1833 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">133 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-Kandyan_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-Kandyan period (page does not exist)">Post-Kandyan</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colonial monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1833–1948 </td> <td>  </td> <td>115 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948–1972 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka since 1948</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">77 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Constitutional monarchy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)#Republic_(1972–2009)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Republic</a> </td> <td>53 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_Sri_Lanka">Prehistoric Sri Lanka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory of Sri Lanka</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre_Iron_Age_(Pre_~1000_BC)"><span id="Pre_Iron_Age_.28Pre_.7E1000_BC.29"></span>Pre Iron Age (Pre ~1000 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre Iron Age (Pre ~1000 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pre-history of Sri Lanka goes back 125,000 years and possibly even as far back as 500,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The era spans the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> human settlements discovered in Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Fa_Hien_Cave" title="Fa Hien Cave">Pahiyangala</a> (named after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>), which dates back to 37,000 BP, <a href="/wiki/Batadombalena" title="Batadombalena">Batadombalena</a> (28,500 BP) and <a href="/wiki/Belilena" class="mw-redirect" title="Belilena">Belilena</a> (12,000 BP) are the most important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedyKennethRoertgenChiment1986165–265_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedyKennethRoertgenChiment1986165–265-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEangelfire.com2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEangelfire.com2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these caves, archaeologists have found the remains of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomically</a> modern <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> which they have named <a href="/wiki/Balangoda_Man" title="Balangoda Man">Balangoda Man</a>, and other evidence suggesting that they may have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and kept domestic dogs for driving game.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva19816–7_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva19816–7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992454_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992454-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, which provides details of a kingdom named <i><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></i> that was created by the divine sculptor <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma">Vishwakarma</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>, the Lord of Wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaze19334_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaze19334-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeshavadas1988_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeshavadas1988-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that Kubera was overthrown by his demon stepbrother <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, the powerful emperor who built a mythical <a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">flying machine</a> named <a href="/wiki/Dandu_Monara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandu Monara">Dandu Monara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker19927_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker19927-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern city of <a href="/wiki/Wariyapola" title="Wariyapola">Wariyapola</a> is described as Ravana's airport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdirisinghe2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdirisinghe2009-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early inhabitants of Sri Lanka were probably ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an indigenous people numbering approximately 2,500 living in modern-day Sri Lanka. The 19th-century Irish historian <a href="/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennent" title="James Emerson Tennent">James Emerson Tennent</a> theorized that <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a>, a city in southern Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a> from which <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> is said to have drawn <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacocks</a>, and other valuables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_(~1000_BC–543_BC)"><span id="Iron_Age_.28.7E1000_BC.E2.80.93543_BC.29"></span>Iron Age (~1000 BC–543 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age (~1000 BC–543 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protohistoric Early Iron Age appears to have established itself in South India by at least as early as 1200 BCE, if not earlier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParPossehlker1990_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParPossehlker1990-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992734_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992734-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest manifestation of this in Sri Lanka is radiocarbon-dated to c. 1000–800 BCE at Anuradhapura and Aligala shelter in Sigiriya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992709-29_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992709-29-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarunaratneAdikari199458_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarunaratneAdikari199458-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMogren199439_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMogren199439-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConingham1999_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConingham1999-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very likely that further investigations will push back the Sri Lankan lower boundary to match that of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELankalibrary.com2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELankalibrary.com2012-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence for the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in Sri Lanka is found at <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, where a large city–settlement was founded before 900 BCE. The settlement was about 15 hectares in 900 BCE, but by 700 BCE it had expanded to 50 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar site from the same period has also been discovered near Aligala in <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDailynews.lk2008_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDailynews.lk2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hunter-gatherer people known as the <a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Wanniyala-Aetto or Veddas</a>, who still live in the central, Uva and north-eastern parts of the island, are probably direct descendants of the first inhabitants, Balangoda Man. They may have migrated to the island from the mainland around the time humans spread from Africa to the Indian subcontinent. Achievements include the construction of the largest reservoirs and dams of the ancient world as well as enormous pyramid-like <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> architecture. This phase of Sri Lankan culture may have seen the introduction of early <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt201153-56_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt201153-56-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early mythical history recorded in Buddhist scriptures refers to three visits by the Buddha to the island to see the <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga</a> Kings, snakes that can take the form of a human at will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanwella2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanwella2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest surviving chronicles from the island, the <a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, say that tribes of <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakkhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Nagas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deva_people" title="Deva people">Devas</a> inhabited the island prior to the Indo-Aryan migration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Anuradhapura_period_(543–377_BCE)"><span id="Pre-Anuradhapura_period_.28543.E2.80.93377_BCE.29"></span>Pre-Anuradhapura period (543–377 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Anuradhapura period (543–377 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_kingdoms_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early kingdoms period">Early kingdoms period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Aryan_syncretism">Indo-Aryan syncretism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indo-Aryan syncretism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a></div> <p>The Pali chronicles, the <a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thupavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thupavamsa">Thupavamsa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chulavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulavamsa">Chulavamsa</a>, as well as a large collection of stone inscriptions,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Indian Epigraphical records, the Burmese versions of the chronicles etc., provide information on the history of Sri Lanka from about the 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mahavamsa, written around 400 CE by the monk Mahanama, using the Deepavamsa, the Attakatha and other written sources available to him, correlates well with Indian histories of the period. Indeed, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s reign is recorded in the Mahavamsa. The Mahavamsa account of the period prior to Asoka's coronation, 218 years after the Buddha's death, seems to be part legend. Proper historical records begin with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaya of Sri Lanka">Vijaya</a> and his 700 followers from Vanga. A detailed description of the dynastic accounts from Vijaya's time is provided in the Mahavamsa.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H. W. Codrington puts it, 'It is possible and even probable that Vijaya ('The Conqueror') himself is a composite character combining in his person...two conquests' of ancient Sri Lanka. Vijaya is an Indian prince, the eldest son of King Sinhabahu ("Man with Lion arms") and his sister Queen Sinhasivali. Both these Sinhalese leaders were born of a mythical union between a lion and a human princess. The Mahavamsa states that Vijaya landed on the same day as the death of the Buddha (See Geiger's preface to Mahavamsa). The story of Vijaya and <a href="/wiki/Kuveni" title="Kuveni">Kuveni</a> (the local reigning queen) is reminiscent of Greek legend and may have a common source in ancient Proto-Indo-European folk tales. </p><p>According to the Mahavamsa, Vijaya landed on Sri Lanka near Mahathitha (Manthota or <a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Sri_Lanka" title="Mannar, Sri Lanka">Mannar</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and named<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the island of <i>Tambaparni</i> ("copper-colored sand"). This name is attested to in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s map of the ancient world. The Mahavamsa also describes the Buddha visiting Sri Lanka three times. Firstly, to stop a war between a Naga king and his son in law who were fighting over a ruby chair. It is said that on his last visit he left his foot mark on <i>Siri Pada</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak" title="Adam's Peak">Adam's Peak</a>"). </p><p>Tamirabharani is the old name for the second longest river in Sri Lanka (known as <a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malwatu Oya</a> in Sinhala and <a href="/wiki/Aruvi_Aru" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruvi Aru">Aruvi Aru</a> in Tamil). This river was a main supply route connecting the capital, <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, to Mahathitha (now Mannar). The waterway was used by Greek and Chinese ships traveling the southern Silk Route. </p><p>Mahathir was an ancient port linking Sri Lanka to India and the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present day Sinhalese are a mixture of the Indo Aryans and the Indigenous<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sinhalese are recognized as a distinct ethnic group from other groups in neighboring south India based on the Indo-Aryan language, culture, Theravada Buddhism, genetics and the physical anthropology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anuradhapura_period_(377_BCE–1017)"><span id="Anuradhapura_period_.28377_BCE.E2.80.931017.29"></span>Anuradhapura period (377 BCE–1017)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anuradhapura period (377 BCE–1017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg/220px-Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg/330px-Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg/440px-Temple_between_hill_symbols_and_elephant_coin_of_the_Pandyas_Sri_Lanka_1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Kingdom">Pandyan Kingdom</a> coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, 1st century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early ages of the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a>, the economy was based on farming and early settlements were mainly made near the rivers of the east, north central, and north east areas which had the water necessary for farming the whole year round. The king was the ruler of country and responsible for the law, the army, and being the protector of faith. <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka">Devanampiya Tissa</a> (250–210 BCE) was <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> and was friends with the King of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> clan. His links with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a> led to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a> (son of Asoka) around 247 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Sangamitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangamitta">Sangamitta</a> (sister of Mahinda) brought a <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi</a> sapling via <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a> (west of <a href="/wiki/Kankesanthurai" title="Kankesanthurai">Kankesanthurai</a>). This king's reign was crucial to <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> and for Sri Lanka. </p><p>The Mauryan-Sanskrit text <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> referred to the pearls and gems of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. A kind of pearl, <i>kauleya (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: कौलेय)</i> was referred in that text and also mentioned it collected from <i>Mayurgrām</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>. <i>Pārsamudra(पारसमुद्र)</i>, a gem, was also being collected from Sinhala.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a> (205–161 BCE) was a Tamil King who ruled "Pihiti Rata" (Sri Lanka north of the <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a>) after killing King <a href="/wiki/Asela_of_Anuradhapura" title="Asela of Anuradhapura">Asela</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a>'s time <a href="/wiki/Kelani_Tissa" title="Kelani Tissa">Kelani Tissa</a> was a sub-king of <a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya Rata</a> (in the south-west) and <a href="/wiki/Kavan_Tissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavan Tissa">Kavan Tissa</a> was a regional sub-king of <a href="/wiki/Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a> (in the south-east). Kavan Tissa built Tissa Maha Vihara, <a href="/wiki/Dighavapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighavapi">Dighavapi Tank</a> and many shrines in Seruvila. <a href="/wiki/Dutthagamani_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutthagamani of Sri Lanka">Dutugemunu</a> (161–137 BCE), the eldest son of King Kavan Tissa, at 25 years of age defeated the South Indian Tamil invader Elara (over 64 years of age) in single combat, described in the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a>, built by Dutugemunu, is a dagaba of pyramid-like proportions and was considered an engineering marvel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pulahatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulahatta">Pulahatta</a> (or Pulahatha), the first of <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">the Five Dravidians</a>, was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Bahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahiya">Bahiya</a>. He in turn was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Panaya_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Panaya Mara">Panaya Mara</a> who was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Pilaya_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilaya Mara">Pilaya Mara</a>, murdered by <a href="/wiki/Dathika" class="mw-redirect" title="Dathika">Dathika</a> in 88 BCE. Mara was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Vattagamani_Abhaya_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vattagamani Abhaya of Sri Lanka">Valagamba I (89–77 BCE)</a> which ended Tamil rule. The Mahavihara <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <i>Abhayagiri</i> ("pro-<a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>") doctrinal disputes arose at this time. The <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> was written in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> at Aluvihara, <a href="/wiki/Matale" title="Matale">Matale</a>. Chora Naga (63–51 BCE), a Mahanagan, was poisoned by his consort Anula who became queen. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anula" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Anula">Queen Anula</a> (48–44 BCE), the widow of Chora Naga and of Kuda Tissa, was the first Queen of Lanka. She had many lovers who were poisoned by her and was killed by Kuttakanna Tissa. <a href="/wiki/Vasabha_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasabha of Sri Lanka">Vasabha</a> (67–111 CE), named on the <a href="/wiki/Vallipuram" title="Vallipuram">Vallipuram</a> gold plate, fortified <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> and built eleven tanks as well as pronouncing many edicts. <a href="/wiki/Gajabahu_I_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajabahu I of Sri Lanka">Gajabahu I</a> (114–136) invaded the <a href="/wiki/Chola_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola kingdom">Chola kingdom</a> and brought back captives as well as recovering the <a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam Period</a> classic, <i><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></i>, attributes the origin of the first Pallava King from a liaison between the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Nainativu" title="Nainativu">Manipallava</a> named Pilli Valai (Pilivalai) with a <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> king, Killivalavan, out of which union was born a prince, who was lost in ship wreck and found with a twig (<i>pallava</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Coccinia_grandis" title="Coccinia grandis">Cephalandra Indica</a> (<i>Tondai</i>) around his ankle and hence named <i>Tondai-man</i>. Another version states "Pallava" was born from the union of the Brahmin <a href="/wiki/Ashvatthama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvatthama">Ashvatthama</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Naga_people_(Lanka)" title="Naga people (Lanka)">Naga</a> Princess also supposedly supported in the sixth verse of the Bahur plates which states "From Ashvatthama was born the king named Pallava".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Sri_Lankan_imitations_of_4th_century_Roman_coins_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lankan imitations of 4th-century Roman coins, 4th to 8th centuries.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_(%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg/220px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg/330px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador from Sri Lanka (獅子國 <i>Shiziguo</i>) to China (<a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Wanghuitu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanghuitu">Wanghuitu</a></i> (王会图), circa 650 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>There was intense <a href="/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman trade with India">Roman trade</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">ancient Tamil country</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing trading settlements which remained long after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in the first century AD where Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> introduced Sri Lanka's first monotheistic religion, Christianity, according to a local Christian tradition<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahasena_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasena of Sri Lanka">Mahasena</a> (274–301) the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> (Maha Vihara) was persecuted and the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayanan</a> branch of Buddhism appeared. Later the King returned to the Maha Vihara. Pandu (429) was the first of seven Pandiyan rulers, ending with Pithya in 455. <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatusena of Sri Lanka">Dhatusena</a> (459–477) "Kalaweva" and his son <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka">Kashyapa</a> (477–495) built the famous <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a> rock palace where some 700 rock graffiti give a glimpse of ancient Sinhala. </p> <dl><dt>Decline</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chola_occupation_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola occupation of Anuradhapura">Chola occupation of Anuradhapura</a></div> <p>In 993, when <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola">Raja Raja Chola</a> sent a large Chola army which conquered the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a>, in the north, and added it to the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole island was subsequently conquered and incorporated as a province of the vast <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I#Overseas_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Chola empire</a> during the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola">Rajendra Chola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polonnaruwa_period_(1056–1232)"><span id="Polonnaruwa_period_.281056.E2.80.931232.29"></span>Polonnaruwa period (1056–1232)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polonnaruwa period (1056–1232)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a> was the second major <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> kingdom of Sri Lanka. It lasted from 1055 under <a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_I" title="Vijayabahu I">Vijayabahu I</a> to 1212 under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Lilavati_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilavati of Sri Lanka">Lilavati</a>. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa came into being after the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a> was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> and led to formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ruhuna">Kingdom of Ruhuna</a>, where the Sinhalese Kings ruled during Chola occupation. </p> <dl><dt>Decline</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> invaded Sri Lanka in the 13th century and defeated Chandrabanu the usurper of the Jaffna Kingdom in northern Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Sirisena_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirisena-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> forced Candrabhanu to submit to the Pandyan rule and to pay tributes to the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Dynasty">Pandyan Dynasty</a>. But later on when Candrabhanu became powerful enough he again invaded the Singhalese kingdom but he was defeated by the brother of <a href="/wiki/Sadayavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I">Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> called Veera Pandyan I and Candrabhanu died.<sup id="cite_ref-Sirisena_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirisena-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka was invaded for the 3rd time by the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Dynasty">Pandyan Dynasty</a> under the leadership of Arya Cakravarti who established the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sirisena_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirisena-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transitional_period_(1232–1505)"><span id="Transitional_period_.281232.E2.80.931505.29"></span>Transitional period (1232–1505)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transitional period (1232–1505)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Berlinghieri,_Geographia,_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo,_firenze_1482,_38_ceylon_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_38_ceylon_02.jpg/300px-Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_38_ceylon_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_38_ceylon_02.jpg/450px-Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_38_ceylon_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_38_ceylon_02.jpg/600px-Francesco_Berlinghieri%2C_Geographia%2C_incunabolo_per_niccol%C3%B2_di_lorenzo%2C_firenze_1482%2C_38_ceylon_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5392" /></a><figcaption>Ptolemic map of Ceylon (1482)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaffna_Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jaffna Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></div><p>Also known as the <a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti dynasty</a>, was a northern kingdom centred around the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1247, the Malay kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> which was a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya Empire</a> led by their king <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> briefly invaded Sri Lanka especially the Jaffna Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Insular_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Southeast Asia">Insular Southeast Asia</a>. They were then expelled by the South Indian <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Dynasty">Pandyan Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this temporary invasion permanently introduced the presence of various Malayo-Polynesian merchant ethnic groups, from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malays" title="Sri Lankan Malays">Sumatrans</a> (Indonesia) to <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Philippines–Sri Lanka relations">Lucoes</a> (Philippines) into Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya">Kingdom of Dambadeniya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Dambadeniya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Kingdom of Dambadeniya</a></div> <p>After defeating <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Kalinga Magha</a>, King Vijayabahu III established his Kingdom in Dambadeniya. After the death of King Vijayabahu III, his son King Parakramabahu the II ascended the throne. He deafeated the Kalinga Magha after 40 year. He also constructed a temple for the tooth relic in Dambadeniya. <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_Of_Yapahuwa">Kingdom Of Yapahuwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kingdom Of Yapahuwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a></div> <p>After the death of King Parakramabahu II, his son became the King of the Dambadeniya Kingdom. Within 2 years, he was killed due to a conspiracy that had been planned in the royal palace. After that his brother King Buwanekabahu I became the king. King Buwanekabahu went on to establish Yapahuwa as his kingdom.The palace and fortress here were built by King Buvanekabahu I in the year 1273.Following the death of King Buvenakabahu in 1284, the Pandyans of South India invaded Sri Lanka once again, and succeeded in capturing Sacred Tooth Relic. Following its capture, Yapahuwa was largely abandoned and inhabited by Buddhist monks and religious ascetics. </p> <pre><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Gampola">Kingdom of Gampola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Gampola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Kingdom of Gampola</a></div> <p>It was established by king Buwanekabahu IV, he is said to be the son of Sawulu Vijayabahu. During this time, a Muslim traveller and geographer named <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> came to Sri Lanka and wrote a book about it. The Gadaladeniya Viharaya is the main building made in the Gampola Kingdom period. The <a href="/wiki/Lankatilaka_Vihara" title="Lankatilaka Vihara">Lankatilaka Viharaya</a> is also a main building built in Gampola. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Kotte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a></div> <p>After winning the battle, Parakramabahu VI sent an officer named Alagakkonar to check the new kingdom of Kotte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Sitawaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a></div> <p>The kingdom of Sithawaka lasted for a short span of time during the Portuguese era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vannimai">Vannimai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vannimai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanni_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanni Nadu">Vanni Nadu</a></div> <p>Vannimai, also called Vanni Nadu, were feudal land divisions ruled by <a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar chiefs</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna peninsula">Jaffna peninsula</a> in northern Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Pandara_Vanniyan" title="Pandara Vanniyan">Pandara Vanniyan</a> allied with the <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Kandy Nayakars</a> led a rebellion against the British and Dutch colonial powers in Sri Lanka in 1802. He was able to liberate <a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu" title="Mullaitivu">Mullaitivu</a> and other parts of northern Vanni from Dutch rule. In 1803, Pandara Vanniyan was defeated by the British and <a href="/wiki/Vanni_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Vanni (Sri Lanka)">Vanni</a> came under British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_(1505–1594)"><span id="Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century_.281505.E2.80.931594.29"></span>Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_intervention">Portuguese intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portuguese intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese War">Sinhalese–Portuguese War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batticaloa_Portuguese_(dutch)_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg/250px-Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg/375px-Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg/500px-Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>A Portuguese (later Dutch) fort in <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a>, Eastern Province built in the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Europeans to visit Sri Lanka in modern times were the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> arrived in 1505 and found that the island, divided into seven warring kingdoms, was unable to fend off intruders. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592, the Sinhalese moved their capital to the inland city of <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, a location more secure against attack from invaders. Intermittent warfare continued through the 16th century. </p><p>Many lowland Sinhalese converted to Christianity due to missionary campaigns by the Portuguese while the coastal <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moors</a> were religiously persecuted and forced to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central highlands</a>. The Buddhist majority disliked the Portuguese occupation and its influences, welcoming any power who might rescue them. When the Dutch captain <a href="/wiki/Joris_van_Spilbergen" title="Joris van Spilbergen">Joris van Spilbergen</a> landed in 1602, the king of Kandy appealed to him for help.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_intervention">Dutch intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dutch intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rajasinghe_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasinghe II">Rajasinghe II</a>, the king of Kandy, made a treaty with the Dutch in 1638 to get rid of the Portuguese who ruled most of the coastal areas of the island. The main conditions of the treaty were that the Dutch were to hand over the coastal areas they had captured to the Kandyan king in return for a Dutch trade monopoly over the island. The agreement was breached by both parties. The Dutch captured <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in 1656 and the last Portuguese strongholds near <a href="/wiki/Jaffnapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffnapatnam">Jaffnapatnam</a> in 1658. By 1660 they controlled the whole island except the land-locked kingdom of Kandy. The Dutch (Protestants) persecuted the Catholics and the remaining Portuguese settlers but left Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims alone. The Dutch levied far heavier taxes on the people than the Portuguese had done.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kandyan_period_(1594–1815)"><span id="Kandyan_period_.281594.E2.80.931815.29"></span>Kandyan period (1594–1815)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kandyan period (1594–1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete,_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete%2C_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg/220px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete%2C_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete%2C_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg/330px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete%2C_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete%2C_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg/440px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_alfabeti_monete%2C_1733_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13426913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>On the top: illustration from <i>Delineatio characterum quorundam incognitorum, quos in insula Ceylano spectandos praebet tumulus quidam sepulchralis</i> published in <a href="/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum" title="Acta Eruditorum">Acta Eruditorum</a>, 1733</figcaption></figure> <p>After the invasion of the Portuguese, Konappu Bandara (King Vimaladharmasuriya) intelligently won the battle and became the first king of the kingdom of Kandy. He built The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic. The monarch ended with the death of the last king, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Sri_Lanka_(1815–1948)"><span id="Colonial_Sri_Lanka_.281815.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Colonial Sri Lanka (1815–1948)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Colonial Sri Lanka (1815–1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British Ceylon">History of British Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_von_Ceylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Karte_von_Ceylon.jpg/176px-Karte_von_Ceylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Karte_von_Ceylon.jpg/264px-Karte_von_Ceylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Karte_von_Ceylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Late 19th-century German map of Ceylon.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Great Britain, fearing that French control of the Netherlands (and thus the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, i.e. Indonesia) might deliver the island to the French, occupied its coastal areas with little difficulty in 1796. In 1802, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> formally ceded the Dutch part of the island to Britain and it became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>. In 1803, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan kingdom">Kingdom of Kandy</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan War</a>, but were repulsed. In 1815 Kandy was annexed in the second Kandyan War, finally ending Sri Lankan independence. </p><p>Following the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a>, the Kandyan peasantry were stripped of their lands by the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance),<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a modern <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> movement, and reduced to penury. The British found that the uplands of Sri Lanka were very suitable for coffee, tea and rubber cultivation. By the mid-19th century, Ceylon tea had become a staple of the British market, bringing great wealth to a small number of European tea planters. The planters imported large numbers of Tamil workers as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_labourer" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured labourer">indentured labourers</a> from south India to work the estates, who soon made up 10% of the island's population.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British colonial administration favoured the Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burghers</a>, certain high-<a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> Sinhalese and the Tamils, who were mainly concentrated to the north of the country. Nevertheless, the British also introduced democratic elements to Sri Lanka for the first time in its history and the Burghers were given a degree of self-government as early as 1833. It was not until 1909 that constitutional development began, with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members outnumbered official appointees. <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a> was introduced in 1931 over the protests of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg/220px-1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg/330px-1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg/440px-1880s_Sorting_tea_Ceylon_Sri_Lanka_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Sorting tea in Ceylon in the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_National_Congress" title="Ceylon National Congress">Ceylon National Congress</a> (CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy, although the party was soon split along ethnic and caste lines. Historian <a href="/wiki/K._M._de_Silva" title="K. M. de Silva">K. M. de Silva</a> has stated that the refusal of the Ceylon Tamils to accept minority status is one of the main causes of the break up of the CNC. The CNC did not seek independence (or "Swaraj"). What may be called the independence movement broke into two streams: the "constitutionalists", who sought independence by gradual modification of the status of Ceylon; and the more radical groups associated with the Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of "Swaraj" ("outright independence") following the Indian example when <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, Sarojini Naidu and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> reforms in 1931 and the <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> recommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers headed by <a href="/wiki/D._S._Senanayake" title="D. S. Senanayake">D. S. Senanayake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist <a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a> (LSSP), which grew out of the Youth Leagues in 1935, made the demand for outright independence a cornerstone of their policy.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its deputies in the State Council, <a href="/wiki/N.M._Perera" class="mw-redirect" title="N.M. Perera">N.M. Perera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gunawardena" title="Philip Gunawardena">Philip Gunawardena</a>, were aided in this struggle by other less radical members like <a href="/wiki/Colvin_R._de_Silva" title="Colvin R. de Silva">Colvin R. De Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Goonewardene" title="Leslie Goonewardene">Leslie Goonewardene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Goonewardene" title="Vivienne Goonewardene">Vivienne Goonewardene</a>, Edmund Samarkody and Natesa Iyer. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. The Marxist groups were a tiny minority and yet their movement was viewed with great interest by the British administration. The ineffective attempts to rouse the public against the British Raj in revolt would have led to certain bloodshed and a delay in independence. British state papers released in the 1950s show that the Marxist movement had a very negative impact on the policy makers at the Colonial office.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> was the most important result of the agitation for constitutional reform in the 1930s. The Tamil organization was by then led by <a href="/wiki/G._G._Ponnambalam" title="G. G. Ponnambalam">G. G. Ponnambalam</a>, who had rejected the "Ceylonese identity".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ponnamblam had declared himself a "proud Dravidian" and proclaimed an independent identity for the Tamils. He attacked the Sinhalese and criticized their historical chronicle known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>. The first Sinhalese-Tamil riot came in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ponnambalam opposed <a href="/wiki/Universal_franchise" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal franchise">universal franchise</a>, supported the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, and claimed that the protection of minority rights requires that minorities (35% of the population in 1931) having an equal number of seats in parliament to that of the Sinhalese (65% of the population). This "50-50" or "balanced representation" policy became the hall mark of Tamil politics of the time. Ponnambalam also accused the British of having established colonization in "traditional Tamil areas", and having favoured the Buddhists by the Buddhist temporalities act. The <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> rejected the submissions by Ponnambalam and even criticized what they described as their unacceptable communal character. Sinhalese writers pointed to the large immigration of Tamils to the southern urban centres, especially after the opening of the Jaffna-Colombo railway. Meanwhile, Senanayake, Baron Jayatilleke, Oliver Gunatilleke and others lobbied the <a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Commission" title="Soulbury Commission">Soulbury Commission</a> without confronting them officially. The unofficial submissions contained what was to later become the draft constitution of 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close collaboration of the D. S. Senanayake government with the war-time British administration led to the support of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a>. His dispatches and a telegram to the Colonial office supporting Independence for Ceylon have been cited by historians as having helped the Senanayake government to secure the independence of Sri Lanka. The shrewd cooperation with the British as well as diverting the needs of the war market to Ceylonese markets as a supply point, managed by Oliver Goonatilleke, also led to a very favourable fiscal situation for the newly independent government.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Second_World_War">The Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a></div> <p>Sri Lanka was a front-line British base against the Japanese during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Sri Lankan opposition to the war was led by the Marxist organizations, and the leaders of the LSSP pro-independence group were arrested by the Colonial authorities. On 5 April 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean raid (1942)">Indian Ocean raid</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese Navy</a> bomb Colombo. The Japanese attack led to the flight of Indian merchants, dominant in the Colombo commercial sector, which removed a major political problem facing the Senanayake government.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxist leaders also escaped to India where they participated in the independence struggle there. The movement in Ceylon was minuscule, limited to the English-educated intelligentsia and trade unions, mainly in the urban centres. These groups were led by Robert Gunawardena, Philip's brother. In stark contrast to this "heroic" but ineffective approach to the war, the Senanayake government took advantage to further its rapport with the commanding elite. Ceylon became crucial to the British Empire in the war, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a> using Colombo as his headquarters for the Eastern Theatre. Oliver Goonatilleka successfully exploited the markets for the country's rubber and other agricultural products to replenish the treasury. Nonetheless, the Sinhalese continued to push for independence and the Sinhalese sovereignty, using the opportunities offered by the war, pushed to establish a special relationship with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Marxists, identifying the war as an imperialist sideshow and desiring a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>, chose a path of agitation disproportionate to their negligible combat strength and diametrically opposed to the "constitutionalist" approach of Senanayake and other ethnic Sinhalese leaders. A small garrison on the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Islands">Cocos Islands</a> manned by Ceylonese <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Islands Mutiny">mutinied</a> against British rule. It has been claimed that the LSSP had some hand in the action, though this is far from clear. Three of the participants were the only British colony subjects to be shot for mutiny during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two members of the Governing Party, <a href="/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayawardene" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Richard Jayawardene">Junius Richard Jayawardene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake" title="Dudley Senanayake">Dudley Senanayake</a>, held discussions with the Japanese to collaborate in fighting the British. Sri Lankans in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> formed the 'Lanka Regiment' of the anti-British <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitutionalists led by Senanayake succeeded in winning independence. The Soulbury constitution was essentially what Senanayake's board of ministers had drafted in 1944. The promise of Dominion status and independence itself had been given by the Colonial Office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sinhalese leader Don Stephen Senanayake left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with the revised aim of 'the achieving of freedom', although his real reasons were more subtle.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently formed the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> (UNP) in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when a new constitution was agreed on, based on the behind-the-curtain lobbying of the Soulbury commission. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of seats in parliament, but cobbled together a coalition with the Sinhala Maha Sabha party of Solomon Bandaranaike and the Tamil Congress of G.G. Ponnambalam. The successful inclusions of the Tamil-communalist leader Ponnambalam, and his Sinhalese counterpart Bandaranaike were a remarkable political balancing act by Senanayake. The vacuum in Tamil Nationalist politics, created by Ponnamblam's transition to a moderate, opened the field for the Tamil <i>Arasu Kachchi</i> ("Federal party"), a Tamil sovereignty party led by S. J. V. Chelvanaykam who was the lawyer son of a Christian minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sri_Lanka_(1948–present)"><span id="Sri_Lanka_.281948.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Sri Lanka (1948–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka (1948–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominion">Dominion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dominion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)</a></div> <p>Dominion status followed on 4 February 1948 with military treaties with Britain, as the upper ranks of the armed forces were initially British, and British air and sea bases remaining intact. This was later raised to independence itself and Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. In 1949, with the concurrence of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Tamils">Ceylon Tamils</a>, the UNP government disenfranchised the <a href="/wiki/Hill_Country_Tamils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Country Tamils">Indian Tamil</a> plantation workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_88-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the price that Senanayake had to pay to obtain the support of the Kandyan Sinhalese, who felt threatened by the demographics of the tea estates where the inclusion of the "Indian Tamils" would have meant electoral defeat for the Kandyan leaders. Senanayake died in 1952 after falling from a horse and was succeeded by his son Dudley Senanayake, the then minister of Agriculture. In 1953 he resigned following a massive <i><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></i> ("general strike") by the Left parties against the UNP. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/John_Kotelawala" title="John Kotelawala">John Kotelawala</a>, a senior politician and an uncle of Dudley Senanayake. Kotelawala did not have the enormous personal prestige or the adroit political acumen of D. S. Senanayake.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought to the fore the issue of national languages that D. S. Senanayake had adroitly kept on the back burner, antagonising the Tamils and the Sinhalese by stating conflicting policies with regard to the status of <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> as official languages. He also antagonized the Buddhist lobby by attacking politically active Buddhist Monks who were Bandaranaike's supporters. </p><p>In 1956, Sinhala was established as the official language, with Tamil as a second language. Appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> in London were abolished and plantations were nationalised to fulfil the election pledges of the Marxist program and to "prevent the ongoing dis-investment by the owning companies". In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a> came into being. This established Sinhala as the first and preferred language in commerce and education. The Act took effect immediately. As a consequence vast numbers of people, mostly Burghers, left the country to live abroad as they felt discriminated against. In 1958, the first major riots between Sinhalese and Tamils flared up in Colombo as a direct result of the government's language policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1971 Uprising</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 JVP Insurrection">1971 JVP Insurrection</a></div> <p>The leftist Sinhalese <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a> drew worldwide attention when it launched an insurrection against the Bandaranayake government in April 1971. Although the insurgents were young, poorly armed, and inadequately trained, they succeeded in seizing and holding major areas in Southern and Central provinces before they were defeated by the security forces. Their attempt to seize power created a major crisis for the government and forced a fundamental reassessment of the nation's security needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement was started in the late 1960s by Rohana Wijeweera, who became a Maoist and participated in the pro-Beijing branch of the Ceylon Communist Party, He was increasingly at odds with party leaders and impatient with its lack of revolutionary purpose. His success in working with youth groups and his popularity as a public speaker led him to organize his own movement in 1967. Initially identified simply as the New Left, this group drew on students and unemployed youths from rural areas, most of them in the sixteen-to-twenty-five-age-group. Many of these new recruits were members of minority so called 'lower' castes (Karava and Durava) who felt that their economic interests had been neglected by the nation's leftist coalitions. The standard program of indoctrination, the so-called Five Lectures, included discussions of Indian imperialism, the growing economic crisis, the failure of the island's communist and socialist parties, and the need for a sudden, violent seizure of power. Between 1967 and 1970, the group expanded rapidly, gaining control of the student socialist movement at a number of major university campuses and winning recruits and sympathizers within the armed forces. Some of these latter supporters actually provided sketches of police stations, airports, and military facilities that were important to the initial success of the revolt. In order to draw the newer members more tightly into the organization and to prepare them for a coming confrontation, Wijeweera opened "education camps" in several remote areas along the south and southwestern coasts. These camps provided training in Marxism–Leninism and in basic military skills.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While developing secret cells and regional commands, Wijeweera's group also began to take a more public role during the elections of 1970. His cadres campaigned openly for the United Front of Sirimavo R. D. Bandaranaike, but at the same time they distributed posters and pamphlets promising violent rebellion if Bandaranaike did not address the interests of the proletariat. In a manifesto issued during this period, the group used the name Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna for the first time. Because of the subversive tone of these publications, the United National Party government had Wijeweera detained during the elections, but the victorious Bandaranaike ordered his release in July 1970. In the politically tolerant atmosphere of the next few months, as the new government attempted to win over a wide variety of unorthodox leftist groups, the JVP intensified both the public campaign and the private preparations for a revolt. Although their group was relatively small, the members hoped to immobilize the government by selective kidnapping and sudden, simultaneous strikes against the security forces throughout the island. Some of the necessary weapons had been bought with funds supplied by the members. For the most part, however, they relied on raids against police stations and army camps to secure weapons, and they manufactured their own bombs. Wijeweera was arrested and sent to Jaffna Prison, where he remained throughout the revolt. In response to his arrest and the growing pressure of police investigations, other JVP leaders decided to act immediately, and they agreed to begin the uprising at 11:00 P.M. on 5 April 1971. Rebel groups armed with shotguns, bombs, and Molotov cocktails launched simultaneous attacks against seventy- four police stations around the island and cut power to major urban areas. The attacks were most successful in the south. By 10 April, the rebels had taken control of Matara District and the city of Ambalangoda in Galle District and came close to capturing the remaining areas of Southern Province. </p><p>The new government was ill-prepared for the crisis that confronted it. Bandaranaike was caught off guard by the scale of the uprising and was forced to call on India to provide basic security functions. Indian frigates patrolled the coast and Indian troops guarded Bandaranaike International Airport at Katunayaka while Indian Air Force helicopters assisted the counteroffensive. Sri Lanka's all-volunteer army had no combat experience since World War II and no training in counterinsurgency warfare. Although the police were able to defend some areas unassisted, in many places the government deployed personnel from all three services in a ground force capacity. Royal Ceylon Air Force helicopters delivered relief supplies to beleaguered police stations while combined service patrols drove the insurgents out of urban areas and into the countryside. After two weeks of fighting, the government regained control of all but a few remote areas. In both human and political terms, the cost of the victory was high: an estimated 10,000 insurgents—many of them in their teens—died in the conflict, and the army was widely perceived to have used excessive force. In order to win over an alienated population and to prevent a prolonged conflict, Bandaranaike offered amnesties in May and June 1971, and only the top leaders were actually imprisoned. Wijeweera, who was already in detention at the time of the uprising, was given a twenty-year sentence and the JVP was proscribed. </p><p>Under the six years of emergency rule that followed the uprising, the JVP remained dormant. After the victory of the United National Party in the 1977 elections, however, the new government attempted to broaden its mandate with a period of political tolerance. Wijeweera was freed, the ban was lifted, and the JVP entered the arena of legal political competition. As a candidate in the 1982 presidential elections, Wijeweera finished fourth, with more than 250,000 votes (as compared with Jayewardene's 3.2 million). During this period, and especially as the Tamil conflict to the north became more intense, there was a marked shift in the ideology and goals of the JVP. Initially Marxist in orientation, and claiming to represent the oppressed of both the Tamil and Sinhalese communities, the group emerged increasingly as a Sinhalese nationalist organization opposing any compromise with the Tamil insurgency. This new orientation became explicit in the anti-Tamil riots of July 1983. Because of its role in inciting violence, the JVP was once again banned and its leadership went underground. </p><p>The group's activities intensified in the second half of 1987 in the wake of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord. The prospect of Tamil autonomy in the north together with the presence of Indian troops stirred up a wave of Sinhalese nationalism and a sudden growth of antigovernment violence. During 1987 a new group emerged that was an offshoot of the JVP—the Patriotic Liberation Organization (Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya—DJV). The DJV claimed responsibility for the August 1987 assassination attempts against the president and prime minister. In addition, the group launched a campaign of intimidation against the ruling party, killing more than seventy members of Parliament between July and November. </p><p>Along with the group's renewed violence came a renewed fear of infiltration of the armed forces. Following the successful raid of the Pallekelle army camp in May 1987, the government conducted an investigation that resulted in the discharge of thirty-seven soldiers suspected of having links with the JVP. In order to prevent a repetition of the 1971 uprising, the government considered lifting the ban on the JVP in early 1988 and permitting the group to participate again in the political arena. With Wijeweera still underground, however, the JVP had no clear leadership at the time, and it was uncertain whether it had the cohesion to mount any coordinated offensive, either military or political, against the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic">Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Democratic Socialist republic of Sri Lanka was established on 22 May 1972. By 1977, the voters were tired of Bandaranaike's socialist policies and elections returned the UNP to power under <a href="/wiki/Junius_Jayewardene" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Jayewardene">Junius Jayewardene</a>, on a manifesto pledging a market economy and "a free ration of 8 seers (kilograms) of cereals". The SLFP and the left-wing parties were virtually wiped out in Parliament, although they garnered 40% of the popular vote, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Appapillai_Amirthalingam" class="mw-redirect" title="Appapillai Amirthalingam">Appapillai Amirthalingam</a> as the official opposition. This created a dangerous ethnic division in Sri Lankan politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After coming to power, Jayewardene directed the rewriting of the constitution. The document that was produced, the new Constitution of 1978, drastically altered the nature of governance in Sri Lanka. It replaced the previous Westminster style, parliamentary government with a new presidential system modeled after France, with a powerful chief executive. The president was to be elected by direct suffrage for a six-year term and was empowered to appoint, with parliamentary approval, the prime minister and to preside over cabinet meetings. Jayewardene became the first president under the new Constitution and assumed direct control of the government machinery and party.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickramasinghe_85-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickramasinghe-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new regime ushered in an era that did not augur well for the SLFP. Jayewardene's UNP government accused former prime minister Bandaranaike of abusing her power while in office from 1970 to 1977. In October 1980, Bandaranaike's privilege to engage in politics was removed for a period of seven years, and the SLFP was forced to seek a new leader. After a long and divisive battle, the party chose her son, Anura. Anura Bandaranaike was soon thrust into the role of the keeper of his father's legacy, but he inherited a political party torn apart by factionalism and reduced to a minimal role in the Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1978 Constitution included substantial concessions to Tamil sensitivities. Although TULF did not participate in framing the Constitution, it continued to sit in Parliament in the hope of negotiating a settlement to the Tamil problem. TULF also agreed to Jayewardene's proposal of an all-party conference to resolve the island's ethnic problems. Jayewardene's UNP offered other concessions in a bid to secure peace. Sinhala remained the official language and the language of administration throughout Sri Lanka, but Tamil was given a new "national language" status. Tamil was to be used in a number of administrative and educational circumstances. Jayewardene also eliminated a major Tamil grievance by abrogating the "standardization" policy of the United Front government, which had made university admission criteria for Tamils more difficult. In addition, he offered many top-level positions, including that of minister of justice, to Tamil civil servants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While TULF, in conjunction with the UNP, pressed for the all-party conference, the Tamil Tigers escalated their terrorist attacks, which provoked Sinhalese backlash against Tamils and generally precluded any successful accommodation. In reaction to the assassination of a Jaffna police inspector, the Jayewardene government declared an emergency and dispatched troops, who were given an unrealistic six months to eradicate the terrorist threat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The government passed the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act in 1979. The act was enacted as a temporary measure, but it later became permanent legislation. The International Commission of Jurists, Amnesty International, and other human rights organizations condemned the act as being incompatible with democratic traditions. Despite the act, the number of terrorist acts increased. Guerrillas began to hit targets of high symbolic value such as post offices and police outposts, provoking government counterattacks. As an increasing number of civilians were caught in the fighting, Tamil support widened for the "boys", as the guerrillas began to be called. Other large, well-armed groups began to compete with LTTE. The better-known included the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam, Tamil Eelam Liberation Army, and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization. Each of these groups had forces measured in the hundreds if not thousands. The government claimed that many of the terrorists were operating from training camps in India's Tamil Nadu State. The Indian government repeatedly denied this claim. With the level of violence mounting, the possibility of negotiation became increasingly distant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Internal conflict</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1987–89 JVP Insurrection">1987–89 JVP Insurrection</a></div> <p>In July 1983, communal riots took place due to the ambush and killing of 13 Sri Lankan Army soldiers by the Tamil Tigers using the voters list, which contained the exact addresses of Tamils. The Tamil community faced a backlash from Sinhalese rioters including the destruction of shops, homes, savage beatings and the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">burning of Jaffna library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few Sinhalese kept Tamil neighbours in their homes to protect them from the rioters. During these riots the government did nothing to control the mob. Conservative government estimates put the death toll at 400,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the real death toll is believed to be around 3000.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also around 18,000 Tamil homes and another 5,000 homes were destroyed, with 150,000 leaving the country resulting in a Tamil diaspora in Canada, the UK, Australia and other western countries. </p><p>In elections held on 17 November 2005 <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapakse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda Rajapakse">Mahinda Rajapakse</a> was elected president after defeating <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremasinghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranil Wickremasinghe">Ranil Wickremasinghe</a> by a mere 180,000 votes. He appointed Wickremanayake as Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Samaraweera" title="Mangala Samaraweera">Mangala Samaraweera</a> as Foreign Minister. Negotiations with the LTTE stalled and a low-intensity conflict began. The violence dropped off after talks in February but escalated again in April and the conflict continued until the military defeat of the LTTE in May 2009. </p><p>The Sri Lanka government declared total victory on 18 May 2009. On 19 May 2009, the Sri Lankan military led by <a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">General Sarath Fonseka</a>, effectively concluded its 26-year operation against the LTTE, its military forces recaptured all remaining LTTE controlled territories in the Northern Province including Killinochchi (2 January), the Elephant Pass (9 January) and ultimately the entire district of Mullaitivu. </p><p>On 22 May 2009, Sri Lankan Defence Secretary <a href="/wiki/Gotabhaya_Rajapaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotabhaya Rajapaksa">Gotabhaya Rajapaksa</a> confirmed that 6,261 personnel of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces had died and 29,551 were wounded during the <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a> since July 2006. Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Udaya_Nanayakkara" title="Udaya Nanayakkara">Udaya Nanayakkara</a> added that approximately 22,000 LTTE fighters had died during this time. The war caused the death of 80 000-100 000 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are allegations that <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> were committed by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lankan military</a> and the rebel <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (Tamil Tigers) during the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, particularly during the final months of the <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a> phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several International bodies including <a href="/wiki/UNROW_Human_Rights_Impact_Litigation_Clinic" title="UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic">UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal">Permanent People's Tribunal</a> have raised allegations on the Sri Lankan Government for genocide against Tamils. On 10 December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal">Permanent People's Tribunal</a> unanimously ruled Sri Lanka guilty of the crime of genocide against the Tamil people.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-conflict_period">Post-conflict period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Post-conflict period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presidential elections were completed in January 2010. Mahinda Rajapaksa won the elections with 59% of the votes, defeating General Sarath Fonseka who was the united opposition candidate. Fonseka was subsequently arrested and convicted by court martial. </p><p>In January <a href="/wiki/2015_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2015 Sri Lankan presidential election">2015 presidential elections</a> Mahinda Rajapaksa was defeated by the common candidate of opposition, <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a>, and Rajapaksa's attempted return was thwarted in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">parliamentary election the same year</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in a unity government between the UNP and SLFP<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Easter_Sunday_Attacks">Easter Sunday Attacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Easter Sunday Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a></div> <p>On 21 April 2019, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> Sunday, three churches in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and three luxury hotels in the commercial capital, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, were targeted in a series of coordinated Islamic <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> suicide bombings. A total of 267 people were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including at least 45 foreign nationals,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three police officers, and eight bombers, and at least 500 were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All eight of the suicide bombers in the attacks were Sri Lankan citizens associated with <a href="/wiki/National_Thowheeth_Jama%27ath" title="National Thowheeth Jama'ath">National Thowheeth Jama'ath</a>, a local militant <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> group with suspected foreign ties, previously known for attacks against <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajapaksa_brothers_in_power">Rajapaksa brothers in power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rajapaksa brothers in power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sri Lankan President, <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a>, decided not to seek re-election in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November <a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2019 Sri Lankan presidential election">2019 presidential election</a> former wartime defence chief <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a> was elected as the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a>. He was the candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_People%27s_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka People's Front">SLPP</a>, the Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalist party, and brother of former president Mahinda Rajapaksa.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August <a href="/wiki/2020_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary elections</a> the party, led by the Rajapaksa brothers, got a landslide victory. Mahinda Rajapaksa, former Sri Lankan president and brother of current president, became the new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister of Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has witnessed a sharp rise in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">foreign debt</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">global recession</a> accelerated the crisis and by 2021, the foreign debt rose to 101% of the nation's GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%93present_Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis">an economic crisis</a>. In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">spontaneous and organized protests</a> by both political parties and non-partisan groups over the government's mishandling of the economy were reported from several areas. On 31 March, a large group gathered around the residence of Gotabaya Rajapaksa to protest against the power cuts that had reached over 12-hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protest was initially spontaneous peaceful protest by citizens until the police attacked the protestors with tear gas and water cannons and the protestors burned down a bus carrying riot control troops. The government declared a curfew in Colombo.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 July 2022 after many months of protests, the President's residence was stormed by protesters. The President escaped and then fled the country on a military jet to the Maldives. His departure followed months of mass protests over soaring prices and a lack of food and fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's foreign currency reserves have dipped low and the country has missed debt interest payments. President Gotabaya Rajapaksa appointed Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as acting president, who declared a state of emergency in western providences. Thousands of Sri Lankan protesters streamed the streets of the capital, Colombo.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, protesters occupied <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_Colombo" title="President's House, Colombo">President's House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, causing Rajapaksa to flee and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a> to announce his own willingness to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a week later, Parliament <a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2022 Sri Lankan presidential election">elected Wickremesinghe as president</a>, on <span data-sort-value="000000002022-07-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 July</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Since_2024">Since 2024</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Since 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 September 2024, <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a> was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">president</a> after winning the presidential <a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan presidential election">election</a> as a left-wing candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, <a href="/wiki/Harini_Amarasuriya" title="Harini Amarasuriya">Harini Amarasuriya</a> was sworn in as the new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister of Sri Lanka</a>, became the third woman to hold the role.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 November 2024, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake's <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Power" title="National People's Power">National People's Power</a> (NPP), a left-leaning alliance, received a two-thirds majority in parliament in Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">parliamentary election.</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline of South Asian history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinhalese monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">List of Sri Lankan monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka">Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">Sri Lankan irrigation network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics of Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of presidents of Sri Lanka">List of presidents of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka">List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1996_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeraniyagala1996">Deraniyagala 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930228-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930228_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiger1930">Geiger 1930</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunasekara1900-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunasekara1900_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunasekara1900">Gunasekara 1900</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenaveratna19971-6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenaveratna19971-6_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenaveratna1997">Senaveratna 1997</a>, p. 1-6.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSenaveratna1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComing_of_Vijaya2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComing_of_Vijaya2019_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComing_of_Vijaya2019">Coming of Vijaya 2019</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFComing_of_Vijaya2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930208-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1930208_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiger1930">Geiger 1930</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200513_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2005">De Silva 2005</a>, p. 13.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPieris2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPieris2007_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPieris2007">Pieris 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva200514_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2005">De Silva 2005</a>, p. 14.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1935172–173-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1935172–173_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1935">Sastri 1935</a>, p. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya19947–9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya19947–9_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1994">Chattopadhyaya 1994</a>, p. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009195–-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009195–_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009">Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009</a>, p. 195–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunawardena200571–-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunawardena200571–_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunawardena2005">Gunawardena 2005</a>, p. 71–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976409-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976409_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer 1976</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005161_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2005">De Silva 2005</a>, p. 161.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005162-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2005162_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2005">De Silva 2005</a>, p. 162.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1994_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1994">Stein 1994</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStein1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaze19332-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaze19332_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlaze1933">Blaze 1933</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTElatlong2019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTElatlong2019_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFlatlong2019">latlong2019</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFlatlong2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2007_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2007">BBC 2007</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBBC2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarg1992142-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarg1992142_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarg1992">Garg 1992</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERediff.com2014-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERediff.com2014_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRediff.com2014">Rediff.com 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRediff.com2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica:_Adam's_Bridge2015-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica:_Adam's_Bridge2015_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica:_Adam's_Bridge2015">Encyclopædia Britannica: Adam's Bridge 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica:_Adam's_Bridge2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAves2003372-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAves2003372_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAves2003">Aves 2003</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELonely_Planet2014-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELonely_Planet2014_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLonely_Planet2014">Lonely Planet 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLonely_Planet2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme201286_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2012">United Nations Environment Programme 2012</a>, p. 86.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFood_and_Agriculture_Organization2014-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFood_and_Agriculture_Organization2014_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFood_and_Agriculture_Organization2014">Food and Agriculture Organization 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFood_and_Agriculture_Organization2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature2014">International Union for Conservation of Nature 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEindexmundi.com2009-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEindexmundi.com2009_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFindexmundi.com2009">indexmundi.com 2009</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFindexmundi.com2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVitharana2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVitharana2008_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVitharana2008">Vitharana 2008</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFVitharana2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairn_Lanka2009iv–vii-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairn_Lanka2009iv–vii_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairn_Lanka2009">Cairn Lanka 2009</a>, p. iv–vii.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCairn_Lanka2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittermeierMyersMittermeier2000142-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittermeierMyersMittermeier2000142_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittermeierMyersMittermeier2000">Mittermeier, Myers & Mittermeier 2000</a>, p. 142.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMittermeierMyersMittermeier2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li 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harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKennedyKennethRoertgenChiment1986 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEangelfire.com2014-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEangelfire.com2014_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFangelfire.com2014">angelfire.com 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFangelfire.com2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva19816–7-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva19816–7_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva1981">De Silva 1981</a>, pp. 6–7.<span class="error harv-error" 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker19927_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1992">Parker 1992</a>, p. 7.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFParker1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdirisinghe2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdirisinghe2009_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdirisinghe2009">Edirisinghe 2009</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdirisinghe2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala2014-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala2014_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeraniyagala2014">Deraniyagala 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDeraniyagala2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParPossehlker1990-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParPossehlker1990_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParPossehlker1990">ParPossehlker 1990</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFParPossehlker1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992734-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992734_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeraniyagala1992">Deraniyagala 1992</a>, p. 734.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992709-29-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeraniyagala1992709-29_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeraniyagala1992">Deraniyagala 1992</a>, p. 709-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarunaratneAdikari199458-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarunaratneAdikari199458_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarunaratneAdikari1994">Karunaratne & Adikari 1994</a>, p. 58.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKarunaratneAdikari1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li 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error: no target: CITEREFDailynews.lk2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt201153-56-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt201153-56_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt2011">Holt 2011</a>, p. 53-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanwella2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanwella2000_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRanwella2000">Ranwella 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paranavithana" title="Paranavithana">Paranavithana</a> Epigraphics Zeylanica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Archived from the original on 20 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+live+news%3A+Ranil+Wickremesinghe+elected+president&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft.aulast=Stepansky&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fliveblog%2F2022%2F7%2F20%2Fsri-lanka-live-news-parliamentarians-to-vote-for-new-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqxr03x4dvzo">"Anura Kumara Dissanayake sworn in as Sri Lanka's president"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Anura+Kumara+Dissanayake+sworn+in+as+Sri+Lanka%27s+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcqxr03x4dvzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayasinghe2024" class="citation news cs1">Jayasinghe, Uditha (24 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sri-lanka-president-dissanayake-picks-harini-amarasuriya-pm-2024-09-24/">"Sri Lanka President Dissanayake picks Amarasuriya as PM, takes finance job"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+President+Dissanayake+picks+Amarasuriya+as+PM%2C+takes+finance+job&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft.aulast=Jayasinghe&rft.aufirst=Uditha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fsri-lanka-president-dissanayake-picks-harini-amarasuriya-pm-2024-09-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crr9n2w0lyzo">"Sri Lanka: Left-leaning leader's coalition secures landslide victory"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Left-leaning+leader%27s+coalition+secures+landslide+victory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcrr9n2w0lyzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography of Sri Lanka</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOldenberg1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oldenberg" title="Hermann Oldenberg">Oldenberg, Hermann</a>, ed. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien01oldegoog/page/n5"><i>The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record</i></a>. London & Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Williams_and_Norgate" title="Williams and Norgate">Williams and Norgate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+D%C3%AEpava%E1%B9%83sa%3A+An+Ancient+Buddhist+Historical+Record&rft.place=London+%26+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdpavasaanancien01oldegoog%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahānāmatr._Geigertr._Bode1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81n%C4%81ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahānāma (page does not exist)">Mahānāma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">tr. Geiger, Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Haynes_Bode" title="Mabel Haynes Bode">tr. Bode, Mabel Haynes</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich/page/n6"><i>The Mahāvaṃsa, Or, The Great Chronicle of Ceylon</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa%2C+Or%2C+The+Great+Chronicle+of+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Mah%C4%81n%C4%81ma&rft.au=tr.+Geiger%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=tr.+Bode%2C+Mabel+Haynes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahavamsagreatch00geigrich%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhammakittiGer_tr._GeigerEng_tr._Rickmers1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhammakitti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhammakitti (page does not exist)">Dhammakitti</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Ger tr. Geiger, Wilhelm</a>; Eng tr. Rickmers, Christian Mabel (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277108"><i>Cūḷavaṃsa: Being the More Recent Part of the Mahāvaṃsa, Part 1</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa%3A+Being+the+More+Recent+Part+of+the+Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa%2C+Part+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Dhammakitti&rft.au=Ger+tr.+Geiger%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Eng+tr.+Rickmers%2C+Christian+Mabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.277108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunasekara1900" class="citation book cs1">Gunasekara, B., ed. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42908/page/n3"><i>The Rajavaliya: Or a Historical Narrative of Sinhalese Kings</i></a>. Colombo: George J. A. Skeen, Government Printer, Ceylon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rajavaliya%3A+Or+a+Historical+Narrative+of+Sinhalese+Kings&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=George+J.+A.+Skeen%2C+Government+Printer%2C+Ceylon&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.42908%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnox1681" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(sailor)" title="Robert Knox (sailor)">Knox, Robert</a> (1681). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107116/page/n41"><i>An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</i></a>. London: Richard Chiswell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Relation+of+the+Island+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Richard+Chiswell&rft.date=1681&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.107116%2Fpage%2Fn41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <dl><dt>Histories</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParker1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parker_(author)" title="Henry Parker (author)">Parker, Henry</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13912/page/n3"><i>Ancient Ceylon</i></a>. London: Luzac & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.13912%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCodrington1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphrey_William_Codrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humphrey William Codrington (page does not exist)">Codrington, H. W.</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208024/page/n9"><i>A Short History Of Ceylon</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan & Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+Of+Ceylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Codrington&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.208024%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSenaveratna1930" class="citation book cs1">Senaveratna, John M. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C"><i>The Story of the Sinhalese from the Most Ancient Times Up to the End of "the Mahavansa" Or Great Dynasty: Vijaya to Maha Sena, B.C. 543 to A.D.302</i></a>. Colombo: W. M. A. Wahid & Bros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120612716" title="Special:BookSources/9788120612716"><bdi>9788120612716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Sinhalese+from+the+Most+Ancient+Times+Up+to+the+End+of+%22the+Mahavansa%22+Or+Great+Dynasty%3A+Vijaya+to+Maha+Sena%2C+B.C.+543+to+A.D.302&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=W.+M.+A.+Wahid+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=9788120612716&rft.aulast=Senaveratna&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9TeEcMi0e0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlaze1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Edmund_Blaze" title="Louis Edmund Blaze">Blaze, L. E.</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noolaham.net/project/45/4424/4424.pdf"><i>History of Ceylon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Eighth ed.). Colombo: Christian literature society for India and Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ceylon&rft.place=Colombo&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Christian+literature+society+for+India+and+Africa&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Blaze&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoolaham.net%2Fproject%2F45%2F4424%2F4424.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholasParanavitana1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Nicholas" title="Cyril Nicholas">Nicholas, Cyril Wace</a>; <a href="/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana" title="Senarath Paranavithana">Paranavitana, Senerat</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPMnAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese in 1505</i></a>. Ceylon University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Ceylon%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Arrival+of+the+Portuguese+in+1505&rft.pub=Ceylon+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Wace&rft.au=Paranavitana%2C+Senerat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPMnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeraniyagala1992" class="citation book cs1">Deraniyagala, S. U. (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6DhLAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective</i></a> (1st ed.). Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789559159001" title="Special:BookSources/9789559159001"><bdi>9789559159001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Sri+Lanka%3A+An+Ecological+Perspective&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Department+of+Archaeological+Survey%2C+Government+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1992-12&rft.isbn=9789559159001&rft.aulast=Deraniyagala&rft.aufirst=S.+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6DhLAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._M._de_Silva" title="K. M. de Silva">de Silva, K. M.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC/page/n1"><i>A History of Sri Lanka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520043206" title="Special:BookSources/9780520043206"><bdi>9780520043206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780520043206&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_dByI_qil26YC%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiriweera2002" class="citation book cs1">Siriweera, W. I. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWhuAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of Sri Lanka: From Earliest Times Up to the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789555512572" title="Special:BookSources/9789555512572"><bdi>9789555512572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sri+Lanka%3A+From+Earliest+Times+Up+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Dayawansa+Jayakody+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789555512572&rft.aulast=Siriweera&rft.aufirst=W.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWhuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._M._de_Silva" title="K. M. de Silva">de Silva, K. M.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWbRAqsIJgIC"><i>A History of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789558095928" title="Special:BookSources/9789558095928"><bdi>9789558095928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789558095928&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWbRAqsIJgIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeebles2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Peebles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Peebles (page does not exist)">Peebles, Patrick</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxO0eISluqEC"><i>The History of Sri Lanka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313332050" title="Special:BookSources/9780313332050"><bdi>9780313332050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313332050&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxO0eISluqEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAll_Ceylon_Buddhist_Congress1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=All_Ceylon_Buddhist_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="All Ceylon Buddhist Congress (page does not exist)">All Ceylon Buddhist Congress</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOG6ugEACAAJ"><i>The Betrayal of Buddhism: An Abridged Version of the Report of the Buddhist Committee of Inquiry</i></a>. Dharmavijaya Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+Buddhism%3A+An+Abridged+Version+of+the+Report+of+the+Buddhist+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.pub=Dharmavijaya+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.au=All+Ceylon+Buddhist+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOG6ugEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Association_of_Social_Anthropologists2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Social_Anthropologists" title="European Association of Social Anthropologists">European Association of Social Anthropologists</a> (2001). Schmidt, Bettina E.; Schroeder, Ingo W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx-1MdUlzaUC"><i>Anthropology of Violence and Conflict</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415229050" title="Special:BookSources/9780415229050"><bdi>9780415229050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+of+Violence+and+Conflict&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415229050&rft.au=European+Association+of+Social+Anthropologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRx-1MdUlzaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_for_International_Studies_(Peradeniya,_Sri_Lanka)1992" class="citation book cs1">Institute for International Studies (Peradeniya, Sri Lanka) (1992). Jayasekera, P. V. J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajJuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Security dilemma of a small state</i></a>. South Asian Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170031482" title="Special:BookSources/9788170031482"><bdi>9788170031482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+dilemma+of+a+small+state&rft.pub=South+Asian+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788170031482&rft.au=Institute+for+International+Studies+%28Peradeniya%2C+Sri+Lanka%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthonisz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._G._Anthonisz" title="R. G. Anthonisz">Anthonisz, Richard Gerald</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2mkUharg6AC"><i>The Dutch in Ceylon: An Account of Their Early Visits to the Island, Their Conquests, and Their Rule Over the Maritime Regions During a Century and a Half</i></a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120618459" title="Special:BookSources/9788120618459"><bdi>9788120618459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+in+Ceylon%3A+An+Account+of+Their+Early+Visits+to+the+Island%2C+Their+Conquests%2C+and+Their+Rule+Over+the+Maritime+Regions+During+a+Century+and+a+Half&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788120618459&rft.aulast=Anthonisz&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2mkUharg6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArseculeratne1991" class="citation book cs1">Arseculeratne, S. N. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9NuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sinhalese Immigrants in Malaysia & Singapore, 1860-1990: History Through Recollections</i></a>. Colombo: K.V.G. De Silva & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789559112013" title="Special:BookSources/9789559112013"><bdi>9789559112013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinhalese+Immigrants+in+Malaysia+%26+Singapore%2C+1860-1990%3A+History+Through+Recollections&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=K.V.G.+De+Silva+%26+Sons&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789559112013&rft.aulast=Arseculeratne&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9NuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAves2003" class="citation book cs1">Aves, Edward (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_kbgCvVm4UC"><i>Sri Lanka</i></a>. Footprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903471784" title="Special:BookSources/9781903471784"><bdi>9781903471784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Footprint&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781903471784&rft.aulast=Aves&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_kbgCvVm4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandaranayake1974" class="citation book cs1">Bandaranayake, S. D. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJM3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004039926" title="Special:BookSources/9789004039926"><bdi>9789004039926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinhalese+Monastic+Architecture%3A+The+Vih%C3%A1ras+of+Anur%C3%A1dhapura&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9789004039926&rft.aulast=Bandaranayake&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJM3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandaranayakeMadhyama_Saṃskr̥tika_Aramudala1999" class="citation book cs1">Bandaranayake, Senaka; Madhyama Saṃskr̥tika Aramudala (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sigiriya: city, palace, and royal gardens</i></a>. Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789556131116" title="Special:BookSources/9789556131116"><bdi>9789556131116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigiriya%3A+city%2C+palace%2C+and+royal+gardens&rft.pub=Central+Cultural+Fund%2C+Ministry+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789556131116&rft.aulast=Bandaranayake&rft.aufirst=Senaka&rft.au=Madhyama+Sa%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5tika+Aramudala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBond1992" class="citation book cs1">Bond, George Doherty (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q11ID2xfqD8C"><i>The Buddhist Revival in Sri Lanka: Religious Tradition, Reinterpretation and Response</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120810471" title="Special:BookSources/9788120810471"><bdi>9788120810471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Revival+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Religious+Tradition%2C+Reinterpretation+and+Response&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788120810471&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=George+Doherty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ11ID2xfqD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosmaRaben2008" class="citation book cs1">Bosma, Ulbe; Raben, Remco (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C"><i>Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920</i></a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971693732" title="Special:BookSources/9789971693732"><bdi>9789971693732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+%22Dutch%22+in+the+Indies%3A+A+History+of+Creolisation+and+Empire%2C+1500-1920&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789971693732&rft.aulast=Bosma&rft.aufirst=Ulbe&rft.au=Raben%2C+Remco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47wCTCJX9X4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrohier1933" class="citation book cs1">Brohier, Richard Leslie (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66468/page/n1"><i>The Golden Age Of Military Adventure In Ceylon 1817-1818</i></a>. Colombo: Plâté limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+Of+Military+Adventure+In+Ceylon+1817-1818&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Pl%C3%A2t%C3%A9+limited&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Brohier&rft.aufirst=Richard+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.66468%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownGanguly2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Michael Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sumit_Ganguly" title="Sumit Ganguly">Ganguly, Sumit</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC"><i>Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262523332" title="Special:BookSources/9780262523332"><bdi>9780262523332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+Language+Policy+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Asia&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780262523332&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcoDezu1ABoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1994" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyaya, Haraprasad (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC"><i>Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185880525" title="Special:BookSources/9788185880525"><bdi>9788185880525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Unrest+in+Modern+Sri+Lanka%3A+An+Account+of+Tamil-Sinhalese+Race+Relations&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788185880525&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Haraprasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRU6QKPBTFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrusz2001" class="citation book cs1">Crusz, Noel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTkMAAAACAAJ"><i>The Cocos Islands Mutiny</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Press" title="Fremantle Press">Freemantle Arts Centre Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863683104" title="Special:BookSources/9781863683104"><bdi>9781863683104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cocos+Islands+Mutiny&rft.pub=Freemantle+Arts+Centre+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781863683104&rft.aulast=Crusz&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTkMAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Silva1988" class="citation book cs1">De Silva, R. Rajpal Kumar (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59AUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602-1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004089792" title="Special:BookSources/9789004089792"><bdi>9789004089792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrations+and+Views+of+Dutch+Ceylon+1602-1796%3A+A+Comprehensive+Work+of+Pictorial+Reference+With+Selected+Eye-Witness+Accounts&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789004089792&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=R.+Rajpal+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59AUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDharmadasa1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._N._O._Dharmadasa" title="K. N. O. Dharmadasa">Dharmadasa, K. N. O.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8NQrTmjpRcC"><i>Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472102884" title="Special:BookSources/9780472102884"><bdi>9780472102884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ethnic+Assertiveness%3A+The+Growth+of+Sinhalese+Nationalism+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780472102884&rft.aulast=Dharmadasa&rft.aufirst=K.+N.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8NQrTmjpRcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarg1992" class="citation book cs1">Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170223757" title="Special:BookSources/9788170223757"><bdi>9788170223757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hindu+World&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788170223757&rft.aulast=Garg&rft.aufirst=Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+R%C4%81m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjDcd0cTFxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunaratna1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Gunaratna, Rohan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpnhAAAACAAJ"><i>Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis & National Security</i></a>. South Asia Network on Conflict Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789558093009" title="Special:BookSources/9789558093009"><bdi>9789558093009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+Ethnic+Crisis+%26+National+Security&rft.pub=South+Asia+Network+on+Conflict+Research&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789558093009&rft.aulast=Gunaratna&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpnhAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunawardena2005" class="citation book cs1">Gunawardena, Charles A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC"><i>Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932705485" title="Special:BookSources/9781932705485"><bdi>9781932705485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781932705485&rft.aulast=Gunawardena&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWLQSMPddikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerath2002" class="citation book cs1">Herath, R. B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMCzJxJBpsC"><i>Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781553697930" title="Special:BookSources/9781553697930"><bdi>9781553697930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Ethnic+Crisis%3A+Towards+a+Resolution&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781553697930&rft.aulast=Herath&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzMCzJxJBpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Hoffman, Bruce</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ayrAgAAQBAJ"><i>Inside Terrorism</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231126991" title="Special:BookSources/9780231126991"><bdi>9780231126991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780231126991&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ayrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt1991" class="citation book cs1">Holt, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDbnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Buddha in the Crown: Avalokiteśvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195064186" title="Special:BookSources/9780195064186"><bdi>9780195064186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+in+the+Crown%3A+Avalokite%C5%9Bvara+in+the+Buddhist+Traditions+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780195064186&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDbnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt2011" class="citation book cs1">Holt, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC"><i>The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822349822" title="Special:BookSources/9780822349822"><bdi>9780822349822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sri+Lanka+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780822349822&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKj_aWm4DeFEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrons2008" class="citation book cs1">Irons, Edward A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dxCHAAACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i></a>. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816054596" title="Special:BookSources/9780816054596"><bdi>9780816054596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780816054596&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dxCHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayasuriya1981" class="citation book cs1">Jayasuriya, J. E. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25SfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Education in the Third World: Some Reflections</i></a>. Somaiya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+the+Third+World%3A+Some+Reflections&rft.pub=Somaiya&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Jayasuriya&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25SfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeshavadas1988" class="citation book cs1">Keshavadas, Sadguru Sant (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC"><i>Ramayana at a Glance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120805453" title="Special:BookSources/9788120805453"><bdi>9788120805453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788120805453&rft.aulast=Keshavadas&rft.aufirst=Sadguru+Sant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XIatVGyjmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC"><i>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812309372" title="Special:BookSources/9789812309372"><bdi>9789812309372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789812309372&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Kesavapany%2C+K.&rft.au=Sakhuja%2C+Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2swhCXJVRzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiyanagamage1968" class="citation book cs1">Liyanagamage, Amaradasa (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ7ZtAEACAAJ"><i>The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the Rise of Dambadeniya (circa 1180 - 1270 A.D.)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs,_Wayamba_Development_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wayamba Development and Cultural Affairs">Department of Cultural Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Polonnaruwa+and+the+Rise+of+Dambadeniya+%28circa+1180+-+1270+A.D.%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Liyanagamage&rft.aufirst=Amaradasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJ7ZtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendis1999" class="citation book cs1">Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2VuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Story of Anuradhapura: Capital City of Sri Lanka from 377 BC - 1017 Ad</i></a>. Lakshmi Mendis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789559670407" title="Special:BookSources/9789559670407"><bdi>9789559670407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Anuradhapura%3A+Capital+City+of+Sri+Lanka+from+377+BC+-+1017+Ad&rft.pub=Lakshmi+Mendis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789559670407&rft.aulast=Mendis&rft.aufirst=Ranjan+Chinthaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2VuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills1964" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Lennox A. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyHG9ZKl3bwC"><i>Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795-1932</i></a>. Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714620190" title="Special:BookSources/9780714620190"><bdi>9780714620190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+Under+British+Rule%2C+1795-1932&rft.pub=Cass&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780714620190&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Lennox+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyHG9ZKl3bwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittal2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Pal_Mittal" title="Jai Pal Mittal">Mittal, J. P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C"><i>History Of Ancient India (a New Version)From 4250 BC To 637 AD</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126906161" title="Special:BookSources/9788126906161"><bdi>9788126906161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ancient+India+%28a+New+Version%29From+4250+BC+To+637+AD&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788126906161&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drrh4tY3v2A4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittermeierMittermeierMyers1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Mittermeier" title="Russell Mittermeier">Mittermeier, Russell A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Mittermeier" title="Cristina Mittermeier">Mittermeier, Cristina Goettsch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Myers" title="Norman Myers">Myers, Norman</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqePQgAACAAJ"><i>Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions</i></a>. CEMEX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789686397581" title="Special:BookSources/9789686397581"><bdi>9789686397581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hotspots%3A+Earth%27s+Biologically+Richest+and+Most+Endangered+Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.pub=CEMEX&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789686397581&rft.aulast=Mittermeier&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+Cristina+Goettsch&rft.au=Myers%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqePQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNubin2002" class="citation book cs1">Nubin, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC"><i>Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background</i></a>. Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590335734" title="Special:BookSources/9781590335734"><bdi>9781590335734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Current+Issues+and+Historical+Background&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781590335734&rft.aulast=Nubin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIudi2JJLaUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerera2001" class="citation book cs1">Perera, Lakshman S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IToaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions: From 831 to 1016 A.D., pt. 1. Political institutions</i></a>. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789555800730" title="Special:BookSources/9789555800730"><bdi>9789555800730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Institutions+of+Ancient+Ceylon+from+Inscriptions%3A+From+831+to+1016+A.D.%2C+pt.+1.+Political+institutions&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Ethnic+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789555800730&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=Lakshman+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIToaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPieris1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala" title="Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala">Pieris, Paulus Edward</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ceylonhollanders00pieruoft/page/n6"><i>Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658-1796</i></a>. Tellippalai: American Ceylon Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+and+the+Hollanders%2C+1658-1796&rft.place=Tellippalai&rft.pub=American+Ceylon+Mission+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Pieris&rft.aufirst=Paulus+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fceylonhollanders00pieruoft%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPonnamperuma2013" class="citation book cs1">Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25zxmgEACAAJ"><i>The Story of Sigiriya</i></a>. Panique Pty, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987345110" title="Special:BookSources/9780987345110"><bdi>9780987345110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Sigiriya&rft.pub=Panique+Pty%2C+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780987345110&rft.aulast=Ponnamperuma&rft.aufirst=Senani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25zxmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRambukwelle1993" class="citation book cs1">Rambukwelle, P. B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WduAAAAMAAJ"><i>Commentary on Sinhala kingship: Vijaya to Kalinga Magha</i></a>. P.B. Rambukwelle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789559556503" title="Special:BookSources/9789559556503"><bdi>9789559556503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Sinhala+kingship%3A+Vijaya+to+Kalinga+Magha&rft.pub=P.B.+Rambukwelle&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789559556503&rft.aulast=Rambukwelle&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarachchandra1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarachchandra, B. S. (1977). <i>අපේ සංස්කෘතික උරුමය</i> [<i>Our Cultural Heritage</i>] (in Sinhala). V. P. Silva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A+%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A+%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA&rft.pub=V.+P.+Silva&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sarachchandra&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiriweera1994" class="citation book cs1">Siriweera, W. I. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OubsAAAAMAAJ"><i>A study of the economic history of pre-modern Sri Lanka</i></a>. Vikas Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780706976212" title="Special:BookSources/9780706976212"><bdi>9780706976212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+study+of+the+economic+history+of+pre-modern+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Vikas+Pub.+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780706976212&rft.aulast=Siriweera&rft.aufirst=W.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOubsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spencer" title="Jonathan Spencer">Spencer, Jonathan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4b6xmZI_XoC"><i>Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203407417" title="Special:BookSources/9780203407417"><bdi>9780203407417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+History+and+the+Roots+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780203407417&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4b6xmZI_XoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thambiah" title="Henry Thambiah">Tambiah, Henry Wijayakone</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8x5bAAAAIAAJ"><i>The laws and customs of the Tamils of Ceylon</i></a>. Tamil Cultural Society of Ceylon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+and+customs+of+the+Tamils+of+Ceylon&rft.pub=Tamil+Cultural+Society+of+Ceylon&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wijayakone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8x5bAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTinker1990" class="citation book cs1">Tinker, Hugh (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5uU2UteUpEC"><i>South Asia: A Short History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824812874" title="Special:BookSources/9780824812874"><bdi>9780824812874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780824812874&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5uU2UteUpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWanasundera2002" class="citation book cs1">Wanasundera, Nanda Pethiyagoda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ts1khhfXm8C"><i>Sri Lanka</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761414773" title="Special:BookSources/9780761414773"><bdi>9780761414773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780761414773&rft.aulast=Wanasundera&rft.aufirst=Nanda+Pethiyagoda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Ts1khhfXm8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSastri1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, K. 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Madras: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%C5%8D%C4%BBas&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FK.A.NilakantaSastriBooks%2FK.%2520A.%2520Nilakanta%2520Sastri%2FColas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBokay1966" class="citation journal cs1">Bokay, Mon (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522637">"Relations between Ceylon and Burma in the 11th Century A.D"</a>. <i>Artibus Asiae. Supplementum</i>. <b>23</b>. JSTOR: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1522637">10.2307/1522637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522637">1522637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae.+Supplementum&rft.atitle=Relations+between+Ceylon+and+Burma+in+the+11th+Century+A.D&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1522637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1522637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bokay&rft.aufirst=Mon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1522637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeraniyagala1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siran_Upendra_Deraniyagala" title="Siran Upendra Deraniyagala">Deraniyagala, S. U.</a> (8–14 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera1.html">"Pre- and protohistoric settlement in Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>XIII U. I. S. P. P. Congress Proceedings</i>. <b>5</b>. Lanka Library: <span class="nowrap">277–</span>285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XIII+U.+I.+S.+P.+P.+Congress+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Pre-+and+protohistoric+settlement+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=1996-09-08%2F1996-09-14&rft.aulast=Deraniyagala&rft.aufirst=S.+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankalibrary.com%2Fgeo%2Fdera1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1930" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Geiger, Wilhelm</a> (July 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/gei.htm">"The Trustworthiness of the Mahavamsa"</a>. <i>The Indian Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scenicsrilanka.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Sri+Lanka+and+significant+World+events+from+1796+AD+to+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scenicsrilanka.com%2Fhistory-of-sri-lanka-1948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sri+Lanka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahavamsa.org/">Mahavamsa.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/89600372/">Library of Congress Country Study: Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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period">Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British Ceylon">History of British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uva_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Rebellion">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Matale Rebellion">Matale Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Sri Lanka"><img alt="Emblem of Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">By Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of North Central Province, Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Western Province, Sri Lanka">North Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sabaragamuwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Sabaragamuwa (page does not exist)">Sabaragamuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Southern Province, Sri Lanka">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uva" title="History of Uva">Uva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">By city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ampara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Ampara (page does not exist)">Ampara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Anuradhapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Anuradhapura (page does not exist)">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Avissawella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Avissawella (page does not exist)">Avissawella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Badulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Badulla (page does not exist)">Badulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Batticaloa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Colombo">Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Dambadeniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Dambadeniya (page does not exist)">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Dambulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Dambulla (page does not exist)">Dambulla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Dehiwala-Mount_Lavinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia (page does not exist)">Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Galle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Galle (page does not exist)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Gampaha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Gampaha (page does not exist)">Gampaha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Gampola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Gampola (page does not exist)">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hambantota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Hambantota (page does not exist)">Hambantota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jaffna" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jaffna">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kalutara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Kalutara (page does not exist)">Kalutara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kandy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kandy">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kegalle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Kegalle (page does not exist)">Kegalle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kilinochchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Kilinochchi (page does not exist)">Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Kurunegala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Kurunegala (page does not exist)">Kurunegala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mannar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Mannar (page does not exist)">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Matale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Matale (page does not exist)">Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Matara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Matara (page does not exist)">Matara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Moneragala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Moneragala (page does not exist)">Moneragala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Moratuwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Moratuwa (page does not exist)">Moratuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mullaitivu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Mullaitivu (page does not exist)">Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Negombo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Negombo (page does not exist)">Negombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nuwara_Eliya" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nuwara Eliya">Nuwara Eliya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Polonnaruwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Polonnaruwa (page does not exist)">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Puttalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Puttalam (page does not exist)">Puttalam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Raigama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Raigama (page does not exist)">Raigama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ratnapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Ratnapura (page does not exist)">Ratnapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sigiriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Sigiriya (page does not exist)">Sigiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sri_Jayawardenapura_Kotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (page does not exist)">Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Trincomalee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Trincomalee (page does not exist)">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Vavuniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Vavuniya (page does not exist)">Vavuniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lanka_topics441" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template talk:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lanka_topics441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2025 in Sri Lanka">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragalaya">Aragalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chronicles_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of chronicles of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Sri Lanka">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Law of Sri Lanka">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Constitutional Council (Sri Lanka)">Constitutional Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Heads of state of Sri Lanka">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Government" title="Ministers of the Sri Lanka Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Administrative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="High Court of Sri Lanka">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="District courts of Sri Lanka">District courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Courts of Sri Lanka">Magistrate's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Courts of Sri Lanka">Primary Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_speaker_and_chairman_of_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy speaker and chairman of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Deputy speaker and chairman of committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_Committees" title="Deputy Chairman of Committees">Deputy Chairman of Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaries-General_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaries-General of Parliament (page does not exist)">Secretaries-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">15th Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard" title="Sri Lanka Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>Intelligence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">State Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)">Criminal Investigation Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devolution_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devolution in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Devolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial government in Sri Lanka">Provincial governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Local government in Sri Lanka">Local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Municipal councils of Sri Lanka">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Urban councils of Sri Lanka">Urban councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeshiya_Sabha" title="Pradeshiya Sabha">Pradeshiya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wards_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wards of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of towns in Sri Lanka">Towns</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ecoregions in Sri Lanka">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Extreme points of Sri Lanka">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mountains of Sri Lanka">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthana_Mountain_Range" title="Hanthana Mountain Range">Hanthana Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckles_Mountain_Range" title="Knuckles Mountain Range">Knuckles Mountain Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of national parks of Sri Lanka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of rivers of Sri Lanka">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelani_River" title="Kelani River">Kelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Ganga" title="Kalu Ganga">Kalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Ganga" title="Gin Ganga">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Sri Lanka">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Banking in Sri Lanka">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of companies of Sri Lanka">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Electricity sector in Sri Lanka">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Information technology in Sri Lanka">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_public_debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka public debt (page does not exist)">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Science and technology in Sri Lanka">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade of Sri Lanka">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Industries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparel_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Apparel industry of Sri Lanka">Apparel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Beer in Sri Lanka">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_mining_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Graphite mining in Sri Lanka">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production in Sri Lanka">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Childbirth in Sri Lanka">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Mass media in Sri Lanka">Mass media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visual arts of Sri Lanka">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Radio in Sri Lanka">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Traditional games of Sri Lanka">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Television in Sri Lanka">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Disability in Sri Lanka">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Sri_Lanka" title="International rankings of Sri Lanka">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Sri Lanka">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sinhalese_monarchy286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template talk:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sinhalese_monarchy286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinhalese monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template:Timeline of the Sinhalese Monarchy">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajavaliya" title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre Anuradhapura period">Pre Anuradhapura</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vijayabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vijayabahu (page does not exist)">Vijayabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Kalinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Kalinga (page does not exist)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">Siri Sanga Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Senasammata_Vikramabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Senasammata Vikramabahu (page does not exist)">Senasammata Vikramabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vimaladharmasuriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vimaladharmasuriya (page does not exist)">Vimaladharmasuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_monarchs_by_length_of_reign" title="List of Sinhalese monarchs by length of reign">By reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese monarchs family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Interregnums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Interregnums (page does not exist)">Interregnums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_(regent)" title="Upatissa (regent)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tissa" title="Prince Tissa">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_female_monarchs" title="List of Sinhalese female monarchs">Sinhalese female monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sri_Lanka_royal_consorts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Sri Lanka royal consorts (page does not exist)">Sinhalese Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurpers_of_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usurpers of the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Usurpers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_regnal_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese regnal names (page does not exist)">Regnal name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal court (page does not exist)">Royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amātya Mandalaya (page does not exist)">Amātya Mandalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81j%C4%81kariya" title="Rājākariya">Rājākariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Royal Residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tambapa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Tambapaṇṇī">Tambapaṇṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upatissag%C4%81ma" title="Upatissagāma">Upatissagāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijithapura" title="Vijithapura">Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhuna">Rohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambadeniya" title="Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedigama" title="Dedigama">Dedigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayigama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayigama (page does not exist)">Rayigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhapura" title="Sinhapura">Sinhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhabahu" title="Sinhabahu">Sinhabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_titles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal titles (page does not exist)">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Crown_Jewels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Crown Jewels (page does not exist)">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Standards_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Standards of the Sinhala Kingdom (page does not exist)">Royal Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretenders_to_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretenders to the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Pretenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayab%C4%81_Kollaya" title="Vijayabā Kollaya">Vijayabā Kollaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Sri_Lankan_chronicles181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_chronicles" title="Template:Sri Lankan chronicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_chronicles" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan chronicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_chronicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan chronicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Sri_Lankan_chronicles181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/15px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhatahdthu_charitta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhatahdthu charitta (page does not exist)">Dhatahdthu charitta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attanagalu_Vamsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attanagalu Vamsa (page does not exist)">Attanagalu Vamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pujavaliya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pujavaliya (page does not exist)">Pujavaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabodhivamsa_katha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabodhivamsa katha (page does not exist)">Mahabodhivamsa katha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasana_Vamsa_Deepa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasana Vamsa Deepa (page does not exist)">Sasana Vamsa Deepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vamsattha_Paksini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vamsattha Paksini (page does not exist)">Vamsattha Paksini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalatadathu_vamsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalatadathu vamsa (page does not exist)">Nalatadathu vamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commentaries &<br />alternative versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipavamsa_Atthakatha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipavamsa Atthakatha (page does not exist)">Dipavamsa Atthakatha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atthkatha_Mahavamsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atthkatha Mahavamsa (page does not exist)">Atthkatha Mahavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahavamsa_Thika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahavamsa Thika (page does not exist)">Mahavamsa Thika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttaravihara_Mahavamsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uttaravihara Mahavamsa (page does not exist)">Uttaravihara Mahavamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographic chronicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hattanagala_Vihara_Vamsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hattanagala Vihara Vamsa (page does not exist)">Hattanagala Vihara Vamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddharm_Ratna_Karaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saddharm Ratna Karaya (page does not exist)">Saddharm Ratna Karaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vattamala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vattamala (page does not exist)">Vattamala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious chronicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavamsa">Buddhavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabodhivamsa">Mahabodhivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daladavamsa" title="Daladavamsa">Daladavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81%E1%B9%ADhava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dāṭhavaṃsa">Dāṭhavaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanavamsa">Sasanavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupavamsa">Tupavamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timor-Leste" title="History of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d5db9ff5-vnstp","wgBackendResponseTime":308,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.346","walltime":"2.569","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28847,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":556128,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30887,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":665013,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2143.388 1 -total"," 23.14% 496.033 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.94% 320.173 69 Template:Cite_book"," 13.54% 290.251 76 Template:Cite_web"," 11.53% 247.095 64 Template:Sfn"," 10.95% 234.638 49 Template:Cite_news"," 10.49% 224.799 9 Template:Navbox"," 8.09% 173.495 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.01% 150.194 1 Template:History_of_Asia"," 6.94% 148.657 1 Template:Asia_topic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.431","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12610641,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAFP2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAll_Ceylon_Buddhist_Congress1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthonisz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriyadasa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArseculeratne1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAves2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandaranayake1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandaranayakeMadhyama_Saṃskr̥tika_Aramudala1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastiansGettlemanSchultz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazeer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaze1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBokay1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosmaRaben2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrohier1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownGanguly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattopadhyaya1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCodrington1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoomar_Gangoly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig_J._Reynolds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrusz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Silva1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_SilvaK._M.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagala,_S.U.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagala1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagala1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeraniyagala2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhammakittiGer_tr._GeigerEng_tr._Rickmers1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDharmadasa1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllmanRatnaweeraSilvaWickremasinghe1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Association_of_Social_Anthropologists2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Anthony_Boyle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiger,_W.1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiger1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaratna1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunasekara1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawardana,_Jagath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawardena,_Charles_A.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunawardena2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaviland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerath2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrapala1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_for_International_Studies_(Peradeniya,_Sri_Lanka)1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrons2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasinghe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayasuriya1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayatunge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedyDisotellRoertgenChiment1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeshavadas1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1681\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohona2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulatunga2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulke,_HermannKesavapany,_KSakhuja,_Vijay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeKesavapanySakhuja2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuruwitaRasheed2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiyanagamage1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahānāmatr._Geigertr._Bode1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittermeierMittermeierMyers1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholasParanavitana1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNubin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldenberg1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParanavitana1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatranobis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerera2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerera_H._R.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieris1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPokharelMcKirdy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonnamperuma2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRambukwelle1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanwella2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohan_Gunaratna1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarachchandra1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenaveratna1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirilalAneez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiriweera1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiriweera2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivasundaram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr,_Chester_G.1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepansky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokkeRyntveit2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambiah1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitarana2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWanasundera2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnapala1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarrier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaverChamberlain2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeerakkody1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeerakoon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeraratna2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickramasinghe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijesinghe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtharindu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Kraan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFঅর্থশাস্ত্রম2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 76,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History of Sri Lanka\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dts\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Sri Lanka\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Sri Lanka bar\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 24,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 64,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sinhalese Monarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lanka topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lankan chronicles\"] = 1,\n [\"Sri Lankan history overview\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFSenaveratna1997\nno target: CITEREFComing_of_Vijaya2019\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva2005\nno target: 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CITEREFangelfire.com2014\nno target: CITEREFDe_Silva1981\nno target: CITEREFParker1992\nno target: CITEREFEdirisinghe2009\nno target: CITEREFDeraniyagala2014\nno target: CITEREFParPossehlker1990\nno target: CITEREFKarunaratneAdikari1994\nno target: CITEREFMogren1994\nno target: CITEREFConingham1999\nno target: CITEREFLankalibrary.com2012\nno target: CITEREFDailynews.lk2008\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","18.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","8.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.9"],["date","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.7"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","2.5"],["[others]","560","34.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-6567bdfc66-nxznx","timestamp":"20250302033810","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of Sri Lanka","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Sri_Lanka","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1584837","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1584837","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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