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<span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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title="Gongdukish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gongdukish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gongduk" title="Lingua gongduk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua gongduk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongduk_jezik" title="Gongduk jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gongduk jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="ゴンドゥク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴンドゥク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%88%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="گونگڈک بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گونگڈک بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Gongduk" title="Lenga Gongduk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Gongduk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used - notably <code>goe</code> for Gongduk.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Gongduk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Gongduk-language text"><i lang="goe">Gongdukpa Ang</i></span><br /><span title="Gongduk-language text"><span lang="goe">དགོང་འདུས་</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mongar_District" title="Mongar District">Mongar District</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,000 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Gongduk</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/goe" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:goe">goe</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gong1251">gong1251</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5636">Gongduk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/320px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/480px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/640px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d69d29; color:black;"> </span> Gongduk</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/40px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/60px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/80px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Gongduk</b> or <b>Gongdu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དགོང་འདུས་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Dgong-'dus</i>, it is also known as Gongdubikha<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan language</a> spoken by about 1,000 people in a few inaccessible villages located near the <a href="/wiki/Kuri_Chhu" title="Kuri Chhu">Kuri Chhu</a> river in the <a href="/wiki/Gongdue_Gewog" title="Gongdue Gewog">Gongdue Gewog</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongar_District" title="Mongar District">Mongar District</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. The names of the villages are Bala, Dagsa, Damkhar, Pam, Pangthang, and Yangbari (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people are said to have come from hunters that would move from place to place at times.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language is notable for only being discovered by linguists in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a> is working towards the completion of a description of Gongduk based on his work with native speakers in the Gongduk area.<sup id="cite_ref-HLP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gongduk has complex verbal morphology, which Ethnologue considers a retention from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is lexically highly divergent.<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchPost13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchPost13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this basis, it is apparently not part of any major subgroup and will probably have to be assigned to its own branch.<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchPost13_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchPost13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HLP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George van Driem (2001:870)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes that the <i>Greater Bumthang</i> (<a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a>) languages, including <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Khengkha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a>, may have a Gongduk substratum. Gongduk itself may also have a non-Tibeto-Burman substrate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gerber (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that Gongduk has had extensive contact with <a href="/wiki/%27Ole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ole language">Black Mountain Mönpa</a> before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. Gongduk also has many <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a> loanwords. The following comparative vocabulary table from Gerber (2020) compares Gongduk, <a href="/wiki/%27Ole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ole language">Black Mountain Mönpa</a>, and Bjokapakha, which is a divergent <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a> variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Gongduk</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%27Ole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ole language">Black Mountain Mönpa</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Bjokapakha</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>hair (on head) </th> <td>θɤm</td> <td>guluŋ</td> <td>tsham </td></tr> <tr> <th>tongue </th> <td>dəli</td> <td>líː</td> <td>lɪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>eye </th> <td>mik</td> <td>mek ~ mik</td> <td>miŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ear </th> <td>nərəŋ</td> <td>naktaŋ</td> <td>nabali </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>ɤn</td> <td>áː ~ waː</td> <td>sha </td></tr> <tr> <th>bone </th> <td>rukɤŋ</td> <td>ɦɤtphok ~ yöphok</td> <td>khaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>blood </th> <td>winiʔ</td> <td>kɔk</td> <td>yi </td></tr> <tr> <th>hand/arm </th> <td>gur</td> <td>lɤk ~ lok</td> <td>gadaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>leg/foot </th> <td>bidɤʔ</td> <td>dɤkpɛŋ ~ tɛ̤kɛŋ</td> <td>bitiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>faeces </th> <td>ki</td> <td>cok</td> <td>khɨ </td></tr> <tr> <th>water </th> <td>dɤŋli</td> <td>cö, khe</td> <td>ri </td></tr> <tr> <th>rain </th> <td>wɤ</td> <td>ghö</td> <td>ŋamtsu </td></tr> <tr> <th>dog </th> <td>oki</td> <td>cüla ~ khula</td> <td>khu </td></tr> <tr> <th>pig </th> <td>don</td> <td>pɔk</td> <td>phakpa </td></tr> <tr> <th>fish </th> <td>kuŋwə</td> <td>nye̤</td> <td>ŋa </td></tr> <tr> <th>louse </th> <td>dɤr</td> <td>θæːk</td> <td>shiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>bear </th> <td>bekpələ</td> <td>wɤm ~ wom</td> <td>omsha </td></tr> <tr> <th>son </th> <td>ledə</td> <td>bæθaː</td> <td>za </td></tr> <tr> <th>daughter </th> <td>medə</td> <td>bæmɛt</td> <td>zamin </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td>kət</td> <td>mön ~ min</td> <td>mɨŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>house </th> <td>kiŋ</td> <td>mhiː̤ ~ mhe̤ː</td> <td>phai </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>mi</td> <td>áːmik ~ áːmit</td> <td>mɨ </td></tr> <tr> <th>to hear </th> <td>lə yu-</td> <td>goː-</td> <td>nai tha- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to see </th> <td>tɤŋ-</td> <td>tuŋ-</td> <td>thoŋ- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to look </th> <td>məl- ~ mɤt-</td> <td>mak-</td> <td>got- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to sit </th> <td>mi- ~ mu-</td> <td>buŋ- ~ bæŋ-</td> <td>laŋ- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to die </th> <td>komθ-</td> <td>θɛː- ~ θɛʔ-</td> <td>shi- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to kill </th> <td>tɤt-</td> <td>θüt- ~ θut- ~ θit</td> <td>she- </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of numerals:<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Gongduk</th> <th>Black Mountain Mönpa</th> <th>Bjokapakha </th></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td>ti</td> <td>tɛk</td> <td>thur </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td>niktsə</td> <td>nhü</td> <td>ɲiktsiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>three </th> <td>towə</td> <td>sam</td> <td>sam </td></tr> <tr> <th>four </th> <td>piyə</td> <td>blö</td> <td>pshi </td></tr> <tr> <th>five </th> <td>ŋəwə</td> <td>lɔŋ</td> <td>ŋa </td></tr> <tr> <th>six </th> <td>kukpə</td> <td>o̤ːk</td> <td>khuŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>seven </th> <td>ðukpə</td> <td>nyí</td> <td>zum </td></tr> <tr> <th>eight </th> <td>yitpə</td> <td>jit [ʤit]</td> <td>yɪn </td></tr> <tr> <th>nine </th> <td>guwə</td> <td>doːga</td> <td>gu </td></tr> <tr> <th>ten </th> <td>deyə</td> <td>chö</td> <td>se </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of pronouns:<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th>Gongduk</th> <th>Black Mountain Mönpa</th> <th>Bjokapakha </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr> </th> <td>ðə</td> <td>kö</td> <td>jaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> </th> <td>gi</td> <td>iŋ</td> <td>nan </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr> </th> <td>gon</td> <td>hoʔma (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>); hoʔmet (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>)</td> <td>dan </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr> </th> <td>ðiŋ</td> <td>ɔŋdat (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>); anak (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>)</td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <td>giŋ</td> <td>iŋnak</td> <td>nai </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr> </th> <td>gonmət</td> <td>hoʔoŋ</td> <td>dai </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span>) (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɕʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Consonants in parentheses are only found in loanwords.</li> <li>The velar stops /kʰ k g/ are in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with their uvular counterparts [qʰ q ɢ].</li> <li>The stops /p t k/ are glottalised and unreleased [ʔp̚ ʔt̚ ʔk̚] at the end of syllables.</li> <li>/ŋ/ can often be heard as a glottal stop [ʔ] in fast speech or following another nasal.</li> <li>/n/ and /ŋ/ are <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> to [ɲ] before /i/ or /j/.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Unrounded</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/y/ and /ø/ most often appear after palatal consonants and in loanwords.</li> <li>/ɛ/ and /ɔ/ may be in free variation with /e o/.</li> <li>/ə/ can often be heard as [ɐ~ɑ].</li> <li>/ɤ/ varies broadly between [ɨ~ɯ~ɤ~ɘ~ə].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gongduk has productive suffixal morphology (van Driem 2014).<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><-məˀtⁿ> ‘plural suffix in human nouns’</dt></dl> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>oloˀŋməˀtⁿ ‘children’ < oloˀk ‘child’ + -məˀtⁿ</li> <li>ŋidɤməˀtⁿ ‘people’ < ŋidɤ ‘person’ + -məˀtⁿ</li> <li>aroˀŋməˀtⁿ ‘friends’ < aroˀk ‘friend’ + -məˀtⁿ</li></ul> <p><br /> However, non-human plural nouns do not take on any suffixes, and remain the same: </p> <ul><li>kurtə ‘horse, horses’</li> <li>kəitɤ ‘bird, birds’</li> <li>kiŋ ‘house, houses’</li></ul> <dl><dt><-e ~ -ðe ~ -θe> ‘ergative and possessive suffix’</dt></dl> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>bɤʔlɤpə-e ‘the people of Bɤʔlɤ [ergative]’</li> <li>choŋnən-ðe me ‘the seed of the maize’</li> <li>nor-θe taɦ ‘meat of the cow [beef]’</li> <li>rek-θe rukɤŋ ‘head bone [skull]’</li> <li>aroʔk-te-θe ‘the friend [ergative]’</li> <li>əp drəkpə-e ‘Ap Drakpa [ergative]’</li> <li>θok-θe əkəm ‘egg of offering (sacrificial egg)’</li> <li>lei-ti-ðe juʔmə ‘after one month’</li></ul> <dl><dt><-gi> ‘ablative suffix’</dt></dl> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>ðiŋ goŋduʔ-gi əna ‘We are from Gongduk’</li> <li>nikkələŋ-gi ‘by way of the stairs’</li> <li>dəkθə-gi ‘from Daksa’</li> <li>kidu-gi ‘as a kidu [government gift]’</li> <li>bɤʔlɤ-gi ‘from Bɤʔlɤ’</li> <li>deŋkəle wɤŋ-gi ‘from Dengkalé Dale’</li> <li>doʔmoŋ-gi ‘from "Black Roof" village’</li> <li>phəjoŋ pəm-gi ‘from Phajong Pam’</li></ul> <dl><dt><-gu ~ -go ~ -ku ~-ko> ‘dative / locative suffix’</dt></dl> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>gərəŋ-go ‘to whom’</li> <li>ohaŋ duʔ-gu ‘in that village’</li> <li>rek-ko ‘to [his] head’</li> <li>ðə-go ‘to me’</li> <li>jə-go ‘to India’</li> <li>gaoŋ-go ‘whereto, where precisely’</li> <li>pəkpək-ko ‘at times, sometimes’</li> <li>thimphu-gu ‘to Thimphu’</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gongduk demonstratives precede head nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>ohaŋ ‘that (demonstrative)’</dt></dl> <p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>ohaŋ ŋidɤ ‘that person’</li> <li>ohaŋ koŋ ‘that tree’</li> <li>ohaŋ duʔgu ‘in that village’</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal pronoun paradigm<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">absolutive </th> <th colspan="2">ergative & genitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">ðə </td> <td>ðiŋ </td> <td rowspan="2">ðe </td> <td>ðiŋ, ðiŋ ŋəŋpoe </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td>iθi, iθirəŋ gəŋpo </td> <td>dei, dei gəŋpoe </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>gi </td> <td>giŋ </td> <td>gi </td> <td>giŋ, giŋ ŋəŋpoe </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>gon </td> <td>gonmə </td> <td>gonðe </td> <td>gonməe, gonma ŋəŋpoe </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>van Driem (2014) compares the Gongduk first person singular personal pronoun <i>ðə</i> 'I, me' to Kathmandu <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a> <i>dʑiː</i> ~ <i>dʑĩ</i>- 'I, me' and <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a> <i>dʑaŋ</i> ~ <i>dʑi</i>- ~ <i>dʑiŋ</i>- 'I, me'. He also compares the Gongduk first person plural personal pronoun <i>ðiŋ</i> 'we, us' to Kathmandu <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a> <i>dʑʰai</i> ~ <i>dʑʰĩ</i>- 'we, us'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gongduk words and phrases below are from van Driem (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_vocabulary">Basic vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li>rek ‘head’</li> <li>rukɤŋ ‘bone’</li> <li>əŋ ‘language, mouth’</li> <li>dɤŋli ‘water’</li> <li>wɤ ‘rain’</li> <li>yər ‘cliff’</li> <li>dɤ ‘salt’</li> <li>ɤn ‘tooth’</li> <li>koŋ ‘tree’</li> <li>diŋ ‘wood’</li> <li>me ‘seed’</li> <li>dola ‘cooked <i><a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">Setaria</a></i> or rice’</li> <li>choŋnən ‘maize’</li> <li>ɤwɤ ‘banana’</li> <li>taɦ ‘meat’</li> <li>wərə ‘<a href="/wiki/Upland_rice" title="Upland rice">highland paddy</a>, ghaiyā’</li> <li>khərəŋ ‘cooked <i><a href="/wiki/Panicum" title="Panicum">Panicum</a></i> or maize’</li> <li>don ‘pig’</li> <li>nor ‘cow’</li> <li>kurtə ‘horse’</li> <li>kəitɤ ‘bird’</li> <li>əkəm ‘egg’</li> <li>jə ‘day (24-hour period)’</li> <li>lei ‘month’</li> <li>oloʔk ‘child’</li> <li>ŋidɤ ‘person’</li> <li>aroʔk ‘friend’</li> <li>duʔ ‘village’</li> <li>kiŋ ‘house’</li> <li>nikkələŋ ‘stairs’</li> <li>θok ‘offering’</li> <li>goŋduʔ ‘Gongduk’</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>ti ‘1’</li> <li>niktsə ‘2’</li> <li>towə ‘3’</li> <li>diyə, piyə ‘4’</li> <li>ŋəwə ‘5’</li> <li>qukpə ‘6’</li> <li>ðukpə ‘7’</li> <li>yitpə, hetpə ‘8’</li> <li>ɢuwə ‘9’</li> <li>deyə ‘10’</li> <li>deθəti ‘11’</li> <li>deθəniktsə ‘12’</li> <li>deθətowə ‘13’</li> <li>khəe ‘score (20)’</li> <li>khəe ŋəwə ‘five score, i.e. one hundred’</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>gərəŋ ‘who’</li> <li>gərəe ‘whose’</li> <li>θəpo ‘what’</li> <li>ko ‘when’</li> <li>gaoŋ ‘where, whither’</li> <li>qəti ‘how much, how many’</li> <li>gainəŋ ‘which, whence’</li> <li>qətigu ‘at what time’</li> <li>θəu, θəudi ‘why, how come’</li> <li>gora, gorapəm ‘how, in which way’</li> <li>ohaŋ ‘that (demonstrative)’</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/goe/">Gongduk</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Gongduk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fgoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Languages_of_Bhutan.html">"Languages and Ethnic Groups of Bhutan"</a>. <i>www.languagesgulper.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft.atitle=Languages+and+Ethnic+Groups+of+Bhutan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FLanguages_of_Bhutan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Why do languages die?", by Christopher Moseley, in <i>The 5-Minute Linguist</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908049-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908049-49-0">978-1-908049-49-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HLP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimalayan_Languages_Project" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Languages_Project" title="Himalayan Languages Project">Himalayan Languages Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303100806/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/?q=languages/gongduk">"Gongduk"</a>. Himalayan Languages Project. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gongduk&rft.pub=Himalayan+Languages+Project&rft.au=Himalayan+Languages+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanlanguages.org%2F%3Fq%3Dlanguages%2Fgongduk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchPost13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchPost13_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchPost13_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/627686/Rethinking_Sino-Tibetan_phylogeny_from_the_perspective_of_North_East_Indian_languages">Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Driem, George. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas. Leiden: Brill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerber, Pascal. 2018. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36564118/Areal_features_in_Gongduk_Bjokapakha_and_Black_Mountain_M%C3%B6npa_phonology_Draft_">Areal features in Gongduk, Bjokapakha and Black Mountain Mönpa phonology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324232941/https://www.academia.edu/36564118/Areal_features_in_Gongduk_Bjokapakha_and_Black_Mountain_M%C3%B6npa_phonology_Draft_">Archived</a> 2019-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Unpublished draft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerber2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gerber, Pascal (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/ltba.18015.ger">"Areal features in Gongduk, Bjokapakha and Black Mountain Mönpa phonology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Tibeto-Burman_Area" title="Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area">Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): 55–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18015.ger">10.1075/ltba.18015.ger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0731-3500">0731-3500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225218734">225218734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+of+the+Tibeto-Burman+Area&rft.atitle=Areal+features+in+Gongduk%2C+Bjokapakha+and+Black+Mountain+M%C3%B6npa+phonology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-86&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225218734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0731-3500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fltba.18015.ger&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fltba.18015.ger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanDriem2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem2014_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Driem, George. 2014. <i>Gongduk Nominal Morphology and the phylogenetic position of Gongduk</i>. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 16 July 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzongkha_Development_AuthorityDasho_Sangay_DorjiCol._Wangdi_TsheringNamgay_Thinley2005" class="citation book cs1">Dzongkha Development Authority; Dasho Sangay Dorji; Col. Wangdi Tshering; Namgay Thinley; Gyembo Dorji; Phuntsho Wangdi; Lekyi Tshering; Sangay Phuntsho (2005). <i>དགོང་འདུས་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིན་སྐད་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད། (Gongduk-Dzongkha-English Dictionary)</i>. Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Authority. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99936-663-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/99936-663-1-9"><bdi>99936-663-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D+%28Gongduk-Dzongkha-English+Dictionary%29&rft.place=Thimphu&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Dzongkha+Development+Authority&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=99936-663-1-9&rft.au=Dzongkha+Development+Authority&rft.au=Dasho+Sangay+Dorji&rft.au=Col.+Wangdi+Tshering&rft.au=Namgay+Thinley&rft.au=Gyembo+Dorji&rft.au=Phuntsho+Wangdi&rft.au=Lekyi+Tshering&rft.au=Sangay+Phuntsho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gerber, Pascal. 2019. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38142901/Gongduk_agreement_morphology_in_functional_and_diachronic_perspective">Gongduk agreement morphology in functional and diachronic perspective</a></i>. Paper presented at the ISBS Inaugural Conference, Magdalen College, University of Oxford.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George L</a>; et al. (Karma Tshering of Gaselô) (1998). <i>Dzongkha</i>. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5789-002-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-5789-002-X"><bdi>90-5789-002-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzongkha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Languages+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Research+School+CNWS%2C+School+of+Asian%2C+African%2C+and+Amerindian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-5789-002-X&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2007" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George L</a> (2007). "Endangered languages of Bhutan and Sikkim". In Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.). <i>Language diversity endangered</i>. Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 314–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017050-4"><bdi>978-3-11-017050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Endangered+languages+of+Bhutan+and+Sikkim&rft.btitle=Language+diversity+endangered&rft.series=Trends+in+linguistics.+Studies+and+monographs&rft.pages=314-15&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017050-4&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGongduk+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>van Driem, George. 2014. <i>Gongduk Nominal Morphology and the phylogenetic position of Gongduk</i>. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 16 July 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongduk_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ELAR archive of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0353">Documentation of the flora and fauna of Gongduk</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template talk:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bodish" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Ngalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocangaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangaca language">Chocangacakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbikha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakpa language">Dakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyenkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla (Sharchop)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a> <ul><li>including <a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gongduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">'Ole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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