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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>Turkish language and alphabet</title> <meta name="description" content="Turkish is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken mainly in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, Germany and Bulgaria." />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/" /> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; ezstandalone.cmd = ezstandalone.cmd || []; </script></head> <body> <div id="header">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WB7PSHBG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <p><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/images/logos/header_omniglot.png" width="600" height="70" alt="Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems & languages" /></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm">Constructed scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm">Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/numbers/index.htm">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm">Multilingual Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="bodybox"> <span style="text-align:center;"><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-162"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(162); }); </script></span><div id="body"> <h1>Turkish (Türkçe)</h1> <p>Turkish is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken by about 88 million people, mainly in Turkey, and also in Northern Cyprus, Germany, Bulgaria and other countries. There are about 82 million speakers of Turkish in Turkey, about 2 million in Germany, 606,000 in Bulgaria, 500,000 in the UK, 300,000 in Northern Cyprus, 165,000 in the USA, 130,000 in Uzbekistan, and smaller numbers in other countries. </p> <p>Turkish is an official language in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and Cyprus. It is recognised as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania. </p> <div id="summary"> <h2>Turkish at a glance</h2> <ul> <li><strong>Native name</strong>: Türkçe [ˈtyɾct͡ʃɛ]</li> <li><strong>Language family</strong>: Turkic, Common Turkic, Oghuz, Western Oghuz</li> <li><strong>Number of speakers</strong>: c. 88 million</li> <li><strong>Spoken in</strong>: Turkey, Northern Cyprus, Germany, Bulgaria, UK, Northern Cyprus, USA, Uzbekistan and other countries</li> <li><strong>First written</strong>: 11th century</li> <li><strong>Writing system</strong>: Ottoman Turkish script, <a href="armenoturkish.htm">Armenian script</a>, Latin script</li> <li><strong>Status</strong>: official language in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and Cyprus. Recognised minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Romania</li> </ul> </div> <p>Turkish is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. It is closely related to Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, and Balkan Gagauz Turkish, and there is considerable mutual intelligibility between these languages. </p> <p>The ancestor of modern Turkish, Oghuz, was bought to Anatolia from Central Asia during the 11th century AD by Seljuq Turks. This developed into Ottoman Turkish, and contained many loanwords from Arabic and Persian. </p> <p>Until 1928 Turkish was written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script known as the <a href="#ott">Ottoman Turkish script</a>. There was also a way to write Ottoman Turkish with the Armenian alphabet, known as <a href="armenoturkish.htm">Armeno-Turkish</a>, that was used by ethnic Armenians and the non-Armenian Ottoman Turkish elite until 1928. </p> <p>In 1928, as part of his efforts to modernise Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk issued a decree replacing the Arabic script with a version of the <a href="#latin">Latin</a> alphabet, which has been used ever since. Arabic and Persian loanwords were replaced with Turkish equivalents, based on the vocabulary used by ordinary people rather than the elite. Nowadays, only scholars and those who learnt to read before 1928 can read Turkish written in the Ottoman Turkish script. </p> <a id="latin"></a> <h2>Turkish alphabet (türk alfabesi)</h2> <p><img src="../images/writing/turkish_latin.gif" width="582" height="420" alt="Turkish alphabet (türk alfabesi)" /> </p> <p><a href="../charts/turkish.xls">Download an alphabet chart for Turkish</a> (Excel) </p> <p><a href="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_turkish-lat.mp3">Hear a recording of the Turkish alphabet by Muxan Eren Aslan</a> </p> <p><audio controls> <source src="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_turkish-lat.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"/> <embed height="50" width="100" src="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_turkish-lat.mp3"/> </audio> </p> <p>Hear how to pronounce the Turkish alphabet: </p> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uFDsEUeGoMM" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <h3>Notes</h3> <ul> <li><strong>â</strong>, <strong>î</strong> and <strong>û</strong> are used to distinguish words that would otherwise have the same spelling; to indiciate palatalization of a preceding consonant, e.g. <em>kar</em> /kar/ (snow), <em>kâr</em> /kʲar/ (profit); and also to indicate long vowels in loanwords, especially those from Arabic</li> <li><strong>e</strong> is [ɛ~æ] when it appears m, n, l or r, e.g. <em>gelmek</em> [ɡæɫˈmec] (to come, arrive)</li> <li><strong>g</strong> = [ɟ] and <strong>k</strong> = [c] when next to e, i, ö or ü</li> <li><strong>ğ</strong> is usually silent and indicates a syllable break, e.g. <em>değil</em> [ˈde.il] (not). In final syllables after e and i, <strong>ğ</strong> = [j], e.g. <em>eğri</em> [ej.ˈɾi] (curve). Elsewhere <strong>ğ</strong> lengthens a vowel, e.g. <em>bağ</em> [ˈbaː] (bond). In some dialects it is pronounced [ɰ]</li> <li><strong>l</strong> = [ɫ] when next to a, ı, o or u</li> <li><strong>h</strong> = [ħ] before consonants and at the end of words</li> <li>The letters Q (qu), X (iks) and W (we) are not included in the official Turkish alphabet, but are used in foreign names and loanwords</li> </ul> <h2>Sample text in Turkish</h2> <p>Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler. </p> <p><a href="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_tr.mp3">Hear a recording of this text</a> </p> <p><audio controls> <source src="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_tr.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"/> <embed height="50" width="100" src="../soundfiles/udhr/udhr_tr.mp3"/> </audio> </p> <h3>Translation</h3> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. <br /> <em>(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</em> </p> <a id="ott"></a> <h2 style="text-align:right;">(لسان عثمانى) Ottoman Turkish script</h2> <p style="text-align:right;"><img src="../images/writing/turkish_arabic.gif" width="630" height="815" alt="Ottoman Turkish abjad" /> </p> <p><a href="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_turkish-arb.mp3">Hear a recording of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet by Muxan Eren Aslan</a> </p> <p><audio controls> <source src="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_turkish-arb.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"/> <embed height="50" width="100" src="../soundfiles/alphabets/alphabet_turkish-arb.mp3"/> </audio> </p> <h3>Note</h3> <p>The Latin transliteration here is used in the <em>İslâm Ansiklopedisi</em> (Encyclopedia of Islam), which has become a <em>de facto</em> standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. Other transliteration systems are available. </p> <h3>Numerals</h3> <p><img src="../images/writing/turkish_num.gif" width="588" height="113" alt="Arabic Numerals and Turkish numbers" /> </p> <p><a href="../charts/turkish.xls">Download alphabet charts for Turkish</a> (Excel) </p> <h2 style="text-align:right;">Sample text</h2> <p style="text-align:right;"><img src="../images/langsamples/udhr_turkish.gif" width="549" height="125" alt="Sample text in the Ottoman Turkish script" /> </p> <h3>Transliteration</h3> <p>Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler. </p> <p><em>With corrections by Ibrahim Musri</em> </p> <h3>Translation</h3> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. <br /> <em>(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</em> </p> <h2>Sample videos in Turkish</h2> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rEJb7j61-es" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DyNFWXjIH-8" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p class="info"><a href="/writing/turkish.htm">Information about Turkish</a> | <a href="/language/phrases/turkish.php">Phrases</a> | <a href="/language/numbers/turkish.htm">Numbers</a> | <a href="/language/kinship/turkish.htm">Family words</a> | <a href="/language/time/turkish.htm">Time</a> | <a href="/language/tonguetwisters/turkish.htm#turkish">Tongue twisters</a> | <a href="/babel/turkish.htm">Tower of Babel</a> | Books about Turkish on: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=omniglot-20&linkCode=ur2&linkId=d1153270af6f4bb198a315cb7e4877a2&camp=1789&creative=9325&index=books&keywords=Turkish language">Amazon.com</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/search?ie=UTF8&tag=omniglot-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=17fcbaaf6e1a160176e000d433b3f540&camp=1634&creative=6738&index=books&keywords=Turkish language">Amazon.co.uk</a> [affilate links] </p> <p><a href="http://www.turkishclass101.com/member/go.php?r=72786&i=b0" rel="nofollow"><img src='http://www.turkishclass101.com/static/images/turkishclass101/aff_banner/turkish-468x60.gif' alt='Learn Turkish with Free Podcasts' /></a> </p> <p>- <a href="http://www.turkishclass101.com/member/go.php?r=72786&i=b0" rel="nofollow">TurkishClass101.com - Learn Turkish with Free Audio and Video Lessons</a><br /> - <a href="https://www.jdoqocy.com/click-2591325-14103337">Learn Turkish online with Mondly</a><br /> - <a href="https://ai.glossika.com/r/omniglot/learn-turkish">Learn Turkish with Glossika</a><br /> </p><h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about Turkish<br /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language</a><br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish</a><br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet</a><br /> <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9">https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/أبجدية_تركية_عثمانية</a><br /> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/turkish/guide/">http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/turkish/guide/</a><br /> <a href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/dil.htm">http://www.allaboutturkey.com/dil.htm</a> </p> <p>Online Turkish lessons<br /> <a href="http://www.turkishclass.com/">http://www.turkishclass.com</a><br /> <a href="http://polymath.org/turkish.php">http://polymath.org/turkish.php</a><br /> <a href="https://www.loecsen.com/en/learn-turkish">https://www.loecsen.com/en/learn-turkish</a><br /> <a href="http://www.teachyourselfturkish.com/">http://www.teachyourselfturkish.com</a><br /> <a href="http://turkish.pgeorgalas.gr/indexEn.htm">http://turkish.pgeorgalas.gr/indexEn.htm</a><br /> <a href="http://www.turkishbasics.com/">http://www.turkishbasics.com</a><br /> <a href="https://www.turkishaholic.com/">https://www.turkishaholic.com/</a><br /> <a href="http://mylanguages.org/learn_turkish.php">http://mylanguages.org/learn_turkish.php</a><br /> <a href="http://www.turkishclass101.com/member/go.php?r=72786&i=b0">http://www.turkishclass101.com/</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.turkishclass101.com/member/go.php?r=72786&i=b0" rel="nofollow"><img src='http://www.turkishclass101.com/static/images/turkishclass101/aff_banner/turkish-468x60.gif' alt='Learn Turkish with Free Podcasts' /></a> </p><p>Turkish phrases<br /> <a href="https://www.ielanguages.com/turkish-phrases.html">https://www.ielanguages.com/turkish-phrases.html</a><br /> <a href="https://iwillteachyoualanguage.com/learn/turkish/turkish-tips/turkish-phrases/">https://iwillteachyoualanguage.com/learn/turkish/turkish-tips/turkish-phrases/</a><br /> <a href="https://heyexplorer.com/turkish-phrases-for-tourists/">https://heyexplorer.com/turkish-phrases-for-tourists/</a><br /> <a href="https://wikitravel.org/en/Turkish_phrasebook">https://wikitravel.org/en/Turkish_phrasebook</a></p> <p>Online Turkish dictionaries<br /> <a href="http://turkishdictionary.net/">http://turkishdictionary.net/</a><br /> <a href="http://www.kadifeli.com/cgi-bin/compdict.pl">http://www.kadifeli.com/cgi-bin/compdict.pl</a><br /> <a href="http://www.zargan.com/">http://www.zargan.com</a><br /> <a href="http://www.dictionarist.com/turkish/">http://www.dictionarist.com/turkish/</a><br /> <a href="http://www.sozlukte.com/">http://www.sozlukte.com</a><br /> <a href="http://pauctle.com/entr">http://pauctle.com/entr</a><br /> <a href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/turkish-english/">https://dictionary.reverso.net/turkish-english/</a><br /> <a href="https://www.seslisozluk.net/">https://www.seslisozluk.net/</a></p> <p>Online translation between Turkish and other languages<br /> <a href="http://turkceingilizce.ingilizceturkce.gen.tr/">http://turkceingilizce.ingilizceturkce.gen.tr/</a> </p> <p>Online input for Turkish and other Turkic languages<br /> <a href="http://www.isa-sari.com/ctlk/?id=en">http://www.isa-sari.com/ctlk/?id=en</a> </p> <p>Online input for Ottoman Turkish<br /> <a href="http://www.isa-sari.com/osmanlica/?id=en">http://www.isa-sari.com/osmanlica/?id=en</a> </p> <p>Online Turkish language radio<br /> <a href="https://radyo.trt.net.tr/">https://radyo.trt.net.tr</a><br /> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/">http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/</a><br /> <a href="http://www.radyoturkhareketi.net/">http://www.radyoturkhareketi.net/</a></p> <p>Online news in Turkish<br /> <a href="http://www.gazeteler.de/">http://www.gazeteler.de</a><br /> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/">http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/</a> </p> <p>Online e-books and audio books in Turkish<br /> <a href="http://ekitap.kulturturizm.gov.tr/ana-sayfa/1-294/20120531.html">http://ekitap.kulturturizm.gov.tr/ana-sayfa/1-294/20120531.html</a><br /> <a href="http://www.pandora.com.tr/yayinevi/sesli-kitaplar/2315">http://www.pandora.com.tr/yayinevi/sesli-kitaplar/2315</a></p> <p>Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) (Turkish Language Association) - the official language regulator of the Turkish language: <a href="http://tdk.gov.tr/">http://tdk.gov.tr</.a> </p> <p><a href="http://www.turkishclass101.com/member/go.php?r=72786&i=b0" rel="nofollow"><img src='http://www.turkishclass101.com/static/images/turkishclass101/aff_banner/turkish-468x60.gif' alt='Learn Turkish with Free Podcasts' /></a> </p> <p>- <a href="http://www.turkishclass101.com/member/go.php?r=72786&i=b0" rel="nofollow">TurkishClass101.com - Learn Turkish with Free Audio and Video Lessons</a><br /> - <a href="https://ai.glossika.com/r/omniglot/learn-turkish">Learn Turkish with Glossika</a><br /> </p><h2>Turkic languages</h2> <p><a href="/writing/altay.htm">Altay</a>, <a href="/writing/aynu.htm">Äynu</a>, <a href="/writing/azeri.htm">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/writing/bashkir.htm">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/writing/chagatai.htm">Chagatai</a>, <a href="/writing/chelkan.htm">Chelkan</a>, <a href="/writing/chulym.htm">Chulym</a>, <a href="/writing/chuvash.htm">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/writing/crimeantatar.php">Crimean Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/dolgan.htm">Dolgan</a>, <a href="/writing/fuyukyrgyz.htm">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/writing/gagauz.htm">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/writing/iliturki.htm">Ili Turki</a>, <a href="/writing/balkar.htm">Karachay-Balkar</a>, <a href="/writing/karaim.htm">Karaim</a>, <a href="/writing/karakalpak.php">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/writing/karamanliturkish.htm">Karamanli Turkish</a>, <a href="/writing/kazakh.htm">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/writing/khakas.htm">Khakas</a>, <a href="/writing/khalaj.htm">Khalaj</a>, <a href="/writing/khorasaniturkic.htm">Khorasani Turkic</a>, <a href="/writing/krymchak.htm">Krymchak</a>, <a href="/writing/kumandy.htm">Kumandy</a>, <a href="/writing/kumyk.php">Kumyk</a>, <a href="/writing/kirghiz.htm">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/writing/lop.htm">Lop</a>, <a href="/writing/nogai.htm">Nogai</a>, <a href="/writing/orkhon.htm">Old Turkic</a>, <a href="/writing/qashqai.htm">Qashqai</a>, <a href="/writing/romaniantatar.htm">Romanian Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/salar.htm">Salar</a>, <a href="/writing/shor.htm">Shor</a>, <a href="/writing/siberiantatar.htm">Siberian Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/soyot.htm">Soyot</a>, <a href="/writing/tatar.htm">Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/teleut.htm">Teleut</a>, <a href="/writing/tofa.htm">Tofa</a>, <a href="/writing/turkish.htm">Turkish</a>, <a href="/writing/turkmen.htm">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/writing/tuvan.php">Tuvan</a>, <a href="/writing/urum.htm">Urum</a>, <a href="/writing/uyghur.htm">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/writing/uzbek.htm">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/writing/westernyugur.htm">Western Yugur</a>, <a href="/writing/yakut.htm">Yakut (Sakha)</a> </p><h2>Languages written with the Arabic script</h2> <p><a href="/writing/adamaua.htm">Adamaua Fulfulde</a>, <a href="/writing/afrikaans.htm">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_algerian.htm">Arabic (Algerian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_bedawi.htm">Arabic (Bedawi)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_chadian.htm">Arabic (Chadian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_egypt.htm">Arabic (Egyptian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_gulf.htm">Arabic (Gulf)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_hassaniya.htm">Arabic (Hassaniya)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_hejazi.htm">Arabic (Hejazi)</a>, <a href="/writing/lebanese.htm">Arabic (Lebanese)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_libyan.htm">Arabic (Libyan)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic.htm">Arabic (Modern Standard)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_moroccan.htm">Arabic (Moroccan)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_najdi.htm">Arabic (Najdi)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_sudanese.htm">Arabic (Sudanese)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_syrian.htm">Arabic (Syrian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arabic_tunisian.htm">Arabic (Tunisian)</a>, <a href="/writing/arwi.htm">Arwi</a>, <a href="/writing/aynu.htm">Äynu</a>, <a href="/writing/azeri.htm">Azeri</a>, <a href="/writing/balantaganja.htm">Balanta-Ganja</a>, <a href="/writing/balti.htm">Balti</a>, <a href="/writing/baluchi.php">Baluchi</a>, <a href="/writing/beja.htm">Beja</a>, <a href="/writing/belarusian.htm">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/writing/bosnian.htm">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/writing/brahui.htm">Brahui</a>, <a href="/writing/chagatai.htm">Chagatai</a>, <a href="/writing/chechen.htm">Chechen</a>, <a href="/writing/chittagonian.htm">Chittagonian</a>, <a href="/writing/comorian.htm">Comorian</a>, <a href="/writing/crimeantatar.php">Crimean Tatar</a>, <a href="/writing/dargwa.htm">Dargwa</a>, <a href="/writing/dari.htm">Dari</a>, <a href="/writing/dhatki.htm">Dhatki</a>, <a href="/writing/dogri.htm">Dogri</a>, <a href="/writing/domari.htm">Domari</a>, <a href="/writing/gawarbati.htm">Gawar Bati</a>, <a href="/writing/gawri.htm">Gawri</a>, <a href="/writing/gilaki.htm">Gilaki</a>, <a href="/writing/hausa.htm">Hausa</a>, <a href="/writing/hazaragi.htm">Hazaragi</a>, <a href="/writing/hindko.htm">Hindko</a>, <a href="/writing/induskohistani.htm">Indus Kohistani</a>, <a href="/writing/kabyle.php">Kabyle</a>, <a href="/writing/kalkoti.htm">Kalkoti</a>, <a href="/writing/karakalpak.php">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/writing/kashmiri.htm">Kashmiri</a>, <a 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