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href="https://independent.academia.edu/VincentRoscigno">Vincent Roscigno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African American men and the experience of employment discrimination","attachmentId":44388172,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24004273/African_American_men_and_the_experience_of_employment_discrimination","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24004273/African_American_men_and_the_experience_of_employment_discrimination"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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This paper discusses the construct of racial inequality by discusses the effects of racial discrimination in the workplace.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Racial Inequalities at Work","attachmentId":37269507,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11888625/Racial_Inequalities_at_Work","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11888625/Racial_Inequalities_at_Work"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12620954" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12620954/Linking_African_Americans_to_the_Workplace">Linking African-Americans to the Workplace</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31578246" href="https://usc.academia.edu/janejames">Jane James</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Linking African-Americans to the Workplace","attachmentId":37747621,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12620954/Linking_African_Americans_to_the_Workplace","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12620954/Linking_African_Americans_to_the_Workplace"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37908145" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37908145/Workplace_Racial_Discrimination_and_Middle_Class_Vulnerability">Workplace Racial Discrimination and Middle Class Vulnerability</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15925209" href="https://southwestern.academia.edu/RByron">Reggie Byron</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Middle-class minority workers have skill and human capital credentials which should confer protections and relative workplace power. Moreover, they often work in more bureaucratic contexts where culturally proscribed status markers, such as race, should matter little if at all. In this article, we challenge such assumptions by quantitatively and qualitatively examining several hundred cases of workplace racial discrimination and the degree of middle-class African American vulnerability. Notable are significant levels of firing discrimination for all African American workers and a heightened likelihood of mobility-based discrimination and day-to-day racial harassment for middle-class African Americans. Through qualitative case immersion, we show the core practices and processes through which these patterns manifest.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Workplace Racial Discrimination and Middle Class Vulnerability","attachmentId":57918709,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37908145/Workplace_Racial_Discrimination_and_Middle_Class_Vulnerability","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37908145/Workplace_Racial_Discrimination_and_Middle_Class_Vulnerability"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="67655942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67655942/Workplace_Racial_Composition_Explains_High_Perceived_Discrimination_of_High_Socioeconomic_Status_African_American_Men">Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67602807" href="https://cdrewu.academia.edu/ShervinAssari">Shervin Assari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brain Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Sociological and epidemiological literature have both shown that socioeconomic status (SES) protects populations and individuals against health problems. Recent research, however, has shown that African Americans gain less from their SES and African Americans of high SES, particularly males, may be vulnerable to perceived discrimination, as explained by the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory. One potential mechanism for this phenomenon is that high SES African Americans have a higher tendency to work in predominantly White workplaces, which increases their perceived discrimination. It is, however, unknown if the links between SES, working in predominantly White work groups and perceived discrimination differ for male and female African Americans. Aim: To test the associations between SES, workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination in a nationally representative sample of male and female African American adults. Methods. This study included a total numbe...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men","attachmentId":78395748,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67655942/Workplace_Racial_Composition_Explains_High_Perceived_Discrimination_of_High_Socioeconomic_Status_African_American_Men","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67655942/Workplace_Racial_Composition_Explains_High_Perceived_Discrimination_of_High_Socioeconomic_Status_African_American_Men"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="7964261" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7964261/DISCRIMINATION_WOMEN_AND_WORK_Processes_and_Variations_by_Race_and_Class">DISCRIMINATION, WOMEN, AND WORK: Processes and Variations by Race and Class</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15183835" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SusanOrtiz">Susan Ortiz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociological Quarterly, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Research on gender and workplace stratification has made clear that persistent employment, wage, and mobility gaps exist, and that discrimination at organizational and interactional levels is playing a role. Few studies, however, have been able to directly capture processes involved. In this article, we draw on unique qualitative and quantitative data pertaining to verified cases of workplace sex and race discrimination (1988 to 2003), and analyze the discriminatory experiences of African-American and white women across various occupational statuses. Notable are high levels of discriminatory firing for both groups, but higher instances of race-based promotional discrimination for black women—a pattern partially linked to their disparate concentration in sex-segregated workplaces and in positions of lower occupational prestige. Our qualitative immersion into case materials reveals influential mechanisms and employer justifications, unique manifestations of differential treatment on the job, and the use of “soft skill” criteria in gatekeeper decision making. We conclude by discussing important dimensions of workplace discrimination for women, variations by social class and race status, and how complexities of status matter for what women experience and gatekeeper behavior.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DISCRIMINATION, WOMEN, AND WORK: Processes and Variations by Race and Class","attachmentId":48272208,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7964261/DISCRIMINATION_WOMEN_AND_WORK_Processes_and_Variations_by_Race_and_Class","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7964261/DISCRIMINATION_WOMEN_AND_WORK_Processes_and_Variations_by_Race_and_Class"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="15036459" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15036459/What_We_Know_and_Dont_Eradicating_Employment_Discrimination_50_Years_After_the_Civil_Rights_Act">What We Know and Don't: Eradicating Employment Discrimination 50 Years After the Civil Rights Act</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34051974" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdenKing1">Eden King</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34194220" href="https://dtc-wsuv.academia.edu/KristenJones">Kristen Jones</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What We Know and Don't: Eradicating Employment Discrimination 50 Years After the Civil Rights Act","attachmentId":43641922,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15036459/What_We_Know_and_Dont_Eradicating_Employment_Discrimination_50_Years_After_the_Civil_Rights_Act","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15036459/What_We_Know_and_Dont_Eradicating_Employment_Discrimination_50_Years_After_the_Civil_Rights_Act"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="89408460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89408460/Discrimination_Organizational_Commitment_and_the_Impact_of_Diversity_Programs_on_Black_Millennials">Discrimination, Organizational Commitment, and the Impact of Diversity Programs on Black Millennials</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70762646" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BooneBrittany">Brittany Boone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Discrimination, Organizational Commitment, and the Impact of Diversity Programs on Black Millennials","attachmentId":93217709,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89408460/Discrimination_Organizational_Commitment_and_the_Impact_of_Diversity_Programs_on_Black_Millennials","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89408460/Discrimination_Organizational_Commitment_and_the_Impact_of_Diversity_Programs_on_Black_Millennials"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="12567613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1">African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31486981" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DianeHughes6">Diane Hughes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although studies have described work processes among employed African American women, few have examined the influence of these processes on job outcomes. This study examined relationships between African American women&#39;s exposure to a range of occupational stressors, including two types of racial bias—institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice—and their evaluations of job quality. Findings indicated that institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality1","attachmentId":37725614,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="9738744" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9738744/Non_Racial_Affirmative_Action_in_Employment">Non-Racial Affirmative Action in Employment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15278642" href="https://uct.academia.edu/MarkOppenheimer">Mark Oppenheimer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">@Liberty, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper outlines the different forms that affirmative action policies can take. It argues that race based policies do not yield the positive results that they claim to offer. First, they do not properly compensate individuals for past injustices. Second, they create social burdens on those they purport to benefit. Third, they entrench the importance of race and require repugnant systems of racial classification. Fourth, they are unconstitutional on the grounds that they arbitrarily discriminate on the basis of race and they infringe the principle of non-racialism. It is argued that non-racial affirmative action policies are a desirable way of redressing past injustices, while ensuring that all citizens are provided with an equal opportunity to succeed. A just affirmative action policy should abandon the use of race as a proxy for disadvantage. A non-racial policy would examine an individual’s particular circumstances; such as their financial situation, their education background and their personal experiences of previous discrimination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Non-Racial Affirmative Action in Employment","attachmentId":35923301,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9738744/Non_Racial_Affirmative_Action_in_Employment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9738744/Non_Racial_Affirmative_Action_in_Employment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109327596,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109327596,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_109327596" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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