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{"work":{"id":12620954,"created_at":"2015-05-26T21:28:00.372-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T12:06:23.065-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"This paper examines the position of African-Americans in the workplace, highlighting their status as a specific diverse employee group. It critically analyzes current diversity policies and practices, emphasizing the challenges faced by African-Americans due to systemic issues like racism and tokenism. By evaluating best practices and recommending comprehensive diversity initiatives, the paper advocates for organizations to go beyond mere legal compliance to embrace broader definitions of diversity, including ethics management, to foster an inclusive work environment that acknowledges and utilizes the diverse skills that African-Americans contribute.","ai_title_tag":"Addressing Workplace Diversity for African-Americans"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Linking African-Americans to the Workplace","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31578246]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":37747621,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Linking African-Americans to the Workplace”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37747621/mini_magick20190228-30167-1n30iq5.png?1551373956" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Linking African-Americans to the Workplace</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31578246" href="https://usc.academia.edu/janejames"><img alt="Profile image of Jane James" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Jane James</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 12620954; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=12620954"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper examines the position of African-Americans in the workplace, highlighting their status as a specific diverse employee group. It critically analyzes current diversity policies and practices, emphasizing the challenges faced by African-Americans due to systemic issues like racism and tokenism. By evaluating best practices and recommending comprehensive diversity initiatives, the paper advocates for organizations to go beyond mere legal compliance to embrace broader definitions of diversity, including ethics management, to foster an inclusive work environment that acknowledges and utilizes the diverse skills that African-Americans contribute.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37747621,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12620954/Linking_African_Americans_to_the_Workplace"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37747621,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12620954/Linking_African_Americans_to_the_Workplace"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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We offer a brief summary of our major findings. African-American men and women still lag behind White women and men in hol~g management positions. Over the last ten years, the proportion of African-American men and women holding management positions has only ranged between 5 and 7 percent. They continue to be invisible at the very top levels of companies. Despite legislative mandates to eradicate racial discrimination in the worlcplace,African-American managers still encounter a number of highly interrelated barriers that operate at the individual. group. and organizational IevellO restrict their advancement. At the individual leveL the foremost barrier to their advancement is subtle racism and prejudice. They still work in an environment where Whites hold negative stereotypes and attitudes about their suitability and competence for management responsibility. They also experience more overt racial harassment in the work place in the form of racial slurs, racial jokes, and abusive language. Intergroup conflicts and exclusion from formal and informaJ networks create dynamics on a group level that further restrict their mobility. Other baniers are embedded within organization systems. African-American managers have less access to mentors, are subjecLedto bias in the rating of their performance and promotability. and are functionally segregated into jobs less likely to be on the path to top levels of management More recently, corporate efforts to downsize operations have dampened the prospects of advancement for many African-American managers. Removing these baniers will require multilevel action on the pan of the government and employers. The government must strengthen its enforcement of equal employment opportunity. The government must mandate compliance reviews to investigate the subtle ways in which organization systems like succession planning and perfonnance evaluation adversely effect the advancement of African-Americans. Explicit guidelines on racial harassment in the work place must be developed and issued jointly by the Equal Employment Opponunity Commission and other appropriate governmental agencies. However, if real change is to occur the government must act towards eradicating racism and racial segregation within all major institutions of our society. The top leadership of organizations must demonstrate its commitment to the recruitment and advancement of African-Americans by removing obstacles embedded in personnel practices. Managers must be held accountable for the development of African-American managers, ensuring that they receive challenging job assignments and the requisite training to advance. Organizations must establish on-going training and educational programs on race relations for all organizational members. Such training can help get to the roOtof many of the barriers African-Americans</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Glass Ceiling Commission - Barriers to Work Place Advancement Experienced by African-Americans","attachmentId":83903727,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72814217/Glass_Ceiling_Commission_Barriers_to_Work_Place_Advancement_Experienced_by_African_Americans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72814217/Glass_Ceiling_Commission_Barriers_to_Work_Place_Advancement_Experienced_by_African_Americans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="24644359" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24644359/Shaping_the_Organizational_Context_for_Black_American_Inclusion">Shaping the Organizational Context for Black American Inclusion</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32800474" href="https://ucsc.academia.edu/ThomasPettigrew">Thomas Pettigrew</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Social Issues, 1987</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">American society. This paper reviews the problems that arise at the recruitment, entty, and promotional stages for black Americans. The problems arise from two interrelated sources: the structure of the situations themselves and the operation of untiblack prejudice in both its traditional and modern forms. A social psychological analysis is advanced that emphasizes the biases introduced bv the "triple jeopardy" these new workers often endure: ( 1 ) negative racial stereoiypes, ( 2 ) the solo role-when the worker is the only black in the work group, and (3) the token role-when new black workers are viewed by white co-workers as incompetent simply because they received their jobs through uffirmative action. The barriers to black inclusion created bv this triple jeopardy are discussed at several levels: biased and stressful recruitment practices; assumed dissimilarity and exaggerated expectations on entry; and later polarized. biased evaluations of performance. These processes often deny the new black employee needed realistic feedback and informal social support. The results, then. can involve not only biased evaluations but actual decrements in black job performance. The analysis is illustrated by several suggested micro-remedies. But these micro-</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Shaping the Organizational Context for Black American Inclusion","attachmentId":44970884,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24644359/Shaping_the_Organizational_Context_for_Black_American_Inclusion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24644359/Shaping_the_Organizational_Context_for_Black_American_Inclusion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12567613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1">African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31486981" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DianeHughes6">Diane Hughes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although studies have described work processes among employed African American women, few have examined the influence of these processes on job outcomes. This study examined relationships between African American women&#39;s exposure to a range of occupational stressors, including two types of racial bias—institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice—and their evaluations of job quality. Findings indicated that institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality1","attachmentId":37725614,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12567613/African_American_Women_in_the_Workplace_Relationships_Between_Job_Conditions_Racial_Bias_at_Work_and_Perceived_Job_Quality1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="111941604" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111941604/Banging_on_a_Locked_Door_The_Persistent_Role_of_Racial_Discrimination_in_the_Workplace">Banging on a Locked Door: The Persistent Role of Racial Discrimination in the Workplace</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5326527" href="https://howard.academia.edu/TracyWhitaker">Tracy Whitaker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Routledge eBooks, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Workplace discrimination continues to limit both the workforce participation and satisfaction of many Americans. Whereas many minority groups experience discrimination in the workplace, African Americans often experience the cumulative effects of multiple forms of discrimination. The levels of discrimination that African Americans face not only impede their ability to gain employment, but also negatively affect their career mobility. From traditional forms of discrimination based on race, gender, age and ability, to new forms of discrimination based on credit scores, appearance, criminal records and employment status, African Americans continue to disproportionately encounter structural barriers that restrict their participation in the workforce.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Banging on a Locked Door: The Persistent Role of Racial Discrimination in the Workplace","attachmentId":109327596,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111941604/Banging_on_a_Locked_Door_The_Persistent_Role_of_Racial_Discrimination_in_the_Workplace","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111941604/Banging_on_a_Locked_Door_The_Persistent_Role_of_Racial_Discrimination_in_the_Workplace"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="89408460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89408460/Discrimination_Organizational_Commitment_and_the_Impact_of_Diversity_Programs_on_Black_Millennials">Discrimination, Organizational Commitment, and the Impact of Diversity Programs on Black Millennials</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70762646" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BooneBrittany">Brittany Boone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Discrimination, Organizational Commitment, and the Impact of Diversity Programs on Black Millennials","attachmentId":93217709,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89408460/Discrimination_Organizational_Commitment_and_the_Impact_of_Diversity_Programs_on_Black_Millennials","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89408460/Discrimination_Organizational_Commitment_and_the_Impact_of_Diversity_Programs_on_Black_Millennials"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="98658008" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98658008/Race_and_Unemployment_Amidst_the_New_Diversity_More_Evidence_of_a_Black_Non_Black_Divide">Race and Unemployment Amidst the New Diversity: More Evidence of a Black/Non-Black Divide</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="261955782" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmonEmeka">Amon Emeka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Race and Social Problems, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The fact that the United States is more racially and ethnically diverse now than in the past has led scholars to dismiss dichotomous-black/white-conceptions of race as antiquated. However, some others have noted the emergence of a black/non-black divide that is manifest in patterns of residential segregation and intermarriage. This study attempts to determine whether such a dichotomous conception is sufficient to capture the effects of race and ethnicity on unemployment patterns among entry-level workers in the United States. Findings suggest that more than 80% of the effects of race and ethnicity on unemployment can be captured simply by knowing who is black and who is not. The most elaborate conception tested here acknowledges 20 different racial and ethnic groups; it adds significantly but not commensurately to the explanatory power of the models. Despite the increasingly diverse racial and ethnic composition of entry-level labor markets in the United States, it is black exclusion that seems to drive the effects of race and ethnicity on unemployment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Race and Unemployment Amidst the New Diversity: More Evidence of a Black/Non-Black Divide","attachmentId":99948641,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98658008/Race_and_Unemployment_Amidst_the_New_Diversity_More_Evidence_of_a_Black_Non_Black_Divide","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98658008/Race_and_Unemployment_Amidst_the_New_Diversity_More_Evidence_of_a_Black_Non_Black_Divide"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="81565766" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81565766/Race_and_the_Work_of_the_Future_Advancing_Workforce_Equity_in_the_United_States">Race and the Work of the Future: Advancing Workforce Equity in the United States</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39706277" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JustinScoggins">Justin Scoggins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, massive job losses, rapidly evolving business models, and accelerating technological change are dramatically reshaping the US economy. This report, produced in partnership with Burning Glass Technologies and the National Fund for Workforce Solutions, provides a comprehensive analysis of long-standing racial gaps in labor market outcomes, the economic impacts of Covid-19, and the racial equity implications of automation. It provides an in-depth analysis of disaggregated equity indicators and labor market dynamics, finding that White workers are 50 percent more likely than workers of color to hold good jobs and that eliminating racial inequities in income could boost the US economy by $2.3 trillion a year. In addition to detailed data analysis on the state of racial inequities in jobs and opportunity, the report offers a bold framework for action to advance workforce equity, where racial income gaps have been eliminated, all jobs are good jobs,...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Race and the Work of the Future: Advancing Workforce Equity in the United States","attachmentId":87565473,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81565766/Race_and_the_Work_of_the_Future_Advancing_Workforce_Equity_in_the_United_States","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81565766/Race_and_the_Work_of_the_Future_Advancing_Workforce_Equity_in_the_United_States"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="2665989" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2665989/Black_under_representation_in_management_across_US_labor_markets">Black under-representation in management across US labor markets</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34545" href="https://uci.academia.edu/MattHuffman">Matt Huffman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract Although many researchers have documented higher levels of black-white inequality in areas with a high concentration of blacks, the mechanisms underlying this finding have been elusive. Black underrepresentation in management may be one such mechanism. We ask whether black workers' underrepresentation in managerial jobs is especially pronounced in labor markets with a larger black population.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Black under-representation in management across US labor markets","attachmentId":30664097,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2665989/Black_under_representation_in_management_across_US_labor_markets","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2665989/Black_under_representation_in_management_across_US_labor_markets"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="24004273" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24004273/African_American_men_and_the_experience_of_employment_discrimination">African American men and the experience of employment discrimination</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31938454" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VincentRoscigno">Vincent Roscigno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The economic marginalization of African American men has been studied in a variety of contexts, from trade union exclusion, to joblessness, to disparate wages and mobility. Discrimination is often inferred as an influential mechanism, yet seldom directly examined in its own right. Drawing on a unique sample of verified workplace discrimination cases, this article analyzes forms and processes of discrimination that African American men face in employment. Our results denote the prevalence of discriminatory firing, with on-going racial harassment and discriminatory promotional and hiring practices also quite evident. Indepth immersion into case materials highlights the centrality of racial stereotyping and significant discretion on the part of gatekeepers within organizational environmentsdiscretion in the use of "soft skills" criteria to exclude and debilitate mobility, and in selective (or even targeted) use of seemingly neutral organizational policies and sanctions. Moreover, harassment on the job-something that conventional workplace inequality research has overlooked-is quite problematic and well-represented in these data. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for the conceptualization of inequality reproduction and that pertaining to race, status, and the workplace in particular.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African American men and the experience of employment discrimination","attachmentId":44388172,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24004273/African_American_men_and_the_experience_of_employment_discrimination","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24004273/African_American_men_and_the_experience_of_employment_discrimination"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="20983499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20983499/Diversity_climate_impact_on_employee_of_color_outcomes_does_justice_matter">Diversity climate impact on employee of color outcomes: does justice matter?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9295654" href="https://uncg.academia.edu/EButtner">E. Buttner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Career Development International, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose -The purposes of this paper are three-fold: first, to examine the effect of diversity climate on professional employee of color outcomes, organizational commitment and turnover intentions; second, to investigate the moderating and mediating roles of interactional and procedural justice on the relationships between diversity climate and the outcomes; and third, to explore the interactive effect of racial awareness and diversity climate on reported psychological contract violation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Diversity climate impact on employee of color outcomes: does justice matter?","attachmentId":41657301,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20983499/Diversity_climate_impact_on_employee_of_color_outcomes_does_justice_matter","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20983499/Diversity_climate_impact_on_employee_of_color_outcomes_does_justice_matter"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37747621,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37747621,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_37747621" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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