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href="/structure/departments/institut-biznesa-i-upravlencheskogo-obrazovaniya/fakultet-dopolnitelnogo-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya">肖邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌 写芯锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯褎械褋褋懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟</a> </nav> </div> <div class="grid-item menu-flex white-flex-block col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4" > <a href="https://do.rea.ru/obuchenie-po-natsproektu"><span class="name-block-white">袘袝小袩袥袗孝袧袨袝 袨袘校效袝袧袠袝. 袧袗笑袩袪袨袝袣孝 ></span></a> </div> <div class="grid-item menu-flex white-flex-block col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4" > <a href="/structure"><span class="name-block-white">小褌褉褍泻褌褍褉邪 ></span></a> <nav> <a href="/structure/rektorat">袪械泻褌芯褉邪褌</a> <a href="/structure/uchenyiy-sovet">校褔械薪褘泄 褋芯胁械褌</a> <a href="/structure/hs">袙褘褋褕懈械 褕泻芯谢褘, 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌褘 懈 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌</a> <a href="/structure/filials">肖懈谢懈邪谢褘</a> <a href="/structure/kafedryi">袣邪褎械写褉褘</a> <a href="/structure/affilirovannyie-strukturyi">袗褎褎懈谢懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘械 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘</a> <a href="/structure/departments">袛械锌邪褉褌邪屑械薪褌褘, 褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟, 褑械薪褌褉褘 懈 芯褌写械谢褘</a> <a href="/structure/kolledji-i-tehnikum">袣芯谢谢械写卸懈 懈 褌械褏薪懈泻褍屑</a> <a href="/pk/entrant/ekonomicheskiy-litsey">协泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 谢懈褑械泄</a> <a href="/structure/departments/vuts">袙芯械薪薪褘泄 褍褔械斜薪褘泄 褑械薪褌褉</a> <a href="/users">小芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻懈</a> </nav> </div> <div class="grid-item menu-flex white-flex-block col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4" > <a href="/science/desyatiletie-nauki-i-tehnologiy"><span class="name-block-white">袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄 锌褉芯械泻褌 芦袧邪褍泻邪 懈 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌褘禄 ></span></a> </div> <!-- {load_menu('main_menu')} --> </div> </template> <!-- <div class="btn-header-consult-form-wrap d-block d-xl-none "> <div class="dropdown header-documents-dropdown"> <a class="btn btn-secondary btn-header-documents dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="dropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> 袟邪写邪褌褜 胁芯锌褉芯褋 锌芯 褌械泻褍褖械泄 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈懈 </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuLink"> <a class="dropdown-item collapsed-item-link" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#header-question-psy-Modal" href="#" >袩褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌芯屑芯褖褜</a> <a class="dropdown-item collapsed-item-link" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#header-question-ur-Modal" href="#">挟褉懈写懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌芯屑芯褖褜</a> </div> </div> </div> --> <!-- Modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="header-question-psy-Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body p-3"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> <h5 class="modal-title mt-0 mb-4 text-center" id="exampleModalLabel">肖芯褉屑邪 蟹邪锌褉芯褋邪 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻芯泄 锌芯屑芯褖懈</h5> <div class="form-wrap"> <form id="header-question-modal-form-psy" class="header-question-modal-form" action="/~feedback-p" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf-frontend" value="uQZNJN5Dleq8SIy3khg9XxksBrHG6sYzCIpHRgrU7MTLRCJxunfPgYwh-cP8dHxrfGFU9oSyl2FR8gNzf7CY9g=="> <p>袟邪写邪泄褌械 胁邪褕 胁芯锌褉芯褋 蟹邪锌芯谢薪懈胁 锌芯谢褟 薪懈卸械:</p> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-name" class="col-4 col-form-label">袙邪褕械 懈屑褟 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-fio required"> <input type="text" id="appformpanic-fio" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[fio]" aria-required="true"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-phone" class="col-4 col-form-label">孝械谢械褎芯薪 (锌芯 卸械谢邪薪懈褞)</label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-header-question-phone1"> <input type="phone" id="header-question-phone1" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[telephone]" placeholder="+7 (___) ___-__-__"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-mail" class="col-4 col-form-label">E-mail 写谢褟 褋胁褟蟹懈 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-email required"> <input type="email" id="appformpanic-email" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[email]" aria-required="true"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <div class="col-8 offset-4"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-is_student"> <input type="hidden" name="AppFormPanic[is_student]" value="0"><label><input type="checkbox" id="appformpanic-is_student" name="AppFormPanic[is_student]" value="1"> 携 褋褌褍写械薪褌 袪协校 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-is_worker"> <input type="hidden" name="AppFormPanic[is_worker]" value="0"><label><input type="checkbox" id="appformpanic-is_worker" name="AppFormPanic[is_worker]" value="1"> 携 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻 袪协校 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-text" class="col-4 col-form-label">袙邪褕 胁芯锌褉芯褋 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-text required"> <textarea id="appformpanic-text" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[text]" maxlength="500" rows="5" aria-required="true"></textarea> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-btns-wrap text-center"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger ">袨褌锌褉邪胁懈褌褜</button> <div style="display: none"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-type"> <input type="hidden" id="appformpanic-type" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[type]" value="psy"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-panic-text"> *袣芯薪褋褍谢褜褌邪褑懈懈 锌褉芯胁芯写褟褌褋褟 褌芯谢褜泻芯 写谢褟 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 懈 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻芯胁 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪. 袩芯 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 芯斜褉邪褌懈褌械褋褜, 锌芯卸邪谢褍泄褋褌邪, 薪邪 谐芯褉褟褔褍褞 谢懈薪懈褞 写谢褟 懈薪褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 谐褉邪卸写邪薪 锌芯 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 褔邪褋褌懈褔薪芯泄 屑芯斜懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 锌芯 薪芯屑械褉褍 122 懈谢懈 薪邪 谐芯褉褟褔褍褞 谢懈薪懈褞 袦懈薪芯斜褉薪邪褍泻懈 袪芯褋褋懈懈: 8 (800) 222-55-71 (写芯斜. 1, 写芯斜. 2). </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="header-question-ur-Modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body p-3"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> <h5 class="modal-title mt-0 mb-4 text-center" id="exampleModalLabel">肖芯褉屑邪 蟹邪锌褉芯褋邪 褞褉懈写懈褔械褋泻芯泄 锌芯屑芯褖懈</h5> <div class="form-wrap"> <form id="header-question-modal-form-ur" class="header-question-modal-form" action="/~feedback-p" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf-frontend" value="uQZNJN5Dleq8SIy3khg9XxksBrHG6sYzCIpHRgrU7MTLRCJxunfPgYwh-cP8dHxrfGFU9oSyl2FR8gNzf7CY9g=="> <p>袟邪写邪泄褌械 胁邪褕 胁芯锌褉芯褋 蟹邪锌芯谢薪懈胁 锌芯谢褟 薪懈卸械:</p> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-name" class="col-4 col-form-label">袙邪褕械 懈屑褟 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-fio required"> <input type="text" id="appformpanic-fio" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[fio]" aria-required="true"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-phone" class="col-4 col-form-label">孝械谢械褎芯薪 (锌芯 卸械谢邪薪懈褞)</label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-header-question-phone2"> <input type="phone" id="header-question-phone2" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[telephone]" placeholder="+7 (___) ___-__-__"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-mail" class="col-4 col-form-label">E-mail 写谢褟 褋胁褟蟹懈 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-email required"> <input type="email" id="appformpanic-email" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[email]" aria-required="true"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <div class="col-8 offset-4"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-is_student"> <input type="hidden" name="AppFormPanic[is_student]" value="0"><label><input type="checkbox" id="appformpanic-is_student" name="AppFormPanic[is_student]" value="1"> 携 褋褌褍写械薪褌 袪协校 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-is_worker"> <input type="hidden" name="AppFormPanic[is_worker]" value="0"><label><input type="checkbox" id="appformpanic-is_worker" name="AppFormPanic[is_worker]" value="1"> 携 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻 袪协校 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group row"> <label for="header-question-text" class="col-4 col-form-label">袙邪褕 胁芯锌褉芯褋 <span class="mark-required text-danger">*</span></label> <div class="col-8"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-text required"> <textarea id="appformpanic-text" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[text]" maxlength="500" rows="5" aria-required="true"></textarea> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-btns-wrap text-center"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger">袨褌锌褉邪胁懈褌褜</button> <div style="display: none"> <div class="form-group field-appformpanic-type"> <input type="hidden" id="appformpanic-type" class="form-control" name="AppFormPanic[type]" value="ur"> <div class="help-block"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-panic-text"> *袣芯薪褋褍谢褜褌邪褑懈懈 锌褉芯胁芯写褟褌褋褟 褌芯谢褜泻芯 写谢褟 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 懈 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻芯胁 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪. 袩芯 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 芯斜褉邪褌懈褌械褋褜, 锌芯卸邪谢褍泄褋褌邪, 薪邪 谐芯褉褟褔褍褞 谢懈薪懈褞 写谢褟 懈薪褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 谐褉邪卸写邪薪 锌芯 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 褔邪褋褌懈褔薪芯泄 屑芯斜懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈 锌芯 薪芯屑械褉褍 122 懈谢懈 薪邪 谐芯褉褟褔褍褞 谢懈薪懈褞 袦懈薪芯斜褉薪邪褍泻懈 袪芯褋褋懈懈: 8 (800) 222-55-71 (写芯斜. 1, 写芯斜. 2). </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="head-btn-wrap-1" > <div class="btn-header-btns"> <div class="dropdown header-documents-dropdown"> <a class="btn btn-danger d-block btn-header-documents dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="dropdownMenuLink" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> 袟邪写邪褌褜 胁芯锌褉芯褋 锌芯 褌械泻褍褖械泄 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈懈 </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuLink"> <a class="dropdown-item collapsed-item-link" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#header-question-psy-Modal" href="#" >袩褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌芯屑芯褖褜</a> <a class="dropdown-item collapsed-item-link" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#header-question-ur-Modal" href="#">挟褉懈写懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌芯屑芯褖褜</a> </div> </div> <div class="btn-header-uchet-wrap " style="position: relative;z-index: 0;"> <a style=" white-space:normal;" class="btn btn-danger btn-header-documents d-block" href="tel:84959524012">袚芯褉褟褔邪褟 谢懈薪懈褟 锌芯 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 锌芯褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 薪邪 胁芯懈薪褋泻懈泄 褍褔械褌 8 (495) 952‑40‑12 </a> </div> <div class="header-btn-wrap d-none"> <div class="dropdown 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height="14" alt="袙芯锌褉芯褋褘 锌芯 褌械泻褍褖械泄 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈懈"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="hot-questions"> <p>袟邪写邪褌褜 胁芯锌褉芯褋 锌芯 褌械泻褍褖械泄 褋懈褌褍邪褑懈懈</p> <a class="hot-question-help" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#header-question-psy-Modal" href="#" >袩褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌芯屑芯褖褜</a> <a class="hot-question-help" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#header-question-ur-Modal" href="#">挟褉懈写懈褔械褋泻邪褟 锌芯屑芯褖褜</a> </div> <a class="hot-question-contact" href="tel:84959524012"><span class="hot-text">袚芯褉褟褔邪褟 谢懈薪懈褟</span> 锌芯 胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑 锌芯褋褌邪薪芯胁泻懈 薪邪 胁芯懈薪褋泻懈泄 褍褔械褌 <span class="hot-phone">8 495) 952-40-12</span></a> <a class="hot-question-link-olympiad" href="/pk/entrant/plehanovskaya-olimpiada-shkolnikov" target="_blank" id="dropdownMenuLinksScool"> 袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁褋泻邪褟 芯谢懈屑锌懈邪写邪 褕泻芯谢褜薪懈泻芯胁 </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- TID:3815--> <div class="inner-page page-istoriya-universiteta section-education section-istoriya-universiteta" > <section class="inner-page-header inner-header page-titulnaya-header max-wd-1200" style="background-image:url(/storage/image/be/be6888531e1e8fad08b65fbcf068976c.png_1300x390)" id="section-3816"> <div class="video-main-slider" style="background-image: url(/storage/image/be/be6888531e1e8fad08b65fbcf068976c.png_1200x390)"> <video autoplay muted loop poster=""> <source src="" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.42E01E, mp4a.40.2"'> </video> </div> <div class="inner-header-row"> <div class="inner-header-col-left"> <div class="inner-breadcrumbs"> <a href="/" class="br-item">袚谢邪胁薪邪褟</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-right br-item"></i> <a href="/education" class="br-item">袨斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-right br-item"></i> <a href="/education/ob-universitete" class="br-item">袨斜 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌械</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-right br-item"></i> <span class="br-item">袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪</span> </div> <h1 class="inner-title"> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 </h1> </div> </div> </section> <section class="inner-page-section inner-page-content-section" id="section-3818"> <div class="max-wd-1200"> <div class="inner-page-content-wrap inner-page-collapse-wrap" > <div class="inner-page-content clearfix" > <h2>袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 校薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪</h2> <p style="text-align:justify"><strong> «袚芯褌芯胁懈褌褜 写谢褟 斜褍写褍褖械谐芯, 锌褉芯褋胁褟褖械薪薪褘褏 写械褟褌械谢械泄, 谢褞斜褟褖懈褏 褋胁芯褞 褋褌褉邪薪褍, 胁械褉褟褖懈褏 胁 薪械懈蟹褋褟泻邪械屑褘褟 褋懈谢褘 懈 褍屑械褞褖懈褏 胁 褋邪屑芯泄 斜褍写薪懈褔薪芯泄 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褉邪斜芯褌褘 胁懈写械褌褜 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢械薪懈械 胁械谢懈泻芯谐芯 写芯谢谐邪».</strong></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><em>袛懈褉械泻褌芯褉 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪 袩.袠.袧芯胁谐芯褉芯写褑械胁</em></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify">袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 懈屑械薪懈 袚.袙.袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪 薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪械褌 斜芯谢械械 100 谢械褌 懈 薪械褉邪蟹褉褘胁薪芯 褋胁褟蟹邪薪邪 褋 懈褋褌芯褉懈械泄 薪邪褕械泄 褋褌褉邪薪褘.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢邪 胁 XX 胁械泻, 锌械褉械卸懈胁邪褟 褋邪屑褘泄 斜褍褉薪褘泄 蟹邪 褋胁芯褞 懈褋褌芯褉懈褞 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘泄 褉芯褋褌. 袩褉懈褔懈薪 褌芯屑褍 斜褘谢芯 屑薪芯卸械褋褌胁芯. 袣 泻芯薪褑褍 XIX 胁械泻邪 褍褋懈谢懈褟 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪 锌芯 褋褌懈屑褍谢懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褞 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈 褋褌褉邪薪褘, 薪邪泻芯薪械褑, 薪邪褔邪谢懈 锌褉懈薪芯褋懈褌褜 锌谢芯写褘. 校褋锌械褕薪邪褟 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪 褎懈薪邪薪褋芯胁 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈懈 谐褉邪褎邪 小械褉谐械褟 挟谢褜械胁懈褔邪 袙懈褌褌械 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈谢邪 褍胁械谢懈褔懈褌褜 写芯褏芯写薪褍褞 褔邪褋褌褜 斜褞写卸械褌邪 懈 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈褌褜 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈泄 褉褍斜谢褜 胁 褋褌芯泄泻褍褞 泻芯薪胁械褉褌懈褉褍械屑褍褞 胁邪谢褞褌褍. 袧邪 写芯褏芯写褘 斜褞写卸械褌邪 袪芯褋褋懈褟 褋褌褉芯懈谢邪 卸械谢械蟹薪褘械 写芯褉芯谐懈 薪械胁懈写邪薪薪褘屑懈 褉邪薪械械 褌械屑锌邪屑懈. 孝芯谢褜泻芯 蟹邪 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈械 写械褋褟褌褜 谢械褌 XIX 胁械泻邪 斜褘谢芯 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪芯 22000 泻懈谢芯屑械褌褉芯胁 锌褍褌械泄 — 锌邪褉芯胁芯蟹褘 斜褍泻胁邪谢褜薪芯 褋褌邪谢懈 谢芯泻芯屑芯褌懈胁邪屑懈 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈. 袠, 薪邪泻芯薪械褑, 胁芯褌 褍卸械 写胁邪写褑邪褌褜 谢械褌 袪芯褋褋懈褟 薪械 蟹薪邪谢邪 胁芯泄薪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘褏 锌芯褌褉褟褋械薪懈泄.</p> <div style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/storage/image/71/7137255407c4847c53bdc33b0c198528.jpg" style="float:left; height:210px; width:279px" />袨写薪邪泻芯 褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 褋芯褌械薪 薪芯胁褘褏 锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈泄 锌褉懈胁械谢芯 泻 薪械褏胁邪褌泻械 泻胁邪谢懈褎懈褑懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘褏 泻邪写褉芯胁 — 谐褉邪屑芯褌薪褘褏 褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪褑械胁, 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌芯胁, 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻懈褏 懈薪卸械薪械褉芯胁 懈 锌芯写芯斜薪褘褏 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌芯胁. 协褌芯 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯 锌芯褌芯屑褍, 褔褌芯 褌邪泻懈褏 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌芯胁 斜褘谢芯 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 薪械泻芯屑褍 谐芯褌芯胁懈褌褜 — 胁褋械, 褔褌芯 袪芯褋褋懈褟 屑芯谐谢邪 胁褘褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 薪邪 褝褌芯屑 褎褉芯薪褌械,— 褝褌芯 10 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻懈褏 褍褔懈谢懈褖 胁 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈褏 谐芯褉芯写邪褏 褋褌褉邪薪褘.</div> <p style="text-align:justify">袨褋褌褉械械 胁褋械谐芯 薪械褏胁邪褌泻褍 芯褖褍褖邪谢懈 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 锌褉械写锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌械谢懈, 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪懈泻懈, 泻褍锌褑褘,褌芯 械褋褌褜 褌械, 泻褌芯 薪械锌芯褋褉械写褋褌胁械薪薪芯 斜褘谢 蟹邪懈薪褌械褉械褋芯胁邪薪 胁 泻胁邪谢懈褎懈褑懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘褏 泻邪写褉邪褏 写谢褟 薪芯胁褘褏 锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈泄. 袩褉懈 褝褌芯屑 芯薪懈 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪芯 锌芯薪懈屑邪谢懈, 褔褌芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯 薪械 褋屑芯卸械褌 斜褘褋褌褉芯 褍褌芯谢懈褌褜 泻邪写褉芯胁褘泄 谐芯谢芯写 芯谐褉芯屑薪芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈懈. 袙 懈褌芯谐械, 胁 泻褉褍锌薪褘褏 谐芯褉芯写邪褏 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋褌邪谢懈 胁芯蟹薪懈泻邪褌褜 袨斜褖械褋褌胁邪 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈褟 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袩芯褟胁懈谢芯褋褜 褌邪泻芯械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 懈 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械. 袨薪芯 芯斜褗械写懈薪懈谢芯 褍褋锌械褕薪褘褏 锌褉械写锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌械谢械泄 懈 褎懈薪邪薪褋懈褋褌芯胁, 谐谢邪胁薪褘屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑 屑芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈褏 — 效械褌胁械褉懈泻芯胁褘褏, 袦芯褉芯蟹芯胁褘褏, 孝褉械褌褜褟泻芯胁褘褏 懈 写褉褍谐懈褏. 袩芯褔械褌薪褘屑 锌褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢械屑 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 斜褘谢 懈蟹斜褉邪薪 小械褉谐械泄 袙懈褌褌械; 写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褖懈屑 卸械 谐谢邪胁芯泄 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 褋褌邪谢 袗谢械泻褋械泄 小械屑械薪芯胁懈褔 袙懈褕薪褟泻芯胁, 谐谢邪褋薪褘泄 谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯泄 写褍屑褘, 锌褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢褜 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 泻褍锌械褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 胁蟹邪懈屑薪芯谐芯 泻褉械写懈褌邪.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袨褋薪芯胁薪褘屑懈 蟹邪写邪褔邪屑懈 袨斜褖械褋褌胁邪 斜褘谢懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈褟 懈 褋芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌械谢褜薪褘褏 褍褔褉械卸写械薪懈泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 (锌芯 褌械褉屑懈薪芯谢芯谐懈懈 褌芯谐芯 胁褉械屑械薪懈 — 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯) 锌褉芯褎懈谢褟. 袨斜褖械褋褌胁芯 薪械 褋锌芯薪褋懈褉芯胁邪谢芯褋褜 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯屑, 懈 胁褋褟 械谐芯 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟谢邪褋褜 懈褋泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯 蟹邪 褋褔械褌 锌芯卸械褉褌胁芯胁邪薪懈泄, 褋芯斜褉邪薪薪褘褏 械谐芯 褔谢械薪邪屑懈.</p> <div style="text-align:justify">袙 薪邪褔邪谢械 1900褏 谐芯写芯胁 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈屑 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯屑 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈褟 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 写谢褟 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪 蟹写邪薪懈褟 袦褍卸褋泻芯谐芯 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍褔懈谢懈褖邪 — 邪薪邪谢芯谐邪 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪褘褏 泻芯谢谢械写卸械泄 — 胁 袟邪屑芯褋泻胁芯褉械褔褜械 薪邪 锌芯卸械褉褌胁芯胁邪薪懈褟 斜褘谢 锌褉懈芯斜褉械褌械薪 褍褔邪褋褌芯泻 蟹械屑谢懈. 袦褍卸褋泻芯械 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯械 褍褔懈谢懈褖械 斜褘谢芯 褍褔褉械卸写械薪芯 胁 1901 谐芯写褍. 小薪邪褔邪谢邪 芯薪芯 褞褌懈谢芯褋褜 胁 写械褉械胁褟薪薪褘褏 蟹写邪薪懈褟褏, 邪 芯褋械薪褜褞 1903 谐芯写邪 薪芯胁芯械 蟹写邪薪懈械 褍褔懈谢懈褖邪, 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪薪芯械 锌芯 锌褉芯械泻褌褍 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪芯谐芯 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉邪 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 校褋褌懈薪芯胁懈褔邪 袟械谢械薪泻芯, 褉邪褋锌邪褏薪褍谢芯 褋胁芯懈 写胁械褉懈. 袙 1904 谐芯写褍 袦褍卸褋泻芯械 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯械 褍褔懈谢懈褖械 斜褘谢芯 褍写芯褋褌芯械薪芯 懈屑械薪懈 笑械褋邪褉械胁懈褔邪 袗谢械泻褋械褟.</div> <p style="text-align:justify">袚芯写芯屑 锌芯蟹卸械 袨斜褖械褋褌胁芯 芯褌泻褉褘谢芯 薪械锌芯写邪谢械泻褍 袞械薪褋泻芯械 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯械 褍褔懈谢懈褖械, 写谢褟 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 斜褘谢芯 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪芯 蟹写邪薪懈械 褋 写芯屑芯胁褘屑 褏褉邪屑芯屑 胁芯 懈屑褟 袠泻芯薪褘 袘芯卸懈械泄 袦邪褌械褉懈 «袙蟹褘褋泻邪薪懈械 锌芯谐懈斜褕懈褏». 袨写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 斜褘谢懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪褘 泻褍褉褋褘 写谢褟 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻懈 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢械泄 胁 褝褌懈 褍褔懈谢懈褖邪. 袣 1907 谐芯写褍 泻褍褉褋褘 褉邪蟹褉芯褋谢懈褋褜 写芯 褍褉芯胁薪褟 锌芯谢薪芯褑械薪薪芯谐芯 胁褍蟹邪 懈 斜褘谢懈 锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪褘 胁 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌. 小芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈泄 写芯泻褍屑械薪褌 斜褘谢 锌芯写锌懈褋邪薪 屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯屑 褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈 懈 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈懈 19 褎械胁褉邪谢褟 1907 谐芯写邪, 懈 懈屑械薪薪芯 褝褌邪 写邪褌邪 褋褔懈褌邪械褌褋褟 写薪械屑 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈褟 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 胁褘褋褕械谐芯 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍褔械斜薪芯谐芯 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 1911 谐芯写褍 薪邪褔邪谢芯褋褜 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌褋泻芯谐芯 蟹写邪薪懈褟. 校胁褘, 斜褘谢邪 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪邪 谢懈褕褜 锌械褉胁邪褟 械谐芯 芯褔械褉械写褜 — 写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械屑褍 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍 锌芯屑械褕邪谢邪 袩械褉胁邪褟 屑懈褉芯胁邪褟 胁芯泄薪邪. 袙芯 胁褉械屑褟 胁芯泄薪褘 斜芯谢械械 2000 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 褋褉邪卸邪谢懈褋褜 懈 褉邪斜芯褌邪谢懈 薪邪 褎褉芯薪褌械, 邪 胁 蟹写邪薪懈懈 袞械薪褋泻芯谐芯 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍褔懈谢懈褖邪 斜褘谢 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪 谐芯褋锌懈褌邪谢褜 写谢褟 褉邪薪械薪褘褏 褋芯谢写邪褌. 小褌褍写械薪褌褘 懈 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢懈 褋芯斜懈褉邪谢懈 写械薪褜谐懈 胁 锌芯屑芯褖褜 锌谢械薪薪褘屑 懈 褋械屑褜褟屑 锌芯谐懈斜褕懈褏.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/storage/image/04/04a3f7e9eff45f18fc801f63c2cee272.jpg" style="float:right; height:190px; width:279px" />袙 锌械褉懈芯写 褋 1907 谐芯写邪 锌芯 1917 谐芯写 胁 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯屑 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯屑 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌械 芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪褘械 褍褔械斜薪褘械 泻褍褉褋褘 褔懈褌邪谢懈 胁褘写邪褞褖懈械褋褟 褍褔械薪褘械 袪芯褋褋懈懈, 屑薪芯谐懈械 懈蟹 泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 芯写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 褟胁谢褟谢懈褋褜 锌褉芯褎械褋褋芯褉邪屑懈 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 懈 写褉褍谐懈褏 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘褏 胁褍蟹芯胁 褋褌芯谢懈褑褘. 肖懈谢芯褋芯褎 懈 褞褉懈褋褌 袩邪胁械谢 袠胁邪薪芯胁懈褔 袧芯胁谐芯褉芯写褑械胁, 锌械褉胁褘泄 褉械泻褌芯褉 袦袣袠, 褔懈褌邪谢 谢械泻褑懈懈 锌芯 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈懈. 袣褍褉褋 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪谢 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 袗锌芯谢谢芯薪芯胁懈褔 袦邪薪褍泄谢芯胁, 锌械褉胁褘泄 胁褘斜芯褉薪褘泄 褉械泻褌芯褉 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪. 孝械芯褉懈褞 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褍褔械薪懈泄 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪谢 胁褘写邪褞褖懈泄褋褟 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎, 褌械芯谢芯谐 小械褉谐械泄 袧懈泻芯谢邪械胁懈褔 袘褍谢谐邪泻芯胁. 袟邪薪褟褌懈褟 锌芯 褌芯胁邪褉芯胁械写械薪懈褞 懈 褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈懈 芯褉谐邪薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏 胁械褖械褋褌胁 胁械谢 邪泻邪写械屑懈泻 袙邪褋懈谢懈泄 袪芯斜械褉褌芯胁懈褔 袙懈谢褜褟屑褋, 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘泄 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 锌芯褔胁芯胁械写, 褉械泻褌芯褉 小械谢褜褏芯蟹邪泻邪写械屑懈懈 (1922–1925 谐芯写褘).</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袣褍褉褋 褌械芯褉械褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 屑械褏邪薪懈泻懈 胁械谢 芯写懈薪 懈蟹 芯褋薪芯胁芯锌芯谢芯卸薪懈泻芯胁 谐懈写褉芯邪褝褉芯写懈薪邪屑懈泻懈, 褍褔械薪懈泻 袧懈泻芯谢邪褟 袝谐芯褉芯胁懈褔邪 袞褍泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯, 锌褉芯褎械褋褋芯褉 小械褉谐械泄 袗谢械泻褋械械胁懈褔 效邪锌谢褘谐懈薪. 袣褍褉褋 锌褉懈泻谢邪写薪芯泄 屑械褏邪薪懈泻懈 褔懈褌邪谢 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 袩邪胁谢芯胁懈褔 袚邪胁褉懈谢械薪泻芯 — 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈泄 懈薪卸械薪械褉-屑械褏邪薪懈泻, 褋 1905 谐芯写邪 锌芯 1914 谐芯写 褟胁谢褟胁褕懈泄褋褟 写懈褉械泻褌芯褉芯屑 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍褔懈谢懈褖邪 (薪褘薪械 袦袚孝校 懈屑械薪懈 袧.协.袘邪褍屑邪薪邪).</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袣 褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌泻械 薪芯胁褘褏 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪, 薪械 懈屑械褞褖懈褏 邪薪邪谢芯谐芯胁 胁 写褉褍谐懈褏 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈褟褏, 锌褉懈胁谢械泻邪谢懈褋褜 谢褍褔褕懈械 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈械 褍褔械薪褘械, 褋芯蟹写邪胁褕懈械 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢褜褋泻懈械 写懈薪邪褋褌懈懈 胁 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈 褌芯胁邪褉芯胁械写械薪懈褟,— 袧懈泻懈褌懈薪褋泻懈械 懈 笑械褉械胁懈褌懈薪芯胁褘.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><br /> <img alt="" src="/storage/image/a7/a7464a929f00644b048ff1f8e7c5c94f.jpg" style="float:left; height:173px; width:297px" />袪械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪褘械 褋芯斜褘褌懈褟 1917 谐芯写邪 锌芯谢芯卸懈谢懈 泻芯薪械褑 锌械褉胁芯屑褍 褝褌邪锌褍 卸懈蟹薪懈 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪. 袦薪芯谐懈械 褋褌褍写械薪褌褘 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪 胁 芯泻褌褟斜褉械 1917 谐芯写邪 褋褉邪卸邪谢懈褋褜 薪邪 斜邪褉褉懈泻邪写邪褏, 锌褉懈褔械屑 «锌芯 芯斜械 褋褌芯褉芯薪褘» — 锌芯泻邪 泻褉邪褋薪褘械 褋褌褍写械薪褌褘 胁屑械褋褌械 褋 斜芯谢褜褕械胁懈泻邪屑懈 锌褘褌邪谢懈褋褜 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褜 泻芯薪褌褉芯谢褜 薪邪写 褑械薪褌褉芯屑 谐芯褉芯写邪, 斜械谢褘械 «褋褌褍写械薪褌褘» 芯斜芯褉芯薪褟谢懈褋褜 胁 蟹写邪薪懈懈 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪 芯褌 泻褉邪褋薪芯泄 屑懈谢懈褑懈懈. 袨写薪邪泻芯 懈褌芯谐 褝褌懈褏 褋芯斜褘褌懈泄 懈蟹胁械褋褌械薪 — 薪邪 褋屑械薪褍 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈懈 锌褉懈褕谢邪 小芯胁械褌褋泻邪褟 袪芯褋褋懈褟. 袙 1918 谐芯写褍 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈褟 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 褉邪褋锌邪谢芯褋褜, 邪 胁 1919 谐芯写褍 褋泻芯薪褔邪谢褋褟 懈 芯褋薪芯胁邪褌械谢褜 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪 袗谢械泻褋械泄 小械屑械薪芯胁懈褔 袙懈褕薪褟泻芯胁. 袠薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 褋褌邪谢 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑 懈 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢 薪芯胁芯械 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械 – 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯 褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁邪. 袠蟹薪邪褔邪谢褜薪芯 械屑褍 斜褘谢芯 锌褉懈褋胁芯械薪芯 懈屑褟 袣邪褉谢邪 袦邪褉泻褋邪, 芯写薪邪泻芯 褋 1924 谐芯写邪 胁褍蟹 薪芯褋懈褌 懈屑褟 袚械芯褉谐懈褟 袙邪谢械薪褌懈薪芯胁懈褔邪 袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 锌械褉胁褘械 谐芯写褘 褋芯胁械褌褋泻芯泄 胁谢邪褋褌懈 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 斜芯褉芯谢褋褟 蟹邪 褋胁芯械 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械 — 胁 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏 褉邪蟹褉褍褏懈 薪械 褏胁邪褌邪谢芯 褌芯锌谢懈胁邪, 锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁懈褟, 薪械褔械屑 斜褘谢芯 胁褘锌谢邪褔懈胁邪褌褜 蟹邪褉锌谢邪褌褍 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢褟屑. 袨写薪邪泻芯 袦袠袧啸 褋屑芯谐 锌械褉械卸懈褌褜 褌褟卸械谢芯械 胁褉械屑褟 懈 胁薪芯胁褜 薪邪褔邪褌褜 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褌褜褋褟. 袙 写芯胁芯械薪薪褘械 谐芯写褘 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌芯屑 褉褍泻芯胁芯写懈谢懈 谢褞写懈, 懈谐褉邪胁褕懈械 胁邪卸薪褍褞 褉芯谢褜 胁 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈 薪邪褕械泄 褋褌褉邪薪褘,— 芯写懈薪 懈蟹 泻谢褞褔械胁褘褏 褍褔邪褋褌薪懈泻芯胁 袨泻褌褟斜褉褜褋泻芯泄 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 袠胁邪褉 小屑懈谢谐邪, 芯褋薪芯胁邪褌械谢褜 褋芯胁械褌褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褖械锌懈褌邪 袗褉褌械屑懈泄 啸邪谢邪褌芯胁, 芯胁械褟薪薪褘泄 蟹谢芯胁械褖械泄 褋谢邪胁芯泄 褔械泻懈褋褌 袦邪褉褌褘薪 袥邪褑懈褋. 袙褋械 芯薪懈 褋谐懈薪褍谢懈 胁 胁懈褏褉械 褉械锌褉械褋褋懈泄 1937 谐芯写邪.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 1930-械 谐芯写褘 胁 胁褍蟹械 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕械谢 褉褟写 褉械芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈泄. 袦褟褋薪芯泄, 褏芯谢芯写懈谢褜薪褘泄, 褋邪褏邪褉薪褘泄, 屑芯谢芯褔薪褘泄 懈 泻芯薪褋械褉胁薪褘泄 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌褘 斜褘谢懈 胁褘胁械写械薪褘 懈蟹 褋芯褋褌邪胁邪 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪. 袧邪 懈褏 芯褋薪芯胁械 斜褘谢 褋芯蟹写邪薪 褉褟写 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘褏 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈泄, 褋褌邪胁褕懈褏 泻褉褍锌薪褘屑懈 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪褘屑懈 胁褍蟹邪屑懈.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 褋谢懈褟薪懈褟 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯谐芯 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌邪 袦袠袧啸邪 懈 褝谢械泻褌褉芯褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌邪 袦袙孝校 斜褘谢 褋芯蟹写邪薪 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 褝薪械褉谐械褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌. 袨写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 褋 褝谢械泻褌褉芯锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪褘屑 斜褘谢芯 胁褘写械谢械薪芯 泻芯芯锌械褉邪褌懈胁薪芯械 芯褌写械谢械薪懈械, 薪邪 斜邪蟹械 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 胁芯蟹薪懈泻 袠薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 锌褉芯屑褘褋谢芯胁芯泄 泻芯芯锌械褉邪褑懈懈 (胁 写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械屑 — 袠薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 褋芯胁械褌褋泻芯泄 泻芯芯锌械褉邪褌懈胁薪芯泄 褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈). 袧邪 斜邪蟹械 锌谢邪薪芯胁芯-褋褌邪褌懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 芯褌写械谢械薪懈褟 袦袠袧啸邪 胁 1930 谐芯写褍 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪谢褋褟 协泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 袚芯褋锌谢邪薪邪 小小小袪, 锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘泄 褋芯 胁褉械屑械薪械屑 胁 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/storage/image/8c/8c40267f798b84bc9f97116c74f3ebc2.jpg" style="float:right; height:197px; width:279px" />小芯褉芯泻芯胁褘械 谐芯写褘 锌褉懈薪械褋谢懈 褋褌褉邪薪械 褌褟卸械谢械泄褕械械 懈褋锌褘褌邪薪懈械 — 袙械谢懈泻褍褞 袨褌械褔械褋褌胁械薪薪褍褞 胁芯泄薪褍. 袙 褏芯写械 胁芯泄薪褘 褋芯褌薪懈 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁 懈 褋芯褌褉褍写薪懈泻芯胁 袦袠袧啸邪 芯褌锌褉邪胁懈谢懈褋褜 薪邪 褎褉芯薪褌, 锌褉懈褔械屑 锌芯写邪胁谢褟褞褖械械 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 — 写芯斜褉芯胁芯谢褜褑邪屑懈. 袦薪芯谐懈械 懈蟹 薪懈褏 褋褉邪卸邪谢懈褋褜 胁 褉褟写邪褏 17-泄 写懈胁懈蟹懈懈 薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯 芯锌芯谢褔械薪懈褟, 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁械 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 斜褘谢懈 褑械谢褘械 «褉芯褌褘 锌谢械褏邪薪芯胁褑械胁». 袙 蟹写邪薪懈褟褏 袦袠袧啸邪 谢械褌芯屑 1941 谐芯写邪 薪邪褏芯写懈谢褋褟 褕褌邪斜 17袨泄 写懈胁懈蟹懈懈. 袟邪 锌芯褔褌懈 褔械褌褘褉械 谐芯写邪 胁芯泄薪褘 斜芯谢械械 褋芯褌薪懈 锌谢械褏邪薪芯胁褑械胁 芯褌写邪谢懈 褋胁芯懈 卸懈蟹薪懈 蟹邪 褋胁芯斜芯写褍 薪邪褕械泄 袪芯写懈薪褘.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袩芯褋谢械胁芯械薪薪褘械 谐芯写褘 — 锌芯褉邪 褉邪褋褑胁械褌邪 袦袠袧啸邪. 袠薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 褋褌邪谢 胁械写褍褖懈屑 胁 褋褌褉邪薪械 胁褍蟹芯屑 褌芯褉谐芯胁芯-褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 锌褉芯褎懈谢褟. 楔谢芯 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯械 锌械褉械芯褋薪邪褖械薪懈械 薪邪褍褔薪芯-褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻芯泄 斜邪蟹褘, 胁械谢懈褋褜 锌械褉械写芯胁褘械 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈械 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟, 褋褌褍写械薪褌褘 懈 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢懈 袦袠袧啸邪 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯 褍褔邪褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 胁 屑械褉芯锌褉懈褟褌懈褟褏 锌芯 芯褋胁芯械薪懈褞 褑械谢懈薪褘, 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻械 懈 锌褉芯胁械写械薪懈褞 褌邪泻 薪邪蟹褘胁邪械屑褘褏 «泻芯褋褘谐懈薪褋泻懈褏» 褉械褎芯褉屑. 袙 1957 谐芯写褍, 胁 褔械褋褌褜 50-谢械褌懈褟 懈 胁 蟹薪邪泻 锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈褟 芯谐褉芯屑薪褘褏 蟹邪褋谢褍谐 锌械褉械写 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯屑 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯 褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁邪 斜褘谢 薪邪谐褉邪卸写械薪 芯褉写械薪芯屑 孝褉褍写芯胁芯谐芯 袣褉邪褋薪芯谐芯 袟薪邪屑械薪懈. 袙 1961 谐芯写褍 泻 袦袠袧啸褍 懈屑械薪懈 袚.袙.袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪 斜褘谢 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪 袚芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌. 袙 褝褌芯褌 锌械褉懈芯写 薪邪褍褔薪邪褟 褕泻芯谢邪 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪 斜褘谢邪 锌芯写谢懈薪薪芯泄 泻褍蟹薪懈褑械泄 泻邪写褉芯胁 褍褔械薪褘褏-褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌芯胁, 褟写褉芯屑 邪泻邪写械屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袙 褉邪蟹薪褘械 谐芯写褘 蟹写械褋褜 褍褔懈谢懈褋褜 懈 褉邪斜芯褌邪谢懈 邪泻邪写械屑懈泻懈 袪袗袧: 袥.袗斜邪谢泻懈薪, 袗.袗谐邪薪斜械谐褟薪, 袙.袦邪械胁褋泻懈泄, 袥.袚褉邪薪斜械褉谐, 袙.袦邪泻邪褉芯胁, 袩.袘褍薪懈褔, 袙.袠胁邪薪褌械褉, 褔谢械薪-泻芯褉褉械褋锌芯薪写械薪褌 袪袗袧 袪.袚褉懈薪斜械褉谐, 褔谢械薪-泻芯褉褉械褋锌芯薪写械薪褌 袪袗袧 锌褉芯褎械褋褋芯褉 袪.啸邪褋斜褍谢邪褌芯胁, 写褉褍谐懈械 胁懈写薪褘械 褍褔械薪褘械.</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><img alt="" src="/storage/image/06/0622c4486ed7fd194367cb6ce983ee97.jpg" style="float:left; height:204px; width:279px" />袧邪 1960-械 谐芯写褘 锌褉懈褕械谢褋褟 褉邪褋褑胁械褌 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 褌芯胁邪褉芯胁械写薪芯-褌械褏薪芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏 写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪. 袧邪 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褖懈褏 褎邪泻褍谢褜褌械褌邪褏 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪谢懈 胁械写褍褖懈械 褍褔械薪褘械 芯褌褉邪褋谢懈: 袧.袗褉褏邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻懈泄, 袘.笑械褉械胁懈褌懈薪芯胁, 袗.袣芯谢械褋薪懈泻, 袙.小屑懈褉薪芯胁, 袧.袣芯蟹懈薪. 袧.袣芯蟹懈薪 斜褘谢 胁褘锌褍褋泻薪懈泻芯屑 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 胁褘锌褍褋泻邪 (1912 谐芯写) 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻芯谐芯 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌邪. 袨薪 写芯谢谐懈械 谐芯写褘 胁芯蟹谐谢邪胁谢褟谢 泻邪褎械写褉褍 褌芯胁邪褉芯胁械写械薪懈褟 锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 褌芯胁邪褉芯胁, 褟胁谢褟褟褋褜 泻褉褍锌薪械泄褕懈屑 褍褔械薪褘屑-褌芯胁邪褉芯胁械写芯屑 褋褌褉邪薪褘 懈 屑懈褉邪 XX 胁械泻邪, 蟹邪褋谢褍卸懈胁褕懈屑 屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪芯械 锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈械. 袝谐芯 褎芯褌芯 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 胁 锌芯褔械褌薪芯泄 褎芯褌芯­谐邪谢械褉械械 袨袨袧, 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪薪芯泄 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪懈斜芯谢械械 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 褍褔械薪褘褏.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 1970–1980 谐芯写邪褏 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯 褋褌褉芯懈谢褋褟, 斜褘谢懈 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪褘 薪芯胁褘泄 褍褔械斜薪褘泄 泻芯褉锌褍褋, 芯斜褖械卸懈褌懈械, 写芯屑 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘, 褋褌芯谢芯胁邪褟. 袦袠袧啸 懈屑械薪懈 袚.袙.袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪 锌褉懈薪懈屑邪谢 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯械 褍褔邪褋褌懈械 胁 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻械 袨谢懈屑锌懈泄褋泻懈褏 懈谐褉 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械 (1980 谐芯写).</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 1991 谐芯写褍 薪邪 褎芯薪械 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯-锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈泄 胁 褋褌褉邪薪械 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 褋薪芯胁邪 褋屑械薪懈谢 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械, 褋褌邪胁 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯泄 邪泻邪写械屑懈械泄 懈屑械薪懈 袚.袙.袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪. 袗泻邪写械屑懈褟 褕谢邪 胁 薪芯谐褍 褋芯 胁褉械屑械薪械屑, 薪械 芯褌褋褌邪胁邪褟 芯褌 褋褌褉械屑懈褌械谢褜薪芯 屑械薪褟褞褖懈褏褋褟 褉械邪谢懈泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯泄 卸懈蟹薪懈 褋褌褉邪薪褘. 袙 褌芯屑 卸械 1991 谐芯写褍 胁 蟹写邪薪懈懈 锌械褉胁芯谐芯 褍褔械斜薪芯谐芯 泻芯褉锌褍褋邪 斜褘谢邪 芯褌泻褉褘褌邪 锌械褉胁邪褟 胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈 «笑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪邪褟 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 褍薪懈胁械褉褋邪谢褜薪邪褟 斜懈褉卸邪», 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 袪协袗-斜邪薪泻. 袘褘谢懈 褋褌褉械屑懈褌械谢褜薪芯 褋芯蟹写邪薪褘 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪褘械 褍褔械斜薪褘械 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑屑褘, 邪写邪锌褌懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘械 泻 锌芯褌褉械斜薪芯褋褌褟屑 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褞褖械泄褋褟 褉褘薪芯褔薪芯泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">XXI 胁械泻 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻邪褟 邪泻邪写械屑懈褟 懈屑械薪懈 袚.袙.袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪 胁褋褌褉械褌懈谢邪 薪芯胁褘屑 胁懈褌泻芯屑 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 — 褉械芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈械泄 褍褔械斜薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯褑械褋褋邪, 锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈械屑 薪芯胁褘褏 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈泄 锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻懈, 屑邪褋褕褌邪斜薪褘屑懈 褉械屑芯薪褌薪芯-褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜薪褘屑懈 懈 褉械褋褌邪胁褉邪褑懈芯薪薪褘屑懈 褉邪斜芯褌邪屑懈. 袙 2010 谐芯写褍 邪泻邪写械屑懈褟 斜褘谢邪 褍写芯褋褌芯械薪邪 胁褘褋芯泻芯谐芯 褋褌邪褌褍褋邪 校薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪. 孝邪泻, 屑械褌芯写芯屑 锌芯褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈褟 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻懈泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢褋褟 胁 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈泄 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌 懈屑械薪懈 袚.袙.袩谢械褏邪薪芯胁邪.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袙 2012–2015 谐芯写邪褏 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯 褍泻褉褍锌薪械薪懈械 校薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 蟹邪 褋褔械褌 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟 泻 薪械屑褍 写褉褍谐懈褏 胁褍蟹芯胁: 小邪褉邪褌芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯-褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪, 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 褌芯褉谐芯胁芯-褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 懈, 薪邪泻芯薪械褑, 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈, 褋褌邪褌懈褋褌懈泻懈 懈 懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褌懈泻懈.</p> <p style="text-align:justify">袧邪褔邪谢邪褋褜 薪芯胁邪褟 胁械褏邪 胁 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈 校薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 — 泻邪泻 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