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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irving Langmuir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="إرفينغ لانغموير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرفينغ لانغموير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایروینق لانقمویر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایروینق لانقمویر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0" title="আর্ভিং ল্যাংমিউয়র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্ভিং ল্যাংমিউয়র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ървинг Лангмюр – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ървинг Лангмюр" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CF%81" title="Ίρβιν Λάνγκμουιρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίρβιν Λάνγκμουιρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایروینگ لانگمویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایروینگ لانگمویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B9%99_%EB%9E%AD%EB%AE%A4%EC%96%B4" title="어빙 랭뮤어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어빙 랭뮤어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="ईविंग लैंगम्यूर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईविंग लैंगम्यूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אירווינג לאנגמיור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירווינג לאנגמיור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರ್ವಿಂಗ್ ಲಾಂಗ್‌ಮುಯಿರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರ್ವಿಂಗ್ ಲಾಂಗ್‌ಮುಯಿರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92rvings_Lengm%C4%ABrs" title="Ērvings Lengmīrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērvings Lengmīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ирвинг Лангмјур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирвинг Лангмјур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირვინგ ლენგმიური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ارفينج لانجموير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارفينج لانجموير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ایروینگ لانگمویر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایروینگ لانگمویر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2" title="アーヴィング・ラングミュア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーヴィング・ラングミュア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ارونگ لینگمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارونگ لینگمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80,_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ленгмюр, Ирвинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ленгмюр, Ирвинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ирвинг Лангмјур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирвинг Лангмјур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D2%A3_%D0%9B%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ирвиң Ләңмьюр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирвиң Ләңмьюр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เออร์วิง แลงมิวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เออร์วิง แลงมิวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірвінг Ленгмюр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ارونگ لینگمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارونگ لینگمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94" title="欧文·朗缪尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧文·朗缪尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irving Langmuir" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE" title="歐文·朗繆爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐文·朗繆爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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searchaux" style="display:none">American chemist and physicist (1881–1957)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Irving Langmuir</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irving_Langmuir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/220px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/330px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Irving_Langmuir.jpg/440px-Irving_Langmuir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Langmuir in an undated photo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-01-31</span>)</span>January 31, 1881<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 16, 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-08-16)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts" title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts">Woods Hole, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Inventor of the high-vacuum tube</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_isotherm" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir isotherm">Langmuir isotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir waves">Langmuir waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-square_law" title="D-square law">d-square law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols_Medal" title="William H. Nichols Medal">William H. Nichols Medal</a> (1915, 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Medal" title="Perkin Medal">Perkin Medal</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize" title="Faraday Lectureship Prize">Faraday Lectureship Prize</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">ForMemRS</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Ueber partielle Wiedervereinigung dissociierter Gase im Verlauf einer Abkühlung </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1909)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Dolezalek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Dolezalek (page does not exist)">Friedrich Dolezalek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Dolezalek_(Chemiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Dolezalek (Chemiker)">de</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irving Langmuir</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1932 for his work in <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface chemistry</a>. </p><p>Langmuir's most famous publication is the 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cubical_atom" title="Cubical atom">cubical atom</a> theory and <a href="/wiki/Walther_Kossel" title="Walther Kossel">Walther Kossel</a>'s chemical bonding theory, he outlined his "concentric theory of atomic structure".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langmuir became embroiled in a priority dispute with Lewis over this work; Langmuir's presentation skills were largely responsible for the popularization of the theory, although the credit for the theory itself belongs mostly to Lewis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> from 1909 to 1950, Langmuir advanced several fields of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, inventing the gas-filled <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamp">incandescent lamp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_hydrogen_welding" title="Atomic hydrogen welding">hydrogen welding technique</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_Laboratory_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research">Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research</a> near <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro, New Mexico</a>, was named in his honor, as was the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> journal for <a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">surface science</a> called <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_(journal)" title="Langmuir (journal)"><i>Langmuir</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irving Langmuir was born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, on January 31, 1881. He was the third of the four children of Charles Langmuir and Sadie, <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Comings. During his childhood, Langmuir's parents encouraged him to carefully observe nature and to keep a detailed record of his various observations. When Irving was eleven, it was discovered that he had poor eyesight.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this problem was corrected, details that had previously eluded him were revealed, and his interest in the complications of nature was heightened.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his childhood, Langmuir was influenced by his older brother, Arthur Langmuir. Arthur was a research chemist who encouraged Irving to be curious about nature and how things work. Arthur helped Irving set up his first chemistry lab in the corner of his bedroom, and he was content to answer the myriad questions that Irving would pose. Langmuir's <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbies</a> included <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (aircraft)">piloting</a> his own plane, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. In addition to his professional interest in the politics of atomic energy, he was concerned about wilderness conservation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langmuir-sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Langmuir-sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Langmuir c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Langmuir attended several schools and institutes in America and Paris (1892–1895) before graduating high school from <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnut Hill Academy">Chestnut Hill Academy</a> (1898), an elite private school located in the affluent <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia">Chestnut Hill</a> area in Philadelphia. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical engineering">metallurgical engineering</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Met.E.</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">Columbia University School of Mines</a> in 1903. He earned his PhD in 1906 under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Dolezalek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Dolezalek (page does not exist)">Friedrich Dolezalek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Dolezalek_(Chemiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Dolezalek (Chemiker)">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, for research done using the "<a href="/wiki/Nernst_glower" class="mw-redirect" title="Nernst glower">Nernst glower</a>", an electric lamp invented by Nernst. His doctoral thesis was entitled "On the Partial Recombination of Dissolved Gases During Cooling" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ueber partielle Wiedervereinigung dissociierter Gase im Verlauf einer Abkühlung</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later did postgraduate work in chemistry. Langmuir then taught at <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Institute_of_Technology" title="Stevens Institute of Technology">Stevens Institute of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>, until 1909, when he began working at the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> research laboratory (<a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg/220px-Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg/330px-Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg/440px-Irving_Langmuir_and_Guglielmo_Marconi_in_lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Langmuir <i>(center)</i> in 1922 in his lab at GE, showing radio pioneer <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> <i>(right)</i> a new 20 kW triode tube</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_electric_pliotron_pp_schenectady_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/General_electric_pliotron_pp_schenectady_3.jpg/220px-General_electric_pliotron_pp_schenectady_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/General_electric_pliotron_pp_schenectady_3.jpg/330px-General_electric_pliotron_pp_schenectady_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/General_electric_pliotron_pp_schenectady_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>General Electric Company Pliotron</figcaption></figure> <p>His initial contributions to science came from his study of light bulbs (a continuation of his PhD work). His first major development was the improvement of the <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_pump" title="Diffusion pump">diffusion pump</a>, which ultimately led to the invention of the high-vacuum rectifier and amplifier tubes. A year later, he and colleague <a href="/wiki/Lewi_Tonks" title="Lewi Tonks">Lewi Tonks</a> discovered that the lifetime of a <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> filament could be greatly lengthened by filling the bulb with an <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, the critical factor (overlooked by other researchers) being the need for extreme cleanliness in all stages of the process. He also discovered that twisting the filament into a tight coil improved its efficiency. These were important developments in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a>. His work in surface chemistry began at this point, when he discovered that molecular hydrogen introduced into a tungsten-filament bulb dissociated into atomic hydrogen and formed a layer one atom thick on the surface of the bulb.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His assistant in vacuum tube research was his cousin <a href="/wiki/William_Comings_White" title="William Comings White">William Comings White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he continued to study filaments in vacuum and different gas environments, he began to study the emission of charged particles from hot filaments (<a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>). He was one of the first scientists to work with <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasmas</a>, and he was the first to call these ionized gases by that name because they reminded him of <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langmuir and Tonks discovered electron density waves in plasmas that are now known as <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir wave">Langmuir waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#Temperature" title="Plasma (physics)">electron temperature</a> and in 1924 invented the diagnostic method for measuring both temperature and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#Degree_of_ionization" title="Plasma (physics)">density</a> with an electrostatic probe, now called a <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_probe" title="Langmuir probe">Langmuir probe</a> and commonly used in plasma physics. The current of a biased probe tip is measured as a function of bias voltage to determine the local plasma temperature and density. He also discovered atomic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, which he put to use by inventing the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_hydrogen_welding" title="Atomic hydrogen welding">atomic hydrogen welding</a> process; the first plasma weld ever made. Plasma welding has since been developed into <a href="/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding" title="Gas tungsten arc welding">gas tungsten arc welding</a>. </p><p>In 1917, he published a paper on the chemistry of oil films<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that later became the basis for the award of the 1932 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Langmuir theorized that oils consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> chain with a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> end group (perhaps an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>) were oriented as a film one molecule thick upon the surface of water, with the hydrophilic group down in the water and the <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> chains clumped together on the surface. The thickness of the film could be easily determined from the known volume and area of the oil, which allowed investigation of the molecular configuration before <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> techniques were available.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Langmuir contributed to atomic theory and the understanding of atomic structure by defining the modern concept of <a href="/wiki/Valence_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence shell">valence shells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>. </p><p>Langmuir was president of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on his work at General Electric, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bradshaw_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bradshaw Taylor (page does not exist)">John B. Taylor</a> developed a detector ionizing beams of alkali metals,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called nowadays the <a href="/wiki/Langmuir-Taylor_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir-Taylor detector">Langmuir-Taylor detector</a>. In 1927, he was one of the participants of the fifth <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> on Physics that took place at the International Solvay Institute for Physics in Belgium. </p><p>He joined <a href="/wiki/Katharine_B._Blodgett" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharine B. Blodgett">Katharine B. Blodgett</a> to study thin films and surface adsorption. They introduced the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Monolayer" title="Monolayer">monolayer</a> (a layer of material one molecule thick) and the two-dimensional physics which describe such a surface. In 1932 he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> "for his discoveries and investigations in <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface chemistry</a>." In 1938, Langmuir's scientific interests began to turn to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_science" title="Atmospheric science">atmospheric science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>. One of his first ventures, although tangentially related, was a refutation of the claim of entomologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Tyler_Townsend" title="Charles Henry Tyler Townsend">Charles H. T. Townsend</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Deer_botfly" title="Deer botfly">deer botfly</a> flew at speeds of over 800 miles per hour. Langmuir estimated the fly's speed at 25 miles per hour. </p><p>After observing <a href="/wiki/Windrow" title="Windrow">windrows</a> of drifting seaweed in the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a> he discovered a wind-driven surface circulation in the sea. It is now called the <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg/220px-Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg/330px-Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg/440px-Irving_Langmuir_House_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Langmuir's house in Schenectady</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Langmuir and Research Associate <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Schaefer" title="Vincent Schaefer">Vincent J Schaefer</a> worked on improving naval <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> for submarine detection, and later to develop protective smoke screens and methods for <a href="/wiki/Deicing" title="Deicing">deicing</a> aircraft wings. This research led him to theorize and then demonstrate in the laboratory and in the atmosphere, that the introduction of ice nuclei <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a> into a sufficiently moist cloud of low temperature (<a href="/wiki/Supercooled_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercooled water">supercooled water</a>) could induce precipitation (<a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">cloud seeding</a>); though in frequent practice, particularly in Australia and the People's Republic of China, the efficiency of this technique remains controversial today. </p><p>In 1953 Langmuir coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">pathological science</a>", describing research conducted with accordance to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, but tainted by unconscious bias or subjective effects. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, which has no pretense of following the scientific method. In his original speech, he presented <a href="/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-sensory perception">ESP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying saucers">flying saucers</a> as examples of pathological science; since then, the label has been applied to <a href="/wiki/Polywater" title="Polywater">polywater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">cold fusion</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir_House" title="Irving Langmuir House">His house</a> in Schenectady, was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langmuir was married to Marion Mersereau (1883–1971) in 1912 with whom he adopted two children: Kenneth and Barbara. After a short illness, he died in <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts" title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts">Woods Hole, Massachusetts</a> from a heart attack on August 16, 1957. His obituary ran on the front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his religious views, Langmuir was an agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to author <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>, Langmuir was the inspiration for his fictional scientist Dr. Felix Hoenikker in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle" title="Cat's Cradle">Cat's Cradle</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the character's invention of <a href="/wiki/Ice-nine" title="Ice-nine">ice-nine</a>, a new phase of water ice (similar in name only to <a href="/wiki/Ice_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice IX">Ice IX</a>). Langmuir had worked with Vonnegut's brother, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vonnegut" title="Bernard Vonnegut">Bernard Vonnegut</a> at General Electric on seeding ice crystals to diminish or increase rain or storms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1918)<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1918)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1922)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Medal" title="Perkin Medal">Perkin Medal</a> (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-SCI_Perkin_Medal_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI_Perkin_Medal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1950)<sup id="cite_ref-Carty_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mount Langmuir <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316110903/http://peakery.com/Mount-Langmuir/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Mount+Langmuir,+Alaska&hl=en&ll=61.33354,-146.99707&spn=13.19567,39.067383&t=h&z=5&vpsrc=6">[2]</a> (elevation 8022 ft / 2445m ) in Alaska is named after him (Chugach National Forest, Copper River, AK)</li> <li>Langmuir College, a residential college at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a> in H-Quad, named for him in 1970 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103133857/https://www.studentaffairs.stonybrook.edu/res/hquad.shtml">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=langmuir+college,+stony+brook,+ny&hl=en&ll=40.919585,-73.120161&spn=0.002525,0.004769&sll=61.33354,-146.99707&sspn=13.19567,39.067383&vpsrc=6&t=h&z=18">[4]</a></li> <li>grandson, Roger R Summerhayes, directed/wrote/produced/edited a 57-minute documentary in 1999 called <b>Langmuir's World</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105005748/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/177571/Langmuir-s-World/overview">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Langmuir, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1180159">U.S. patent 1,180,159</a></span>, "<i>Incandescent Electric Lamp</i>"</li> <li>Langmuir, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1244217">U.S. patent 1,244,217</a></span>, "<i>Electron-discharge apparatus and method of operating the same</i>"</li> <li>Langmuir, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1251388">U.S. patent 1,251,388</a></span>, "<i>Method of and apparatus for controlling x-ray tubes</i>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-electron_rule" title="18-electron rule">18-electron rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir_House" title="Irving Langmuir House">Irving Langmuir House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_isotherm" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir isotherm">Langmuir isotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_trough" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir trough">Langmuir trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir equation">Langmuir equation</a>, an equation that relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir wave">Langmuir wave</a>, a rapid oscillation of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_states" title="Langmuir states">Langmuir states</a>, three-dimensional quantum states of Helium when both electrons move in phase on Bohr circular orbits and mutually repel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Blodgett_film" title="Langmuir–Blodgett film">Langmuir–Blodgett film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%E2%80%93Langmuir_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child–Langmuir law">Child–Langmuir law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Taylor_detector" title="Langmuir–Taylor detector">Langmuir–Taylor detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Irving_Langmuir" title="List of things named after Irving Langmuir">List of things named after Irving Langmuir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1958" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, H. (1958). "Irving Langmuir 1881-1957". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>4</b>: 167–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0015">10.1098/rsbm.1958.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84600396">84600396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Irving+Langmuir+1881-1957&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=167-184&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84600396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Langmuir, Irving", in <i>Webster's Biographical Dictionary</i> (1943), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangmuir1919" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langmuir, Irving</a> (June 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429026">"The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>41</b> (6): 868–934. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02227a002">10.1021/ja02227a002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Arrangement+of+Electrons+in+Atoms+and+Molecules&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=868-934&rft.date=1919-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02227a002&rft.aulast=Langmuir&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2008" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, Patrick (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathedralsscienc00coff"><i>Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathedralsscienc00coff/page/n154">134</a>–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532134-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532134-0"><bdi>978-0-19-532134-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals+of+Science%3A+The+Personalities+and+Rivalries+That+Made+Modern+Chemistry&rft.pages=134-146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532134-0&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcathedralsscienc00coff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuits1962" class="citation cs2">Suits, C. 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Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-349701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-349701-7"><bdi>978-0-12-349701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+A+Short+History+of+Gaseous+Electronics&rft.btitle=Gaseous+Electronics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-12-349701-7&rft.au=Brown%2C+Sanborn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1UmeQ_E0_AC%26q%3Dblood%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonksLangmuir1929" class="citation journal cs1">Tonks, Lewi; Langmuir, Irving (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~mem4/ap6101/Tonks_Langmuir_PR29.pdf">"Oscillations in ionized gases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>33</b> (8): 195–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929PhRv...33..195T">1929PhRv...33..195T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.33.195">10.1103/PhysRev.33.195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085653">1085653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16587379">16587379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Oscillations+in+ionized+gases&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=195-210&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1085653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16587379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.33.195&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929PhRv...33..195T&rft.aulast=Tonks&rft.aufirst=Lewi&rft.au=Langmuir%2C+Irving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~mem4%2Fap6101%2FTonks_Langmuir_PR29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangmuir1917" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langmuir, Irving</a> (September 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429064">"The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids: II. Liquids"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>39</b> (9): 1848–1906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02254a006">10.1021/ja02254a006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+and+Fundamental+Properties+of+Solids+and+Liquids%3A+II.+Liquids&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1848-1906&rft.date=1917-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja02254a006&rft.aulast=Langmuir&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoffey2008">Coffey 2008</a>, pp. 128–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Irving_Langmuir">"Irving Langmuir"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Irving+Langmuir+Dies+at+76%3B+Winner+of+Nobel+Chemistry+Prize&rft.date=1957-08-17&rft.au=Staff+writers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1957%2F08%2F17%2Farchives%2Fdr-irving-langmuir-dies-at-76-winner-of-nobel-chemistry-prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Rosenfeld1961" class="citation book cs1">Albert Rosenfeld (1961). <i>The Quintessence of Irving Langmuir</i>. Pergamon Press. p. 150. <q>Though Marion herself was not an assiduous churchgoer and had no serious objection to Irving's agnostic views, her grandfather had been an Episcopalian clergyman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quintessence+of+Irving+Langmuir&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Albert+Rosenfeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil1980" class="citation journal cs1">Musil, Robert K. (August 2, 1980). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/chemistry/the-genius-who-ended-up-in-a-kurt-vonnegut-novel/">the original</a> on October 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cosmos&rft.atitle=The+genius+who+ended+up+in+a+Vonnegut+novel&rft.date=2019-06-09&rft.au=Jeff+Glorfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosmagazine.com%2Fchemistry%2Fthe-genius-who-ended-up-in-a-kurt-vonnegut-novel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Kean2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sam Kean (September 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/09/weather-wars-cloud-seeding/538392/">"The Chemist Who Thought He Could Harness Hurricanes. Irving Langmuir's ill-fated attempts at seeding hurricane King showed just how difficult it is to control the weather"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Chemist+Who+Thought+He+Could+Harness+Hurricanes.+Irving+Langmuir%27s+ill-fated+attempts+at+seeding+hurricane+King+showed+just+how+difficult+it+is+to+control+the+weather&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.au=Sam+Kean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2017%2F09%2Fweather-wars-cloud-seeding%2F538392%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+J.+Carty+Award+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3DAWARDS_carty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2013" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Vincent J. (April 1, 2013). Rittner, Don (ed.). <i>Serendipity in Science: Twenty Years at Langmuir University</i>. Voorheesville, N.Y: Square Circle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856926-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856926-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9856926-3-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861734914">861734914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serendipity+in+Science%3A+Twenty+Years+at+Langmuir+University&rft.place=Voorheesville%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Square+Circle+Press&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861734914&rft.isbn=978-0-9856926-3-6&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrving+Langmuir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Langmuir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Irving_Langmuir" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Langmuir%2C%20Irving%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Irving%20Langmuir%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Langmuir%2C%20Irving%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Irving%20Langmuir%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Langmuir%2C%20I%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Irving%20Langmuir%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Langmuir%2C%20Irving%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Irving%20Langmuir%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1957%22%20AND%20Langmuir%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Irving Langmuir</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209114432/http://pubs3.acs.org/journals/langd5/index.html">Langmuir Journal</a> ACS Chemistry Journal of Surfaces and Colloids</li> <li>"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0767167.html">Langmuir, Irving</a></i>" Infoplease.com.</li> <li>"<i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amasci.com/freenrg/balllg1.html">Irving Langmuir's Ball Lightning Tube</a></i>". Ball Lightning Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amasci.com/">Science Hobbyist</a>.</li> <li>"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040927171441/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/images/WHITNEY6.JPG">Irving Langmuir</a> shows Whitney one of his inventions, the Pliotron tube. ca. 1920.</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011095021/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/whitney.html">Willis Rodney Whitney</a>: the "Father of basic research in industry".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~ken/Langmuir/langmuir.htm">"Pathological Science"</a> – noted lecture of December 18, 1953, at GE Labs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02227a002">"The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" JACS, Vol. 41, No. 6, 868.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02242a004">"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum" JACS, Vol. 40, No. 9, 1361.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/13/07/0619-0626.pdf">"Irving Langmuir a great physical Chemist"; Resonance, July 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/people/langmuir.html">Key Participants: Irving Langmuir</a> – <i>Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/langmuir-irving.pdf">National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/191">Irving Langmuir</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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title="Vortex theory of the atom">vortex theory of the atom</a> (knot model)</li> <li>1902 <a href="/wiki/Cubical_atom" title="Cubical atom">Lewis model</a> (cubical atom model)</li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/Hantaro_Nagaoka#Saturnian_model_of_the_atom" title="Hantaro Nagaoka">Nagaoka model</a> (Saturnian model)</li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">plum pudding model</a></li> <li>1911 <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model">Rutherford model</a> (planetary model)</li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> (old quantum model)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">electron cloud model</a></li> <li>1928 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-like_atom" title="Hydrogen-like 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1932_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1932 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1932_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1932 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Langmuir</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><b>1932 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners">1935</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1936 Nobel Prize winners">1936</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1937_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1937 Nobel Prize winners">1937</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the American Chemical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Chemical Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Chemical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1876–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Draper" title="John William Draper">John W. Draper</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)" title="J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)">J. Lawrence Smith</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Johnson" title="Samuel William Johnson">Samuel William Johnson</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterry_Hunt" title="Thomas Sterry Hunt">T. Sterry Hunt</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Genth" title="Frederick Augustus Genth">Frederick A. Genth</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Chandler" title="Charles F. Chandler">Charles F. Chandler</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mallet" title="John Mallet">John W. Mallet</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Booth" title="James Curtis Booth">James C. Booth</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Benjamin_Prescott" title="Albert Benjamin Prescott">Albert B. Prescott</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Goessmann" title="Charles Anthony Goessmann">Charles Anthony Goessmann</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterry_Hunt" title="Thomas Sterry Hunt">T. Sterry Hunt</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Chandler" title="Charles F. Chandler">Charles F. Chandler</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradford_Nason" title="Henry Bradford Nason">Henry B. Nason</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Barker" title="George Frederick Barker">George F. Barker</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman_Caldwell" title="George Chapman Caldwell">George C. Caldwell</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Washington_Wiley" title="Harvey Washington Wiley">Harvey W. Wiley</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Benjamin_Dudley" title="Charles Benjamin Dudley">Charles B. Dudley</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Munroe" title="Charles Edward Munroe">Charles E. Munroe</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMurtrie" title="William McMurtrie">William McMurtrie</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wigglesworth_Clarke" title="Frank Wigglesworth Clarke">Frank W. Clarke</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Long_(chemist)" title="John H. Long (chemist)">John H. Long</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Amos_Noyes" title="Arthur Amos Noyes">Arthur Amos Noyes</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Venable" title="Francis Preston Venable">Francis P. Venable</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Hillebrand" title="William Francis Hillebrand">William F. Hillebrand</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marston_T._Bogert" title="Marston T. Bogert">Marston T. Bogert</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_R._Whitney" title="Willis R. Whitney">Willis R. Whitney</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Dwight_Bancroft" title="Wilder Dwight Bancroft">Wilder D. Bancroft</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smith_(chemist)" title="Alexander Smith (chemist)">Alexander Smith</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dehon_Little" title="Arthur Dehon Little">Arthur Dehon Little</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore W. Richards</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herty" title="Charles Herty">Charles H. Herty</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Stieglitz" title="Julius Stieglitz">Julius Stieglitz</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols" title="William H. Nichols">William H. Nichols</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Noyes" title="William A. Noyes">William A. Noyes</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Curtis_Franklin" title="Edward Curtis Franklin">Edward C. Franklin</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo H. Baekeland</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Flack_Norris" title="James Flack Norris">James Flack Norris</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_D._Rosengarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George D. Rosengarten (page does not exist)">George D. Rosengarten</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Parr" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel W. Parr">Samuel W. Parr</a> (1928)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irving Langmuir</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McPherson_(university_president)" title="William McPherson (university president)">William McPherson</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gomberg" title="Moses Gomberg">Moses Gomberg</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_V._Redman" title="Lawrence V. Redman">Lawrence V. Redman</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_B._Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur B. Lamb (page does not exist)">Arthur B. Lamb</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Reese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Reese (page does not exist)">Charles L. Reese</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bartow" title="Edward Bartow">Edward Bartow</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Weidlein" title="Edward R. Weidlein">Edward R. Weidlein</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Whitmore" title="Frank C. Whitmore">Frank C. Whitmore</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Kraus" title="Charles A. Kraus">Charles A. Kraus</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Lind" title="Samuel C. Lind">Samuel C. Lind</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lloyd Evans (page does not exist)">William Lloyd Evans</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_N._Holmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry N. Holmes (page does not exist)">Harry N. Holmes</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_K._Frolich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Per K. Frolich (page does not exist)">Per K. Frolich</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr.">Thomas Midgley Jr.</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Shipp_Marvel" title="Carl Shipp Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradley_Dewey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradley Dewey (page does not exist)">Bradley Dewey</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Albert_Noyes_Jr." title="W. Albert Noyes Jr.">W. Albert Noyes Jr.</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles A. Thomas</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_H._Volwiler" title="Ernest H. Volwiler">Ernest H. Volwiler</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._Howell_Funnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. Howell Funnan (page does not exist)">N. Howell Funnan</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_C._Britton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar C. Britton (page does not exist)">Edgar C. Britton</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrington_Daniels" title="Farrington Daniels">Farrington Daniels</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Fisher" title="Harry L. Fisher">Harry L. Fisher</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Henry_Hildebrand" title="Joel Henry Hildebrand">Joel H. Hildebrand</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Warner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Warner (page does not exist)">John C. Warner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_J._Williams" title="Roger J. Williams">Roger J. Williams</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_F._Rassweiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford F. Rassweiler (page does not exist)">Clifford F. Rassweiler</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bailar_Jr." title="John C. Bailar Jr.">John C. Bailar Jr.</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_L._Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert L. Elder (page does not exist)">Albert L. Elder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Cope" title="Arthur C. Cope">Arthur C. Cope</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_H._Arveson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice H. Arveson (page does not exist)">Maurice H. Arveson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sparks" title="William J. Sparks">William J. Sparks</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Overberger" title="Charles G. Overberger">Charles G. Overberger</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cairns" title="Robert W. Cairns">Robert W. Cairns</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_R._Brode" title="Wallace R. Brode">Wallace R. Brode</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byron_Riegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byron Riegel (page does not exist)">Byron Riegel</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_C._Nixon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan C. Nixon (page does not exist)">Alan C. Nixon</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_S._Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard S. Friedman (page does not exist)">Bernard S. Friedman</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bailey" title="William J. Bailey">William J. Bailey</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Hill">Henry A. Hill</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Harrison" title="Anna J. Harrison">Anna J. Harrison</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_W._Stacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner W. Stacy (page does not exist)">Gardner W. Stacy</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._D%27Ianni" title="James D. D'Ianni">James D. D'Ianni</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_C._Zettlemoyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert C. Zettlemoyer (page does not exist)">Albert C. Zettlemoyer</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Parry" title="Robert W. Parry">Robert W. Parry</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Basolo" title="Fred Basolo">Fred Basolo</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_D._Niederhauser" title="Warren D. Niederhauser">Warren D. Niederhauser</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_K._Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis K. Fields (page does not exist)">Ellis K. Fields</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Good" title="Mary L. Good">Mary L. Good</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_L._Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon L. Nelson (page does not exist)">Gordon L. Nelson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clayton_F._Callis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clayton F. Callis (page does not exist)">Clayton F. Callis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Gassman" title="Paul G. Gassman">Paul G. Gassman</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Allen_Heininger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Allen Heininger (page does not exist)">S. Allen Heininger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Eliel" title="Ernest L. Eliel">Ernest L. Eliel</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen M. Free</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_D._Heindel" title="Ned D. Heindel">Ned D. Heindel</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_M._Rushton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian M. Rushton (page does not exist)">Brian M. Rushton</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S._Anderson" title="Paul S. Anderson">Paul S. Anderson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_H.L._Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul H.L. Walter (page does not exist)">Paul H.L. Walter</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edel_Wasserman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edel Wasserman (page does not exist)">Edel Wasserman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryle_H._Busch" title="Daryle H. Busch">Daryle H. Busch</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<i>present</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attila_E._Pavlath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attila E. Pavlath (page does not exist)">Attila E. Pavlath</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_M._Pearce" title="Eli M. Pearce">Eli M. Pearce</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Reichmanis" title="Elsa Reichmanis">Elsa Reichmanis</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Casey" title="Charles P. Casey">Charles P. Casey</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Carroll_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Carroll Jr. (page does not exist)">William F. Carroll Jr.</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Nalley" title="Elizabeth Ann Nalley">Elizabeth Ann Nalley</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_T._Hunt" title="Catherine T. Hunt">Catherine T. Hunt</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Bursten" title="Bruce E. Bursten">Bruce E. Bursten</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Lane" title="Thomas H. Lane">Thomas H. Lane</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francisco" title="Joseph Francisco">Joseph Francisco</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Jackson" title="Nancy B. Jackson">Nancy B. Jackson</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Shakhashiri" title="Bassam Shakhashiri">Bassam Z. Shakhashiri</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinda_Li_Wu" title="Marinda Li Wu">Marinda Li Wu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barton" title="Thomas J. Barton">Thomas J. Barton</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Grob_Schmidt" title="Diane Grob Schmidt">Diane Grob Schmidt</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Nelson" title="Donna Nelson">Donna J. Nelson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_A._Campbell" title="Allison A. Campbell">Allison A. Campbell</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Dorhout" title="Peter K. Dorhout">Peter K. Dorhout</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_A._Charpentier" title="Bonnie A. Charpentier">Bonnie A. Charpentier</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echegoyen" title="Luis Echegoyen">Luis Echegoyen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.N._Cheng" class="mw-redirect" title="H.N. Cheng">H.N. Cheng</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_K._Wilson" title="Angela K. Wilson">Angela K. Wilson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Giordan" title="Judith Giordan">Judith Giordan</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_K._Carroll" title="Mary K. Carroll">Mary K. Carroll</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_J._Phillips" title="Dorothy J. Phillips">Dorothy J. Phillips</a>, President Elect (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184286#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109605258">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25398504">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/123492/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGvT8m6MqJR8XHQ6RVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118778706">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83828424">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115039429">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb115039429">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551404">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk2010537801&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070642435">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90098038">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000238043&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646351505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277222205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058600777506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0436320X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=126039">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16051063700">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:langmuir.irving">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/irving-langmuir/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118778706.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118778706">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079989241">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gt5qp0">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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