Read It Online | LII / Legal Information Institute

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Read It Online | LII / Legal Information Institute</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PDVVHXRDE6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-PDVVHXRDE6'); </script> </head> <body> <header aria-label="skip link and Cornell University header" id="topmatter"> <p id="skip-link"> <a href="#page" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to content</a> </p> <div id="cu-identity"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" id="insignialink" title="Cornell University"><img alt="Cornell University home" class="img-responsive" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/insignia.gif" /></a><a href="http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/" id="clslink" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell University Law School</a><a href="https://www.cornell.edu/search/" id="cusearch" title="Search Cornell University">Search Cornell</a> </div> </div>  </header> <header aria-label="LII header" id="liiheader" role="banner" class="container-fluid"> <nav id="liiallnav" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div id="liibanner" class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#liinav" href="#liinav"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div id="liilogodiv"> <a id="liilogo" class="navbar-brand" href="/" aria-label="LII home"></a> </div> <div id="liinavbarstuff" class="navbar-right"> <div id="liidonatewrap"> <a href="/donate" class="navbar-link lblueinv" id="liidonate"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-gift"></span><span class="gltxt">Support Us!</span></a> </div> <div id="liisearchlinkwrap"> <a class="navbar-link cured" href="#" id="liisearchlink" aria-label="search link"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></a> </div> <div class="input-group navbar-form" role="search" href="#" id="liisearch"> <form _lpchecked="1" accept-charset="UTF-8" id="search-form" method="post" action="https://www.law.cornell.edu/search/site" class="form-search content-search ng-pristine ng-valid"> <div> <div> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" maxlength="128" size="15" value="" name="keys" id="edit-keys" class="form-control form-text" placeholder="Search" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." aria-label="enter search terms"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit" aria-label="submit search"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> </button> </span> </div> <div id="edit-actions" class="form-actions form-wrapper form-group"> <button value="Search" name="op" id="edit-submit" type="submit" class="element-invisible btn btn-default form-submit"> Search </button> </div> <input type="hidden" value="[]" name="get"> <input type="hidden" value="form-AWkP8XNvPNHNgH0ROUiKw0Hm1uqsS0xNuANkHxx7fNE" name="form_build_id"> <input type="hidden" value="ulCP81E6WAIWqo9pIgpW-UtTcJN7I3RBsu5lbOiKKss" name="form_token"> <input type="hidden" value="search_block_form" name="form_id"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="liinav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul id="liiheadernav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">About LII</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/lii/about/who_we_are">Who We Are</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/what_we_do">What We Do</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/who_pays_for_this">Who Pays For This</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/get_the_law" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Get the law</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a title="U.S. Constitution" href="/constitution">Constitution</a> </li> <li> <a title="Supreme Court" href="/supremecourt/text/home">Supreme Court</a> </li> <li> <a title="U.S. Code" href="/uscode/text">U.S. Code</a> </li> <li> <a title="C.F.R." href="/cfr/text">CFR</a> </li> <li class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a title="Federal Rules" href="/rules" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Federal Rules</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/rules/frap">Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure</a> </li> <li> <a href="/rules/frcp">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> </li> <li> <a href="/rules/frcrmp">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a> </li> <li> <a href="/rules/fre">Federal Rules of Evidence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/rules/frbp">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a title="U.C.C." href="/ucc">U.C.C.</a> </li> <li class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a title="Law by jurisdiction" href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Law by jurisdiction</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/states">State law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/uniform">Uniform laws</a> </li> <li> <a href="/federal">Federal law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/world">World law</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/">Lawyer directory</a> </li> <li class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/wex" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Legal encyclopedia</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/wex/category/business_law">Business law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wex/category/constitutional_law">Constitutional law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wex/category/criminal_law_and_procedure">Criminal law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wex/category/family_law">Family law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wex/category/employment_law">Employment law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wex/category/money_and_financial_problems">Money and Finances</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wex/wex_articles">More...</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/help_out" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Help out</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a href="/donate">Give</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Sponsor</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/advertise">Advertise</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/create">Create</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/promote">Promote</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/join_directory">Join Lawyer Directory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="liinavsoc" class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li>  <div class="addthis_horizontal_follow_toolbox"></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <main id="main"> <div class="container-fluid col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1" id="page"> <div class="row"> <div class="center-column"> <div class="row col-md-6 col-md-offset-3 col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"> <h1 class="text-center">RIO</h1> <p class="lead text-center"> Read It Online: create a single link for any U.S. legal citation </p>  </div> <div class="row col-md-6 col-md-offset-3 col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"> <h2 class="text-center">Enter citation to be linked</h2> <form id="url-encoder__form"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="input-group"> <label class="sr-only" for="url-encoder__input">Citation</label> <input id="url-encoder__input" class="form-control" type="text" name="citation" aria-label="enter citation to be linked"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="submit" class="[ btn btn-primary ]" type="submit"> <em class="glyphicon glyphicon-link"></em> <span class="submit__text">Link Citation</span> </button> </span> </div> </div> </form>  <div id="submit--input-validator-text" class="submit--help-text [ alert alert-danger ] [ col-md-6 col-md-offset-3 col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1 ] text-center"> Citations may only contain letters, numbers, and ( ) - , . : / 搂露 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="liifooter" class="container-fluid"> <ul id="liifooternav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="nav">About LII</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us" class="nav">Contact us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Advertise here</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help" class="nav">Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/terms/documentation" class="nav">Terms of use</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/lii/terms/privacy_policy" class="nav">Privacy</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="/"><img alt="LII home" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/LII_logo_footer.gif"></a> </li> </ul> </footer>  <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.3.min.js"></script> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.11.4/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="dist/eeef3d18d6da64ae9379bd92eb7b2348creator.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { // cache reused jQuery selections (especially those used inside functions) for performance var $liisearch = $("#liisearch"); var $liiheader = $("#liiheader"); var $window = $(window); // redefine scrollposition as function, rather than static value var scrollposition = $window.scrollTop.bind($window); var headeroffset = $liiheader.offset().top var pageoffset = $("#page").offset().top; $("#liisearchlink").click(function() { $liisearch.css({ 'position' : 'absolute', 'top' : '60', 'left' : '0', 'right' : '0', 'margin-left' : 'auto', 'margin-right' : 'auto', 'background' : '#fff' }) $liisearch.toggle('fade'); }); $window.scroll(function() { var position = scrollposition(); if ((!$liiheader.hasClass("navbar-fixed-top")) && (position > headeroffset)) { $liiheader.addClass('navbar-fixed-top'); } else if (position == 0) { $liiheader.removeClass('navbar-fixed-top'); } }); $window.bind("load", function(event) { if (window.location.hash) { //event.preventDefault(); if ((!$liiheader.hasClass("navbar-fixed-top")) && (scrollposition > headeroffset)) { $liiheader.addClass('navbar-fixed-top'); } var myanchorname = window.location.hash.substring(1); var myanchortop = $("a[name=" + myanchorname + "]").position().top; var myadjustedtop = myanchortop + pageoffset; $('body').scrollTop(myadjustedtop); } }); }); </script> <script> (function(i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function() { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m) })(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); ga('create', 'UA-1734385-15', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script> function handleOutboundLinkClicks(event) { ga('send', 'event', { eventCategory : 'Outbound Link', eventAction : 'click', eventLabel : event.target.href }); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=liiadverts"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Read It Online | LII / Legal Information Institute