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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/360_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/360_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>OS/360 variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OS/360_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle OS/360 variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-OS/360_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PCP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>PCP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MFT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MFT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>MFT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MFT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MVT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MVT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>MVT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MVT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-M65MP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M65MP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>M65MP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M65MP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Shared features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_features_excluding_PCP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_features_excluding_PCP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Shared features excluding PCP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_features_excluding_PCP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System/370_and_virtual_memory_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System/370_and_virtual_memory_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>System/370 and virtual memory operating systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System/370_and_virtual_memory_operating_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System/370 and virtual memory operating systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System/370_and_virtual_memory_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OS/360" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/360"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>OS/360</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/360-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/VS1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/VS1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>OS/VS1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/VS1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/VS2_SVS_and_MVS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/VS2_SVS_and_MVS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>OS/VS2 SVS and MVS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/VS2_SVS_and_MVS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VSAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VSAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>VSAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VSAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>SNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_MVS_versions_and_enhancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_MVS_versions_and_enhancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later MVS versions and enhancements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_MVS_versions_and_enhancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure,_interface_and_logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure,_interface_and_logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Structure, interface and logic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure,_interface_and_logic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure, interface and logic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure,_interface_and_logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CPU_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CPU_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>CPU allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CPU_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Storage layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SVS_storage_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SVS_storage_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>SVS storage layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SVS_storage_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MVS/370_Storage_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MVS/370_Storage_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>MVS/370 Storage layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MVS/370_Storage_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MVS/XA,_MVS/ESA_and_OS/390_storage_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MVS/XA,_MVS/ESA_and_OS/390_storage_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>MVS/XA, MVS/ESA and OS/390 storage layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MVS/XA,_MVS/ESA_and_OS/390_storage_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-z/OS_storage_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#z/OS_storage_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>z/OS storage layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-z/OS_storage_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPL_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPL_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>IPL process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPL_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Job-like_units_of_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job-like_units_of_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Job-like units of work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job-like_units_of_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>API</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operator_consoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operator_consoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Operator consoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operator_consoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JCL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JCL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>JCL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JCL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/360_manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/360_manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>OS/360 manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/360_manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/360_logic_manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/360_logic_manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>OS/360 logic manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/360_logic_manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360" title="OS/360 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OS/360" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS360_och_efterf%C3%B6ljare" title="OS360 och efterföljare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OS360 och efterföljare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=65MP&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="65MP">65MP</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system for IBM S/360 and later mainframes</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">IBM System/360 Operating System (OS/360)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg/250px-IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg/375px-IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg/500px-IBM_Logo_1956_1972.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/S" class="mw-redirect" title="PL/S">Basic Systems Language</a> (BSL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data">OS/360 and successors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">March 31, 1966<span class="noprint">; 58 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1966-03-31</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21.8 / August 1972<span class="noprint">; 52 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1972-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM mainframes">IBM mainframe computers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">S/360</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/VS2_(SVS)" title="OS/VS2 (SVS)">OS/VS2 (SVS)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">History of IBM mainframe operating systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early mainframe computer OSes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GM-NAA_I/O" title="GM-NAA I/O">GM OS & GM-NAA I/O</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BESYS" title="BESYS">BESYS</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Executive_System" title="University of Michigan Executive System">UMES</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARE_Operating_System" title="SHARE Operating System">SOS</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_7090/94_IBSYS" title="IBM 7090/94 IBSYS">IBSYS</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">MIT CTSS</a> (1961)</li> <li>7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) (7040-PR-150)</li> <li>1410/7010 Operating System<br />(1410-PR-155)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous S/360 line OSes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOS/360" title="BOS/360">BOS/360</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors#TOS/360" title="DOS/360 and successors">TOS/360</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS_(operating_system)" title="TSS (operating system)">TSS/360</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System" title="Michigan Terminal System">MTS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL</a> (1967)</li> <li>RACS (1965) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Remote_Access_Computing" title="IBM Remote Access Computing">RAX</a> (1966) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC/SP</a> (1985)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors" title="DOS/360 and successors">DOS/360 and successors</a> (1966)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors#DOS/360" title="DOS/360 and successors">DOS/360</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/VS" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/VS">DOS/VS</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/VSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/VSE">DOS/VSE</a> (1979) <ul><li>VSE/AF (1979)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSE/SP" class="mw-redirect" title="VSE/SP">VSE/SP</a> (1983, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSE/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSE/ESA">VSE/ESA</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">z/VSE</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">VSE<sup>n</sup></a> (2021)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OS/360 and successors</a> (1966)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MFT_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="MFT (operating system)">MFT</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFT_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MFT II">MFT II</a> (1968) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/VS1_BPE" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/VS1 BPE">OS/VS1 BPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprogramming_with_a_Variable_number_of_Tasks" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks">MVT</a> (1967) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/65MP" class="mw-redirect" title="65MP">65MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/VS2_(SVS)" title="OS/VS2 (SVS)">OS/VS2R1</a> (SVS) (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a> (OS/VS2R2 and later) (1974) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MVS/SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MVS/SE (page does not exist)">MVS/SE</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MVS/SE_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MVS/SE 2 (page does not exist)">MVS/SE 2</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVS/SP" class="mw-redirect" title="MVS/SP">MVS/SP</a> Version 1 (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVS/XA" class="mw-redirect" title="MVS/XA">MVS/XA</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVS/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="MVS/ESA">MVS/ESA</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/390" title="OS/390">OS/390</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a> (2000)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_CP/CMS" title="History of CP/CMS">VM line</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_CP-40" title="IBM CP-40">CP-40</a><a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">/CMS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-67" title="CP-67">CP-67</a><a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">/CMS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP/CSS" title="VP/CSS">VP/CSS</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM/370</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VM/BSE_(BSEPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM/BSE (BSEPP) (page does not exist)">VM/BSE (BSEPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VM/SE_(SEPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM/SE (SEPP) (page does not exist)">VM/SE (SEPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM/SP</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VM/XA_MA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM/XA MA (page does not exist)">VM/XA MA</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VM/XA_SF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM/XA SF (page does not exist)">VM/XA SF</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VM/XA_SP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM/XA SP (page does not exist)">VM/XA SP</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM/ESA</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a> (2000)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">TPF line</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Airline_Control_Program" title="IBM Airline Control Program">ACP</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_Processing_Facility" title="Transaction Processing Facility">TPF</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/TPF" class="mw-redirect" title="Z/TPF">z/TPF</a> (2005)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl_UTS" title="Amdahl UTS">UTS</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX#IBM_mainframes" title="IBM AIX">AIX/370</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX#IBM_mainframes" title="IBM AIX">AIX/ESA</a> (1991)</li> <li>MVS/ESA <a href="/wiki/MVS#MVS.2FESA" title="MVS">OpenEdition</a> (1993)</li> <li>VM/ESA <a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)#OpenEdition_extensions" title="VM (operating system)">OpenEdition</a> (1995)</li> <li>OS/390 <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_IBM_Z" title="Linux on IBM Z">Linux</a> (1999)</li> <li>z/VM <a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)#OpenEdition_extensions" title="VM (operating system)">OpenExtensions</a> (2000)</li> <li>z/OS <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris_for_System_z" title="OpenSolaris for System z">OpenSolaris</a> (2008)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="Template:History of IBM mainframe operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="Template talk:History of IBM mainframe operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of IBM mainframe operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>OS/360</b>, officially known as <b>IBM System/360 Operating System</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Batch_processing" title="Batch processing">batch processing</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> for their then-new <a href="/wiki/System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a>, announced in 1964; it was influenced by the earlier <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090/94_IBSYS" title="IBM 7090/94 IBSYS">IBSYS/IBJOB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Input/Output_Control_System" title="Input/Output Control System">Input/Output Control System</a> (IOCS) packages for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">IBM 7090/7094</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and even more so by the PR155 Operating System for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1410" title="IBM 1410">IBM 1410</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_7010" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 7010">7010</a> processors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was one of the earliest<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating systems to require the computer hardware to include at least one <a href="/wiki/Direct_access_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct access storage device">direct access storage device</a>. </p><p>Although OS/360 itself was discontinued, successor operating systems, including the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual storage</a> <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, are still run as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and maintain application-level compatibility with OS/360. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IBM announced three different levels of OS/360, generated from the same tapes and sharing most of their code. IBM eventually renamed these options and made some significant design changes: </p> <ul><li>Single Sequential Scheduler (SSS) <ul><li>Option 1</li> <li>Primary Control Program (PCP)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple Sequential Schedulers (MSS) <ul><li>Option 2</li> <li>Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks (MFT)</li> <li>MFT II</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple Priority Schedulers (MPS) <ul><li>Option 4</li> <li>VMS<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks (MVT)</li> <li>Model 65 Multiprocessing (M65MP)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Users often coined nicknames, e.g., "Big OS", "OS/MFT", but none of these names had any official recognition by IBM. </p><p>IBM provided OS/360 as a set of libraries on tape that the installation had to restore to <a href="/wiki/DASD" class="mw-redirect" title="DASD">DASD</a> in order to perform a <a href="/wiki/System_Generation_(OS)" title="System Generation (OS)">system generation</a>. IBM also offered a set of optional source tapes that the installation could use to modify and assemble modules that IBM normally provided as object code. In addition, IBM offered <a href="/wiki/Microfiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfiche">microfiche</a> that had assembly listing of the basic program material and of subsequent service.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM continued distributing source code until it imposed an Object Code Only<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (OCO) policy for licensed software. </p><p>The other major operating system for System/360 hardware was <a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a>. </p><p>OS/360 is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be downloaded freely. As well as being run on actual System/360 hardware, it can be executed on the free <a href="/wiki/Hercules_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules emulator">Hercules emulator</a>, which runs under most <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems including <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>. There are OS/360 turnkey CDs that provide pregenerated OS/360 21.8 systems ready to run under Hercules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">History of IBM mainframe operating systems</a></div> <p>IBM originally intended that System/360 should have only one batch-oriented<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating system, OS/360,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> capable of running on machines as small as 32 KiB.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also intended to supply a separate <a href="/wiki/Timesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timesharing">timesharing</a> operating system, <a href="/wiki/TSS_(operating_system)" title="TSS (operating system)">TSS/360</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67" title="IBM System/360 Model 67">System/360 Model 67</a>. There are at least two accounts of why IBM eventually decided to produce other, simpler batch-oriented operating systems: </p> <ul><li>because it found that the "approximately 1.5 million instructions that enable the system to operate with virtually no manual intervention"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising OS/360 would not fit into the limited memory available on the smaller System/360 models;<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonVSEPast40Years_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonVSEPast40Years-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>because it realized that the development of OS/360 would take much longer than expected.</li></ul> <p>IBM introduced a series of stop-gaps to prevent System/360 hardware sales from collapsing—first <a href="/wiki/IBM_Basic_Programming_Support" title="IBM Basic Programming Support">Basic Programming Support</a> (BPS) and <a href="/wiki/BOS/360" title="BOS/360">BOS/360</a> (Basic Operating System, for the smallest machines with 8K byte memories), then <a href="/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors#TOS/360" title="DOS/360 and successors">TOS/360</a> (Tape Operating System, for machines with at least 16K byte memories and only tape drives), and finally <a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a> (Disk Operating System), which became a mainstream operating system and is the ancestor of today's widely used <a href="/wiki/VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">VSE<sup>n</sup></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonVSEPast40Years_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonVSEPast40Years-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyer360Revolution_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer360Revolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM released three variants of OS/360: PCP (Primary Control Program), a stop-gap which could run only one job at a time, in 1966; MFT (<a href="/wiki/Multiprogramming" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprogramming">Multiprogramming</a> with Fixed number of Tasks) for the mid-range machines, and MVT (Multiprogramming with Variable number of Tasks) for the top end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO50[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO50[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MFT and MVT were used until at least 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decade after their successors had been launched.<sup id="cite_ref-SHAREsurveyMid70s_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHAREsurveyMid70s-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division between MFT and MVT arose because of storage limitations and scheduling constraints. Initially IBM maintained that MFT and MVT were simply "two configurations of the <a href="/wiki/OS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/360">OS/360</a> control program", although later IBM described them as "separate versions of OS/360".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers.">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM originally wrote OS/360 in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>. Later on, IBM wrote some OS/360 code in a new language, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PL/S" title="IBM PL/S">Basic Systems Language</a> (BSL),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from PL/I. A large amount of the TSO code in Release 20 was written in BSL. </p><p>TSS/360 was so late and unreliable that IBM canceled it, although IBM later supplied three releases of the TSS/370 PRPQ. By this time <a href="/wiki/CP-67" title="CP-67">CP-67</a> was running well enough for IBM to offer it without warranty as a timesharing facility for a few large customers.<sup id="cite_ref-VanVleckMulticians_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanVleckMulticians-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OS/360_variants"><span id="OS.2F360_variants"></span>OS/360 variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: OS/360 variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These three options offered such similar facilities that porting applications between them usually required minimal effort; the same versions of most<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_Product" title="Software as a Product">Program Products</a>, application and <a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe_utility_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM mainframe utility programs">utility</a> software ran on both. The text below mostly treats <i>PCP</i>, <i>MFT</i> and <i>MVT</i> as simply new names for the original <i>SSS</i>, <i>MSS</i> and <i>MPS</i>, although there were some design changes. Also, the text does not distinguish between M65MP and MVT. </p><p>Officially, PCP, MFT and MVT are not separate operating systems from OS/360,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>they are only install-time configuration options—in today's words, three different variants of the OS Nucleus and Scheduler. However, because of quite different behavior and memory requirements, users commonly consider them de facto separate operating systems and refer to them as "early OS/360", "OS/MFT", "OS/MVT", respectively. MFT differs from MVT mainly in the way in which it manages memory: when installing MFT, customers specify in the <i><a href="/wiki/System_Generation_(OS)" title="System Generation (OS)">system generation</a></i> (SysGen) a fixed<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> number of <i><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)#Partitioned_allocation" title="Memory management (operating systems)">partitions</a></i>, areas of memory with fixed boundaries, in which application programs can be run simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCP">PCP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: PCP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary Control Program (PCP) was intended for machines with small memories. It is similar to MFT<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)#Partitioned_allocation" title="Memory management (operating systems)">partition</a>. Experience indicated that it was not advisable to install OS/360 on systems with less than 128 KiB of memory, although limited production use was possible on much smaller machines, such as 48 KiB of memory. IBM dropped the PCP option in the final releases of OS/360, leaving only MFT II and MVT, both of which required more memory. </p><p>Also referred to as SYS=MIN in macro expansions that were system-dependent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MFT">MFT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MFT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks (MFT) was intended to serve as a stop-gap until Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks (MVT), the intended target configuration of OS/360, became available in 1967. Early versions of MVT had many problems, so the simpler MFT continued to be used for many years. After introducing new <a href="/wiki/System/370" class="mw-redirect" title="System/370">System/370</a> machines with virtual memory in 1972, IBM developed MFT 2 into <a href="/wiki/OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a>, the last system of this particular line. </p><p>The first version of MFT<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shared much of the code and architecture with PCP, and was limited to four <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)#Partitioned_allocation" title="Memory management (operating systems)">partitions</a>. It was very cumbersome to run multiple partitions. Many installations used <a href="/wiki/Houston_Automatic_Spooling_Priority" title="Houston Automatic Spooling Priority">Houston Automatic Spooling Priority</a> (HASP) to mitigate the complexity. </p><p>MFT Version II (MFT-II)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shared much more of the Control Program and Scheduler code with MVT, and was much more flexible to run. The maximum number of partitions increased to 52. </p><p>Later modifications of MFT-II added <i>sub-tasking</i>, so that the fixed number of tasks was no longer fixed, although the number of partitions did remain a limitation. </p><p>Experience indicated that it was not advisable to install MFT on systems with less than 256 KiB of memory,<sup id="cite_ref-SaundersRMVSbeforeOS360_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaundersRMVSbeforeOS360-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in the 1960s was quite a large amount. </p><p>Also referred to as SYS=INT in macro expansions that were system-dependent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MVT">MVT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MVT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks (MVT)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the most sophisticated of three available configurations of <a href="/wiki/OS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/360">OS/360</a>'s control program, and one of two available configurations in the final releases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO50–51[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO50–51[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MVT was intended for the largest machines in the System/360 family. Introduced in 1964, it did not become available until 1967. Early versions had many problems and the simpler MFT continued to be used for many years. Experience indicated that it was not advisable to install MVT on systems with less than 512 KiB of memory. </p><p>MVT treated all memory not used by the operating system as a single pool from which contiguous <i>regions</i> could be allocated as required, by an unlimited<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> number of simultaneous application and systems programs. This scheme was more flexible than MFT's and in principle used memory more efficiently, but was liable to <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computing)" title="Fragmentation (computing)">fragmentation</a> - after a while one could find that, although there was enough spare memory in total to run a program, it was divided into separate chunks none of which was large enough.<sup id="cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> System/360 lacked memory relocation hardware so memory compaction could not be used to reduce fragmentation. A facility called <a href="/wiki/Rollout/Rollin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollout/Rollin">Rollout/Rollin</a> could swap a running job out to secondary storage to make its memory available to another job. The rolled-out job would, however, have to be <i>rolled-in</i> to the original memory locations when they again became available.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971 the <a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">Time Sharing Option</a> (TSO) for use with MVT was added as part of release 20.1. TSO became widely used for program development because it provided an editor, the ability to submit batch jobs, be notified of their completion, and view the results without waiting for printed reports, and <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debuggers</a> for some of the programming languages used on System/360. TSO in OS/360<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> communicated with terminals by using <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Access_Method" title="Telecommunications Access Method">Telecommunications Access Method</a> (TCAM). TCAM's name suggests that IBM hoped it would become the standard access method for data communications, but in fact TCAM in OS/VS2 was used almost entirely for TSO and was largely superseded by <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Telecommunications_Access_Method" title="Virtual Telecommunications Access Method">Virtual Telecommunications Access Method</a> (VTAM) in the mid-to-late 1970s. </p><p>Also referred to as SYS=VMS in invocations of some macros that were system-dependent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="M65MP">M65MP</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: M65MP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Model 65 Multiprocessing (M65MP) is a variant of MVT. It runs on a 360/65 in Multisystem mode<sup id="cite_ref-A22-6884_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A22-6884-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M65MP traps use of the Set System Mask (SSM) instruction to serialize disabled code between the two CPUs. For the most part an M65MP system has the same behavior and interfaces as any other MVT system. </p><p>The keyword parameter SYS=VMS included M65MP as well as uniprocessor MVT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_features">Shared features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shared features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PCP, MFT and MVT provide similar facilities from the point of view of application programs: </p> <ul><li>The same <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) and <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">application binary interface</a> (ABI), so application programs can be transferred between MFT and MVT without even needing to be modified or <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">re-assembled</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">re-compiled</a>.</li> <li>The same <a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">JCL</a> (Job Control Language, for initiating batch jobs), which was more flexible and easier to use, though more complex, than that of <a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a>.</li> <li>The same facilities (<a href="/wiki/Access_method" title="Access method">access methods</a>) for reading and writing files and for data communications: <ul><li>Sequential data sets are normally read or written one record at a time from beginning to end, using <a href="/wiki/Basic_sequential_access_method" title="Basic sequential access method">BSAM</a> or <a href="/wiki/QSAM" class="mw-redirect" title="QSAM">QSAM</a>. This was the only technique that could be used for <a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">card</a> readers / punches and printers.</li> <li>In indexed (<a href="/wiki/ISAM" title="ISAM">ISAM</a>) files a specified section of each record is defined as a key which can be used to look up specific records.</li> <li>In direct access (<a href="/wiki/Basic_direct_access_method" title="Basic direct access method">BDAM</a>) files, the application program has to specify the relative block number, the relative track and record (TTR) or the actual physical location (MBBCCHHR)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Direct-access_storage_device" title="Direct-access storage device">Direct-access storage device</a> (DASD) of the data it wanted to access, or the starting point for a search by key. BDAM programming was not easy and most organizations never used it themselves; but it was the fastest way to access data on disks and many software companies used it in their products, especially <a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management systems</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ADABAS" title="ADABAS">ADABAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDMS" title="IDMS">IDMS</a> and IBM's <a href="/wiki/Data_Language_Interface" title="Data Language Interface">DL/I</a>. It is also available from OS/360 Fortran. BDAM datasets are unblocked, with one logical record per physical record.</li> <li>An additional file structure, <a href="/wiki/Partitioned_dataset#Partitioned_datasets" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioned dataset">partitioned</a>, and access method (<a href="/wiki/BPAM" class="mw-redirect" title="BPAM">BPAM</a>), is mainly used for managing program libraries. Although partitioned files need to be compressed to reclaim free space, this has less impact than did a similar requirement for <a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a>'s Core Image Library, because MFT and MVT allow multiple partitioned datasets and each project generally has at least one.</li> <li>Generation Data Groups (GDGs) were originally designed to support <a href="/wiki/Grandfather-Father-Son_Backup" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather-Father-Son Backup">grandfather-father-son backup procedures</a> - if a file was modified, the changed version became the new son, the previous son became the father, the previous father became the grandfather and the previous grandfather was deleted. But one could set up GDGs with more than 3 generations, and some applications used GDGs to collect data from large and variable numbers of sources and feed the information to one program - each collecting program created a new generation of the file and the final program read the whole group as a single sequential file (by not specifying a generation in the JCL).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTAM" class="mw-redirect" title="BTAM">BTAM</a>, a data communications facility, was primitive and hard to use by today's standards. However, it could communicate with almost any type of terminal, which was a big advantage at a time when there was hardly any standardization of communications protocols.</li></ul></li> <li>The file naming system allows files to be managed as hierarchies with at most 8 character names at each level, e.g. PROJECT.USER.FILENAME. This is tied to the implementation of the <i>system catalog</i> (SYSCTLG) and <i>Control Volumes</i> (CVOLs), which used records with 8 byte keys.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_features_excluding_PCP">Shared features excluding PCP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shared features excluding PCP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some features were available only for MFT and MVT: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Spooling" title="Spooling">SPOOLing</a> facility for MFT II and MVT (which DOS/360 initially lacked, but was, later, provided by the POWER application).</li> <li>Applications in MFT (Release 19 and later) and MVT could create sub-tasks, which allowed multitasking (<a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multithreading (software)">multithreading</a>) within the one job.</li> <li>Graphic Job Processing</li> <li>Satellite Graphic Job Processing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Job_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Job Entry">Remote Job Entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queued_Telecommunications_Access_Method" title="Queued Telecommunications Access Method">Queued Telecommunications Access Method</a> (QTAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Access_Method" title="Telecommunications Access Method">Telecommunications Access Method</a> (TCAM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System/370_and_virtual_memory_operating_systems"><span id="System.2F370_and_virtual_memory_operating_systems"></span>System/370 and virtual memory operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: System/370 and virtual memory operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">System/370</a> was announced in 1970 it offered essentially the same facilities as System/360 but with about 4 times the processor speeds of similarly priced System/360 CPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-IBMSys370Announce_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBMSys370Announce-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1972 IBM announced <i>System/370 Advanced Functions</i>, of which the main item was that future sales of System/370 would include <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> capability and this could also be retro-fitted to existing System/370 CPUs. Hence IBM also committed to delivering enhanced operating systems which could support the use of virtual memory.<sup id="cite_ref-IBMDPDChronology1970to1974_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBMDPDChronology1970to1974-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PughJohnsonPalmer1991IBM360andEarly370_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PughJohnsonPalmer1991IBM360andEarly370-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/360"><span id="OS.2F360"></span>OS/360</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: OS/360"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IBM provided an OS/360 <a href="/wiki/System_Generation_(OS)" title="System Generation (OS)">SYSGEN</a> option for S/370 support, which did not support DAT but did: </p> <ul><li>Support control registers</li> <li>Support enhanced I/O<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provide a S/370 Machine Check Handler</li> <li>Provide limited support for the new timer facilities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/VS1"><span id="OS.2FVS1"></span>OS/VS1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: OS/VS1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a> is the successor to MFT, and offers similar facilities with several additions, e.g., RES, virtual memory. VSAM (see below) was initially available as an independent component release (ICR) and later integrated into the OS/VS1 base.<sup id="cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM released fairly minor enhancements of OS/VS1 until 1983, and in 1984 announced that there would be no more. <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX#IBM_mainframes" title="IBM AIX">AIX/370</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX#IBM_mainframes" title="IBM AIX">AIX/ESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_DPPX" title="IBM DPPX">DPPX</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX#History" title="IBM AIX">IX/370</a>, OS/VS1 and TSS/370 are the only System/370 operating systems that do not have modern descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/VS2_SVS_and_MVS"><span id="OS.2FVS2_SVS_and_MVS"></span>OS/VS2 SVS and MVS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: OS/VS2 SVS and MVS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/VS2 release 1 was just <a href="/wiki/Multiprogramming_with_a_Variable_number_of_Tasks" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks">MVT</a> plus virtual memory and VSAM (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version was eventually renamed <a href="/wiki/OS/VS2_(SVS)" title="OS/VS2 (SVS)">OS/VS2 SVS</a>, for Single Virtual Storage, when OS/VS2 Release 2, also known as MVS, for Multiple Virtual Storage, was introduced. SVS was intended as a stepping stone from MVT to MVS, and is only of historical interest today. </p><p>In 1974 IBM released what it described as OS/VS2 Release 2 but which was really a new operating system that was <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">upwards-compatible</a> with OS/VS2 Release 1. The Supervisor of the new system had been largely rewritten in a new dialect of BSL, <a href="/wiki/PL/S" class="mw-redirect" title="PL/S">PL/S</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BSL and PL/S were dialects of <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> with extensions designed to transcribe <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a> code, including <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(computing)" title="Privilege (computing)">privileged instructions</a> needed to control the computer as a whole. Time-sensitive OS components, such as the OS Dispatcher and the <a href="/wiki/Input/Output_Supervisor" title="Input/Output Supervisor">IOS</a>, notably, among many others, remained coded in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly Language">Assembly Language</a>, which had been enhanced for OS/VS in the IFOX00 Assembler<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from the older, OS/360 IEUASM Assembler). </p> <table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><b>MVS address spaces - global view</b> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">MVS (shared part of all address spaces) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">App 1 </td> <td align="center">App 2 </td> <td align="center">App 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Shared virtual area (controlled by MVS) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>One application's view</b> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center">MVS </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">App 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Shared virtual area </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The new version's most noticeable feature was that it supported multiple virtual address spaces - different applications thought they were using the same range of virtual addresses, but the new system's <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> facilities mapped these to different ranges of real memory addresses. Each application's address space consists of 3 areas: operating system (one instance shared by all jobs); an application area which was unique for each application; shared virtual area used for various purposes including inter-job communication. IBM promised that the application areas would always be at least 8MB. This approach eliminated the risk of memory <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computing)" title="Fragmentation (computing)">fragmentation</a> that was present in MVT and SVS, and improved the system's internal security.<sup id="cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new system rapidly became known as "<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>" (Multiple Virtual Storages), the original OS/VS2 became known as "SVS" (Single Virtual Storage) and IBM itself accepted this terminology and labelled MVS's successors "MVS/<i>xxx</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-TechPressRelease_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechPressRelease-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MVS introduced a new approach to workload management, allowing users to define performance targets for high-priority batch jobs. This enabled users to give their systems more work than before without affecting the performance of the highest-priority jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MVS was IBM's first mainstream operating system on the System/370<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to support what IBM called <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing"><i>tightly coupled multiprocessing</i></a>, in which 2 (later, up to 12, for IBM mainframes, and up to 16, for <a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl</a> mainframes) CPUs shared concurrent access to the same memory (and a <i>single</i> copy of the operating system and peripheral devices), providing greater processing power and a degree of <a href="/wiki/Graceful_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graceful degradation">graceful degradation</a> if one CPU failed (which, fortunately, became an increasingly rare event, as system up time rose from <i>hours</i> to <i>days</i> and, then, to <i>years</i>.) </p><p>Initially MVS was supplied with a <a href="/wiki/Job_queue" title="Job queue">job queue</a> manager called <a href="/wiki/JES2" class="mw-redirect" title="JES2">JES2</a> (Job Entry Subsystem 2), which was descended from HASP (<a href="/wiki/Houston_Automatic_Spooling_Priority" title="Houston Automatic Spooling Priority">Houston Automatic Spooling Priority</a>) and also supported <a href="/wiki/Remote_Job_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Job Entry">Remote Job Entry</a> from workstations located elsewhere. JES2 can only manage jobs for one CPU (which might be a tightly coupled multiprocessor system). In 1976 IBM provided another option, <a href="/wiki/JES3" class="mw-redirect" title="JES3">JES3</a> (Job Entry Subsystem 3), a descendant of ASP (<a href="/wiki/Attached_Support_Processor" title="Attached Support Processor">Attached Support Processor</a>), which allows one CPU to manage a single job queue feeding work to several physically distinct CPUs, and therefore allows one operator's console to manage the work of all those CPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note: JES1 was the job queue manager for OS/VS1 (see above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VSAM">VSAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: VSAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IBM hoped that <a href="/wiki/Virtual_storage_access_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual storage access method">Virtual storage access method</a> (VSAM) would replace its earlier sequential, indexed and direct access methods as it provided improved versions of these:<sup id="cite_ref-IBMRedbooksVSAMDemystified_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBMRedbooksVSAMDemystified-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Entry-Sequenced Datasets (ESDS) provide facilities similar to those of both sequential and BDAM (direct) datasets, since they can be read either from start to finish or directly by specifying an offset from the start.</li> <li>Key-Sequenced Datasets (KSDS) are a major upgrade from IBM's ISAM: they allow secondary keys with non-unique values and keys formed by concatenating non-contiguous fields in any order; they greatly reduce the performance problems caused by overflow records used to handle insertions and updates in ISAM; and they greatly reduce the risk that a software or hardware failure in the middle of an index update might corrupt the index. VSAM provides an ISAM / VSAM Interface which allows ISAM-based applications to use VSAM KSDS without reprogramming.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Relative Record Datasets (RRDS) are a replacement for direct access (<a href="/wiki/BDAM" class="mw-redirect" title="BDAM">BDAM</a>) datasets, allowing applications to access a record by specifying a relative record number. Unlike ESDS and KSDS, RRDS does not support variable-length records.</li></ul> <p>These VSAM formats became the basis of IBM's <a href="/wiki/Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_System" title="IBM Information Management System">IMS/VS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_DB2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM DB2">DB2</a> - usually ESDS for the actual data storage and KSDS for indexes. </p><p>VSAM also provides a new implementation of the catalog facility which enables applications to access files by name, without needing to know which disk drive(s) they are on. VSAM datasets <i>must</i> be defined in a VSAM catalog before they are used, and non-VSAM datasets can also be listed in a VSAM catalog. The MVS Master Catalog <i>must</i> be a VSAM catalog.<sup id="cite_ref-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalogs were originally provided in OS/360 in the form of CVOLs; MVS added a separate catalog structure for VSAM; later IBM added a third type of catalog known as an ICF catalog.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer1989_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer1989-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (IBM removed support for CVOL and VSAM catalogs as of 2000, since they were not Y2K-compliant; hence in z/OS, only ICF catalogs are supported.)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SNA">SNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: SNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974 IBM announced <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">Systems Network Architecture</a>, which was meant to reduce the cost of running large networks of terminals, mainly by using communications lines much more efficiently. This is only available for IBM's virtual memory operating systems, since its mainframe software component, <a href="/wiki/VTAM" class="mw-redirect" title="VTAM">VTAM</a> is only available with these operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_MVS_versions_and_enhancements">Later MVS versions and enhancements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later MVS versions and enhancements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a></div> <p>In 1977 IBM announced MVS/System Extensions, a <i>program product</i> (i.e., it cost extra money) which improved MVS performance and added functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM3033PressAnnounce_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM3033PressAnnounce-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MVS#Overview" title="MVS">Descendants</a> of the original MVS are still used on the latest descendants of System/360, <a href="/wiki/System/390" class="mw-redirect" title="System/390">System/390</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZSeries" class="mw-redirect" title="ZSeries">zSeries</a>; it was renamed to <a href="/wiki/OS/390" title="OS/390">OS/390</a> for System/390, and the 64-bit version for the zSeries was named <a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure,_interface_and_logic"><span id="Structure.2C_interface_and_logic"></span>Structure, interface and logic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Structure, interface and logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For reasons of size, this section concentrates on the MVT option of OS/360; PCP and MFT are very similar; with changes in nomenclature and some minor differences. <a href="/wiki/OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/VS2_(SVS)" title="OS/VS2 (SVS)">SVS</a> have much the same structure as MFT II and MVT, while <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>, although retaining much of the logic of MVT, has major enhancements better addressed in a separate article. This article adheres to IBM's usage of the term <i>storage</i> rather than <i>memory</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CPU_allocation">CPU allocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: CPU allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/360 assigns processors to tasks, which are analogous to <a href="/wiki/Light-weight_process" title="Light-weight process">light-weight processes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a> in other systems. Each task has a <a href="/wiki/Task_Control_Block" title="Task Control Block">Task Control Block</a> (TCB) and a stack of <a href="/wiki/Task_Control_Block#Request_Blocks" title="Task Control Block">Request Blocks</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (RBs). A task is either dispatchable or nondispatchable<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an RB is either waiting<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or not waiting. The <i>Dispatcher</i> selects the highest priority dispatchable task whose current RB is not waiting. </p><p>MVS assigns processors to <a href="/wiki/Virtual_address_space" title="Virtual address space">address spaces</a>, which are analogous to processes, and to <a href="/wiki/Service_Request_Block" title="Service Request Block">Service Request Block (SRBs)</a> and tasks within address spaces. Each address space has an Address Space Control Block (ASCB), a queue of SRBs and a queue of TCBs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_layout">Storage layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Storage layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none"> <caption>MVT storage layout after IPL and NIP </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Content </th> <th>Area </th> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resident BLDL area (optional) </td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Common area </td> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none">Highest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Link Pack Area (LPA) </td> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Master Scheduler Region </td> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regions for jobs, MOUNT, started tasks and TSO </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Dynamic area </td> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>System Queue Area (SQA) </td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Fixed area </td> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nucleus </td> <td style="background:white; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: none">Lowest </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In OS/360 all storage is visible to all code, although <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture#Storage_protection" title="IBM System/360 architecture">fetch protection</a> may prevent access by unprivileged code to some control blocks or between jobs. Main storage for MVT is divided into a <i>system</i> (<i>fixed</i>) area at the bottom of real storage, a <i>common</i> area at the top and a <i>private</i> area in the middle. These contain the following areas. </p> <dl><dt>Fixed area</dt> <dd>This area starts at absolute location 0 and contains <dl><dt>The Nucleus.</dt> <dd>This is a section of storage at location 0, loaded from <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SYS1.NUCLEUS(IEANUCxx)</code>, where xx is normally 01. For Model 65 MP (M65MP), there is a separate copy of the prefix (locations 0-4095) for each processor<sup id="cite_ref-PoOps_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoOps-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 72">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf#page=82">72</a> </span></sup> and the term <i>absolute address</i> refers to the address actually sent to memory after any prefixing while the term <i>real address</i> refers to the address before any prefixing is applied. The Nucleus contains interrupt handlers, control blocks, type 1 and type 2 <a href="/wiki/Supervisor_Call_instruction#OS/360_and_successor_system_SVCs" title="Supervisor Call instruction">SVC routines</a>, SVC transient area, routines that can be directly called by unprivileged code and routines that can only be called by privileged code.</dd> <dt>System Queue Area (SQA).</dt> <dd>This is an area from which the system acquires storage shared between jobs.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Private area.</dt> <dd>This an area from which MVT acquires storage for regions. The types of regions include <dl><dt>Job</dt> <dd>Allocated by the <i>Initiator</i> for batch jobs submitted by, e.g., card reader, CRJE, RJE, TSO</dd> <dt>Foreground</dt> <dd>Contains a swapped-in <a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">TSO</a> session. Created by the Time Sharing Control (TSC) task.</dd> <dt>Mount</dt> <dd>Allocated by Started Task Control (STC) for operator <b>MOUNT</b> command.</dd> <dt>Started task</dt> <dd>Allocated by Started Task Control (STC) for operator <b>START</b> command.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Common area</dt></dl> <p>'This is a section of storage at the highest physical address. It contains </p> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Resident BLDL area</dt> <dd>This is an area caching selected directory entries.</dd> <dt>Master Scheduler region</dt> <dd>The Master Scheduler and the Communication task run in this region, which <a href="#IPL_process">NIP</a> allocates.</dd> <dt>Link Pack Area<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (LPA)</dt> <dd>This is an area into which MVT loads reentrant access method routines and other programs at IPL time that can subsequently be shared by all jobs.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SVS_storage_layout">SVS storage layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: SVS storage layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SVS is similar except that the system area is at the top and bottom of virtual storage rather than real storage, the Nucleus is in Virtual=Real (V=R) storage, the private area contains a Local System Queue Area (LSQA) for each region and the LPA is split into: </p> <dl><dt>Pageable Link Pack Area (PLPA)</dt> <dd>This is an area containing all of the modules in SYS1.LPALIB; the page dataset backing it up is retained across IPLs, except when the create LPA (CLPA) option is specified.</dd> <dt>Modified Link Pack Area (MLPA)</dt> <dd>This is an area containing modules listed in an IEALPAxx member of SYS1.PARMLIB and replacing modules in the PLPA for the duration of an IPL.</dd> <dt>Fixed Link Pack Area (FLPA).</dt> <dd>This is an area containing page-fixed modules listed in an IEAFIXxx member of SYS1.PARMLIB and replacing modules in the PLPA for the duration of an IPL.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MVS/370_Storage_layout"><span id="MVS.2F370_Storage_layout"></span>MVS/370 Storage layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: MVS/370 Storage layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In MVS all address spaces share the system area<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not the private area. MVS adds: </p> <dl><dt>Common Storage Area (CSA)</dt> <dd>This is an area from which MVS can dynamically allocate storage shared by all address spaces.</dd> <dt>System Work Area (SWA)</dt> <dd>This is an area containing control blocks that in OS/360 and SVS had been contained in SYS1.SYSJOBQE.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MVS/XA,_MVS/ESA_and_OS/390_storage_layout"><span id="MVS.2FXA.2C_MVS.2FESA_and_OS.2F390_storage_layout"></span>MVS/XA, MVS/ESA and OS/390 storage layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: MVS/XA, MVS/ESA and OS/390 storage layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In MVS/XA and later, there are system, private and common areas below the <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001160000000000000♠"></span>16 <a href="/wiki/Mebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebi">Mi</a>B</span> (2<sup>24</sup> bytes) <i>line</i>, and extended areas between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001160000000000000♠"></span>16 <a href="/wiki/Mebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebi">Mi</a>B</span> and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠"></span>2 <a href="/wiki/Gibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibi">Gi</a>B</span> (2<sup>31</sup> bytes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="z/OS_storage_layout"><span id="z.2FOS_storage_layout"></span>z/OS storage layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: z/OS storage layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, the storage layout<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is similar to that of MVS/XA, MVS/ESA and OS/390; storage above the <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠"></span>2 <a href="/wiki/Gibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibi">Gi</a>B</span> <i>bar</i> is managed by different services than storage below the bar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPL_process">IPL process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: IPL process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the operators initially selects <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LOAD</code>, The system sends a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ IPL</code> command to the selected device, reading 24 bytes from cylinder 0, track 0, record 1, into storage location 0.<sup id="cite_ref-PoOps_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoOps-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf#page=24">22</a> </span></sup> Bytes 8-23 read and transfer to the bootstrap record<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIPL3The_Initial_Program_Loader_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPL3The_Initial_Program_Loader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cylinder 0, track 0, record 2, which in turn reads and transfers to the IPL Loader. The IPL Loader does initial housekeeping, locates the requested nucleus and loads it with relocation; the interrupt handler csect is always at location 0 and the Nucleus Initialization csect is always last, so that it can eventually be discarded. The Nucleus Initialization Program (NIP) initializes various system components. </p><p>Initially NIP must provide services that it needs. However, as it initializes various OS facilities it begins using standard services, e.g., it uses the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OBTAIN</code> macro to read a <a href="/wiki/Data_Set_Control_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Set Control Block">Data Set Control Block</a> (DSCB) from a <a href="/wiki/Volume_Table_of_Contents" title="Volume Table of Contents">Volume Table of Contents</a> (VTOC). </p><p>NIP reads members from the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SYS1.PARMLIB</code> dataset to obtain various operational data. These members may be specified by default, by the operator, or by parameters in other members. </p><p>NIP eventually creates a Master Schedule region from the private area and transfers to IEEVIPL to initialize the Master Scheduler and Communication Task, which completes system Initialization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job-like_units_of_work">Job-like units of work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Job-like units of work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to batch jobs, OS/360 supports several categories of work that it handles similarly to batch jobs. In all cases the system has to process JCL, allocate a region, allocate devices and initiate the job-step program. For a batch job, the Reader/Interpreter processes JCL from an external device; for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">START</code> commands, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MOUNT</code> commands and <a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">TSO</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LOGON</code>, the system generates JCL invoking a cataloged procedure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="API">API</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: API"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/360 has a control block known as the Communications Vector Table (CVT), which contains pointers to other control blocks and to various routines. Some of the OS/360 macro-instructions refer to fields in the CVT and other control blocks. </p><p>OS/360 has macros to provide dsect mappings of some control blocks, although many macros have hard coded offsets rather than the names in the mapping macros. </p><p>OS/360 services typically have parameters in register 1; some use registers 0 and 1 and some use registers 0, 1 and 15. </p><p>OS/360 service macros often have three forms: </p> <dl><dt>Execute form</dt> <dd>Perform the function using a provided parameter list</dd> <dt>List form</dt> <dd>Generate a parameter list with preset parameters that can be used by an execute form macro.</dd> <dt>Standard form</dt> <dd>Generate any required parameter list and perform the function.</dd></dl> <p>Many of the important services are implemented in <a href="/wiki/Supervisor_Call_instruction#OS/360_and_successor_system_SVCs" title="Supervisor Call instruction">SVC</a> routines, and preserve registers 2-14. Others are implemented as directly callable subroutines, with entry addresses in system control blocks and require that Register 13 point to a standard save area; these typically preserve registers 2-13. In either case, register 15 at exit normally contains a return code; many services return additional data in registers 0 and 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operator_consoles">Operator consoles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Operator consoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/360 requires at least one operator console; there are two levels of support </p> <dl><dt>Primary</dt> <dd>This is a basic level of support allowing only one primary console, one optional alternate console</dd> <dt>Multiple Console Support (MCS)</dt> <dd>MCS allows one master console and up to 31 secondary consoles. Any of the 32 consoles may have an alternate console to receive its message traffic in the event it fails. MCS allows recording of message traffic on a hardcopy log, which may be either a secondary console or the system log (SYSLOG) on DASD. MCS includes Device Independent Display Operator Console Support (DIDOCS), a unified framework for supporting CRT-based consoles.</dd></dl> <p>Each message issued by a Write To Operator (WTO) or Write To Operator with Reply (WTOR) has associated with it one or more routing codes. The operator can limit a console to displaying only specific routing codes. A typical use for this would be placing a console in a tape library and displaying only messages relevant to the tape librarian on it. The special routing code 7 causes the message text to be included in the job's message log. </p><p>Each message also has a descriptor that controls how it is processed. </p><p>One of the key operator commands is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REPLY</code>, which provides a response to the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WTOR</code> macro. The operator can only reply to a WTOR at a console that received its message text. </p><p>A key command for display consoles, e.g., <a href="/wiki/IBM_2250" title="IBM 2250">2250</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_2260" title="IBM 2260">2260</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_3270" title="IBM 3270">3270</a>, is <b>CONTROL</b> (<b>K</b>), which sets processing options for, e.g., scrolling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="JCL">JCL</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: JCL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These data are taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/360_OS_Release_Dates.txt">IBM 360 Operating Systems Release History</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721220340/http://www.isham-research.co.uk/chrono.html">System/370 Market Chronology of Products & Services</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIBM" class="citation web cs1">IBM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314121351/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/support/zos_eos_dates.html">"z/OS, z/OS.e, and OS/390 marketing and service announce, availability, and withdrawal dates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/support/zos_eos_dates.html">the original</a> on March 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=z%2FOS%2C+z%2FOS.e%2C+and+OS%2F390+marketing+and+service+announce%2C+availability%2C+and+withdrawal+dates&rft.au=IBM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fsystems%2Fz%2Fos%2Fzos%2Fsupport%2Fzos_eos_dates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span> and IBM announcement letters. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable mw-collapsible sticky-header"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Order No. </th> <th>Announced </th> <th>Shipped </th> <th>Support<br />dropped </th> <th>Rel # </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1964-04 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td>1964-04 </td> <td>1965-11 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Operating System/360 prerelease<br />Single Sequential Scheduler </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1964-04 </td> <td>1966-11 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>OS/360 Multiple Sequential Scheduler </td></tr> <tr> <td>360S </td> <td>1965-12 </td> <td>1966-03-31 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1966-06 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1966-08-18 </td> <td>1966-08 </td> <td> </td> <td>4/5 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1966-04-29 </td> <td>1966-10 </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Operating System/360<br />MFT </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1966-12-07 </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-02 </td> <td> </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-05 </td> <td> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-08-08 </td> <td> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>Operating System/360<br />MVT? </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-08 </td> <td> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>Operating System/360<br />MVT </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1968-01 </td> <td> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1968-08-30 </td> <td> </td> <td>15/16 </td> <td>Operating System/360<br />MFT-II, VTOC positioning </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1969-03 </td> <td> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1969-07 </td> <td>1969-09 </td> <td> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Operating System/360<br />SMF for MVT </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1969-10 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>18.6 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1970-03 </td> <td> </td> <td>19 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1970-06-01 </td> <td>1970-08-05 </td> <td> </td> <td>19.1 </td> <td>Operating System/360<br />SMF for MFT, MFT Attach, 1285/87/88 support </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1970-08-05 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>19.6 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td>1970-09 </td> <td> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Operating System/360<TSO> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1971-02 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20.6 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>21.7 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>360S </td> <td>1972-08 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>21.8 </td> <td>Operating System/360 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5741 </td> <td>1972-08 </td> <td>1973-?? </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 1 (OS/VS1) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5742-SC1 </td> <td>1972-08 </td> <td>1972-?? </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>(Single Virtual Storage) (SVS) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td>1972-08 </td> <td>1974-?? </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>(Multiple Virtual address Spaces) (MVS) with Job Entry Subsystem 2 (JES2) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td>1972-?? </td> <td>1975-10 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>MVS with Job Entry Subsystem 3 (JES3) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>MVS with Job Entry Subsystem 3 (JES3) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td>1975-?? </td> <td>1975-10 </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>MVS with Job Entry Subsystems 2 and 3 (JES2 and JES3) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>MVS with Job Entry Subsystems 2 and 3 (JES2 and JES3) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td>1976-11 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>MVS with Job Entry Subsystems 2 and 3 (JES2 and JES3) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5752-VS2 </td> <td>1979-?? </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2) <p>MVS with Job Entry Subsystems 2 and 3 (JES2 and JES3) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XE1 </td> <td>1979-?? </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XE1 </td> <td>1979-03 </td> <td>1979-08 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE2) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XYS </td> <td>1980-06 </td> <td>1980-12 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Product Version 1 JES2 (MVS/SP 1.1) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XYN </td> <td>1980-06 </td> <td>1980-12 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Product Version 1 JES3 (MVS/SP 1.1) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XYS </td> <td>1980-06 </td> <td>1981-06 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MVS/System Product Version 1 JES2 (MVS/SP 1.2) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XYN </td> <td>1980-06 </td> <td>1981-06 </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MVS/System Product Version 1 JES3 (MVS/SP 1.2) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XYS </td> <td>1980-11 </td> <td>1981-10 </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>MVS/System Product Version 1 JES2 (MVS/SP 1.3) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XYN </td> <td>1980-11 </td> <td>1981-10 </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>MVS/System Product Version 1 JES3 (MVS/SP 1.3) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XC6 </td> <td>1981-10 </td> <td>1983-03 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Product - JES2 Version 2 <p>(MVS/Extended Architecture) (MVS/XA) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5740-XC6 </td> <td>1981-10 </td> <td>1983-03 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Product - JES3 Version 2 <p>(MVS/Extended Architecture) (MVS/XA) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5685-001 </td> <td>1988-02 </td> <td>1988-07 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Product - JES2 Version 3 <p>(MVS/Enterprise System Architecture) (MVS/ESA) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5685-002 </td> <td>1988-02 </td> <td>1988-07 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/System Product - JES3 Version 3 <p>(MVS/Enterprise System Architecture) (MVS/ESA) </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5685-047 </td> <td>1990-09-05 </td> <td>1990-10-26 </td> <td>1994-03-31 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES2 Version 4 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5685-047 </td> <td>1990-09-05 </td> <td>1992-12-31 </td> <td>1999-06-30 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES2 Version 4 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5685-047 </td> <td>1992-06-18 </td> <td>1993-03-26 </td> <td>1999-06-30 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES2 Version 4 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5685-048 </td> <td>1990-09 </td> <td>1990-10 </td> <td>1999-06-30 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES3 Version 4 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5655-068 </td> <td>1994-04-05 </td> <td>1994-06-24 </td> <td>2001-01-31 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES2 Version 5 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5655-068 </td> <td>1994-09-13<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-304.ibm.com/jct01003c/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS295-072&appname=isource&language=enus">295-072</a> </td> <td>1995-06-30 </td> <td>2001-03-31 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES2 Version 5 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5655-069 </td> <td>1994-09-13 </td> <td>1995-29-13 </td> <td>2001-03-31 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES3 Version 5 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5655-069 </td> <td>1995-02-28<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-304.ibm.com/jct01003c/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS295-072&appname=isource&language=enus">295-072</a> </td> <td>1995-09-29 </td> <td>2001-03-31<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2001-03-31</span>)</span> </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>MVS/ESA SP - JES3 Version 5 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5645-001 </td> <td>1996-02-20 </td> <td>1996-03-29<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/897/ENUS296-018/index.html">296-018</a> </td> <td>2001-01-31 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5645-001 </td> <td>1996-02-20<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/897/ENUS296-018/index.html">296-018</a> </td> <td>1996-09-27 </td> <td>2001-01-31 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5645-001 </td> <td>1996-09-10 </td> <td>1997-03-11<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS297-040&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">297-040</a> </td> <td>2001-03-31 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>1997-03-11<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS297-040&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">297-040</a> </td> <td>1997-09-26<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS297-355&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">297-355</a> </td> <td>2001-03-31 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>1997-09-09<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS297-355&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">297-355</a> </td> <td>1998-03-27<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS297-355&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">297-355</a> </td> <td>2001-03-31<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS298-049&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">298-049</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>1998-02-24<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS298-049&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">298-049</a> </td> <td>1998-09-25<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS298-278&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">298-278</a> </td> <td>2002-03-31 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>1998-08-18<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS298-278&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">298-278</a> </td> <td>1999-03-26<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS299-042&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">299-042</a> </td> <td>2002-03-31 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>1999-02-22<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS299-042&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">299-042</a> </td> <td>1999-09-24<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS299-234&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">299-234</a> </td> <td>2002-09-30 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>2000-02-29<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS299-234&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">299-234</a> </td> <td>2000-03-31<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS200-030&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">200-030</a> </td> <td>2003-03-31 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5647-A01 </td> <td>2000-05-16 </td> <td>2000-09-29<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS200-145&appname=plc_db2imstool&language=enus">200-145</a> </td> <td>2004-09-30 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>OS/390 Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2000-10-03<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/cgi-bin/common/ssi/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS200-352&language=enus">200-352</a> </td> <td>2001-03-30 </td> <td>2004-03-31 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2001-09-11<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/897/ENUS201-248/ENUS201-248.PDF">201-248</a> </td> <td>2001-10-26 </td> <td>2004-10-31 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2002-02-19<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/1/897/ENUS202-031/ENUS202-031.PDF">202-031</a> </td> <td>2002-03-29 </td> <td>2005-03-31 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2002-08-13<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS202-190/ENUS202-190.PDF">202-190</a> </td> <td>2002-09-27 </td> <td>2007-03-31 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2004-02-10 <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/7/897/ENUS204-017/ENUS204-017.PDF">204-017</a> </td> <td>2004-03-26 </td> <td>2007-03-31 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2004-08-10<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS204-180/ENUS204-180.PDF">204-180</a> </td> <td>2004-09-24 </td> <td>2007-09-30 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2005-07-27<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/7/897/ENUS205-167/ENUS205-167.PDF">205-167</a> </td> <td>2005-09-30 </td> <td>2008-09-30 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2006-08-08<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS206-190/ENUS206-190.PDF">206-190</a> </td> <td>2006-09-29 </td> <td>2009-09-30 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2007-08-08<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/5/897/ENUS207-175/ENUS207175.PDF">207-175</a> </td> <td>2007-09-28 </td> <td>2010-09-30 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2008-08-05<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS208-186/ENUS208-186.PDF">208-186</a> </td> <td>2008-09-26 </td> <td>2011-09 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2009-08-18<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS209-242/ENUS209-242.PDF">209-242</a> </td> <td>2009-09-25 </td> <td>2013-09 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2010-07-22<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/5/897/ENUS210-235/ENUS210-235.PDF">210-235</a> </td> <td>2010-09-24 </td> <td>2015-09 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5694-A01 </td> <td>2011-07-12<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS211-252/ENUS211-252.PDF">211-252</a> </td> <td>2011-09-30 </td> <td>2017-09 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>z/OS Version 1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5650-ZOS </td> <td>2013-07-23<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS213-292/ENUS213-292.PDF">213-292</a> </td> <td>2013-09-30 </td> <td>2019-09 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>z/OS Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5650-ZOS </td> <td>2015-07-28<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/7/897/ENUS215-267/ENUS215-267.PDF">215-267</a> </td> <td>2015-09-30 </td> <td>2021-09 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>z/OS Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5650-ZOS </td> <td>2017-07-17<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS217-246/ENUS217-246.PDF">217-246</a> </td> <td>2017-09-27 </td> <td>2022-09-30 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>z/OS Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5650-ZOS </td> <td>2019-02-26<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/US-ENUS219-013-CA/name/ENUS219-013.PDF">219-013</a> </td> <td>2019-09-30 </td> <td>2024-09-30 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>z/OS Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5650-ZOS </td> <td>2021-06-27<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/US-ENUS221-260-CA/name/US-ENUS221-260-CA.PDF">221-260</a> </td> <td>2021-09-30 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert no table-no2"><abbr title="To be announced">TBA</abbr> </td> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="5"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> 5 </td> <td>z/OS Version 2 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>5655-ZOS </td> <td>2023-02-28<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/announcements/zos-31-availability">223-012</a> </td> <td>2023-09-29 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert no table-no2"><abbr title="To be announced">TBA</abbr> </td> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b>1</b> </td> <td>z/OS Version 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><small><div class="templateVersion l" style="margin-left: -1em;"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FDB3AB; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, no longer maintained">Old version, not maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FEF8C6; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, yet still maintained">Old version, still maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #D4F4B4; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest stable version"><b>Latest version</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FED1A0; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest preview of a future release">Latest preview version</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #C1E6F5; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="A future release">Future release</span></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">History of IBM mainframe operating systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Just a few years after <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Supervisor" title="Atlas Supervisor">Atlas Supervisor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">Burroughs MCP</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">GECOS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VMS was unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> system for the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Program_Temporary_Fix" class="mw-redirect" title="Program Temporary Fix">Program Temporary Fixes</a> were not available as source code.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM eventually provided interactive facilities for OS/360, e.g., CRJE, ITF, <a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">TSO</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM failed to meet this goal, and OS/360 required 44 KiB for even limited production.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., <a href="/wiki/Houston_Automatic_Spooling_Priority" title="Houston Automatic Spooling Priority">HASP</a> could not run in PCP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The operator could manually change them by entering a <b>DEFINE</b> command from an operator console, but the system did not automatically adjust them to match the workload.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But not to MFT II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subject to resource availability, e.g., memory for a region, protection key for an application region.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IBM later added the ability to use VTAM for TSO, but only in MVS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dataset should have the unmovable attribute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But not IDAL</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also shipped with <a href="/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors#DOS/VS" title="DOS/360 and successors">DOS/VS</a> and <a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM/370</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OS/360 M65MP and TSS/360 supported SMP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Service_Request_Block" title="Service Request Block">Service Request Block</a> of <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a> is not associated with a specific TCB, despite the name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I.e., has one or more nondispatchability flags set in the TCB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I.e., has a non-zero wait count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as Link-Pack Queue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except that there is a separate copy of the PSA for each processor.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R01-08/C28-6535-0_OS360_Concepts_and_Facilities_1965.pdf"><i>IBM Operating System/360 Concepts and Facilities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. 1965. C28-6535-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+Operating+System%2F360+Concepts+and+Facilities&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR01-08%2FC28-6535-0_OS360_Concepts_and_Facilities_1965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFINTRO">INTRO</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS283-016/index.html">"DISTRIBUTION OF IBM LICENSED PROGRAMS AND LICENSED PROGRAM MATERIALS AND MODIFIED AGREEMENT FOR IBM LICENSED PROGRAMS"</a>. Announcement Letters. <i>IBM</i>. February 8, 1983. LTR ENUS283-016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM&rft.atitle=DISTRIBUTION+OF+IBM+LICENSED+PROGRAMS+AND+LICENSED+PROGRAM+MATERIALS+AND+MODIFIED+AGREEMENT+FOR+IBM+LICENSED+PROGRAMS&rft.date=1983-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2FShowDoc.wss%3FdocURL%3D%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F6%2F897%2FENUS283-016%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/IBM-OS-360">"IBM OS/360 OPERATING SYSTEM"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IBM+OS%2F360+OPERATING+SYSTEM&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2FIBM-OS-360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310234725/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2091.html">"System/360 Model 91"</a>. <i>IBM Archives</i>. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2091.html">the original</a> on March 10, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Archives&rft.atitle=System%2F360+Model+91&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fmainframe%2Fmainframe_PP2091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonVSEPast40Years-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonVSEPast40Years_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonVSEPast40Years_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2005" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston (April 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014628/http://www.zjournal.com/index.cfm?section=article&aid=293">"VSE: A Look at the Past 40 Years"</a>. <i>z/Journal</i> (April/May 2005). Thomas Communications, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zjournal.com/index.cfm?section=article&aid=293">the original</a> on March 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=z%2FJournal&rft.atitle=VSE%3A+A+Look+at+the+Past+40+Years&rft.issue=April%2FMay+2005&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.au=Johnston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zjournal.com%2Findex.cfm%3Fsection%3Darticle%26aid%3D293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyer360Revolution-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyer360Revolution_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuck_Boyer" class="citation web cs1">Chuck Boyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vm.ibm.com/history/360rev.pdf">"The 360 Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+360+Revolution&rft.au=Chuck+Boyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vm.ibm.com%2Fhistory%2F360rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO50[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO50[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFINTRO">INTRO</a>, p. 50, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72.pdf#page=50">Control Program Configuration</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.Y._Johnston" class="citation web cs1">T.Y. Johnston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-2782.pdf">"Moving To a Total VM Environment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Linear Accelerator Center">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+To+a+Total+VM+Environment&rft.pub=Stanford+Linear+Accelerator+Center&rft.au=T.Y.+Johnston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slac.stanford.edu%2Fcgi-wrap%2Fgetdoc%2Fslac-pub-2782.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHAREsurveyMid70s-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHAREsurveyMid70s_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512004709/http://www.plex86.org/Computer_Folklore/The-midseventies-SHARE-survey.html">"The midseventies SHARE survey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plex86.org/Computer_Folklore/The-midseventies-SHARE-survey.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+midseventies+SHARE+survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plex86.org%2FComputer_Folklore%2FThe-midseventies-SHARE-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuslanderJaffeIBMVSOSsDAT_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuslanderJaffe1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Auslander" title="Marc Auslander">Auslander, M. 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IBM: 368–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.382.0340">10.1147/sj.382.0340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Functional+structure+of+IBM+virtual+storage+operating+systems%2C+Part+I%3A+Influences+of+dynamic+address+translation+on+operating+system+technology&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=368-381&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.382.0340&rft.aulast=Auslander&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/bsl/Z28-6642-0_BSL_langSpec.pdf"><i>BSL Language Specifications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. Z28-6642-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BSL+Language+Specifications&rft.pub=IBM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fbsl%2FZ28-6642-0_BSL_langSpec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanVleckMulticians-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanVleckMulticians_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/thvv/360-67.html">"The IBM 360/67 and CP/CMS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IBM+360%2F67+and+CP%2FCMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Fthvv%2F360-67.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R13_Sep67/C27-6926-0_MFT_Concepts_Sep67.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System Multiprogramming With a Fixed Number of Tasks (MFT) Concepts and Considerations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. First Edition. IBM. October 1966. GC27-6926-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System+Multiprogramming+With+a+Fixed+Number+of+Tasks+%28MFT%29+Concepts+and+Considerations&rft.series=First+Edition&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1966-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR13_Sep67%2FC27-6926-0_MFT_Concepts_Sep67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/C27-6939-0_Planning_for_MFT_II_Oct67.pdf"><i>Planning for Multiprogramming With a Fixed Number of Tasks Version II (MFT II)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. First Edition. IBM. October 1967. C27-6939-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+for+Multiprogramming+With+a+Fixed+Number+of+Tasks+Version+II+%28MFT+II%29&rft.series=First+Edition&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FC27-6939-0_Planning_for_MFT_II_Oct67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaundersRMVSbeforeOS360-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SaundersRMVSbeforeOS360_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Saunders" class="citation web cs1">Ray Saunders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220191855/http://www.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr/mvs360.htm">"MVS... And Before OS/360 ?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr/mvs360.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MVS...+And+Before+OS%2F360+%3F&rft.au=Ray+Saunders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr%2Fmvs360.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/GC28-6720-4_MVT_Guide_Release_21_Mar72.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System MVT Guide OS Release 21</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fifth Edition. IBM. March 1972. GC28-6720-4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System+MVT+Guide+OS+Release+21&rft.series=Fifth+Edition&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.0_Mar72%2FGC28-6720-4_MVT_Guide_Release_21_Mar72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEINTRO50–51[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEINTRO50–51[httpbitsaversorgpdfibm360osR210_Mar72GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72pdfpage50_Control_Program_Configuration_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFINTRO">INTRO</a>, pp. 50–51, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72.pdf#page=50">Control Program Configuration "there are two configurations of the [OS/360</a> control program: ... The multiprogramming with a variable number of tasks (MVT) configuration"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIBM_Corporation1973" class="citation book cs1">IBM Corporation (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/GC28-6554-12_sysgen.rel217.pdf"><i>OS System Generation Release 21</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+System+Generation+Release+21&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1973&rft.au=IBM+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2FGC28-6554-12_sysgen.rel217.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A22-6884-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A22-6884_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Appendix A. 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June 30, 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR370.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System%2F370+Announcement&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1970-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fmainframe%2Fmainframe_PR370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBMDPDChronology1970to1974-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBMDPDChronology1970to1974_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091023214552/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/dpd50/dpd50_chronology4.html">"DPD chronology (1970–1974)"</a>. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/dpd50/dpd50_chronology4.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DPD+chronology+%281970%E2%80%931974%29&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2Fdpd50%2Fdpd50_chronology4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span> DPD = Data Processing Division, which was responsible for IBM's medium and large systems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PughJohnsonPalmer1991IBM360andEarly370-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PughJohnsonPalmer1991IBM360andEarly370_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh,_E.W.Johnson,_L.R.Palmer,_J.H.1991" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, E.W.; Johnson, L.R.; Palmer, J.H. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh"><i>IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems</i></a></span>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-16123-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-16123-0"><bdi>0-262-16123-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+360+and+Early+370+Systems&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-262-16123-0&rft.au=Pugh%2C+E.W.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+L.R.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibms360early370s0000pugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guide to PL/S Generated Listings</i>. First Edition. IBM. July 1972. GC28-6786-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+PL%2FS+Generated+Listings&rft.series=First+Edition&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1972-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/pls/GC28-6794-0_PLSIIguideMay74.pdf"><i>Guide to PL/S II</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. First Edition. IBM. May 1974. GC28-6794-0.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+PL%2FS+II&rft.series=First+Edition&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fpls%2FGC28-6794-0_PLSIIguideMay74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TechPressRelease-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TechPressRelease_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420032703/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/3033/3033_TR01.html">"3033 Technical press release"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/3033/3033_TR01.html">the original</a> on 2005-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3033+Technical+press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2F3033%2F3033_TR01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/cicsts/v3r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.cics.ts31.doc/dfha1/dfha14f.htm">Implementing MVS workload management</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/tivihelp/v15r1/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.itnetviewforzos.doc/dqal2mst247.htm">Job Entry Subsystem 3 (JES3) Automation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBMRedbooksVSAMDemystified-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBMRedbooksVSAMDemystified_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246105.pdf"><i>VSAM Demystified</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Third ed.). March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VSAM+Demystified&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbooks.ibm.com%2Fredbooks%2Fpdfs%2Fsg246105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JayMoseleyVSAMTutorial_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Moseley2015" class="citation web cs1">Jay Moseley (January 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaymoseley.com/hercules/vs_tutor/vstutor.htm">"VSAM Tutorial"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VSAM+Tutorial&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft.au=Jay+Moseley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaymoseley.com%2Fhercules%2Fvs_tutor%2Fvstutor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Moseley" class="citation web cs1">Jay Moseley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jaymoseley.com/hercules/isam_vsam/isam_vsam.htm">"ISAM / VSAM Interface"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISAM+%2F+VSAM+Interface&rft.au=Jay+Moseley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaymoseley.com%2Fhercules%2Fisam_vsam%2Fisam_vsam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer1989-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer1989_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1989" class="citation conference cs1">Sawyer, Peter (March 3, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsf-soft.com/Documents/SVC26-MVS-Share.html"><i>SVC 26 and What It Can Do</i></a>. SHARE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=SVC+26+and+What+It+Can+Do&rft.date=1989-03-03&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsf-soft.com%2FDocuments%2FSVC26-MVS-Share.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Pryor, Steve (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naspa.net/magazine/2003/February/T0302008.pdf">"Where's the data? Obtaining informating from the catalog"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Technical Support</i>. NaSPA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Support&rft.atitle=Where%27s+the+data%3F+Obtaining+informating+from+the+catalog&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naspa.net%2Fmagazine%2F2003%2FFebruary%2FT0302008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM3033PressAnnounce-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM3033PressAnnounce_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050420033519/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/3033/3033_PR01.html">"3033 Press announcement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/3033/3033_PR01.html">the original</a> on 2005-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3033+Press+announcement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fexhibits%2F3033%2F3033_PR01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoOps-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoOps_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoOps_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/princOps/A22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Principles of Operation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Eighth ed.). September 1968. A22-6821-7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Principles+of+Operation&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.date=1968-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2FprincOps%2FA22-6821-7_360PrincOpsDec67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newera.com/INFO/VSM_04-17-19.pdf"><i>z/OS Virtual Memory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.share.org/Events/Past-Events/Proceedings/PID/752/evl/0/TagID/13/TagName/SHARE-Phoenix-2019">SHARE Phoenix 2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE Inc.</a> March 13, 2019. Session Number: 24662<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=z%2FOS+Virtual+Memory&rft.pub=SHARE+Inc.&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newera.com%2FINFO%2FVSM_04-17-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPL3The_Initial_Program_Loader-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIPL3The_Initial_Program_Loader_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIPL">IPL</a>, p. 3, The Initial Program Loader.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/360_manuals"><span id="OS.2F360_manuals"></span>OS/360 manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: OS/360 manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>DMMAC</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDMMAC" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC26-3794-1_OS_Data_Management_Macro_Instructions_Rel_21.7_Jun73.pdf"><i>OS Data Management Macro Instructions - Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. June 1973. GC26-3794-1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+Data+Management+Macro+Instructions+-+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC26-3794-1_OS_Data_Management_Macro_Instructions_Rel_21.7_Jun73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>DMSVC</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDMSVC" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC26-3746-2_OS_Data_Management_Services_Guide_Rel_21.7_Jul73.pdf"><i>OS Data Management Macro Services Guide - Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. July 1973. GC26-3746-2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+Data+Management+Macro+Services+Guide+-+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC26-3746-2_OS_Data_Management_Services_Guide_Rel_21.7_Jul73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>DMSYS</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDMSYS" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6550-11_Data_Management_for_System_Programmers_Rel_21.7_Apr73.pdf"><i>OS Data Management for System Programmers - Release 21</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Twelfth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1973. GC28-6550-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+Data+Management+for+System+Programmers+-+Release+21&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Twelfth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6550-11_Data_Management_for_System_Programmers_Rel_21.7_Apr73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>INTRO</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINTRO" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/GC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72.pdf"><i>OS/360 Introduction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Systems Reference Library (Fourth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 1972. GC28-6534-3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS%2F360+Introduction&rft.series=Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.0_Mar72%2FGC28-6534-3_OS360_Introduction_R21_Jan72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Technical Newsletter GN28-2512</i>. January 15, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Newsletter+GN28-2512&rft.date=1972-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>JCLREF</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJCLREF" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6704-4_OS_JCL_Aug76.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: Job Control Language Reference - OS Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Fiflth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. August 1976. GC28-6704-4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+Job+Control+Language+Reference+-+OS+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Fiflth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1976-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6704-4_OS_JCL_Aug76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>JCLUSER</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJCLUSER" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R20.1_Mar71/GC28-6703-2_OS_JCL_Users_Guide_Rel_20.1_Jun71.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: Job Control Language User's Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. June 1971. GC28-6703-2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+Job+Control+Language+User%27s+Guide&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1971-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR20.1_Mar71%2FGC28-6703-2_OS_JCL_Users_Guide_Rel_20.1_Jun71.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>LKED</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLKED" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6538-10_Linkage_Editor_Rel_21_Apr73.pdf"><i>IBM OS - Linkage Editor and Loader - Program Numbers 360S-ED-510 - 360S-ED-521 - 360S-LD-547</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Eleventh ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1973. GC28-6538-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+OS+-+Linkage+Editor+and+Loader+-+Program+Numbers+360S-ED-510+-+360S-ED-521+-+360S-LD-547&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Eleventh&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6538-10_Linkage_Editor_Rel_21_Apr73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>MFT</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMFT" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC27-6939-10_MFT_Guide_R21.7_Mar72.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: MFT Guide - OS Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Eleventh ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. August 1974. GC27-6939-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+MFT+Guide+-+OS+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Eleventh&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC27-6939-10_MFT_Guide_R21.7_Mar72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>MVT</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMVT" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6720-5_MVT_Guide_Rel_21.7_Aug74.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: MVT Guide - OS Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Sixth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. August 1974. GC28-6720-5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+MVT+Guide+-+OS+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6720-5_MVT_Guide_Rel_21.7_Aug74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>SMF</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSMF" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6712-7_OS_SMF_Rel_21.7_Apr73.pdf"><i>OS SMF</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Eighth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1973. GC28-6712-7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+SMF&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6712-7_OS_SMF_Rel_21.7_Apr73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>SUP</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSUP" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6646-7_Supervisor_Services_and_Macro_Instructions_Rel_21.7_Sep74.pdf"><i>OS Release 21 - IBM System/360 Operating System - Supervisor Services and Macro Instructions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Eighth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. September 1974. GC28-6646-7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+Release+21+-+IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System+-+Supervisor+Services+and+Macro+Instructions&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6646-7_Supervisor_Services_and_Macro_Instructions_Rel_21.7_Sep74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>SYSCB</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSYSCB" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6628-9_OS_System_Ctl_Blks_R21.7_Apr73.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: System Control Blocks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Tenth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1973. GC28-6628-9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+System+Control+Blocks&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6628-9_OS_System_Ctl_Blks_R21.7_Apr73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>SYSGEN</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSYSGEN" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.8_Aug74/GC28-6554-13_OS_System_Generation_Release_21.8_Aug74.pdf"><i>OS System Generation Release 21.8</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Fourteenth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. August 1974. GC28-6554-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+System+Generation+Release+21.8&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Fourteenth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1974-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.8_Aug74%2FGC28-6554-13_OS_System_Generation_Release_21.8_Aug74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>SYSPG</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSYSPG" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R20.1_Mar71/GC28-6550-9_OS_System_Programmers_Guide_Rel_20.1_Jun71.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: System Programmer's Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Ninth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. June 1971. GC28-6550-9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+System+Programmer%27s+Guide&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1971-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR20.1_Mar71%2FGC28-6550-9_OS_System_Programmers_Guide_Rel_20.1_Jun71.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>TSO</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTSO" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-5360-20_IBM_System_360_Operating_System_-_Time_Sharing_Option_Guide_OS_Rel_21.7_7th_ed_197304.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: Time Sharing Option Guide - OS Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Eighth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1973. GC28-6698-7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+Time+Sharing+Option+Guide+-+OS+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-5360-20_IBM_System_360_Operating_System_-_Time_Sharing_Option_Guide_OS_Rel_21.7_7th_ed_197304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>TSOCMD</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTSOCMD" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6732-4_TSO_Command_Language_Reference_Rel_21.7_Apr73.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: Time Sharing Option - Command Language Reference - OS Release 21.7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM Systems Reference Library (Fifth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1973. GC28-6732-4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+Time+Sharing+Option+-+Command+Language+Reference+-+OS+Release+21.7&rft.series=IBM+Systems+Reference+Library&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2FGC28-6732-4_TSO_Command_Language_Reference_Rel_21.7_Apr73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS/360_logic_manuals"><span id="OS.2F360_logic_manuals"></span>OS/360 logic manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: OS/360 logic manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>IOS 2nd ed</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIOS2E" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/plm_1966-67/Y28-6616-1_IO_Supervisor_PLM_Apr67.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System - Input/Output Supervisor - Program Number 360S-CI-535</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Program Logic (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. April 1967. GY28-6616-1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System+-+Input%2FOutput+Supervisor+-+Program+Number+360S-CI-535&rft.series=Program+Logic&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1967-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2Fplm_1966-67%2FY28-6616-1_IO_Supervisor_PLM_Apr67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>IOS</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIOS" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/plm/GY28-6616-9_OS_IO_Superv_PLM_R21.7_Apr73.pdf"><i>OS I/O Supervisor Logic - Release 21 - Program Number 360S-CI-535</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Program Logic (Tenth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. February 1972. GY28-6616-9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OS+I%2FO+Supervisor+Logic+-+Release+21+-+Program+Number+360S-CI-535&rft.series=Program+Logic&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1972-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2Fplm%2FGY28-6616-9_OS_IO_Superv_PLM_R21.7_Apr73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>IPL</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPL" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/plm/GY28-6661-5_Inital_Program_Loader_and_Nucleus_Initialization_Program_Rel21_PLM_Mar72.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System - Initial Program Loader and Nucleus Initialization Program - Program Number 360S-CI-535</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Program Logic (Sixth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. March 1972. GY28-6661-5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System+-+Initial+Program+Loader+and+Nucleus+Initialization+Program+-+Program+Number+360S-CI-535&rft.series=Program+Logic&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.0_Mar72%2Fplm%2FGY28-6661-5_Inital_Program_Loader_and_Nucleus_Initialization_Program_Rel21_PLM_Mar72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>PCPJOB</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPCPJOB" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R19_Jun70/plm/GY28-6613-5_OSjobMgmt_PLM_Jun70.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: Job Management, - Program Logic Manual, - Program Number 360S-CI-505</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Sixth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. June 1970. GY28-6613-5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+Job+Management%2C+-+Program+Logic+Manual%2C+-+Program+Number+360S-CI-505&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1970-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR19_Jun70%2Fplm%2FGY28-6613-5_OSjobMgmt_PLM_Jun70.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>MVTJOB</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMVTJOB" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/plm/GY28-6660-9_MVT_Job_Management_Release_21_PLM_Mar72.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System: MVT Job Management, Program Logic Manual, - Program Number 360S-CI-535 OS Release 21</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Tenth ed.). <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. March 1972. GY28-6660-9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System%3A+MVT+Job+Management%2C+Program+Logic+Manual%2C+-+Program+Number+360S-CI-535+OS+Release+21&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.0_Mar72%2Fplm%2FGY28-6660-9_MVT_Job_Management_Release_21_PLM_Mar72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dt>MVTSUP</dt> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMVTSUP" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/plm/GY28-6659-7_MVT_Supervisor_PLM_Rel_21.7_May73.pdf"><i>IBM System/360 Operating System - MVT Supervisor</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Program Logic (Eighth ed.). May 1973. GY28-6659-7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F360+Operating+System+-+MVT+Supervisor&rft.series=Program+Logic&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2F360%2Fos%2FR21.7_Apr73%2Fplm%2FGY28-6659-7_MVT_Supervisor_PLM_Rel_21.7_May73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuals">Manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>IBM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.0_Mar72/GC28-6720-4_MVT_Guide_Release_21_Mar72.pdf">"MVT Guide"</a> - GC28-6720-4, R21, March 1972</li> <li>IBM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/plm/GY28-6659-7_MVT_Supervisor_PLM_Rel_21.7_May73.pdf">"MVT Supervisor PLM"</a> - GY28-6659-7, Program Logic Manual, March 1972</li> <li>IBM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/plm_1966-67/Y28-6616-1_IO_Supervisor_PLM_Apr67.pdf">"OS I/O Supervisor PLM"</a> - GY28-6616-1, Program Logic Manual, April 1967</li> <li>IBM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/plm/GY28-6616-9_OS_IO_Superv_PLM_R21.7_Apr73.pdf">"OS I/O Supervisor PLM"</a> - GY28-6616-9, Program Logic Manual, R21.7, April 1973</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Brooks, Jr., Frederick P.</a> (1975). "<a href="/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month" title="The Mythical Man-Month">The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering</a>", Addison-Wesley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-00650-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-00650-2">0-201-00650-2</a>. (Reprinted with corrections, January 1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_V._Binder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert V. Binder (page does not exist)">Binder, Robert V.</a> (1985). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Application_Debugging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application Debugging (page does not exist)">Application Debugging: An MVS Abend Handbook for Cobol, Assembly, PL/I, and Fortran Programmers </a>", Prentice-Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-039348-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-039348-7">0-13-039348-7</a>.</li> <li>Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFGj_PT_clIC&q=IBM%27s+360"><i>IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems</i></a>, Cambridge : MIT Press. (pp. 291–345)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEEE_Spectrum2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/building-the-system360-mainframe-nearly-destroyed-ibm">"Building the System/360 Mainframe Nearly Destroyed IBM"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. 2019-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Building+the+System%2F360+Mainframe+Nearly+Destroyed+IBM&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fbuilding-the-system360-mainframe-nearly-destroyed-ibm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F360+and+successors" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_popular_culture">References in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABEND" class="mw-redirect" title="ABEND">ABEND</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/360_and_successors&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929044157/http://ldworen.net/fun/os360obit.html">Operating System/360 1965–1972</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518195911/http://mcraeclan.com/links/Computers/IBMMainframeHistory/mvshist1.htm">MVS... Long History on archive.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Brooks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">System/360</a>^ <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OS/360</a>^</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings, concepts</th><td 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decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fred_Brooks_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/90px-Fred_Brooks_%28cropped_square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fred_Brooks_%28cropped_square%29.jpg/120px-Fred_Brooks_%28cropped_square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>^ <b>= discontinued</b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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