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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Graham Brown</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For American singer-songwriter, see <a href="/wiki/T._Graham_Brown" title="T. 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Graham Brown</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Graham Brown</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T._graham_brown_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/T._graham_brown_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 1882<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1882-03-27</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 October 1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1965-10-29</span>)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Edinburgh, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Thomas Graham Brown</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (usually known as <b>T. Graham Brown</b>; 27 March 1882 – 28 October 1965) was a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountaineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineer">mountaineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a>, most famous for finding three new routes up the east face of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_academic_work">Life and academic work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_Brown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and academic work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham Brown was born in Edinburgh on 27 March 1882. His father, Dr <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Joseph_Graham_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Joseph Graham Brown (page does not exist)">John Joseph Graham Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a> from 1912 to 1914. His mother was Jane Pasley Hay Thorburn. The family lived at 63 Castle Street in <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh's New Town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas studied science and medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, gaining an MD in 1912 with a thesis on the rhythmic movement of decerebrate animals,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 1914 with a DSc from the same institution for a thesis on immediate and successive effects of compound stimulation in spinal preparations,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. Although his work was largely ignored for many years,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Hultborn_2008_pp._74–95_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Hultborn_2008_pp._74–95-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the first to propose a half-centre model of motor neurons in which two groups of spinal neurons that are both reciprocally organized and mutually inhibiting are capable of producing basic rhythmic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theory reflects today's widely accepted concept of <a href="/wiki/Central_pattern_generator" title="Central pattern generator">central pattern generators</a> in motor neurons. However, at the time, his views opposed those of his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sir Charles Scott Sherrington</a>, who believed that the locomotor movements observed in decerebrate animals were caused by a chain of reflexes initiated by <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> feedback. By contrast, Brown's research demonstrated that in the absence of cutaneous and proprioceptive signals, <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">deafferented</a> animals were still capable of generating alternating muscular rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unknown to him, his proprietary work was ahead of his time, only making waves in the field of <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a> fifty years after it was originally published, when Lundberg and Jankowska's study in the 1960s supported his half-centre model.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown went on to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. After the war, he continued his work on the physiology of the nervous system, particularly reflex movements and posture,<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1920 he accepted the Chair in Physiology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 28 October 1965 and was buried with his parents on the hidden southern terrace of <a href="/wiki/Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg/220px-Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg/330px-Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg/440px-Mont_Blanc_from_Helbronner_peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The east or Brenva face of Mont Blanc, seen from <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Helbronner" title="Pointe Helbronner">Pointe Helbronner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown,_Dean_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-The_grave_of_Thomas_Graham_Brown%2C_Dean_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Thomas Graham Brown, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Cemetery" title="Dean Cemetery">Dean Cemetery</a>, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alpinism">Alpinism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_Brown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alpinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The east or Brenva face of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> was the scene of his most famous first ascents, his three new routes – the Sentinelle Rouge, Route Major and the Pear Buttress – constituting "the most important new routes made by British climbers in the Alps in the inter-war years."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Journal" title="Alpine Journal">Alpine Journal</a></i>, Graham Brown wrote </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The great Brenva face of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_de_Courmayeur" title="Mont Blanc de Courmayeur">Mont Blanc de Courmayeur</a> and Mont Blanc had not been climbed between the line of <a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%BCssfeldt" title="Paul Güssfeldt">Güssfeldt</a>'s ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_Blanche_de_Peuterey" title="Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey">Aiguille Blanche de Pétérey</a> and the line of the Brenva route until Smythe and I had the good fortune to discover the 'Sentinel' route in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He climbed the first of these routes, the Sentinelle Rouge, with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Smythe" title="Frank Smythe">Frank Smythe</a> on 1–2 September 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenva_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenva-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smythe also accompanied him on the first ascent of Route Major on 6–7 August 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenva_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenva-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Claire Engel, "both expeditions were among the most notable of the century".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third route – the Pear Buttress – ascended the large rock buttress on the left of the face, and was made by Graham Brown, together with Alexander Graven and Alfred Aufdenblatten, on 5 August 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenva2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenva2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graham Brown was the editor of the <i>Alpine Journal</i> from 1949 to 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-NLS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Graham Brown made the first ascent of Alaska's 5304 m <a href="/wiki/Mount_Foraker" title="Mount Foraker">Mount Foraker</a> in company with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Snead_Houston" title="Charles Snead Houston">Charles Houston</a> and Chychele Waterston. </p><p>In 1936, Graham Brown was part of the joint British–American team that made the first ascent of <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a> in the Indian Himalaya, though only two of the party, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilman" title="Bill Tilman">Bill Tilman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Odell" title="Noel Odell">Noel Odell</a>, made the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-test_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bequests">Bequests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_Brown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bequests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham Brown bequeathed his collection of alpine and mountaineering literature, consisting of some 20,000 items, to the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NLS_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left his house for the use of the Edinburgh University Mountaineering Club.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original house was sold by Edinburgh University as part of their sale of assets to meet debts in the 1990s. After protests by members of the time, the university named a flat in newly constructed student accommodation "Graham Brown House"; this flat is still used by the club.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_Brown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdrian1966" class="citation journal cs1">Adrian, E.A. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0002">"Thomas Graham Brown 1882-1965"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>12</b>: 22–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0002">10.1098/rsbm.1966.0002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Thomas+Graham+Brown+1882-1965&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=22-26&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1966.0002&rft.aulast=Adrian&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1966.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. O'Connor, <i>British Physiologists 1885–1914: A Biographical Dictionary</i>, Manchester University Press, 1991, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1882–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1912" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Thomas Graham (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/26358">"Rhythmic movements : a contribution to the physiology of the central nervous system"</a>. <i>Annexe Thesis Digitisation Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annexe+Thesis+Digitisation+Project&rft.atitle=Rhythmic+movements+%3A+a+contribution+to+the+physiology+of+the+central+nervous+system&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.ed.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F26358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1914" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, T. Graham (1914). "Studies in the physiology of the nervous system. XIV, Immediate and successive effects of compound stimulation in spinal preparations". <i>Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology: Translation and Integration</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 103–143. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1842%2F29453">1842/29453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Experimental+Physiology%3A+Translation+and+Integration&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+physiology+of+the+nervous+system.+XIV%2C+Immediate+and+successive+effects+of+compound+stimulation+in+spinal+preparations&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-143&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1842%2F29453&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuart_Hultborn_2008_pp._74–95-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Hultborn_2008_pp._74–95_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartHultborn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Douglas G.; Hultborn, Hans (2008). "Thomas Graham Brown (1882–1965), Anders Lundberg (1920–), and the neural control of stepping". <i>Brain Research Reviews</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 74–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2008.06.001">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.06.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Thomas+Graham+Brown+%281882%E2%80%931965%29%2C+Anders+Lundberg+%281920%E2%80%93%29%2C+and+the+neural+control+of+stepping&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-95&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2008.06.001&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Douglas+G.&rft.au=Hultborn%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1911" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Thomas (1911). "The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>84</b> (572): 308–319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911RSPSB..84..308B">1911RSPSB..84..308B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1911.0077">10.1098/rspb.1911.0077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+intrinsic+factors+in+the+act+of+progression+in+the+mammal&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=572&rft.pages=308-319&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1911.0077&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1911RSPSB..84..308B&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongoJankowskaLundberg1966" class="citation journal cs1">Hongo, T.; Jankowska, E.; Lundberg, A. (1 June 1966). "Convergence of excitatory and inhibitory action on interneurones in the lumbosacral cord". <i>Experimental Brain Research</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 338–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00237706">10.1007/BF00237706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1106">1432-1106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5922514">5922514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12264069">12264069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Convergence+of+excitatory+and+inhibitory+action+on+interneurones+in+the+lumbosacral+cord&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=338-358&rft.date=1966-06-01&rft.issn=1432-1106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12264069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5922514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00237706&rft.aulast=Hongo&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Jankowska%2C+E.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+Brown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst2625.html">Portrait of Brown at the Gazetteer for Scotland</a>. Retrieved 8 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editor's 'Notes on the Extracts', in <i>Peaks, Passes and Glaciers</i>, ed. Walt Unsworth, London: Allen Lane, 1981, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Graham Brown, 'First Ascent of Mont Blanc de Courmayeur from the Brenva Glacier, and Other Climbs', <i>Alpine Journal</i>, Vol. XLI, reprinted as 'Route Major', in <i>Peaks, Passes and Glaciers</i>, ed. Walt Unsworth, London: Allen Lane, 1981, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenva-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brenva_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenva_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Graham Brown, <i>Brenva</i>, J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1944, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Engel, <i>Mountaineering in the Alps</i>, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1971, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenva2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brenva2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brenva</i>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLS-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLS_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLS_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/catalogues/special-and-named-printed-collections/?id=573">Details of the Graham Brown collection at nls.co.uk</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. Tilman, <i>The Ascent of Nanda Devi</i>, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst2625.html">Portrait of Brown at geo.ac.uk</a>. Retrieved 9 September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eumc.eusu.ed.ac.uk/facilities/gbh/">Information about the current Graham Brown House at ed.ac.uk</a>. 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