CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Crimea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"537d672c-7964-40c9-b0b2-4d9253f912bb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Crimea","wgTitle":"Crimea","wgCurRevisionId":1281461899,"wgRevisionId":1281461899,"wgArticleId":163045,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1: unfit URL","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use British English from August 2015","Use dmy dates from October 2022","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014","Articles containing Italian-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles needing cleanup from March 2014","All pages needing cleanup","Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from March 2014","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Crimea","Crimean Tatars","Geographic regions of Ukraine","Peninsulas of Europe","Turkic toponyms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Crimea","wgRelevantArticleId":163045,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":45.3,"lon":34.4},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7835","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Map_of_the_Crimea.png/1200px-Map_of_the_Crimea.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="781"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Map_of_the_Crimea.png/960px-Map_of_the_Crimea.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="520"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="416"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Crimea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Crimea rootpage-Crimea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crimea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crimea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Crimea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Crimea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_Conquest_(1238–1449)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_Conquest_(1238–1449)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mongol Conquest (1238–1449)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_Conquest_(1238–1449)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_Khanate_(1443–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_Khanate_(1443–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_Khanate_(1443–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire_(1783–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire_(1783–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Russian Empire (1783–1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire_(1783–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Civil_War_(1917–1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Civil_War_(1917–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Russian Civil War (1917–1921)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Civil_War_(1917–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_(1921–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_(1921–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Soviet Union (1921–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_(1921–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Ukraine_(since_1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Ukraine_(since_1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Independent Ukraine (since 1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Ukraine_(since_1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_occupation_(from_2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_occupation_(from_2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Russian occupation (from 2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_occupation_(from_2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crimean Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hydrography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steppe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steppe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Steppe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steppe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Southern Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Strategic value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AA%E1%88%9C%E1%8B%AB" title="ክሪሜያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሪሜያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurica" title="Taurica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Taurica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Ҟрым – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҟрым" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85" title="القرم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_de_Crimea" title="Peninsula de Crimea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peninsula de Crimea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4" title="Ղրիմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ղրիմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Хъирим – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъирим" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%B1m" title="Krım – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krım" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্রিমিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিমিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krym" title="Krym – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Krym" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Ҡырым – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡырым" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रीमिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रीमिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Крим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крым хахад арал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Крым хахад арал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" title="Crimean Peninsula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Crimean Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krym" title="Krym – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krym" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="قريميا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قريميا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimmi_poolsaar" title="Krimmi poolsaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krimmi poolsaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κριμαία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κριμαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Крымень модауло – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Крымень модауло" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimeo" title="Krimeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krimeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimeako_penintsula" title="Krimeako penintsula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krimeako penintsula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87" title="شبه‌جزیره کریمه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جزیره کریمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim_h%C3%A1lvoyggin" title="Krim hálvoyggin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Krim hálvoyggin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crim%C3%A9e" title="Crimée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crimée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chrim%C3%A9" title="An Chrimé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chrimé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chrimeea" title="Yn Chrimeea – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chrimeea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%B1m" title="Krım – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Krım" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_de_Crimea" title="Península de Crimea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Península de Crimea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BC%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="크림반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크림반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4" title="Ղրիմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղրիմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रीमिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रीमिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Хъырым – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъырым" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADmskagi" title="Krímskagi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krímskagi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חצי האי קרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חצי האי קרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಕ್ರಿಮಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಮಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кърым – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кърым" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ყირიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყირიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Қырым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%AEm_(n%C3%AEvgirav)" title="Krîm (nîvgirav) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Krîm (nîvgirav)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кырым – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кырым" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crim" title="Crim – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Crim" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Къирим – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къирим" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8D" title="ໄຄຣເມຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຄຣເມຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimaea" title="Crimaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Crimaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krima" title="Krima – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krima" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymas" title="Krymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim_(sjiereiland)" title="Krim (sjiereiland) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krim (sjiereiland)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crim" title="Crim – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Crim" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeja" title="Crimeja – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Crimeja" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADm" title="Krím – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krím" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Крим (полуостров) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крим (полуостров)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ക്രിമിയൻ ഉപദ്വീപ്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിമിയൻ ഉപദ്വീപ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ყირიმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყირიმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شبه جزيرة كريميا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شبه جزيرة كريميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87" title="کریمه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کریمه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ခရိုင်းမီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရိုင်းမီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रिमिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रिमिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="クリミア半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリミア半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="ГӀирма – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀирма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimhalv%C3%B8ya" title="Krimhalvøya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krimhalvøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crim%C3%A8a" title="Crimèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Crimèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrim" title="Qrim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qrim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਕ੍ਰੀਮੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰੀਮੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کریمیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کریمیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کریمیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کریمیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%80" title="គ្រីមៀ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គ្រីមៀ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82wysep_Krymski" title="Półwysep Krymski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półwysep Krymski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeia" title="Crimeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crimeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Qırım – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qırım" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Qırım – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qırım" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeea" title="Crimeea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crimeea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimeya" title="Krimeya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Krimeya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кырыым – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кырыым" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimea" title="Krimea – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krimea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ක්‍රිමියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිමියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڪرائميا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرائميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krym_(polostrov)" title="Krym (polostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krym (polostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim_(polotok)" title="Krim (polotok) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krim (polotok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کریمیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کریمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Крим – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கிரிமியா மூவலந்தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரிமியா மூவலந்தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кырым – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кырым" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="คาบสมุทรไครเมีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาบสมุทรไครเมีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Қрим – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қрим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Kırım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krym" title="Krym – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Krym" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Крым – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Крым" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Крим – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крим" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جزیرہ نما کریمیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ نما کریمیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="قىرىم يېرىم ئارىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىرىم يېرىم ئارىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimia" title="Crimia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Crimia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Krym" title="Bán đảo Krym – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán đảo Krym" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B5mmi_puulsaar" title="Krõmmi puulsaar – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Krõmmi puulsaar" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crim%C3%AAye" title="Crimêye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Crimêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Crimea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="克里米亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克里米亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קרים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קרים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" title="克里米亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克里米亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Qırım – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qırım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krim" title="Krim – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Krim" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="克里米亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里米亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krym" title="Krym – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Krym" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7835#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Crimea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crimea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Crimea"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Crimea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Crimea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&oldid=1281461899" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Crimea&id=1281461899&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrimea"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCrimea"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Crimea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crimea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crimea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crimea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Crimea" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7835" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crimea&params=45.3_N_34.4_E_scale:2000000_region:UA-43_type:isle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°18′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.3°N 34.4°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.3; 34.4</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula in Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crimea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crimea (disambiguation)">Crimea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Crimean Peninsula</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Crimea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Map_of_the_Crimea.png/250px-Map_of_the_Crimea.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Map_of_the_Crimea.png/500px-Map_of_the_Crimea.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span><br />Map of the Crimean Peninsula <br /><br /> <div class="switcher-container"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Crimea_(Latest_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Crimea_%28Latest_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a></span></div><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Crimea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/250px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/330px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/500px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimea_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crimea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Crimea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crimea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Crimea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Crimea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Crimea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crimea&params=45.3_N_34.4_E_scale:2000000_region:UA-43_type:isle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°18′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.3°N 34.4°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.3; 34.4</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Adjacent to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">27,000 km<sup>2</sup> (10,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,545 m (5069 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman-Kosh" title="Roman-Kosh">Roman-Kosh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_68/262" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262">Internationally recognized</a> as Ukrainian territory occupied by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country">Ukraine (de jure but not in control)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Northern Arabat Spit (<a href="/wiki/Henichesk_Raion" title="Henichesk Raion">Henichesk Raion</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country">Russia (de facto control)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean people">Crimean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,416,856<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">84.6/km<sup>2</sup> (219.1/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">UA-43</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Crimea,_Terra-MODIS,_05-16-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/250px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/330px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/500px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>May 2015 satellite image of the Crimean Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crimea</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/15\/Crimea_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Crimea pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Crimea_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimea_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Crimea pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kry-<span style="font-size:90%">MEE</span>-ə</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, on the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Isthmus of Perekop</a> connects the peninsula to <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a> in mainland <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a>, constructed in 2018, spans the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Kerch" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Kerch">Strait of Kerch</a>, linking the peninsula with <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arabat_Spit" title="Arabat Spit">Arabat Spit</a>, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the <a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a> lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey. The population is 2.4 million,<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest city is <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>. The region, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, has been under <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Russian occupation since 2014</a>. </p><p>Called the <b>Tauric Peninsula</b> until the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, Crimea has historically been at the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical world</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">steppe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">Greeks</a> colonized its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">southern fringe</a> and were absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Byzantine</a> Empires and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">successor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoro">states</a> while remaining culturally Greek. Some cities became trading colonies of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, until conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Throughout this time the interior was occupied by a <a href="/wiki/The_Crimean_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crimean Steppe">changing cast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Steppe_nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe nomads">steppe nomads</a>, coming under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> in the 13th century from which the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> emerged as a successor state. In the 15th century, the Khanate became a dependency of the Ottoman Empire. Lands controlled by Russia<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Poland-Lithuania</a> were often the target of <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">slave raids</a> during this period. In 1783, after the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexed Crimea</a>. Crimea's strategic position led to the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimea_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Crimea during the Russian Civil War">many short lived regimes</a> following the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> secured Crimea, it became an <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">autonomous soviet republic</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Crimea_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Crimea during World War II">occupied by Germany during World War II</a>. When the Soviets retook it in 1944, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">ethnically cleansed and deported</a> under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, in what has been described as a cultural genocide. Crimea was downgraded to <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">an oblast</a> in 1945. In 1954, the USSR <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">transferred the oblast</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> on the 300th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pereyaslav">Pereyaslav Treaty</a> in 1654. </p><p>After Ukrainian independence in 1991, most of the peninsula was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Soviet fleet</a> in Crimea was <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet_dispute" title="Black Sea Fleet dispute">in contention</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Partition_Treaty_on_the_Status_and_Conditions_of_the_Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet">1997 treaty</a> allowed Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol. In 2014, the peninsula was <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Russian forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed by Russia</a>, but most countries <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">recognise Crimea</a> as Ukrainian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-INTLCOM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTLCOM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>In English, the omission of the definite article ("Crimea" rather than "the Crimea") became common during the later 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The spelling "Crimea" is from the Italian form, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">la Crimea</i></span>, since at least the 17th century<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Crimean peninsula" becomes current during the 18th century, gradually replacing the classical name of <i>Tauric Peninsula</i> in the course of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="this primary source doesn’t directly support the statement (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In English usage since the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> the Crimean Khanate is referred to as <i>Crim Tartary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Crimean Tatar name of the peninsula is <i>Qırım</i>, while the Russian is Крым (<i>Krym</i>), and the Ukrainian is Крим (<i>Krym</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city <i><a href="/wiki/Stary_Krym" class="mw-redirect" title="Stary Krym">Staryi Krym</a></i> ('Old Crimea'),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served as a capital of the Crimean province of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Between 1315 and 1329 CE, the Arab writer <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abū al-Fidā</a> recounted a political fight in 1300–1301 CE which resulted in a rival's decapitation and his head being sent "to the Crimea",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently in reference to the peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some sources hold that the name of the capital was extended to the entire peninsula at some point during <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Ottoman suzerainty</a> (1441–1783).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i><span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Latn">Qırım</span></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> term <span title="Crimean Tatar-language romanization"><i lang="crh-Latn">qirum</i></span> ("fosse, trench"), from <span title="Crimean Tatar-language romanization"><i lang="crh-Latn">qori-</i></span> ("to fence, protect").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another classical name for Crimea, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea#Antiquity" title="History of Crimea">Tauris</a></i> or <i>Taurica</i>, is from the Greek Ταυρική (<i>Taurikḗ</i>), after the peninsula's Scytho-Cimmerian inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a>. The name was revived by the Russian Empire during the mass hellenization of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> place names after the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">annexation of the Crimean Khanate</a>, including both the peninsula and mainland territories now in Ukraine's Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1764 imperial authorities established the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Oblast" title="Taurida Oblast">Taurida Oblast</a> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Tavricheskaia oblast</i></span>), and reorganized it as the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a> in 1802. While the Soviets replaced it with <i>Krym</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Крим</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Крым</span>) depriving it of official status since 1921, it is still used by some institutions in Crimea, such as the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurida National University">Taurida National University</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean Regional Government</a> in 1918, the <a href="/wiki/FC_Tavriya_Simferopol" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Tavriya Simferopol">Tavriya Simferopol football club</a> so named in 1963, and the <a href="/wiki/Tavrida_Highway" title="Tavrida Highway">Tavrida federal highway</a> being built under <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Russian occupation</a> from 2017. </p><p>Other suggestions either unsupported or contradicted by sources, apparently based on similarity in sound, include: </p> <ol><li>the name of the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, although this derivation is however no longer generally held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a derivation from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>Cremnoi</i> (Κρημνοί, in post-classical <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Koiné Greek">Koiné Greek</a> pronunciation, <i>Crimni</i>, i.e., "the Cliffs", a port on <a href="/wiki/Maeotian_Swamp" title="Maeotian Swamp">Lake Maeotis</a> (Sea of Azov) cited by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in <i>The Histories</i> 4.20.1 and 4.110.2).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Herodotus identifies the port not in Crimea, but as being on the west coast of the Sea of Azov. No evidence has been identified that this name was ever in use for the peninsula.</li> <li>The Turkic term (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kırım</i>) is related to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> appellation <i>kerm</i> "wall", but sources indicate that the Mongolian appellation of the Crimean peninsula of <i>Qaram</i> is phonetically incompatible with <i>kerm/kerem</i> and therefore deriving from another original term.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (<i>Geography</i> vii 4.3, xi. 2.5), <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, (<i>Histories</i> 4.39.4), and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<i>Geographia</i>. II, v 9.5) refer variously to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Kerch" class="mw-redirect" title="Strait of Kerch">Strait of Kerch</a> as the Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος (<i>Kimmerikos Bosporos</i>, romanized spelling: <i>Bosporus Cimmerius</i>), its <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Peninsula" title="Kerch Peninsula">easternmost part</a> as the Κιμμέριον Ἄκρον (<i>Kimmerion Akron</i>, Roman name: Promontorium Cimmerium),<sup id="cite_ref-history1779_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1779-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to the city of <a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Cimmerium</a> and thence the name of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus</a> (Κιμμερικοῦ Βοσπόρου). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">History of Crimea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg/250px-Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg/330px-Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg/500px-Sevastopol_Chersonesus_Basilica_of_1935_IMG_0669_1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the ancient Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Roman_era" title="Crimea in the Roman era">Crimea in the Roman era</a></div> <p>The recorded history of Crimea begins around 5th century BCE when several <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">Greek colonies</a> were established on its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">south coast</a>, the most important of which was <a href="/wiki/Chersonesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesos">Chersonesos</a> near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tauri" title="Tauri">Tauri</a> in the hinterland to the north. The Tauri gave the name the Tauric Peninsula, which Crimea was called into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> which was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> in Asia Minor and later became a <a href="/wiki/Client_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Client kingdom">client kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Rome</a> from 63 BCE to 341 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudak,_Crimea,_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sudak%2C_Crimea%2C_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg/220px-Sudak%2C_Crimea%2C_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sudak%2C_Crimea%2C_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg/330px-Sudak%2C_Crimea%2C_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sudak%2C_Crimea%2C_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg/440px-Sudak%2C_Crimea%2C_The_Genoese_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Genoese fortress in <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a>, 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, originally a fortified <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> town, seventh century</figcaption></figure> <p>The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Byzantine Empire</a> (341–1204 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> (1204–1461 CE), and the independent <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a> (ended 1475 CE). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genovese</a>, but the interior was much less stable, enduring a <a href="/wiki/The_Crimean_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crimean Steppe">long series of conquests and invasions</a>. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">prince</a> was baptized at <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_Cathedral" title="Chersonesus Cathedral">Sevastopol</a> starting the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_Conquest_(1238–1449)"><span id="Mongol_Conquest_.281238.E2.80.931449.29"></span>Mongol Conquest (1238–1449)</h3></div> <p>The north and centre of Crimea fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, although the south coast was still controlled by the Christian <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazaria_(Genoese_colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazaria (Genoese colonies)">Genoese colonies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Genoese–Mongol Wars</a> were fought between the 13th and 15th centuries for control of south Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_Khanate_(1443–1783)"><span id="Crimean_Khanate_.281443.E2.80.931783.29"></span>Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></div> <p>In the 1440s the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> formed out of the collapse of the horde<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but quite rapidly itself became subject to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times were <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">frequents raids into Russia for slaves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire_(1783–1917)"><span id="Russian_Empire_.281783.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Russian Empire (1783–1917)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg/250px-Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg/500px-Siege_of_Sevastopol_by_George_Baxter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The 11-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">siege of Sevastopol</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">defeated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> making the Tatars of the Crimea politically independent. Catherine the Great's <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">incorporation of the Crimea</a> in 1783 into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area.<sup id="cite_ref-GP223_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP223-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Civil_War_(1917–1921)"><span id="Russian_Civil_War_.281917.E2.80.931921.29"></span>Russian Civil War (1917–1921)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimea_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Crimea during the Russian Civil War">Crimea during the Russian Civil War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, Crimea <a href="/wiki/Crimea_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Crimea during the Russian Civil War">changed hands many times</a> and was where <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Wrangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel">Wrangel</a>'s anti-Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Army</a> made their last stand. Many anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaped to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> but up to 150,000 were killed in Crimea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_(1921–1991)"><span id="Soviet_Union_.281921.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Soviet Union (1921–1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crimea in the Soviet Union">Crimea in the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalta-confer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jalta-confer.jpg/220px-Jalta-confer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jalta-confer.jpg/330px-Jalta-confer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jalta-confer.jpg/440px-Jalta-confer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Big Three</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in Crimea: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921 the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was created as part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blacksea-crimea/hist_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blacksea-crimea/hist-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Subdistrict" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurida Subdistrict">occupied by Germany</a> from 1942 to 1944 during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">Second World War</a>. After the Soviets regained control in 1944, they <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deported the Crimean Tartars</a> and several other nationalities to elsewhere in the USSR. The autonomous republic was dissolved in 1945, and Crimea became <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">an oblast</a> of the Russian SFSR. <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">It was transferred</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> in 1954, on the 300th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pereyaslav">Treaty of Pereyaslav</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Ukraine_(since_1991)"><span id="Independent_Ukraine_.28since_1991.29"></span>Independent Ukraine (since 1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea_(1991%E2%80%932014)" title="History of Crimea (1991–2014)">History of Crimea (1991–2014)</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and Ukrainian independence in 1991 most of the peninsula was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-szporluk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szporluk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5_May_1992_in_Crimea_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5_May_1992_in_Crimea-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Partition_Treaty_on_the_Status_and_Conditions_of_the_Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet">1997 treaty</a> partitioned the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Soviet Black Sea Fleet</a>, allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol, with the <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Pact" title="Kharkiv Pact">lease extended</a> in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_occupation_(from_2014)"><span id="Russian_occupation_.28from_2014.29"></span>Russian occupation (from 2014)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Russian occupation of Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea (Russia)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimea_attacks_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Crimea attacks (2022–present)">Crimea attacks (2022–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg/220px-VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg/330px-VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg/440px-VOA-armed_men_01-03-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Unmarked Russian soldiers ("<a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little Green Men</a>") outside the occupied <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea" title="Verkhovna Rada of Crimea">parliament of Crimea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, Crimea saw demonstrations against the removal of the Russia-leaning <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukrainian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">in Kyiv</a> and protests in support of <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EN25214_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN25214-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian226_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian226-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukrainian historian Volodymyr Holovko estimates 26 February protest in support of the integrity of Ukraine in Simferopol at 12,000 people, opposed by several thousand pro-Russian protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 February, Russian forces occupied parliament and government buildings<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other strategic points in Crimea<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Russian-organized <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea">Republic of Crimea declared independence</a> from Ukraine following an illegal and internationally unrecognized <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia then annexed Crimea, although most countries (100 votes in favour, 11 against, 58 abstentions) continued to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INTLCOM_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTLCOM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKRMFA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKRMFA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Crimea_(disputed_status).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimea is located in Crimea"><img alt="Crimea is located in Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg/500px-Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg/960px-Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="813" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.085%;left:30.41%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sarych"><img alt="Sarych" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sarych" title="Sarych">Sarych</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.193%;left:38.687%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Simferopol"><img alt="Simferopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.952%;left:25.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sevastopol"><img alt="Sevastopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.67%;left:92.525%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kerch"><img alt="Kerch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.17%;left:28.914%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Isthmus of Perekop"><img alt="Isthmus of Perekop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Isthmus of Perekop</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.677%;left:96.484%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cape Fonar"><img alt="Cape Fonar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fonar" title="Cape Fonar">Cape Fonar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.857%;left:1.818%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cape Priboiny"><img alt="Cape Priboiny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Priboiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Priboiny (page does not exist)">Cape Priboiny</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.81%;left:4.932%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karkinit Bay"><img alt="Karkinit Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Karkinit_Bay" title="Karkinit Bay">Karkinit Bay</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.333%;left:43.932%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Syvash"><img alt="Syvash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.524%;left:24.25%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kalamita Bay"><img alt="Kalamita Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamita_Bay" title="Kalamita Bay">Kalamita Bay</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.714%;left:87.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Black Sea"><img alt="Black Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.286%;left:87.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sea of Azov"><img alt="Sea of Azov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></i></span></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Crimea_(disputed_status).jpg" title="File:Relief map of Crimea (disputed status).jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Geography of Crimea</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Lowland" title="Black Sea Lowland">Black Sea Lowland</a></div> <p>Covering an area of 27,000 km<sup>2</sup> (10,425 sq mi), Crimea is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and on the western coast of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>; the only land border is shared with Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a> on the north. Crimea is almost an island and only connected to the continent by the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Isthmus of Perekop</a>, a strip of land about 5–7 kilometres (3.1–4.3 mi) wide. </p><p>Much of the natural border between the Crimean Peninsula and the Ukrainian mainland comprises the <a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a> or "Rotten Sea", a large system of shallow lagoons stretching along the western shore of the Sea of Azov. Besides the isthmus of Perekop, the peninsula is connected to the Kherson Oblast's <a href="/wiki/Henichesk_Raion" title="Henichesk Raion">Henichesk Raion</a> by bridges over the narrow <a href="/wiki/Chonhar_Strait" title="Chonhar Strait">Chonhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henichesk_Strait" title="Henichesk Strait">Henichesk</a> straits and over Kerch Strait to the <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>. The northern part of <a href="/wiki/Arabat_Spit" title="Arabat Spit">Arabat Spit</a> is administratively part of Henichesk Raion in Kherson Oblast, including its two rural communities of <a href="/wiki/Shchaslyvtseve" title="Shchaslyvtseve">Shchaslyvtseve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strilkove" title="Strilkove">Strilkove</a>. The eastern tip of the Crimean peninsula comprises the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Peninsula" title="Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a>, separated from <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a> on the Russian mainland by the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a>, which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, at a width of between 3–13 kilometres (1.9–8.1 mi). </p><p>Geographers generally divide the peninsula into three zones: the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">steppe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">Southern Coast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Crimea_(disputed_status).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crimea is located in Crimea"><img alt="Crimea is located in Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg/500px-Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg/960px-Relief_map_of_Crimea_%28disputed_status%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="813" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.19%;left:29.318%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perekop"><img alt="Perekop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Perekop" title="Perekop">Perekop</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.095%;left:6.818%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chornomorske"><img alt="Chornomorske" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske" title="Chornomorske">Chornomorske</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.19%;left:13.636%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Donuzlav"><img alt="Donuzlav" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Donuzlav" title="Donuzlav">Donuzlav</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.857%;left:22.045%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yevpatoria"><img alt="Yevpatoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.952%;left:25.682%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sevastopol"><img alt="Sevastopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.714%;left:27.273%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Balaklava"><img alt="Balaklava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaklava</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.952%;left:31.591%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Foros"><img alt="Foros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Foros,_Crimea" title="Foros, Crimea">Foros</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.524%;left:37.273%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alupka"><img alt="Alupka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.714%;left:40.227%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yalta"><img alt="Yalta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.333%;left:42.955%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gurzuf"><img alt="Gurzuf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Gurzuf" title="Gurzuf">Gurzuf</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.619%;left:45.455%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alushta"><img alt="Alushta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.048%;left:58.409%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sudak"><img alt="Sudak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.524%;left:67.727%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Feodosia"><img alt="Feodosia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.762%;left:92.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kerch"><img alt="Kerch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.429%;left:32.045%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mangup"><img alt="Mangup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mangup" title="Mangup">Mangup</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.81%;left:33.182%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bakhchysarai"><img alt="Bakhchysarai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.286%;left:38.636%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Simferopol"><img alt="Simferopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.524%;left:50%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karasu"><img alt="Karasu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Karasu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.476%;left:61.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stary Krym"><img alt="Stary Krym" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Stary_Krym" class="mw-redirect" title="Stary Krym">Stary<br />Krym</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.095%;left:45.227%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dzhankoy"><img alt="Dzhankoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhankoy">Dzhankoy</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Crimea_(disputed_status).jpg" title="File:Relief map of Crimea (disputed status).jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Places in Crimea</div></div></div> <p>Given its long history and many conquerors, most towns in Crimea have several names. </p><p><b>West:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Isthmus of Perekop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Perekop" title="Perekop">Perekop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Or_Qapi" title="Or Qapi">Or Qapi</a>, about 7 km (4 mi) wide, connects Crimea to the mainland. It was often fortified and sometimes garrisoned by the Turks. The <a href="/wiki/North_Crimean_Canal" title="North Crimean Canal">North Crimean Canal</a> now crosses it to bring water from the Dnieper. To the west <a href="/wiki/Karkinit_Bay" title="Karkinit Bay">Karkinit Bay</a> separates the <a href="/wiki/Tarkhankut_Peninsula" title="Tarkhankut Peninsula">Tarkhankut Peninsula</a> from the mainland. On the north side of the peninsula is <a href="/wiki/Chernomorskoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernomorskoe">Chernomorskoe</a>/Kalos <a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Limen</a>. On the south side is the large <a href="/wiki/Donuzlav" title="Donuzlav">Donuzlav</a> Bay and the port and ancient Greek settlement of <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a>/Kerkinitis/Gözleve. The coast then runs south to <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a>, a good natural harbor, great naval base and the largest city on the peninsula. At the head of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Bay" title="Sevastopol Bay">Sevastopol Bay</a> stands <a href="/wiki/Inkermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkermann">Inkermann</a>/Kalamita. South of Sevastopol is the small <a href="/wiki/Heracles_Peninsula" title="Heracles Peninsula">Heracles Peninsula</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountains_by_the_sea,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5,_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC,_Crimea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mountains_by_the_sea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C_Crimea.jpg/250px-Mountains_by_the_sea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C_Crimea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mountains_by_the_sea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C_Crimea.jpg/330px-Mountains_by_the_sea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C_Crimea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mountains_by_the_sea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C_Crimea.jpg/500px-Mountains_by_the_sea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C_Crimea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Coastline between <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novy_Svet" class="mw-redirect" title="Novy Svet">Novy Svet</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>South:</b> In the south, between the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a> and the sea runs a narrow coastal strip which was <a href="/wiki/Gazaria_(Genoese_colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazaria (Genoese colonies)">held by the Genoese</a> and (after 1475) by the Turks. Under Russian rule it became a kind of <a href="/wiki/Riviera" title="Riviera">riviera</a>. In Soviet times the many palaces were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dachas</a> and health resorts. From west to east are: <a href="/wiki/Heracles_Peninsula" title="Heracles Peninsula">Heracles Peninsula</a>; <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaklava</a>/Symbalon/Cembalo, a smaller natural harbor south of Sevastopol; <a href="/wiki/Foros,_Crimea" title="Foros, Crimea">Foros</a>, the southernmost point; <a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Palace_(Alupka)" title="Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)">Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaspra" title="Gaspra">Gaspra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gurzuf" title="Gurzuf">Gurzuf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a>. Further east is <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a>/Sougdia/Soldaia with its Genoese fort. Further east still is Theodosia/Kaffa/<a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>, once a great <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave-mart</a> and a kind of capital for the Genoese and Turks. Unlike the other southern ports, Feodosia has no mountains to its north. At the east end of the 90 km (56 mi) <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Peninsula" title="Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a> is <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>/<a href="/wiki/Panticapaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapaeum">Panticapaeum</a>, once the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosporian Kingdom">Bosporian Kingdom</a>. Just south of Kerch the new Crimean Bridge (opened in 2018) connects Crimea to the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a>. </p><p><b>Sea of Azov:</b> There is little on the south shore. The west shore is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Arabat_Spit" title="Arabat Spit">Arabat Spit</a>. Behind it is the <a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a> or "Putrid Sea", a system of lakes and marshes which in the far north extend west to the Perekop Isthmus. Road- and rail-bridges cross the northern part of Syvash. </p><p><b>Interior:</b> Most of the former capitals of Crimea stood on the north side of the mountains. <a href="/wiki/Mangup" title="Mangup">Mangup</a>/Doros (Gothic, Theodoro). <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a> (1532–1783). Southeast of Bakhchysarai is the cliff-fort of <a href="/wiki/Chufut-Kale" title="Chufut-Kale">Chufut-Kale</a>/Qirq Or which was used in more warlike times. <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>/Ak-Mechet, the modern capital. <a href="/wiki/Karasu-Bazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karasu-Bazar">Karasu-Bazar</a>/Bilohorsk was a commercial center. Solkhat/<a href="/wiki/Stary_Krym" class="mw-redirect" title="Stary Krym">Staryi Krym</a> was the old Tatar capital. Towns on the northern steppe area are all modern, notably <a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a>, a major road- and rail-junction. </p><p><b>Rivers:</b> The longest is the <a href="/wiki/Salhyr" title="Salhyr">Salhyr</a>, which rises southeast of Simferopol and flows north and northeast to the Sea of Azov. The <a href="/wiki/Alma_River_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma River (Crimea)">Alma</a> flows west to reach the Black Sea between Yevpatoria and Sevastopol. The shorter <a href="/wiki/Chornaya_River_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chornaya River (Crimea)">Chornaya</a> flows west to Sevastopol Bay. </p><p><b>Nearby:</b> East of the Kerch Strait the Ancient Greeks founded colonies at <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a> (at the head of <a href="/wiki/Taman_Bay" title="Taman Bay">Taman Bay</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hermonassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermonassa">Hermonassa</a> (later Tmutarakan and <a href="/wiki/Taman,_Russia" title="Taman, Russia">Taman</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gorgippia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgippia">Gorgippia</a> (later a Turkish port and now Anapa). At the northeast point of the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Don River were <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a>, Azak/<a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> and now <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>. North of the peninsula the Dnieper turns westward and enters the Black Sea through the east–west <a href="/wiki/Dnieper-Bug_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper-Bug Estuary">Dnieper-Bug Estuary</a> which also receives the Bug River. At the mouth of the Bug stood <a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olvia</a>. At the mouth of the estuary is <a href="/wiki/Ochakiv" title="Ochakiv">Ochakiv</a>. <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> stands where the coast turns southwest. Further southwest is <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a>/Akkerman/<a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_Mountains">Crimean Mountains</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg/250px-Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg/330px-Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg/500px-Eklizi-Burun-mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Eclizee-Burun Mountain</figcaption></figure> <p>The southeast coast is flanked at a distance of 8–12 kilometres (5.0–7.5 mi) from the sea by a parallel range of mountains: the Crimean Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mountains are backed by <a href="/wiki/Cuesta" title="Cuesta">secondary parallel ranges</a>. </p><p>The main range of these mountains rises with extraordinary abruptness from the deep floor of the Black Sea to an altitude of 600–1,545 metres (1,969–5,069 ft), beginning at the southwest point of the peninsula, called <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fiolent" title="Cape Fiolent">Cape Fiolent</a>. Some Greek myths state that this cape was supposedly crowned with the temple of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> where <a href="/wiki/Iphigeneia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphigeneia">Iphigeneia</a> officiated as priestess.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uchan-su_(waterfall)" title="Uchan-su (waterfall)">Uchan-su</a>, on the south slope of the mountains, is the highest waterfall in Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crimea river" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cry_Me_a_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cry Me a River (disambiguation)">Cry Me a River</a>.</div> <p>There are 257 rivers and major streams on the Crimean peninsula; they are primarily fed by rainwater, with snowmelt playing a very minor role. This makes for significant seasonal fluctuation in water flow, with many streams drying up completely during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Salhyr" title="Salhyr">Salhyr</a> (Salğır, Салгир), the Kacha (Кача), the <a href="/wiki/Alma_(Crimea)" title="Alma (Crimea)">Alma</a> (Альма), and the Belbek (Бельбек). Also important are the Kokozka (Kökköz or Коккозка), the Indole (Indol or Индо́л), the <a href="/wiki/Chyornaya_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chyornaya (Crimea)">Chorna</a> (Çorğun, Chernaya or Чёрная), the Derekoika (Dereköy or Дерекойка),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Karasu-Bashi (Biyuk-Karasu or Биюк-Карасу) (a tributary of the Salhyr river), the Burulcha (Бурульча) (also a tributary of the Salhyr), the <a href="/wiki/Uchan-su_(river)" title="Uchan-su (river)">Uchan-su</a>, and the Ulu-Uzen'. The longest river of Crimea is the Salhyr at 204 km (127 mi). The Belbek has the greatest average discharge at 2.16 cubic metres per second (76 cu ft/s).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alma and the Kacha are the second- and third-longest rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-BSE_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nord-Krim-Kanal.png/250px-Nord-Krim-Kanal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nord-Krim-Kanal.png/330px-Nord-Krim-Kanal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nord-Krim-Kanal.png/500px-Nord-Krim-Kanal.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Ukraine blocked the <a href="/wiki/North_Crimean_Canal" title="North Crimean Canal">North Crimean Canal</a>, which provided 85% of Crimea's drinking and agriculture water.<sup id="cite_ref-canal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are more than fifty salt lakes and <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a> on the peninsula. The largest of them is Lake Sasyk (Сасык) on the southwest coast; others include <a href="/wiki/Aqtas_Lake" title="Aqtas Lake">Aqtas</a>, Koyashskoye, Kiyatskoe, Kirleutskoe, Kizil-Yar, Bakalskoe, and <a href="/wiki/Donuzlav" title="Donuzlav">Donuzlav</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general trend is for the former lakes to become salt pans.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Syvash" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Syvash">Lake Syvash</a> (Sıvaş or Сива́ш) is a system of interconnected shallow <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a> on the north-eastern coast, covering an area of around 2,560 km<sup>2</sup> (988 sq mi). A number of dams have created reservoirs; among the largest are the Simferopolskoye, Alminskoye,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Taygansky and the Belogorsky just south of <a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Bilohirsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk_Raion" title="Bilohirsk Raion">Bilohirsk Raion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_Crimean_Canal" title="North Crimean Canal">North Crimea Canal</a>, which transports water from the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, is the largest of the man-made irrigation channels on the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-construction_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-construction-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crimea was facing an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Water_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Water shortage">water shortage</a> crisis following the blocking of the canal by Ukraine in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canal_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a>, the flow of water was restored however the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destruction of the Kakhovka Dam</a> could lead to problems with water supply again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steppe">Steppe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></div> <p>Seventy-five percent of the remaining area of Crimea consists of semiarid <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> lands, a southward continuation of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, which slope gently to the northwest from the foothills of the Crimean Mountains. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mounds</a>, of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythians</a> are scattered across the Crimean steppes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Coast">Southern Coast</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">Southern Coast (Crimea)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%94%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a> in the background and <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Tsar%27s_Path" title="Tsar's Path">Tsar's Path</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The terrain that lies south of the sheltering Crimean Mountain range is of an altogether different character. Here, the narrow strip of coast and the slopes of the mountains are covered with greenery. This "riviera" stretches along the southeast coast from capes <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fiolent" title="Cape Fiolent">Fiolent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Aya" title="Cape Aya">Aya</a>, in the south, to Feodosia. There are many summer sea-bathing resorts such as <a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurzuf" title="Gurzuf">Gurzuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>. During the years of Soviet rule, the resorts and <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dachas</a> of this coast were used by leading politicians<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served as prime perquisites of the politically loyal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="''Politically loyal'', like whom? ''Served as prime perquisites'', according to whom? (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, vineyards and fruit orchards are located in the region. Fishing, mining, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> are also important. Numerous Crimean Tatar villages, mosques, <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, and palaces of the Russian imperial family and nobles are found here, as well as picturesque ancient Greek and medieval castles. </p><p>The Crimean Mountains and the southern coast are part of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Submediterranean_forest_complex" title="Crimean Submediterranean forest complex">Crimean Submediterranean forest complex</a> ecoregion. The natural vegetation consists of scrublands, woodlands, and forests, with a climate and vegetation similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg/220px-Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg/330px-Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg/440px-Novyi_Svit_IMG_2941_1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Crimea's Southern Coast has a subtropical climate</figcaption></figure> <p>Crimea is located between the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">subtropical climate</a> belts and is characterized by warm and sunny weather.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is characterized by diversity and the presence of microclimates.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern parts of Crimea have a moderate <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> with short but cold winters and moderately hot dry summers.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeageography_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the central and mountainous areas the climate is transitional between the continental climate to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeageography_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winters are mild at lower altitudes (in the foothills) and colder at higher altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeageography_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers are hot at lower altitudes and warm in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeageography_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subtropical, Mediterranean climate dominates the southern coastal regions, is characterized by mild winters and moderately hot, dry summers.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeageography_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climate of Crimea is influenced by its geographic location, relief, and influences from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern Coast is shielded from cold air masses coming from the north and, as a result, has milder winters.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maritime influences from the Black Sea are restricted to coastal areas; in the interior of the peninsula the maritime influence is weak and does not play an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because a high-pressure system is located north of Crimea in both summer and winter, winds predominantly come from the north and northeast year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter these winds bring in cold, dry continental air, while in summer they bring in dry and hot weather.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winds from the northwest bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean, causing precipitation during spring and summer.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, winds from the southwest bring very warm and wet air from the subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea and cause precipitation during fall and winter.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mean annual temperatures range from 10 °C (50.0 °F) in the far north (<a href="/wiki/Armiansk" title="Armiansk">Armiansk</a>) to 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the far south (<a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mountains, the mean annual temperature is around 5.7 °C (42.3 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For every 100 m (330 ft) increase in altitude, temperatures decrease by 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) while precipitation increases.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January mean temperatures range from −3 °C (26.6 °F) in Armiansk to 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myskhor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myskhor (page does not exist)">Myskhor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cool-season temperatures average around 7 °C (44.6 °F) and it is rare for the weather to drop below freezing except in the mountains, where there is usually snow.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July mean temperatures range from 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Ai-Petri" title="Ai-Petri">Ai-Petri</a> to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in the central parts of Crimea to 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) in Myskhor.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frost-free period ranges from 160 to 200 days in the steppe and mountain regions to 240–260 days on the south coast.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation in Crimea varies significantly based on location; it ranges from 310 millimetres (12.2 in) in <a href="/wiki/Chornomorske" title="Chornomorske">Chornomorske</a> to 1,220 millimetres (48.0 in) at the highest altitudes in the Crimean mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crimean mountains greatly influence the amount of precipitation present in the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of Crimea (88.5%) receives 300 to 500 millimetres (11.8 to 19.7 in) of precipitation per year.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plains usually receive 300 to 400 millimetres (11.8 to 15.7 in) of precipitation per year, increasing to 560 millimetres (22.0 in) in the southern coast at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western parts of the Crimean mountains receive more than 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) of precipitation per year.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowfall is common in the mountains during winter.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeageography_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the peninsula receives more than 2,000 sunshine hours per year; it reaches up to 2,505 sunshine hours in <a href="/wiki/Qarabiy_yayla" title="Qarabiy yayla">Qarabiy yayla</a> in the Crimean Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the climate favors recreation and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its climate and subsidized travel-packages from Russian state-run companies, the southern coast has remained a popular resort for Russian tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_value">Strategic value</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varangian_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/250px-Varangian_routes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/330px-Varangian_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/500px-Varangian_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">historical trade route</a> (shown in purple) connecting <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> with <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> via <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesus (Crimea)">Cherson</a>. The major centers of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> itself, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> – arose along this route.</figcaption></figure><p> The Black Sea ports of Crimea provide quick access to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Middle East. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Historically</a>, possession of the southern coast of Crimea was sought after by most empires of the greater region since antiquity (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Ottoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">British and French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Nazi German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet#Soviet_Navy" title="Black Sea Fleet">Soviet</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nearby <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> is a major waterway and transportation route that crosses the European continent from north to south and ultimately links the Black Sea with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, of strategic importance since the historical trade route <a href="/wiki/Route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" title="Route from the Varangians to the Greeks">from the Varangians to the Greeks</a>. The Black Sea serves as an economic thoroughfare connecting the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Crimea_Annexation_'Robbery_on_International_Scale'_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crimea_Annexation_'Robbery_on_International_Scale'-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="International Transport Workers' Federation">International Transport Workers' Federation</a>, as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were at least 12 operating merchant seaports in Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-Черное_море_признано_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Черное_море_признано-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg/220px-Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg/330px-Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg/440px-Koreiz_-_beach3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Tourism is an important sector of Crimea's economy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg/250px-Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg/330px-Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg/500px-Simferopol_04-14_img18_K-Marx-Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>'s city centre</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016 Crimea had Nominal GDP of <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>7 billion and US$3,000 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main branches of the modern Crimean economy are agriculture and fishing oysters pearls, industry and manufacturing, tourism, and ports. Industrial plants are situated for the most part in the southern coast (Yevpatoria, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Kerch) regions of the republic, few northern (Armiansk, Krasnoperekopsk, Dzhankoi), aside from the central area, mainly Simferopol okrug and eastern region in Nizhnegorsk (few plants, same for Dzhankoj) city. Important industrial cities include <a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a>, housing a major railway connection, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoperekopsk" title="Krasnoperekopsk">Krasnoperekopsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armiansk" title="Armiansk">Armiansk</a>, among others. </p><p>After the Russian annexation of Crimea in early 2014 and subsequent sanctions targeting Crimea, the tourist industry suffered major losses for two years. The flow of holidaymakers dropped 35 percent in the first half of 2014 over the same period of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of tourist arrivals reached a record in 2012 at 6.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Russian administration of Crimea, they dropped to 3.8 million in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rebounded to 5.6 million by 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important industries in Crimea include food production, chemical fields, mechanical engineering, and metalworking, and fuel production industries.<sup id="cite_ref-CMU_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMU-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty percent of the industry market belongs to food production. There are a total of 291 large industrial enterprises and 1002 small business enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-CMU_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMU-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the republic's annual GDP was $4.3 billion (500 times smaller than the size of Russia's economy). The average salary was $290 per month. The <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">budget deficit</a> was $1.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <p>Agriculture in the region includes cereals, vegetable-growing, gardening, and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking_in_Crimea" title="Winemaking in Crimea">wine-making</a>, particularly in the Yalta and <a href="/wiki/Massandra" title="Massandra">Massandra</a> regions. Livestock production includes cattle breeding, poultry keeping, and sheep breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-CMU_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMU-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other products produced on the Crimean Peninsula include salt, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">ironstone</a> (found around <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>) since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vine mealybug (<i><a href="/wiki/Planococcus_(bug)" title="Planococcus (bug)">Planococcus</a> <a href="/wiki/Planococcus_ficus" title="Planococcus ficus">ficus</a></i>) was first discovered here in 1868. First discovered on <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, it has also been found as a <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> of some other <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> and has since spread worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Daane-et-al-2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daane-et-al-2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sunn_pest" title="Sunn pest">Sunn pests</a>—especially <i><a href="/wiki/Eurygaster_integriceps" title="Eurygaster integriceps">Eurygaster integriceps</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Critchley-1998_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchley-1998-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eurygaster_maura" title="Eurygaster maura">E. maura</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Eurygaster-maura-AgroAtlas_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurygaster-maura-AgroAtlas-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—are significant <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Critchley-1998_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchley-1998-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scelioninae" title="Scelioninae">Scelioninae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">Tachinidae</a> are important <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> of sunn pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Critchley-1998_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchley-1998-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bark_beetle" title="Bark beetle">Bark beetles</a> are pests of <a href="/wiki/Tree_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree fruit">tree crops</a>, and are themselves hosts for <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elattoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elattoma (page does not exist)">Elattoma</a></i> mites and various <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus" title="Entomopathogenic fungus">entomopathogenic fungi</a> transmitted by those <i>Elattomae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khaustov-2000_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khaustov-2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hofstetter-Moser-2014_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofstetter-Moser-2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <p>Crimea possesses several <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas field">natural gas fields</a> both <a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a>, which were starting to be drilled by western oil and gas companies before annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inland fields are located in <a href="/wiki/Chornomorske_Raion" title="Chornomorske Raion">Chornomorske</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi_Raion" title="Dzhankoi Raion">Dzhankoi</a>, while offshore fields are located in the western coast in the Black Sea and in the northeastern coast in the Azov Sea:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Reserves </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dzhankoi gas field </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi_Raion" title="Dzhankoi Raion">Dzhankoi</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holitsynske_gas_field" title="Holitsynske gas field">Holitsynske gas field</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karlavske gas field </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske_Raion" title="Chornomorske Raion">Chornomorske</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Krym gas field </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odeske_gas_field" title="Odeske gas field">Odeske gas field</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> </td> <td>21 billion m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmidta_gas_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmidta gas field (page does not exist)">Schmidta gas field</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shtormvaya_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtormvaya gas field">Shtormvaia gas field</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strilkove gas field </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Offshore (hydrocarbons)">offshore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The republic also possesses two <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>: one onshore, the Serebryankse oil field in <a href="/wiki/Rozdolne_Raion" title="Rozdolne Raion">Rozdolne</a>, and one offshore, the <a href="/wiki/Subbotina_oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Subbotina oil field">Subbotina oil field</a> in the Black Sea. </p> <dl><dt>Electricity</dt></dl> <p>Crimea has 540 MW of its own electricity generation capacity, including the 100 MW Simferopol Thermal Power Plant, the 22 MW Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant and the 19 MW Kamish-Burunskaya Thermal Power Plant.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This local electricity generation has proven insufficient for local consumption, and since annexation by Russia, Crimea has been reliant on an underwater power cable to mainland Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Power generation is set to be increased by two combined-cycle gas steam turbo thermal plants PGU, each {<i>or should this be both combined?</i>} providing 470 MW (116 167 MW GT, 235 MW block), built by TPE (among others) with turbines provided by Power Machines; NPO Saturn with Perm PMZ; either modified GTD-110M/GTE-160/GTE-180 units or UTZ KTZ, or a V94.2 supplied by MAPNA, modified in Russia by PGU Thermal. </p><p>Solar photovoltaic SES plants are plentiful on the peninsula, including a small facility north of Sevastopol. There also is the Saky gas thermal plant near the Jodobrom chemical plant, featuring SaKhZ(SaChP) boosted production with Perm GTE GTU25P (PS90GP25 25 MW aeroderivative GP) PGU turbogenerators. Older plants in operation include the Sevastopol TEC (close to Inkerman) which uses AEG and Ganz Elektro turbines and turbogenerators generating about 25 MW each, Simferopol TEC, Yevpatoria, Kamysh Burun TEC (Kerch south – Zaliv) and a few others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lacking_overview plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>lacks an overview of its topic.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by writing the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(lists)#Lead_paragraphs_in_embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (lists)">lead section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Crimean Bridge</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_21_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg/250px-Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg/330px-Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg/500px-Crimea_South_Coast_04-14_img01_Simferopol-Yalta_trolley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="3152" /></a><figcaption>Trolleybus near Alushta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Kanatka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yalta_Kanatka.JPG/250px-Yalta_Kanatka.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yalta_Kanatka.JPG/330px-Yalta_Kanatka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Yalta_Kanatka.JPG/500px-Yalta_Kanatka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cableway in Yalta</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a></div> <p>In May 2015, work began on a multibillion-dollar road-rail link (a pair of parallel bridges) across the Kerch Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The road bridge opened in May 2018, and the rail bridge in December 2019. With a length of 19 km, it is the longest bridge in Europe, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Bridge" title="Vasco da Gama Bridge">Vasco da Gama Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. The Crimean Bridge was damaged by <a href="/wiki/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" title="2022 Crimean Bridge explosion">an attack</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on October 8, 2022, and <a href="/wiki/July_2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion">another</a> on July 17, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Public transportation</dt></dl> <p>Almost every settlement in Crimea is connected with another settlement by bus lines. Crimea contains the longest (96 km or 59 mi) <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Trolleybus" title="Crimean Trolleybus">trolleybus route</a> in the world, founded in 1959, stretching from Simferopol to Yalta.<sup id="cite_ref-Crimea_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crimea-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trolleybus line starts near <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>'s Railway Station (in Soviet times it started near <a href="/wiki/Simferopol_International_Airport" title="Simferopol International Airport">Simferopol International Airport</a>) through the mountains to <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a> and on to Yalta. The length of line is about 90 km and passengers are assigned a seat. Simferopol, Yalta and Alushta also have an urban and suburban trolleybus network. Trolleybuses also operate in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>. </p><p>A tram system operates in the city of Yevpatoria. In the nearby <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">townlet</a> village of Molochnoye, a 1.6 km-long tram line provides the only connection between the sea shore and a holiday resort, but its operation is halted since 2015. </p> <dl><dt>Railway traffic</dt></dl> <p>There are two railroad lines running through Crimea: the non-electrified <a href="/wiki/Armyansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Armyansk">Armiansk</a>–Kerch (with a link to Feodosia), and the electrified <a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a>–Simferopol–Sevastopol (with a link to Yevpatoria), connecting Crimea to the Ukrainian mainland. </p><p>Until 2014 the network was part of the Cisdneper Directorate of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways" title="Ukrainian Railways">Ukrainian Railways</a>. Long-distance trains provided connection to all major Ukrainian cities, to many towns of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and, until the end of the 2000s, even to <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. </p><p>Since 2014 the railways are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Railway" title="Crimea Railway">Crimea Railway</a>. Local trains belong to the <i>Yuzhnaya Prigorodnaya Passazhirskaya Kompaniya</i> (Southern Suburban Passenger Company), serving the entire network of the peninsula and via the Crimean Bridge three trains daily to <a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Anapa</a>. Long-distance trains under the name <i>Tavriya</i> – operated by the company <i>Grand Servis Ekspress</i> – connect Sevastopol and Simferopol daily with Moscow and Saint Petersburg; in the summer season Yevpatoria and Feodosia are also directly connected by them. Several times a week Simferopol is also linked with <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> by train. </p><p>Further development plans consist of a bypass line between Simferopol and Kerch, and a complete electrification of the network with changing the voltage of the already electrified lines from 3 kV DC to 25 kV 50 Hz AC. </p> <dl><dt>Aviation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol_International_Airport" title="Simferopol International Airport">Simferopol International Airport</a> is an air transport hub of Crimea.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Highways</dt></dl> <ul><li>А-291 – Tavrida highway (route Yevpatoria-) Sevastopol – Simferopol (SW to W N to East ring) – Bilohirsk<br /> – north Feodosia – Kerch south (strait bridge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_route_E105" title="European route E105">E105</a>/M18 – <a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a> (bridge, starts), <a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Crimean_Canal" title="North Crimean Canal">North Crimean Canal</a> (bridge), <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> (ends)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_route_E97" title="European route E97">E97</a>/M17 – <a href="/wiki/Perekop" title="Perekop">Perekop</a> (starts), <a href="/wiki/Armiansk" title="Armiansk">Armiansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_ferry_line" title="Kerch Strait ferry line">ferry</a>, ends)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A290_highway_(Russia)" title="A290 highway (Russia)">A290</a> – <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a> via the Crimean Bridge (formerly known as Highway M25)</li> <li>H05 – <a href="/wiki/Krasnoperekopsk" title="Krasnoperekopsk">Krasnoperekopsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> (access to the Simferopol International Airport)</li> <li>H06 – <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li>H19 – <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li>P16</li> <li>P23 – <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Feodosia</a></li> <li>P25 – <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li> <li>P27 – <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkerman" title="Inkerman">Inkerman</a> (completely within the city of Sevastopol)</li> <li>P29 – <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Feodosia</a></li> <li>P34 – <a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></li> <li>P35 – Hrushivka, <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a></li> <li>P58 – <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, Port "Komysheva Bukhta" (completely within the city of Sevastopol)</li> <li>P59 (completely within the city of Sevastopol)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sea transport</dt></dl> <p>The cities of Yalta, <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Feodosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>, Sevastopol, Chornomorske and <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a> are connected to one another by sea routes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg/250px-Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg/330px-Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg/500px-Jalta_-_panoramio_-_L-BBE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Boardwalk in Yalta.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_%283%29.JPG/250px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_%283%29.JPG/330px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_%283%29.JPG/500px-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%94%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_XIV_%D1%81%D1%82.%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D1%8B_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Caffa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg/250px-Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg/330px-Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg/500px-Baht%C5%A1isarai-Khaani_palee_Krimmis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption>Mosque and yard in the Khan Palace in <a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray">Bakhchisaray</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_(2005-09-229).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_%282005-09-229%29.jpg/250px-The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_%282005-09-229%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_%282005-09-229%29.jpg/330px-The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_%282005-09-229%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_%282005-09-229%29.jpg/500px-The_Swallow%27s_Nest_castle_on_the_Aurora_cliffs_of_cape_Ai-Todor_%282005-09-229%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swallow%27s_Nest" title="Swallow's Nest">Swallow's Nest</a>, built in 1912 for businessman Baron Pavel von Steingel</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of Crimea as a holiday destination began in the second half of the 19th century. The development of the transport networks brought masses of tourists from central parts of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. At the beginning of the 20th century, a major development of palaces, villas, and dachas began—most of which remain. These are some of the main attractions of Crimea as a tourist destination. There are many <a href="/wiki/Crimean_legends" title="Crimean legends">Crimean legends</a> about famous touristic places, which attract the attention of tourists. </p><p>A new phase of tourist development began when the Soviet government started promoting the healing quality of the local air, lakes and therapeutic muds. It became a "health" destination for Soviet workers, and hundreds of thousands of Soviet tourists visited Crimea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artek_(camp)" title="Artek (camp)">Artek</a> is a former <a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneer_camp" title="Young Pioneer camp">Young Pioneer camp</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hurzuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurzuf">Hurzuf</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ayu-Dag" title="Ayu-Dag">Ayu-Dag</a>, established in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tub_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tub-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1969 it had an area of 3.2 km<sup>2</sup> (1.2 sq mi), and consisted of 150 buildings. Unlike most of the young pioneer camps, Artek was an all-year camp, due to the warm climate. Artek was considered to be a privilege for Soviet children during its existence, as well as for children from other communist countries. During its heyday, 27,000 children a year vacationed at Artek. Between 1925 and 1969 the camp hosted 300,000 children.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the breaking up of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneer_organization_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union">Young Pioneers</a> in 1991 its prestige declined, though it remained a popular vacation destination.<sup id="cite_ref-tub_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tub-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, Crimea became more of a get-away destination than a "health-improvement" destination. The most visited areas are the south shore of Crimea with cities of Yalta and Alushta, the western shore – Yevpatoria and Saky, and the south-eastern shore – Feodosia and Sudak. According to <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>, Crimea was among the top 20 travel destinations in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places of interest include </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koktebel" title="Koktebel">Koktebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livadia_Palace" title="Livadia Palace">Livadia Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mithridat" title="Mount Mithridat">Mount Mithridat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul-Oba" title="Kul-Oba">Scythian Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallow%27s_Nest" title="Swallow's Nest">Swallow's Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesos_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesos Taurica">Tauric Chersonesos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Palace_(Alupka)" title="Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)">Vorontsov Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray Palace">Bakhchisaray Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massandra" title="Massandra">Massandra</a> Palace and Winery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novyi_Svit" title="Novyi Svit">Novyi Svit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikitsky_Botanical_Garden" title="Nikitsky Botanical Garden">Nikitsky Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aivazovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a> National Art Gallery in <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_museum_complex_Balaklava" title="Naval museum complex Balaklava">Naval museum complex Balaklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Ghosts_(Crimea)" title="Valley of Ghosts (Crimea)">The Valley of Ghosts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <p>Following Russia's largely unrecognized annexation of Crimea, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and several other countries (including Ukraine) imposed <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> against Russia, including some specifically targeting Crimea. Many of these sanctions were directed at individuals—both Russian and Crimean.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general they prohibit the sale, supply, transfer, or export of <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> and technology in several sectors, including services directly related to tourism and infrastructure. They list seven ports where <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> cannot dock.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanctions against individuals include travel bans and asset freezes. <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> and <a href="/wiki/MasterCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard">MasterCard</a> temporarily stopped service in Crimea in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian national payment card system allows Visa and MasterCard cards issued by Russian banks to work in Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mir_(payment_system)" title="Mir (payment system)">Mir payment system</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a> operates in Crimea<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as MasterCard<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Visa.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are no major international banks in Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Crimea" title="Politics of Crimea">Politics of Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions of Ukraine</a></div> <p>Crimea is Ukrainian territory currently occupied by Russia; Ukraine has not relinquished title over the Crimean territory since <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">the events of 2014</a>, and Crimea is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INTLCOM_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTLCOM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKRMFA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKRMFA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They exercise administration of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea#Government_and_administration" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> from Kyiv in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Reintegration_of_Temporarily_Occupied_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories">Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories</a>. Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> drew attention to this fact in August 2022 when he stated that it was "necessary to liberate Crimea" from Russian occupation and to re-establish "world law and order".<sup id="cite_ref-abcky_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcky-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Crimea" title="Demographics of Crimea">Demographics of Crimea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">546,592</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">713,823</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,126,429</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+57.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,201,517</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,813,502</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+50.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,182,927</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,430,495</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,401,209</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2014</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,284,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,482,450</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the total population of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol was 2,248,400 people (Republic of Crimea: 1,889,485; Sevastopol: 395,000).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was down from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a> figure of 2,376,000 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea: 2,033,700; Sevastopol: 342,451).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2014 Russian census, 84% of Crimean inhabitants named Russian as their native language; 7.9% Crimean Tatar; 3.7% <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>; and 3.3% Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-2014_Russian_Census_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_Russian_Census-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first official census in Crimea since a Ukrainian-held census in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-dt_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2001 census, 77% of Crimean inhabitants named <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian as their native language</a>; 11.4% Crimean Tatar; and 10.1% Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, however, the Crimean Tatar language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in Crimea in only about 15 schools at that time. Turkey provided the greatest support to Tatars in Ukraine, which had been unable to resolve the problem of education in their mother tongue in Crimea, by bringing the schools to a modern state.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic composition of Crimea's population has changed dramatically since the early 20th century. The 1897 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Russian Empire Census</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a> reported 196,854 (13.06%) Crimean Tatars, 404,463 (27.94%) Russians and 611,121 (42.21%) Ukrainians. But these numbers included Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky <a href="/wiki/Uyezds" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezds">uyezds</a>, which were on the mainland, not in Crimea. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch,_Ukraine_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch%2C_Ukraine_b.jpg/250px-Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch%2C_Ukraine_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch%2C_Ukraine_b.jpg/330px-Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch%2C_Ukraine_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch%2C_Ukraine_b.jpg/500px-Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kerch%2C_Ukraine_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Catholic Church of Santa Maria Assunta in <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>, reference for the <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Italians of Crimea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian emigration</a> to the Crimea came from various Italian regions (<a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>), with immigrants settling mainly in the coastal cities of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berdiansk" title="Berdiansk">Berdiansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, with which the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a bitter period began for minorities in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Italians of Crimea</a> therefore faced much repression. Between 1936 and 1938, during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, many Italians were accused of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and were arrested, tortured, deported or executed. The few survivors were allowed to return to Kerch in the 1950s and 1960s during <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s administration. The descendants of the surviving Italians of Crimea currently account for <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people, mainly residing in Kerch. The population number excluding these uyezds is given in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size:80%; width=100%"> <tbody><tr style="background:#e0e0e0;" valign="top"> <th rowspan="1">Date </th> <th>1785 <sup id="cite_ref-:03_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1795 <sup id="cite_ref-:03_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1816 <sup id="cite_ref-:03_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1835 <sup id="cite_ref-:03_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1850 <sup id="cite_ref-:03_114-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1864 <sup id="cite_ref-:03_114-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">1897</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/First_All-Union_Census_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union">1926</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1939<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1959)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1959)">1959</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1970)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1970)">1970</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1979<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1989)">1989</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-census_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District_census_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Federal District census (2014)">2014</a><sup id="cite_ref-2014-Russian-census_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014-Russian-census-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;" valign="top"> <th rowspan="1">Carried out by </th> <th colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </th> <th colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Ukraine </th> <th colspan="2">Russia </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>% </th> <th>% </th> <th>% </th> <th>% </th> <th>% </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>4.4% </td> <td>6.6% </td> <td>28.5% </td> <td>180,963</td> <td>33.11% </td> <td>301,398</td> <td>42.2% </td> <td>558,481</td> <td>49.6% </td> <td>858,273</td> <td>71.4% </td> <td>1,220,484</td> <td>67.3% </td> <td>1,460,980</td> <td>66.9% </td> <td>1,629,542</td> <td>67.0% </td> <td>1,450,400</td> <td>60.4% </td> <td>1,492,078</td> <td>67.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>7% </td> <td> </td> <td>64,703</td> <td>11.84% </td> <td>77,405</td> <td>10.6% </td> <td>154,123</td> <td>13.7% </td> <td>267,659</td> <td>22.3% </td> <td>480,733</td> <td>26.5% </td> <td>547,336</td> <td>25.1% </td> <td>625,919</td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>576,600</td> <td>24.0% </td> <td>344,515</td> <td>15.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> </td> <td>84.1% </td> <td>87.6% </td> <td>85.9% </td> <td>83.5% </td> <td>77.8% </td> <td>50.3% </td> <td>194,294</td> <td>35.55% </td> <td>179,094</td> <td>25.1% </td> <td>218,879</td> <td>19.4% </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>5,422</td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>38,365</td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>245,200</td> <td>10.2% </td> <td>232,340</td> <td>10.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,058</td> <td>0.38% </td> <td>3,842</td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>6,726</td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>21,672</td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>39,793</td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>45,000 (e)</td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>50,045</td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>35,000</td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>21,694</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>.6% </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>1% </td> <td>6.5% </td> <td>8,317</td> <td>1.52% </td> <td>10,713</td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>12,923</td> <td>1.1% </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>3,091</td> <td>0.2% </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>2,794</td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>10,000</td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>11,030</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>24,168</td> <td>4.42% </td> <td>45,926</td> <td>6.4% </td> <td>65,452</td> <td>5.8% </td> <td>26,374</td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>25,614</td> <td>1.4% </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>17,371</td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>5,500</td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>3,374</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Others </td> <td>13.7% </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>5.4% </td> <td>7.7% </td> <td>72,089</td> <td>13.19% </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>c.27,500</td> <td>2.3% </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>92,533</td> <td>4.2% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <td align="left">Total population stating nationality </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">546,592 </td> <td colspan="2">713,823 </td> <td colspan="2">1,126,429 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">1,813,502 </td> <td colspan="2">2,184,000 </td> <td colspan="2">2,430,495 </td> <td colspan="2">2,401,200 </td> <td colspan="2">2,197,564 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nationality not stated </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">12,000 </td> <td colspan="2">87,205 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e0e0e0;"> <td align="left">Total population </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">1,201,517 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2">2,458,600 </td> <td colspan="2">2,413,200 </td> <td colspan="2">2,284,769 </td></tr> </tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG/440px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Foros_Church" title="Foros Church">Foros Church</a> near Yalta</figcaption></figure> <p>Crimean Tatars, a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> ethnic minority who in 2001 made up 12.1% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-2001CensusUKRCR_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001CensusUKRCR-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed in Crimea in the early modern era, after the Crimean Khanate had come into existence. The Crimean Tatars were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">forcibly expelled</a> to Central Asia by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s government as a form of collective punishment, on the grounds that some had joined the invading <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Legion">Tatar Legions</a>, during World War II. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Crimean Tatars began to return to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian population census</a>, 60% of the population of Crimea are ethnic Russians and 24% are ethnic Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-2001CensusUKRCR_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001CensusUKRCR-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a> in Crimea were historically <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a> (the latter a small group centered at <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a>). The 1879 census for the Taurida Governorate reported a Jewish population of 4.20%, not including a Karaite population of 0.43%. The Krymchaks (but not the Karaites) were <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">targeted for annihilation</a> during <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Subdistrict" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurida Subdistrict">Nazi occupation</a>. The Nazis <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">murdered</a> around 40,000 Crimean Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea Germans</a> was 60,000 in 1939. During WWII, they were forcibly deported on the orders of Stalin, as they were regarded as a potential "fifth column".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was part of the 800,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Germans in Russia</a> who were relocated within the Soviet Union during Stalinist times.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2001 Ukrainian census reports just 2,500 ethnic Germans (0.1% of population) in Crimea. </p><p>Besides the Crimean Germans, Stalin in 1944 also deported 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bulgarians" title="Crimean Bulgarians">Crimean Bulgarians</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Italians of Crimea</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Life expectancy at birth</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Republic_of_Crimea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy in the Republic of Crimea"><img alt="Life expectancy in the Republic of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Republic_of_Crimea.png/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Republic_of_Crimea.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Republic_of_Crimea.png/500px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Republic_of_Crimea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Republic_of_Crimea.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy in <span class="nowrap">the Republic of Crimea</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Sevastopol.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy in Sevastopol"><img alt="Life expectancy in Sevastopol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Sevastopol.png/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Sevastopol.png" decoding="async" width="207" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Sevastopol.png/500px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Sevastopol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Sevastopol.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy in Sevastopol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Crimea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy in Crimea and neighboring regions"><img alt="Life expectancy in Crimea and neighboring regions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Crimea.png/500px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Crimea.png" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Crimea.png/679px-Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Crimea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Life_expectancy_in_Russia_-Crimea.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy in Crimea and neighboring regions </div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Religion</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Crimea (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-2013survey_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013survey-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:DarkOrchid;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> (58%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> (15%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Honeydew;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Belief without religion (10%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Black;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a> (2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Yellow;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other religion (2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:RosyBrown;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Not stated (13%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:RosyBrown;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Not stated (13%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkOrchid;color:#000" title="Orthodox (58%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkOrchid;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.080turn)" title="Orthodox (58%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.580turn)" title="Muslim (15%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.605turn)" title="Muslim (15%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Honeydew;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.730turn)" title="Belief without religion (10%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Honeydew;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.760turn)" title="Belief without religion (10%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.830turn); background:Black;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Atheist (2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.850turn); background:Yellow;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other religion (2%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>In 2013, Orthodox Christians made up 58% of the Crimean population, followed by Muslims (15%) and believers in God without religion (10%).<sup id="cite_ref-2013survey_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013survey-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian annexation of Crimea">2014 Russian annexation of Crimea</a>, 38 out of the 46 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate</a> parishes in Crimea ceased to exist; in three cases, churches were seized by the Russian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding the annexation, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> kept control of its <a href="/wiki/Eparchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchies">eparchies</a> in Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_legends" title="Crimean legends">Crimean legends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg/250px-1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg/330px-1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg/500px-1837._%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> in Bakhchisaray Palace. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Chernetsov" title="Grigory Chernetsov">Grigory Chernetsov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>What is thought to be the first work of literature in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a>, a version of <i><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_and_Zulaykha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf and Zulaykha">Yusuf and Zulaykha</a></i>, was composed around the early thirteenth century, apparently by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1ml%C4%B1" title="Mahmud Qırımlı">Mahmud Qırımlı</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a> in 1820 and later wrote the poem <a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_of_Bakhchisaray" title="The Fountain of Bakhchisaray">The Fountain of Bakhchisaray</a>. Crimea was the background for <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>'s seminal work, <a href="/wiki/The_Crimean_Sonnets" title="The Crimean Sonnets">The Crimean Sonnets</a> inspired by his 1825 travel. A series of 18 <a href="/wiki/Sonnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonnets">sonnets</a> constitute an artistic telling of a journey to and through the Crimea, they feature romantic descriptions of the oriental nature and culture of the East which show the despair of an exile longing for the homeland, driven from his home by a violent enemy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a>, the 19th-century marine painter of Armenian origin, who is considered one of the major artists of his era was born in <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a> and lived there for the most part of his life. Many of his paintings depict the Black Sea. He also created battle paintings during the Crimean War.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg/220px-ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg/330px-ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg/440px-ESC2016_winner%27s_press_conference_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Crimean tatar singer <a href="/wiki/Jamala" title="Jamala">Jamala</a> dedicated her 2016 <a href="/wiki/Eurovision" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovision">Eurovision</a> winning song "<a href="/wiki/1944_(song)" title="1944 (song)">1944</a>" to the deported Crimean Tatars</figcaption></figure> <p>Crimean Tatar singer <a href="/wiki/Jamala" title="Jamala">Jamala</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2016">Eurovision Song Contest 2016</a> representing Ukraine with her song "<a href="/wiki/1944_(song)" title="1944 (song)">1944</a>", about the historic deportation of Crimean Tatars in that year by Soviet authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of the Russian squadron in Sevastopol by Ivan Aivazovsky (1846)"><img alt="Painting of the Russian squadron in Sevastopol by Ivan Aivazovsky (1846)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg/200px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg/300px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg/400px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_The_Russian_Squadron_on_the_Sebastopol_Roads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of the Russian squadron in Sevastopol by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a> (1846)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The grave of Russian poet and artist Maximilian Voloshin"><img alt="The grave of Russian poet and artist Maximilian Voloshin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG/250px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG/500px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C._%D0%9E._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The grave of Russian poet and artist <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Voloshin" title="Maximilian Voloshin">Maximilian Voloshin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_at_KaZantip.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People at the Kazantip music festival in 2007"><img alt="People at the Kazantip music festival in 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/People_at_KaZantip.jpg/200px-People_at_KaZantip.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/People_at_KaZantip.jpg/300px-People_at_KaZantip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/People_at_KaZantip.jpg/400px-People_at_KaZantip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">People at the <a href="/wiki/Kazantip" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazantip">Kazantip</a> music festival in 2007</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">Crimea's vote to join Russia</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> in March 2014, the top football clubs withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_football_league_system" title="Ukrainian football league system">Ukrainian leagues</a>. Some clubs registered to join the Russian leagues but the <a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation of Ukraine">Football Federation of Ukraine</a> objected. <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> ruled that Crimean clubs could not join the Russian leagues but should instead be part of a Crimean league system. The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Premier_League" title="Crimean Premier League">Crimean Premier League</a> is now the top professional football league in Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Crimean-born athletes have been given permission to compete for Russia instead of Ukraine at future competitions, including <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rebrik" title="Vera Rebrik">Vera Rebrik</a>, the European javelin champion.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Russia currently being suspended from all international athletic competitions</a>, Rebrik participates in tournaments as a "neutral" athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansaray1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakhchisaray Palace"><img alt="Bakhchisaray Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hansaray1.jpg/378px-Hansaray1.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hansaray1.jpg/567px-Hansaray1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hansaray1.jpg/755px-Hansaray1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray Palace">Bakhchisaray Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dulber_Palace.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dulber Palace in Koreiz"><img alt="Dulber Palace in Koreiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dulber_Palace.JPG/340px-Dulber_Palace.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dulber_Palace.JPG/511px-Dulber_Palace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dulber_Palace.JPG/680px-Dulber_Palace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dulber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulber">Dulber</a> Palace in <a href="/wiki/Koreiz" title="Koreiz">Koreiz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vorontsov Palace"><img alt="Vorontsov Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg/383px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg/576px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg/767px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vorontsov%27s_Palace_(Alupka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorontsov's Palace (Alupka)">Vorontsov Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Livadia Palace"><img alt="Livadia Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_002.jpg/500px-%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_002.jpg/960px-%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Livadia_Palace" title="Livadia Palace">Livadia Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta-catholic_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catholic church in Yalta"><img alt="Catholic church in Yalta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yalta-catholic_church.jpg/336px-Yalta-catholic_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yalta-catholic_church.jpg/505px-Yalta-catholic_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Yalta-catholic_church.jpg/672px-Yalta-catholic_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catholic church in Yalta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral,_Chersones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Vladimir's Cathedral, dedicated to the Heroes of Sevastopol (Crimean War)."><img alt="St. Vladimir's Cathedral, dedicated to the Heroes of Sevastopol (Crimean War)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral%2C_Chersones.jpg/500px-St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral%2C_Chersones.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral%2C_Chersones.jpg/511px-St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral%2C_Chersones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral%2C_Chersones.jpg/680px-St._Volodymyr%27s_Cathedral%2C_Chersones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Vladimir%27s_Cathedral,_Sevastopol" title="St. Vladimir's Cathedral, Sevastopol">St. Vladimir's Cathedral</a>, dedicated to the Heroes of Sevastopol (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine">2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Crimea" title="List of cities in Crimea">List of cities in Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Crimea" title="Politics of Crimea">Politics of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Ukrainian_Friendship_Treaty" title="Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty">Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty</a> of 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Крым</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Krym</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Крим</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Krym</i></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i><span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Latn">Qırım</span></i>, <span title="Crimean Tatar-language text" lang="crh-Cyrl">Къырым</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κιμμερία, Ταυρική</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kimmería / Taurikḗ</i></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russia underwent a series of political changes in the period of the raids. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> overthrew Turco-Mongol lordship, and expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> in 1547. From 1721, following the reforms of Peter the Great, it was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204121301/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/of43wDjn/PrPopul2021_Site.xls"><bdi lang="ru">Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2021 года</bdi></a> [The population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2021]. <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">Russian Federal State Statistics Service</a></i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/of43wDjn/PrPopul2021_Site.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2021+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Fof43wDjn%2FPrPopul2021_Site.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INTLCOM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INTLCOM_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INTLCOM_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INTLCOM_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/ukraines-president-pledges-to-return-russia-annexed-crimea">"Ukraine's president pledges to 'return' Russia-annexed Crimea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 23 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+president+pledges+to+%27return%27+Russia-annexed+Crimea&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F23%2Fukraines-president-pledges-to-return-russia-annexed-crimea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maiolino Bisaccioni, Giacomo Pecini, <i>Historia delle guerre ciuili di questi vltimi tempi, cioe, d'Inghilterra, Catalogna, Portogallo, Palermo, Napoli, Fermo, Moldauia, Polonia, Suizzeri, Francia, Turco</i>. per Francesco Storti. Alla Fortezza, sotto il portico de' Berettari, 1655, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1AQbgLabIoC&pg=PA349">p. 349</a>: "dalla fortuna de Cosacchi dipendeva la sicurezza della Crimea". Nicolò Beregani, <i>Historia delle guerre d'Europa</i>, Volume 2 (1683), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28BCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251">p. 251</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"State Papers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oY1h2Pa1kaUC&pg=PA364"><i>The Annual Register or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1783</i></a>. J. Dodsley. 1785. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615403851" title="Special:BookSources/9781615403851"><bdi>9781615403851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Papers&rft.btitle=The+Annual+Register+or+a+View+of+the+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Literature+for+the+Year+1783&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1785&rft.isbn=9781615403851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoY1h2Pa1kaUC%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, Volume 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvENAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA306">306f.</a> "the peninsula of Crim Tartary, known to the ancients under the name of Chersonesus Taurica"; ibid. Volume 10 (1788), p. 211: "The modern reader must not confound this old Cherson of the Tauric or Crimean peninsula with <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">a new city</a> of the same name". See also John Millhouse, <i>English-Italian</i> (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfAPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA597">p. 597</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/02/27/to-understand-crimea-take-a-look-back-at-its-complicated-history/">"To understand Crimea, take a look back at its complicated history"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=To+understand+Crimea%2C+take+a+look+back+at+its+complicated+history&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F02%2F27%2Fto-understand-crimea-take-a-look-back-at-its-complicated-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Smith, <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i> (1854), s.v. <i>Taurica Chersonesus</i>. vol. ii, p. 1109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abū al-Fidā, Mukhtaṣar tāʾrīkh al-bashar (<a href="/wiki/Concise_History_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise History of Humanity">"A Brief History of Mankind"</a>), 1315–1329; English translation of chronicle contemporaneous with Abū al-Fidā in <i>The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince : Abul̓-Fidā,̕ sultan of Ḥamāh (672-732/1273-1331)</i> by Peter M. Holt, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1983, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Allworth, <i>The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents</i>, Duke University Press, 1998, p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Radlov" title="Vasily Radlov">W. Radloff</a>, <i>Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte</i> (1888), ii. 745</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Vernadsky, Michael Karpovich, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfANAQAAMAAJ">A History of Russia</a></i>, Yale University Press, 1952, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfANAQAAMAAJ&q=qirim">p. 53</a>. "The name Crimea is to be derived from the Turkish word <i>qirim</i> (hence the Russian <i>krym</i>), which means "fosse" and refers more specifically to the Perekop Isthmus, the old Russian word <i>perekop</i> being an exact translation of the Turkish <i>qirim</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Proto-Turkic root is cited as *<i>kōrɨ-</i> "to fence, protect" <a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Starostin" title="Georgiy Starostin">Starling</a> (citing Севортян Э. В. и др. [E. W. Sewortyan et al.], <i> Этимологический словарь тюркских языков</i> [An Etymological Dictionary of the Turkic languages] (1974–2000) 6, 76–78).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Allworth, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srR_4d3mjTAC">The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents</a></i>, Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Edith Hall</a>, <i>Adventures with Iphigenia in Tauris</i> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">p. 176</a>: "it was indeed at some point between the 1730s and the 1770s that the dream of recreating ancient 'Taurida' in the southern Crimea was conceived. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine</a>'s plan was to create a paradisiacal imperial 'garden' there, and her Greek archbishop <a href="/wiki/Eugenios_Voulgaris" title="Eugenios Voulgaris">Eugenios Voulgaris</a> obliged by inventing a new etymology for the old name of Tauris, deriving it from <i>taphros</i>, which (he claimed) was the ancient Greek for a ditch dug by human hands."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991558_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. (Alfred Denis) Godley. <i>Herodotus</i>. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. vol. 2, 1921, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/John_Krueger" title="John Krueger">John Richard Krueger</a>, specialist in the studies of Chuvash, Yakut, and the Mongolian languages in Edward Allworth, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srR_4d3mjTAC">The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland : Studies and Documents</a></i>, Duke University Press, 1998, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdsyAQAAQBAJ">Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures</a>, BRILL, 2011, p.753, n. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mongolian <i>kori<sup>−</sup></i> is explained as a loan from Turkic by Doerfer <i>Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen</i> 3 (1967), 450 and by Щербак, <i>Ранние тюркско-монгольские языковые связи (VIII-XIV вв.)</i> (1997) p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history1779-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history1779_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCompiled_from_original_authors1779" class="citation book cs1">Compiled from original authors (1779). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCsIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA129">"The History of the Bosporus"</a>. <i>An Universal History, From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Bosporus&rft.btitle=An+Universal+History%2C+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1779&rft.au=Compiled+from+original+authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCCsIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norwich2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Julius_Norwich2013" class="citation book cs1">John Julius Norwich (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JtvMQEACAAJ"><i>A Short History of Byzantium</i></a>. Penguin Books, Limited. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-95305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-95305-1"><bdi>978-0-241-95305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-241-95305-1&rft.au=John+Julius+Norwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JtvMQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slater, Eric. "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475." <i>Review (Fernand Braudel Center)</i> 29, no. 3 (2006): 271–83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40241665">40241665</a>. pp. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Glyn_Williams" title="Brian Glyn Williams">Brian Glyn Williams</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf">"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. p. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Raiders%3A+The+Military+Role+of+the+Crimean+Tatars+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Brian+Glyn+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FCrimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GP223-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GP223_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Anderson1958" class="citation journal cs1">M. S. Anderson (December 1958). "The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783-4". <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>37</b> (88): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205010">4205010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=The+Great+Powers+and+the+Russian+Annexation+of+the+Crimea%2C+1783-4&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=88&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1958-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4205010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=M.+S.+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span> which would later see Russia's frontier expand westwards to the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416183025/http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html">"Crimean War (1853–1856)"</a>. <i>Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War</i>. <b>2</b>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+World+History%3A+War&rft.atitle=Crimean+War+%281853%E2%80%931856%29&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnilogos.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fcrimean-war-1853-1856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blacksea-crimea/hist-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blacksea-crimea/hist_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404102214/http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html">"History"</a>. <i>blacksea-crimea.com</i>. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blacksea-crimea.com&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-crimea.com%2Fhistory1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy</i> By Mark Clarence Walke (page 107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-szporluk-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-szporluk_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia</i> edited by Roman Szporluk (page 174)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5_May_1992_in_Crimea-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5_May_1992_in_Crimea_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_KolstoeAndrei_Edemsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kolstoe; Andrei Edemsky (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1C2MHgujb4C&pg=PA194">"The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine"</a>. <i>Russians in the Former Soviet Republics</i>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-206-9"><bdi>978-1-85065-206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eye+of+the+Whirlwind%3A+Belarus+and+Ukraine&rft.btitle=Russians+in+the+Former+Soviet+Republics&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1995-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-206-9&rft.au=Paul+Kolstoe&rft.au=Andrei+Edemsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1C2MHgujb4C%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2010" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Don H., ed. (2010). <i>Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements</i>. University of Georgia Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820337371" title="Special:BookSources/9780820337371"><bdi>9780820337371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secession+as+an+International+Phenomenon%3A+From+America%27s+Civil+War+to+Contemporary+Separatist+Movements&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780820337371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EN25214-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EN25214_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073813/http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/25/ukraine-leader-turchynov-warns-of-danger-of-separatism/">"Ukraine leader Turchynov warns of 'danger of separatism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. 25 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/25/ukraine-leader-turchynov-warns-of-danger-of-separatism/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+leader+Turchynov+warns+of+%27danger+of+separatism%27&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2014%2F02%2F25%2Fukraine-leader-turchynov-warns-of-danger-of-separatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian226-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian226_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/26/ukraine-new-leader-disbands-riot-police-crimea-separatism">"Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 26 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+puts+military+on+high+alert+as+Crimea+protests+leave+one+man+dead&rft.date=2014-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F26%2Fukraine-new-leader-disbands-riot-police-crimea-separatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFГоловко2021" class="citation web cs1">Головко, Володимир (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=zakhoplennja_budivli_verkhovnoji_rady_avtonomnoji_respubliky_krym_2014">"ЗАХОПЛЕННЯ БУДІВЛІ ВЕРХОВНОЇ РАДИ АВТОНОМНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ КРИМ 2014"</a>. <i>Енциклопедія історії України</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF+%D0%91%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%86%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%86+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%87+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%94%D0%98+%D0%90%D0%92%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%87+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9C+2014&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fcgi-bin%2Feiu%2Fhistory.exe%3FZ21ID%3D%26I21DBN%3DEIU%26P21DBN%3DEIU%26S21STN%3D1%26S21REF%3D10%26S21FMT%3Deiu_all%26C21COM%3DS%26S21CNR%3D20%26S21P01%3D0%26S21P02%3D0%26S21P03%3DTRN%3D%26S21COLORTERMS%3D0%26S21STR%3Dzakhoplennja_budivli_verkhovnoji_rady_avtonomnoji_respubliky_krym_2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedorchak2024" class="citation book cs1">Fedorchak, Viktoriya (19 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWjwEAAAQBAJ&dq=parliamentary+building+in+Simferopol+and+other+main+governmental&pg=PT58"><i>The Russia-Ukraine War: Towards Resilient Fighting Power</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-040-00731-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-040-00731-0"><bdi>978-1-040-00731-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russia-Ukraine+War%3A+Towards+Resilient+Fighting+Power&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft.isbn=978-1-040-00731-0&rft.aulast=Fedorchak&rft.aufirst=Viktoriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWjwEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dparliamentary%2Bbuilding%2Bin%2BSimferopol%2Band%2Bother%2Bmain%2Bgovernmental%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_HigginsSteven_Erlanger2014" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Higgins; Steven Erlanger (27 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html?_r=0">"Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gunmen+Seize+Government+Buildings+in+Crimea&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.au=Andrew+Higgins&rft.au=Steven+Erlanger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcrimea-ukraine.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marxsen, Christian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf4/Marxsen_2014_-_The_crimea_crisis_-_an_international_law_perspective.pdf">The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective</a>. Max-Planck-Institut. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2014/ga11493.doc.htm">"General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region"</a>. <i>UN Press</i>. 27 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Press&rft.atitle=General+Assembly+Adopts+Resolution+Calling+upon+States+Not+to+Recognize+Changes+in+Status+of+Crimea+Region&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2014%2Fga11493.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNGA-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNGA_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNGA_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/455/17/pdf/n1345517.pdf?token=QCsLVasx7bgFzsMcTD&fe=true">"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 March 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Department of General Assembly and Conference Management</a>. 1 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+adopted+by+the+General+Assembly+on+27+March+2014&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+General+Assembly+and+Conference+Management&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.un.org%2Fdoc%2Fundoc%2Fgen%2Fn13%2F455%2F17%2Fpdf%2Fn1345517.pdf%3Ftoken%3DQCsLVasx7bgFzsMcTD%26fe%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKRMFA-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKRMFA_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKRMFA_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.ua/en/temporary-occupation-autonous-republic-crimea-and-city-sevastopol">"Temporary Occupation of Crimea and City of Sevastopol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine</a></i>. 22 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Temporary+Occupation+of+Crimea+and+City+of+Sevastopol&rft.date=2022-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.ua%2Fen%2Ftemporary-occupation-autonous-republic-crimea-and-city-sevastopol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a> may also be referred to as the Yaylâ Dağ or Alpine Meadow Mountains.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crimea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crimea">"Crimea" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">449–</span>450, see line one. <q>...ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crimea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E450%2C+see+line+one&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extremetime.ru/en/tours/krim_3kaniona.aspx">"Three canyons trekking (Chernorechensky Canyon, Uzunja Canyon and Grand Crimean Canyon). Journey by a mountainous part of Crimea"</a>. extremetime.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Three+canyons+trekking+%28Chernorechensky+Canyon%2C+Uzunja+Canyon+and+Grand+Crimean+Canyon%29.+Journey+by+a+mountainous+part+of+Crimea.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextremetime.ru%2Fen%2Ftours%2Fkrim_3kaniona.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaoshvili2002" class="citation book cs1">Jaoshvili, Shalva (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/eua/02/C__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf"><i>The rivers of the Black Sea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/891861999">891861999</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310073738/http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-bn/eua/02/C__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rivers+of+the+Black+Sea&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=European+Environment+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F891861999&rft.aulast=Jaoshvili&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedz.bib.uni-mannheim.de%2Fdaten%2Fedz-bn%2Feua%2F02%2FC__DOKUME~1_ZEFZEI_LOKALE~1_TEMP_plugtmp_tech71_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jalita.com/big_yalta/yalta/derekoika.shtml">"Дерекойка, река"</a> [Derekoika river]. <i>Путеводитель по отдыху в Ялте</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjalita.com%2Fbig_yalta%2Fyalta%2Fderekoika.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaoshvili2002">Jaoshvili 2002</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSE-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSE_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrinevetsky,_Sergei_R.2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grinevetsky, Sergei R.; et al., eds. (2014). "Alma, Kacha River". <i>The Black Sea Encyclopedia</i>. Berlin: Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA390">390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55226-7"><bdi>978-3-642-55226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alma%2C+Kacha+River&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=38+and+390&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-642-55226-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canal-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canal_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canal_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/4/dam-leaves-crimea-population-in-chronic-water-shortage">"Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage"</a>. <i>Al-Jazeera</i>. 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Dam+leaves+Crimea+population+in+chronic+water+shortage&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F1%2F4%2Fdam-leaves-crimea-population-in-chronic-water-shortage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirzoyeva,_Natalya2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mirzoyeva, Natalya; et al. (2015). "Radionuclides and mercury in the salt lakes of the Crimea". <i>Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology</i>. <b>33</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1413–</span>1425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChJOL..33.1413M">2015ChJOL..33.1413M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00343-015-4374-5">10.1007/s00343-015-4374-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-4059">0254-4059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131703200">131703200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Oceanology+and+Limnology&rft.atitle=Radionuclides+and+mercury+in+the+salt+lakes+of+the+Crimea&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1413-%3C%2Fspan%3E1425&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00343-015-4374-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131703200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0254-4059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ChJOL..33.1413M&rft.au=Mirzoyeva%2C+Natalya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKayukova,_Elena2014" class="citation book cs1">Kayukova, Elena (2014). "Resources of Curative Mud of the Crimea Peninsula". In Balderer, Werner; Porowski, Adam; Idris, Hussein; LaMoreaux, James W. (eds.). <i>Thermal and Mineral Waters</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28824-1_6">10.1007/978-3-642-28824-1_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28823-4"><bdi>978-3-642-28823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resources+of+Curative+Mud+of+the+Crimea+Peninsula&rft.btitle=Thermal+and+Mineral+Waters&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-28824-1_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-28823-4&rft.au=Kayukova%2C+Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogutskaya,_NinaHales,_Jennifer" class="citation web cs1">Bogutskaya, Nina; Hales, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162528/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Crimea_Peninsula">"426: Crimea Peninsula"</a>. <i>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World</i>. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/crimea_peninsula">the original</a> on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freshwater+Ecoregions+of+the+World&rft.atitle=426%3A+Crimea+Peninsula&rft.au=Bogutskaya%2C+Nina&rft.au=Hales%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feow.org%2Fecoregions%2Fdetails%2Fcrimea_peninsula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523160806/http://en.reporter-ua.ru/in-crimea-has-receded-one-of-the-largest-reservoirs.html">"In Crimea has receded one of the largest reservoirs"</a>. <i>News from Ukraine</i>. 19 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.reporter-ua.ru/in-crimea-has-receded-one-of-the-largest-reservoirs.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+from+Ukraine&rft.atitle=In+Crimea+has+receded+one+of+the+largest+reservoirs&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.reporter-ua.ru%2Fin-crimea-has-receded-one-of-the-largest-reservoirs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-construction-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-construction_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tymchenko, Z. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2014/05/13/142692/">North Crimean Canal. History of construction</a></i>. (Russian) <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. 13 May 2014 (Krymskiye izvestiya. November 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html">"Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Pray+For+Rain%3A+Crimea%27s+Dry-Up+A+Headache+For+Moscow%2C+Dilemma+For+Kyiv&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fpray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv%2F30515986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine--crimea-water-shortage-drought/30903039.html">"Crimea Drills For Water As Crisis Deepens In Parched Peninsula"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Crimea+Drills+For+Water+As+Crisis+Deepens+In+Parched+Peninsula&rft.date=2020-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine--crimea-water-shortage-drought%2F30903039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalemMakarova2014" class="citation news cs1">Salem, Harriet; Makarova, Ludmila (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/28/crimean-annexation-dacha-vladimir-putin-russian-president">"Crimean annexation brings dacha prize closer for Putin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Crimean+annexation+brings+dacha+prize+closer+for+Putin&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft.au=Makarova%2C+Ludmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmar%2F28%2Fcrimean-annexation-dacha-vladimir-putin-russian-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimeaclimate-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeaclimate_58-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901153138/http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=28&par=8&f=us">"Description of the Crimean Climate"</a>. Autonomous Republic of Crimea Information Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=28&par=8&f=us">the original</a> on 1 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+Crimean+Climate&rft.pub=Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea+Information+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.crimea-portal.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3F%26v%3D8%26tek%3D28%26par%3D8%26f%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crimeageography-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crimeageography_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeageography_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeageography_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeageography_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeageography_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crimeageography_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903233704/http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=27&par=8&art=3&date=&f=us">"Geographical Survey of the Crimean region"</a>. Autonomous Republic of Crimea Information Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?&v=8&tek=27&par=8&art=3&date=&f=us">the original</a> on 3 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographical+Survey+of+the+Crimean+region&rft.pub=Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea+Information+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.crimea-portal.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3F%26v%3D8%26tek%3D27%26par%3D8%26art%3D3%26date%3D%26f%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303193251/http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/climate.html">"Climate in Crimea, Weather in Yalta: How Often Does it Rain in Crimea?"</a>. Blacksea-crimea.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+in+Crimea%2C+Weather+in+Yalta%3A+How+Often+Does+it+Rain+in+Crimea%3F&rft.pub=Blacksea-crimea.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-crimea.com%2Fclimate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-ukraine-update-crimea-attracts-more-4-million-tourists-despite-annexation-2141287">"Russia-Ukraine Update: Crimea Attracts More Than 4 Million Tourists Despite Annexation"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. 14 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+Update%3A+Crimea+Attracts+More+Than+4+Million+Tourists+Despite+Annexation&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Frussia-ukraine-update-crimea-attracts-more-4-million-tourists-despite-annexation-2141287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10671066/What-is-the-Crimea-and-why-does-it-matter.html">"What is the Crimea, and why does it matter?"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 2 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10671066/What-is-the-Crimea-and-why-does-it-matter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Crimea%2C+and+why+does+it+matter%3F&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fukraine%2F10671066%2FWhat-is-the-Crimea-and-why-does-it-matter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crimea_Annexation_'Robbery_on_International_Scale'-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crimea_Annexation_'Robbery_on_International_Scale'_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2014/March/Russias-Deputy-PM-Scoffs-at-US-Sanctions/">"Crimea Annexation 'Robbery on International Scale'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CBN News</i>. CBN News. 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBN+News&rft.atitle=Crimea+Annexation+%27Robbery+on+International+Scale%27&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fcbnnews%2Fworld%2F2014%2FMarch%2FRussias-Deputy-PM-Scoffs-at-US-Sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Черное_море_признано-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Черное_море_признано_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackseanews.net/read/64439">"Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков"</a> [The Black Sea is recognized as one of the most unwelcoming places for sailors]. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="International Transport Workers' Federation">International Transport Workers' Federation</a></i>. BlackSeaNews. 27 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Transport+Workers%27+Federation&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackseanews.net%2Fread%2F64439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021320/http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/">"Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат"</a>. <i>mrd.gks.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp/">the original</a> on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mrd.gks.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%3A%3A%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrd.gks.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Frosstat_ts%2Fmrd%2Fru%2Fstatistics%2Fgrp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYurchenkoDzhabbarovBigg2014" class="citation news cs1">Yurchenko, Stas; Dzhabbarov, Usein; Bigg, Claire (5 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/tourist-season-washout-in-annexed-crimea/25446604.html">"Tourist Season A Washout in Annexed Crimea"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Tourist+Season+A+Washout+in+Annexed+Crimea&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft.aulast=Yurchenko&rft.aufirst=Stas&rft.au=Dzhabbarov%2C+Usein&rft.au=Bigg%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Ftourist-season-washout-in-annexed-crimea%2F25446604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/krym/Itogi-sezona-2013-v-Krymu-turistov-otpugnul-servis-i-anomalnoe-poholodanie-.html"><bdi lang="ru">Итоги сезона-2013 в Крыму: туристов отпугнул сервис и аномальное похолодание</bdi></a>. <i>Segodnya.ua</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Segodnya.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-2013+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%3A+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segodnya.ua%2Fregions%2Fkrym%2FItogi-sezona-2013-v-Krymu-turistov-otpugnul-servis-i-anomalnoe-poholodanie-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/rus/file/statistika_turizma_za_2014_god.pdf">"Справочная информация о количестве туристов, посетивших Республику Крым за 2014 год"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Министерство курортов и туризма Республики Крым<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmtur.rk.gov.ru%2Frus%2Ffile%2Fstatistika_turizma_za_2014_god.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/spravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf">"Справочная информация о количестве туристов, посетивших республику крым за 2016 год"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Министерство курортов и туризма Республики Крым<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2016+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmtur.rk.gov.ru%2Ffile%2Fspravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMU-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121174522/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361">"Autonomous Republic of Crimea – Information card"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/printable_article?art_id=301361">the original</a> on 21 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+of+Ministers+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea+%E2%80%93+Information+card&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmu.gov.ua%2Fcontrol%2Fen%2Fpublish%2Fprintable_article%3Fart_id%3D301361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-deficit/russia-to-cover-crimeas-1-5-billion-budget-deficit-with-state-funds-tv-idUSL6N0MG4EF20140319">"Russia to cover Crimea's $1.5 billion budget deficit with state funds- TV"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+to+cover+Crimea%27s+%241.5+billion+budget+deficit+with+state+funds-+TV&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fukraine-crisis-crimea-deficit%2Frussia-to-cover-crimeas-1-5-billion-budget-deficit-with-state-funds-tv-idUSL6N0MG4EF20140319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daane-et-al-2008-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daane-et-al-2008_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaaneCooperTriapitsynWalton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Daane, Kent M.; Cooper, Monica L.; Triapitsyn, Serguei V.; Walton, Vaughn M.; Yokota, Glenn Y.; Haviland, David R.; Bentley, Walt J.; Godfrey, Kris E.; Wunderlich, Lynn R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3733%2Fca.v062n04p167">"Vineyard managers and researchers seek sustainable solutions for mealybugs, a changing pest complex"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/California_Agriculture" title="California Agriculture">California Agriculture</a></i>. <b>62</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Division_of_Agriculture_and_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources">UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR)</a>: <span class="nowrap">167–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3733%2Fca.v062n04p167">10.3733/ca.v062n04p167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0845">0008-0845</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54928048">54928048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Vineyard+managers+and+researchers+seek+sustainable+solutions+for+mealybugs%2C+a+changing+pest+complex&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54928048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-0845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3733%2Fca.v062n04p167&rft.aulast=Daane&rft.aufirst=Kent+M.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Monica+L.&rft.au=Triapitsyn%2C+Serguei+V.&rft.au=Walton%2C+Vaughn+M.&rft.au=Yokota%2C+Glenn+Y.&rft.au=Haviland%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Bentley%2C+Walt+J.&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+Kris+E.&rft.au=Wunderlich%2C+Lynn+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3733%252Fca.v062n04p167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Critchley-1998-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Critchley-1998_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Critchley-1998_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Critchley-1998_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCritchley1998" class="citation journal cs1">Critchley, Brian R. (1998). "Literature review of sunn pest <i>Eurygaster integriceps</i> Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae)". <i><a href="/wiki/Crop_Protection_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop Protection (journal)">Crop Protection</a></i>. <b>17</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Plant_Protection_Sciences" title="International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences">International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>287. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998CrPro..17..271C">1998CrPro..17..271C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0261-2194%2898%2900022-2">10.1016/s0261-2194(98)00022-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-2194">0261-2194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83631999">83631999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crop+Protection&rft.atitle=Literature+review+of+sunn+pest+Eurygaster+integriceps+Put.+%28Hemiptera%2C+Scutelleridae%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E287&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0261-2194%2898%2900022-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83631999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0261-2194&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998CrPro..17..271C&rft.aulast=Critchley&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurygaster-maura-AgroAtlas-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eurygaster-maura-AgroAtlas_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Eurygaster_maura/index.html">"Pests - <i>Eurygaster maura</i> Linnaeus - Sunn Pest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AgroAtlas" class="mw-redirect" title="AgroAtlas">AgroAtlas</a></i>. 7 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AgroAtlas&rft.atitle=Pests+-+Eurygaster+maura+Linnaeus+-+Sunn+Pest&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroatlas.ru%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fpests%2FEurygaster_maura%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khaustov-2000-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khaustov-2000_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaustov_AA2000" class="citation journal cs1">Khaustov AA (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20023164491">"Mites of the genus <i>Elattoma</i> (Acariformes, Pygmephoridae) from Crimea and North-West Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestnik_Zoologii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestnik Zoologii (page does not exist)">Vestnik Zoologii</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+Zoologii&rft.atitle=Mites+of+the+genus+Elattoma+%28Acariformes%2C+Pygmephoridae%29+from+Crimea+and+North-West+Russia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Khaustov+AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fcabdirect%2Fabstract%2F20023164491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofstetter-Moser-2014-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hofstetter-Moser-2014_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofstetterMoser2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hofstetter, R.W.; Moser, J.C. (7 January 2014). "The Role of Mites in Insect-Fungus Associations". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a></i>. <b>59</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: <span class="nowrap">537–</span>557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011613-162039">10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24188072">24188072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Mites+in+Insect-Fungus+Associations&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E537-%3C%2Fspan%3E557&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24188072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011613-162039&rft.aulast=Hofstetter&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Moser%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGloystein2014" class="citation news cs1">Gloystein, Henning (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-gas-crimea-idUSL6N0M41R320140307">"Ukraine's Black Sea gas ambitions seen at risk over Crimea"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Black+Sea+gas+ambitions+seen+at+risk+over+Crimea&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.aulast=Gloystein&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fukraine-crisis-gas-crimea-idUSL6N0M41R320140307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eegas.com/ukraine.htm">"Ukrainian Gas Pipelines"</a>. East European Gas Analysis. 9 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Gas+Pipelines&rft.pub=East+European+Gas+Analysis&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eegas.com%2Fukraine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26387353">"Ukraine crisis in maps"</a>. BBC. 3 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis+in+maps&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-26387353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326085019/http://www.invest-crimea.gov.ua/news_body.php?news_id=504&locale=en">"Investment portal of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea – investments in Crimea – "Chernomorneftegaz" presented a program of development till 2015"</a>. Invest-crimea.gov.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invest-crimea.gov.ua/news_body.php?news_id=504&locale=en">the original</a> on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investment+portal+of+the+Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea+%E2%80%93+investments+in+Crimea+%E2%80%93+%22Chernomorneftegaz%22+presented+a+program+of+development+till+2015&rft.pub=Invest-crimea.gov.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invest-crimea.gov.ua%2Fnews_body.php%3Fnews_id%3D504%26locale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914005809/http://www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/"><bdi lang="ru">Генерация электроэнергии в Крыму выросла до 963 МВт</bdi></a> (in Russian). 21 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscrimea.ru/generaciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt/">the original</a> on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE+963+%D0%9C%D0%92%D1%82&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscrimea.ru%2Fgeneraciya-elektroenergii-v-krymu-vyrosla-do-963-mvt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-crimea-left-in-dark-after-russian-power-shutdown-2017-7">"Crimea goes dark after Russian shutdown leaves the peninsula without power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Crimea+goes+dark+after+Russian+shutdown+leaves+the+peninsula+without+power&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fafp-crimea-left-in-dark-after-russian-power-shutdown-2017-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-bridge-idUSKCN0XF1YS">"Putin orders military exercise as protesters clash in Crimea"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Putin+orders+military+exercise+as+protesters+clash+in+Crimea&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ukraine-crisis-crimea-bridge-idUSKCN0XF1YS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008055108/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html">"Massive explosion reported on Crimea's Kerch bridge | CNN"</a>. 8 October 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/08/europe/crimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk/index.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massive+explosion+reported+on+Crimea%27s+Kerch+bridge+%7C+CNN&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F10%2F08%2Feurope%2Fcrimea-bridge-explosion-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/traffic-stopped-crimean-bridge-due-emergency-russian-backed-governor-2023-07-17/">"Traffic stopped on Crimean Bridge, reports of blasts"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 17 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Traffic+stopped+on+Crimean+Bridge%2C+reports+of+blasts&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ftraffic-stopped-crimean-bridge-due-emergency-russian-backed-governor-2023-07-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crimea-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crimea_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103162437/http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/Places/trolleybuses.html">"The longest trolleybus line in the world!"</a>. <i>blacksea-crimea.com</i>. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blacksea-crimea.com&rft.atitle=The+longest+trolleybus+line+in+the+world%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-crimea.com%2FPlaces%2Ftrolleybuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150324131614/http://www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/">"История "Артека"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [History of Artek]. <i>Артек</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artek.org/History%20Artek/history%20/">the original</a> on 24 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%22&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artek.org%2FHistory%2520Artek%2Fhistory%2520%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span> (This has a slow to load URL.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tub-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tub_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tub_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607133524/http://ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html">"Артек – международный детский центр"</a> [The International Children Center Artek], <i>Города и области Украины (Cities and regions of Ukraine)</i>, 7 June 2014, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukrainian.su/kryim/artek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%28Cities+and+regions+of+Ukraine%29&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA+%E2%80%93+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80&rft.date=2014-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukrainian.su%2Fkryim%2Fartek-mezhdunarodnyiy-detskiy-tsentr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article072849.html">"Артек"</a> [Entry on Artek], <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>, 3rd ed.</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia%2C+3rd+ed.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse.sci-lib.com%2Farticle072849.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2012" class="citation web cs1">National Geographic Society (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130171317/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013">"Best Trips 2013, Crimea"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/best-trips-2013/">the original</a> on 30 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Best+Trips+2013%2C+Crimea&rft.date=2012-12&rft.au=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Fbest-trips-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826">"Australia imposes sanctions on Russians after annexation of Crimea from Ukraine"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+imposes+sanctions+on+Russians+after+annexation+of+Crimea+from+Ukraine&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-03-19%2Faustralia-sanctions-russia-ukraine%2F5331826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/japan-imposes-sanctions-against-russia-over-crimea-independence/">"Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence"</a>. Fox News Channel. 18 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+imposes+sanctions+against+Russia+over+Crimea+independence&rft.pub=Fox+News+Channel&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fjapan-imposes-sanctions-against-russia-over-crimea-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/126986">"EU sanctions add to Putin's Crimea headache"</a>. <i>EUobserver</i>. 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUobserver&rft.atitle=EU+sanctions+add+to+Putin%27s+Crimea+headache&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fforeign%2F126986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2014-60/page-1.html">"Special Economic Measures (Ukraine) Regulations"</a>. Canadian Justice Laws Website. 17 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Economic+Measures+%28Ukraine%29+Regulations&rft.pub=Canadian+Justice+Laws+Website&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fregulations%2FSOR-2014-60%2Fpage-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229083957/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx">"Australia and sanctions – Consolidated List – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade"</a>. Dfat.gov.au. 25 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/sanctions/Pages/consolidated-list.aspx">the original</a> on 29 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+and+sanctions+%E2%80%93+Consolidated+List+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.pub=Dfat.gov.au&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Finternational-relations%2Fsecurity%2Fsanctions%2FPages%2Fconsolidated-list.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/142174.pdf">"Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the European Union on the alignment of certain third countries with the Council Decision 2014/145/CFSPconcerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of Ukraine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Union. 11 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+by+the+High+Representative+on+behalf+of+the+European+Union+on+the+alignment+of+certain+third+countries+with+the+Council+Decision+2014%2F145%2FCFSPconcerning+restrictive+measures+in+respect+of+actions+undermining+or+threatening+the+territorial+integrity%2C+sovereignty+and+independence+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=European+Union&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fuedocs%2Fcms_Data%2Fdocs%2Fpressdata%2Fen%2Fcfsp%2F142174.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/crimea-hit-by-multiple-sanctions-as-power-transport-and-banking-communications-are-cut-off-376206.html">"Crimea hit by multiple sanctions as power, transport and banking communications are cut off"</a>. <i>Kyiv Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Crimea+hit+by+multiple+sanctions+as+power%2C+transport+and+banking+communications+are+cut+off&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fkyiv-post-plus%2Fcrimea-hit-by-multiple-sanctions-as-power-transport-and-banking-communications-are-cut-off-376206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/26/visa-and-mastercard-quit-crimea-over-us-sanctions/">"Visa and MasterCard quit Crimea over US sanctions"</a>. Euronews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Visa+and+MasterCard+quit+Crimea+over+US+sanctions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2014%2F12%2F26%2Fvisa-and-mastercard-quit-crimea-over-us-sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakortoffcorrespondent2022" class="citation news cs1">Makortoff, Kalyeena; correspondent, Kalyeena Makortoff Banking (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/06/russians-visa-mastercard-ban-domestic-purchases-mir">"Mastercard and Visa block in Russia does not stop domestic purchases"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mastercard+and+Visa+block+in+Russia+does+not+stop+domestic+purchases&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Makortoff&rft.aufirst=Kalyeena&rft.au=correspondent%2C+Kalyeena+Makortoff+Banking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2Fmar%2F06%2Frussians-visa-mastercard-ban-domestic-purchases-mir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/23521/what-happened-to-russian-fintech-after-the-global-cancelling">"What happened to Russian fintech after the global 'cancelling'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Finextra Research</i>. 7 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finextra+Research&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+Russian+fintech+after+the+global+%27cancelling%27&rft.date=2023-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finextra.com%2Fblogposting%2F23521%2Fwhat-happened-to-russian-fintech-after-the-global-cancelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/economy/810614">"Cards of Russia's Mir payment system will start working in Crimea in December — official"</a>. <i>TASS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Cards+of+Russia%27s+Mir+payment+system+will+start+working+in+Crimea+in+December+%E2%80%94+official&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Feconomy%2F810614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/russia/773646">"MasterCard ready to resume operation in Crimea after sanctions lifted"</a>. <i>TASS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=MasterCard+ready+to+resume+operation+in+Crimea+after+sanctions+lifted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Frussia%2F773646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.com/economy/797272">"Operations with Visa, MasterCard cards may resume in Crimea by year-end — NSPC CEO"</a>. <i>TASS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=Operations+with+Visa%2C+MasterCard+cards+may+resume+in+Crimea+by+year-end+%E2%80%94+NSPC+CEO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.com%2Feconomy%2F797272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-crimea-banks-idUSL6N0N01X620140409">"Sanctions trump patriotism for Russian banks in Crimea"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 9 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sanctions+trump+patriotism+for+Russian+banks+in+Crimea&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fukraine-crisis-crimea-banks-idUSL6N0N01X620140409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcky-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcky_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-24/kyiv-vows-to-restore-ukrainian-rule-in-russia-annexed-crimea/101363692">"Kyiv vows to restore Ukrainian rule over Crimea to re-establish 'world law and order'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. ABC NEWS. 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyiv+vows+to+restore+Ukrainian+rule+over+Crimea+to+re-establish+%27world+law+and+order%27&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-08-24%2Fkyiv-vows-to-restore-ukrainian-rule-in-russia-annexed-crimea%2F101363692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104175105/http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People">"Results of Census: Population of Crimea is 2.284 Million People – Information agency "Krym Media"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.krymedia.ru/society/3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People">the original</a> on 4 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+Census%3A+Population+of+Crimea+is+2.284+Million+People+%E2%80%93+Information+agency+%22Krym+Media%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.krymedia.ru%2Fsociety%2F3365334-Results-of-Census-Population-of-Crimea-is-2284-Million-People&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/regions/reg_crym/">"Regions of Ukraine / Autonomous Republic of Crimea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Ukrainian+Census&rft.atitle=Regions+of+Ukraine+%2F+Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fregions%2Freg_crym%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_Russian_Census-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014_Russian_Census_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Таблицы с итогами Федерального статистического наблюдения "Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе"</bdi></a> [Tables with the results of the Federal Statistical Observation "Population Census in the Crimean Federal District"] <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/.xlsx" class="mw-redirect" title=".xlsx">.xlsx</a>)</span>. <i>gks.ru</i> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Rosstat</a>. 14–25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gks.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%22&rft.date=2014-10-14%2F2014-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fpopulation%2Fdemo%2Fperepis_krim%2Ftab-krim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dt-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dt_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702211328/http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html">"Census of the population is transferred to 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Dzerkalo Tzhnia</a></i> (in Ukrainian). 20 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/perepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tzhnia&rft.atitle=Census+of+the+population+is+transferred+to+2016&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FUKRAINE%2Fperepis-naselennya-pereneseno-na-2016-rik-128768_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/">"Results / General results of the census / Linguistic composition of the population / Autonomous Republic of Crimea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Ukrainian+Census&rft.atitle=Results+%2F+General+results+of+the+census+%2F+Linguistic+composition+of+the+population+%2F+Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Flanguage%2FCrimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avrupatimes.com/culture/3676-crimean-tatar-language-in-danger.html">"Crimean Tatar language in danger"</a>. avrupatimes.com. 19 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatar+language+in+danger&rft.pub=avrupatimes.com&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avrupatimes.com%2Fculture%2F3676-crimean-tatar-language-in-danger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022912/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh">"Crimean Tatar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=crh">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimean+Tatar&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ethnologue.com%2F16%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dcrh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/articoli/scritto_e_parlato/Europa11.html">"Europa e Mediterraneo d'Italia. L'italiano nelle comunità storiche da Gibilterra a Costantinopoli - 10. Gli italiani di Crimea | Treccani, il portale del sapere"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Europa+e+Mediterraneo+d%27Italia.+L%27italiano+nelle+comunit%C3%A0+storiche+da+Gibilterra+a+Costantinopoli+-+10.+Gli+italiani+di+Crimea+%7C+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fmagazine%2Flingua_italiana%2Farticoli%2Fscritto_e_parlato%2FEuropa11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_114-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_114-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2017" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Kelly Ann (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ47DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23150-2"><bdi>978-0-300-23150-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1007823334">1007823334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Crimea%3A+A+History+of+Catherine+the+Great%27s+Southern+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1007823334&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23150-2&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZ47DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These numbers exclude the population numbers for Berdyansky, Dneprovsky and Melitopolsky Uyezds, which were on mainland. See the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate#Administrative_divisions" title="Taurida Governorate">administrative divisions of the Taurida Governorate</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php?reg=1420">"The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897 – Taurida Governorate"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i>. Демоскоп<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=The+First+General+Census+of+the+Russian+Empire+of+1897+%E2%80%93+Taurida+Governorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_lan_97_uezd_eng.php%3Freg%3D1420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=788">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_26.php%3Freg%3D788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=68">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_39.php%3Freg%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/ussr59_reg1.php">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. <i>demoscope.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fussr59_reg1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crimea – Dynamics, challenges and prospects / edited by Maria Drohobycky. Page 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">this combines the figures for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, listing groups of more than 5,000 individuals. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/">"About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Ukrainian+Census&rft.atitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea+by+data+All-Ukrainian+population+census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2FCrimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Sevastopol/">"Sevastopol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Ukrainian+Census&rft.atitle=Sevastopol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2FSevastopol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span>;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/estimate/">"About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Ukrainian+Census&rft.atitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+Ukraine+by+data+All-Ukrainian+Population+Census+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Festimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014-Russian-census-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014-Russian-census_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Итоги Переписи Населения В Крымском Федеральном Округе [Censuses in Crimean Federal District], Таблицы с итогами Федерального статистического наблюдения "Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе" [Tables with the results of the Federal Statistical observation "Census in the Crimean Federal District"] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-04-01.xlsx">4.1 Национальный Состав Населения</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331214907/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/perepis_krim/tab-krim/pub-04-01.xlsx">Archived</a> 31 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [4.1. National composition of population]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001CensusUKRCR-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001CensusUKRCR_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001CensusUKRCR_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Crimea/">"About number and composition population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea by data All-Ukrainian population census"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 Ukrainian Census</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001+Ukrainian+Census&rft.atitle=About+number+and+composition+population+of+Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea+by+data+All-Ukrainian+population+census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2FCrimea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, J. Otto. <i>The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror</i>. Mc Farland & Company, Inc, Publishers. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000604031122/http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html">"23"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/statshist.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronet.nl%2Fusers%2Fsota%2Fstatshist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArad2009" class="citation book cs1">Arad, Yitzhak (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAb5tY4Ai8C&pg=PA211"><i>The Holocaust in the Soviet Union</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803222700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803222700"><bdi>978-0803222700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009-01&rft.isbn=978-0803222700&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqAb5tY4Ai8C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010115522/http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/docs/Deportation%20and%20Destruction%20Soviet%20Germans.pdf">The Deportation and Destruction of the German Minority in the USSR</a>" (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpohl.blogspot.co.uk/2006/08/on-germans-living-on-territory-of.html">On Germans Living on the Territory of the Ukrainian SSR</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldade.net/Arrests/NKVD.pdf">NKVD Arrest List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216105025/http://www.goldade.net/Arrests/NKVD.pdf">Archived</a> 16 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/people.html"><i>A People on the Move: Germans in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union: 1763 – 1997</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801122713/https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/people.html">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. North Dakota State University Libraries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131817/http://jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/372.full.pdf">The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union</a>" (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013survey-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2013survey_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2013survey_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2013%20October%207%20Survey%20of%20Crimean%20Public%20Opinion,%20May%2016-30,%202013.pdf">"Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Opinion+Survey+Residents+of+the+Autonomous+Republic+of+Crimea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2013%2520October%25207%2520Survey%2520of%2520Crimean%2520Public%2520Opinion%2C%2520May%252016-30%2C%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span>, The sample consisted of 1,200 permanent Crimea residents older than the age of 18 and eligible to vote and is representative of the general population by age, gender, education and religion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/society/10295148-russia-seeks-to-crush-ukrainian-orthodox-church-in-crimea-for-helping-resist-russification-khpg.html">Russia seeks to crush Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Crimea for helping resist Russification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> (11 October 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsru.com/religy/10mar2015/krim_upcmp.html">Статус епархий в Крыму остался неизменным, заявили в УПЦ Московского патриархата</a> <a href="/wiki/NEWSru" title="NEWSru">NEWSru</a>, 10 March 2015.<br /><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/society/18/08/2014/570420d59a794760d3d40c5f">The Ukrainian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate demanded the return of the Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBK_Group" title="RBK Group">RBK Group</a> (18 August 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmiramzaieva2020" class="citation journal cs1">Emiramzaieva, A. S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philol.vernadskyjournals.in.ua/journals/2020/1_2020/part_4/22.pdf">"ТВОРЧІСТЬ ТА ЖИТТЯ МАХМУДА КИРИМЛИ У ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВЧОМУ ВИСВІТЛЕННІ: ІСТОРІЯ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ"</a> [MAKHMUD KIRIMLI’S LIFE AND WORKS IN LITERARY ASPECT: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES OF STUDY] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific Notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, Series Philology. Social Communications</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32838%2F2663-6069%2F2020.1-4%2F20">10.32838/2663-6069/2020.1-4/20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Notes+of+Taurida+National+V.I.+Vernadsky+University%2C+Series+Philology.+Social+Communications&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A7%D0%86%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%AC+%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%96%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A2%D0%AF+%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A5%D0%9C%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%90+%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%A3+%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%92%D0%A7%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%A3+%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%86%D0%A2%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%86%3A+%D0%86%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%86%D0%AF+%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%92%D0%98+%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%94%D0%96%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32838%2F2663-6069%2F2020.1-4%2F20&rft.aulast=Emiramzaieva&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilol.vernadskyjournals.in.ua%2Fjournals%2F2020%2F1_2020%2Fpart_4%2F22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogachevsky" class="citation web cs1">Rogachevsky, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319030420/http://www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm">"Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tufts.edu/programs/mma/fah189/2003/alex/aboutframeset.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivan+Aivazovsky+%281817%E2%80%931900%29&rft.pub=Tufts+University&rft.aulast=Rogachevsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tufts.edu%2Fprograms%2Fmma%2Ffah189%2F2003%2Falex%2Faboutframeset.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens2016" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Heidi (15 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/may/14/ukraine-wins-eurovision-jamala-1944">"Eurovision 2016: Ukraine's Jamala wins with politically charged 1944"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eurovision+2016%3A+Ukraine%27s+Jamala+wins+with+politically+charged+1944&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2016%2Fmay%2F14%2Fukraine-wins-eurovision-jamala-1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926072249/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/uefa-backed-league-starts-play-crimea-094547026--sow.html">"UEFA-backed league starts play in Crimea"</a>. <i>Yahoo Sports</i>. 23 August 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/news/uefa-backed-league-starts-play-crimea-094547026--sow.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Sports&rft.atitle=UEFA-backed+league+starts+play+in+Crimea&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fuefa-backed-league-starts-play-crimea-094547026--sow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1032350/ukrainian-sport-minister-urges-federations-not-to-let-athletes-switch-to-russia-without-serving-qualifying-period">"Ukrainian Sport Minister urges Federations not to let athletes switch to Russia without serving qualifying period"</a>. 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Sport+Minister+urges+Federations+not+to+let+athletes+switch+to+Russia+without+serving+qualifying+period&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1032350%2Fukrainian-sport-minister-urges-federations-not-to-let-athletes-switch-to-russia-without-serving-qualifying-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.com/sport/954771">14 Russians bid to take part in IAAF World Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/TASS_news_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="TASS news agency">TASS news agency</a> (5 July 2017)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski" title="Tadeusz Sulimirski">Sulimirski, Tadeusz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_(archaeologist)" title="Timothy Taylor (archaeologist)">Taylor, T. F.</a> (1991). "The Scythians". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). <i>The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">547–</span>590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scythians&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E590&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Sulimirski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Taylor%2C+T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Crimea</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Crimea" class="extiw" title="wikt:Crimea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crimea" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Crimea">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crimea" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Crimea">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Crimea" class="extiw" title="voy:Crimea">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7835" class="extiw" title="d:Q7835">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crimea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crimea">"Crimea" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">449–</span>450.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crimea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iccrimea.org/place/placenames.html">Lists of Crimean Tartar villages emptied in the May 1944 deportations, and most of them renamed in Russian</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crimea_articles397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crimea_topics" title="Template:Crimea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crimea_topics" title="Template talk:Crimea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crimea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crimea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crimea_articles397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimea</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Crimea" title="Greek Crimea">Greek Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Roman_era" title="Crimea in the Roman era">Crimea in the Roman era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson (theme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatziri" title="Akatziri">Akatziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_Gazaria" title="Genoese Gazaria">Genoese Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Genoese–Mongol Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaigns_of_1687_and_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689">Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">1783 annexation by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crimea in the Soviet Union">Soviet period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Crimea_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Crimea during World War II">Crimea in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">1944 Crimean Tatar deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_Crimean_toponyms" title="Renaming of Crimean toponyms">Renaming of Crimean toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">1954 transfer to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_repatriation" title="Crimean Tatar repatriation">Crimean Tatar repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Crimea" title="President of Crimea">President of Crimea (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 status referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014 annexation by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Crimea,_Terra-MODIS,_05-16-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Crimea"><img alt="Satellite image of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/120px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/250px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabat_Spit" title="Arabat Spit">Arabat Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Arabat" title="Bay of Arabat">Arabat Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Cave_(Crimea)" title="Marble Cave (Crimea)">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyalova_cave" title="Vyalova cave">Vyalova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Perekop Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">Southern Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Crimea" title="Administrative divisions of Crimea">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Crimea" title="List of cities in Crimea">Cities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban-type_settlements_in_Ukraine_by_subdivision#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban-type settlements in Ukraine by subdivision">Urban-type settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Crimea" title="Administrative divisions of Crimea">administrative divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Crimea" title="Politics of Crimea">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a><br />(Ukrainian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea" title="Verkhovna Rada of Crimea">Supreme Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Council_of_Crimea" title="List of chairmen of the Supreme Council of Crimea">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Crimea" title="Prime Minister of Crimea">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Crimea" title="Council of Ministers of Crimea">Council of Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_City_Council" title="Sevastopol City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_City_State_Administration" title="Sevastopol City State Administration">State administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Sevastopol" title="Mayor of Sevastopol">Mayor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">Russian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Constitution of the Republic of Crimea">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Head of the Republic of Crimea">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Crimea" title="State Council of Crimea">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Crimean parliamentary election">2014 parliamentary election</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sevastopol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Sevastopol" title="Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sevastopol_(Russia)" title="Governor of Sevastopol (Russia)">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sevastopol_gubernatorial_election" title="2017 Sevastopol gubernatorial election">2017 election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District" title="Crimean Federal District">Crimean Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Crimea">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Trolleybus" title="Crimean Trolleybus">Crimean Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sports6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Premier_League" title="Crimean Premier League">Crimean Premier League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Crimea" title="Demographics of Crimea">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Crimea">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Crimea">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Crimea" title="Religion in Crimea">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Odesa-Simferopol" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archiepiscopal_Exarchate_of_Krym" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Krym">Ukrainian Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Crimea">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Crimea">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimea" title="Category:Crimea">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/20px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/40px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7835#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7835#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7835#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235468721">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033166-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Krym (Ukrajina)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129692&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Krym (poloostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1150317&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX6120727">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3cc9dfbe-e4b6-4e49-8bbc-3cb16932086a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/226778">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045059">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kirim">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\R\Crimea">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&oldid=1281461899">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&oldid=1281461899</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimea" title="Category:Crimea">Crimea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimean_Tatars" title="Category:Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_regions_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Geographic regions of Ukraine">Geographic regions of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Europe" title="Category:Peninsulas of Europe">Peninsulas of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkic_toponyms" title="Category:Turkic toponyms">Turkic toponyms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2015" title="Category:Use British English from August 2015">Use British English from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2022">Use dmy dates from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from March 2014">Articles needing cleanup from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_sections_that_need_to_be_turned_into_prose_from_March_2014" title="Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from March 2014">Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 March 2025, at 14:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimea</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>154 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8cb67659-nkq45","wgBackendResponseTime":297,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.987","walltime":"2.504","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13582,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":485235,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22004,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":73,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":478337,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2069.871 1 -total"," 29.62% 613.139 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.44% 278.259 56 Template:Cite_web"," 9.08% 187.877 1 Template:Infobox_peninsulas"," 8.02% 166.079 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.40% 132.495 1 Template:Crimea_topics"," 6.23% 128.902 1 Template:Country_topics"," 5.94% 122.980 2 Template:Efn"," 5.79% 119.924 1 Template:Bulleted_list"," 5.66% 117.105 28 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.162","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23016613,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_HigginsSteven_Erlanger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogutskaya,_NinaHales,_Jennifer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompiled_from_original_authors1779\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaaneCooperTriapitsynWalton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmiramzaieva2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorchak2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGloystein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinevetsky,_Sergei_R.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstetterMoser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaoshvili2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Julius_Norwich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayukova,_Elena2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaustov_AA2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFM._S._Anderson1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakortoffcorrespondent2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirzoyeva,_Natalya2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_KolstoeAndrei_Edemsky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogachevsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalemMakarova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYurchenkoDzhabbarovBigg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFГоловко2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 57,\n [\"Col-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 27,\n [\"Coord\"] = 13,\n [\"Crh\"] = 2,\n [\"Crimea topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox peninsulas\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lacking overview\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 2,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 32,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sp\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","26.7"],["?","200","16.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","5.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.0"],["(for generator)","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.3"],["coins_cleanup \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/COinS:132\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","200","16.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b664fb875-z4zpv","timestamp":"20250327225130","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Crimea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7835","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7835","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-30T18:55:43Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T14:53:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/Map_of_the_Crimea.png","headline":"Eastern European peninsula, in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, disputed between Ukraine (de jure) and Russia (de facto)"}</script> </body> </html>