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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evidence of the cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_of_the_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascent_and_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascent_and_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ascent and acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascent_and_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_disappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_disappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Decline and disappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"twin_brother"_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"twin_brother"_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The "twin brother" doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_"twin_brother"_doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of Zurvanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Zurvanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materialist_Zurvanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materialist_Zurvanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Materialist Zurvanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materialist_Zurvanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascetic_Zurvanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascetic_Zurvanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ascetic Zurvanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascetic_Zurvanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatalistic_Zurvanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatalistic_Zurvanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fatalistic Zurvanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatalistic_Zurvanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mistaken_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mistaken_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mistaken identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mistaken_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_legacy_of_Zurvanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_legacy_of_Zurvanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The legacy of Zurvanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_legacy_of_Zurvanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zurvanism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زورانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زورانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanizm" title="Zurvanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zurvanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Зурванизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зурванизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanisme" title="Zurvanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zurvanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvan" title="Zurvan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zurvan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanismus" title="Zurvanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zurvanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zurvanism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanismo" title="Zurvanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zurvanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آیین زروانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین زروانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervanisme" title="Zervanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zervanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Զրվանականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զրվանականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerwanisme" title="Zerwanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zerwanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanismo" title="Zurvanismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zurvanismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="זורוואניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זורוואניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervan" title="Zervan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zervan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurv%C3%A1nizmus" title="Zurvánizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zurvánizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervanisma" title="Zervanisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zervanisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="زورانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زورانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanisme" title="Zurvanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zurvanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ズルワーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ズルワーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanisme" title="Zurvanisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zurvanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zervanisme" title="Zervanisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zervanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurwanizm" title="Zurwanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zurwanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanismo" title="Zurvanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zurvanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvan" title="Zurvan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zurvan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Зурванизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зурванизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvalaisuus" title="Zurvalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zurvalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvan" title="Zurvan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zurvan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Зурванизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зурванизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanizm" title="Zurvanizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zurvanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Зурванізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зурванізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanizm" title="Zurvanizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zurvanizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9B" title="祖尔宛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祖尔宛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1423009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zurvanism</b> is a fatalistic religious movement of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Enc-Ira-2014-Zurv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enc-Ira-2014-Zurv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the divinity <b>Zurvan</b> is a <a href="/wiki/First_principle#Mythical_cosmogonies" title="First principle">first principle</a> (primordial <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>) who engendered <a href="#twin-brother-doctrine">equal-but-opposite twins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>. Zurvanism is also known as "Zurvanite Zoroastrianism", and may be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Mazdaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdaism">Mazdaism</a>. </p><p>In Zurvanism, Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name <i>Zurvan</i> is a normalized rendition of the word, which in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> appears as either <i>Zurvān</i>, <i>Zruvān</i> or <i>Zarvān</i>. The Middle Persian name derives from <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬰𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬥</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">zruuān</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'time', a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Gender_contrasts" title="Grammatical gender">grammatically neuter</a> noun). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_background">Origins and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the details of the origin and development of Zurvanism remain murky (for a summary of the three opposing opinions see <a href="#Ascent_and_acceptance">§ Ascent and acceptance</a> below), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was: </p> <dl><dd>(1) a branch of greater <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 157–304">: 157–304 </span></sup></dd> <dd>(2) a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: intro">: intro </span></sup> (see <a href="#The_"twin_brother"_doctrine">§ The "twin brother" doctrine</a> below);</dd> <dd>(3) probably introduced during the second half of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Henning-1951_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henning-1951-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 157–304">: 157–304 </span></sup></dd></dl> <p>Zurvanism enjoyed royal sanction during the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (226–651 CE) but no traces of it remain beyond the 10th century. Although Sasanian-era Zurvanism was certainly influenced by Hellenic philosophy, any relationship between it and the Greek divinity of <a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a> "Time" has not been conclusively established. Non-Zoroastrian accounts of typically Zurvanite beliefs were the first traces of Zoroastrianism to reach the west, leading European scholars to conclude that Zoroastrianism was a <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> religion, an issue of controversy among both scholars and contemporary practitioners of the faith. </p><p>Zurvan may be cognate with Sanskrit <i>sarva</i>, in which case the <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhist school</a>, is a continuation and reflects the etymology of both Zoroaster and Zurvan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence_of_the_cult">Evidence of the cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evidence of the cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence of the cult of Zurvan is found in the <i>History of Theology</i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a> (c. 370–300 BCE). As cited in <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a>'s <i>Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles</i> (6th century CE), Eudemus describes a sect of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> that considered Space/Time to be the primordial "father" of the rivals <i>Oromasdes</i> "of light" and <i>Arimanius</i> "of darkness".<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla-1932_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla-1932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 331–332">: 331–332 </span></sup> </p><p>The principal evidence for Zurvanite doctrine occurs in the polemical Christian tracts of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> writers of the Sasanian period (224–651 CE). Indigenous sources of information from the same period are the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a> inscription at <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th-century</a> edict of <a href="/wiki/Mihr-Narseh" title="Mihr-Narseh">Mihr-Narseh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">mowbadān-mowbad</a> or high priest under <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a>, the latter being the only native evidence from the Sasanian period that is frankly Zurvanite. The post-Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Zoroastrian Middle Persian</a> commentaries are primarily Mazdean and with only one exception (the <a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a></i> 9.30<sup id="cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkard-30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) do not mention Zurvan at all. </p><p>Of the remaining so-called <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi books">Pahlavi books</a>, only two, the <i><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Mēnōg-i Khrad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Wizidagiha-i_Zadspram" title="Wizidagiha-i Zadspram">Selections of Zādspram</a></i> (both <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a>) reveal a Zurvanite tendency. The latter, in which the priest Zādspram chastises his brother's un-Mazdaean ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the last text in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> that provides any evidence of the cult of Zurvan. The 13th century Zoroastrian <i>Ulema-i Islam</i> (<i>[Response] to Doctors of Islam</i>), a New Persian <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic text</a>, is unambiguously Zurvanite and is also the last direct evidence of Zurvan as a First Principle. </p><p>There is no hint of any worship of Zurvan in any of the texts of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, even though the texts (as they exist today) are the result of a Sasanian era redaction. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Robert Charles Zaehner</a> proposed that this is because the individual Sasanian monarchs were not always Zurvanite and that Mazdean Zoroastrianism just happened to have the upper hand during the crucial period that the canon was finally written down.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 48">: 48 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 108">: 108 </span></sup> In the texts composed prior to the Sasanian period, <i>Zurvan</i> appears twice, as both an abstract concept and as a minor divinity, but there is no evidence of a cult. In <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 72.10 Zurvan is invoked in the company of Space and Air (<i><a href="/wiki/Vata-Vayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vata-Vayu">Vata-Vayu</a></i>) and in <i>Yasht</i> 13.56, the plants grow in the manner Time has ordained according to the will of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a>. Two other references to Zurvan are also present in the <i>Vendidad</i>, but although these are late additions to the canon, they again do not establish any evidence of a cult. Zurvan does not appear in any listing of the <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla-1932_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla-1932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascent_and_acceptance">Ascent and acceptance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ascent and acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the cult of Zurvan remain debated. One view<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1939_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1939-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: intro">: intro </span></sup> considers Zurvanism to have developed out of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> as a reaction to the liberalization of the late <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a>-era form of the faith. Another view<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes that Zurvan existed as a pre-Zoroastrian divinity that was incorporated into Zoroastrianism. The third view<sup id="cite_ref-Cumont-Schaeder_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumont-Schaeder-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henning-1951_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henning-1951-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that Zurvanism is the product of the contact between Zoroastrianism and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian religion">Akkadian religions</a> (for a summary of opposing views see <span class="nowrap">Boyce<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup>).</span> </p><p>Certain however is that by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (226–651), the divinity "Infinite Time" was well established, and – as inferred from a <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> text presented to Shapur I, in which the name <i>Zurvan</i> was adopted for Manichaeism's primordial "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>" <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – enjoyed royal patronage. It was during the reign of Sasanian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (241–272 CE) that Zurvanism appears to have developed as a cult and it was presumably in this period that Greek and Indic concepts were introduced to Zurvanite Zoroastrianism. </p><p>It is however not known whether Sasanian-era Zurvanism and Mazdaism were separate sects, each with their own organization and priesthood, or simply two tendencies within the same body. That Mazdaism and Zurvanism competed for attention has been inferred from the works of Christian and Manichaean polemicists, but the doctrinal incompatibilities were not so extreme "that they could not be reconciled under the broad aegis of an imperial church".<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> More likely is that the two sects served different segments of Sasanian society, with dispassionate Zurvanism primarily operating as a mystic cult and passionate Mazdaism serving the community at large. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_disappearance">Decline and disappearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and disappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassanid_Empire_620.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sassanid_Empire_620.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> at its greatest extent (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 610 CE</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century, Zoroastrianism was gradually supplanted by Islam. The former continued to exist but in an increasingly reduced state, and by the 10th century the remaining Zoroastrians appear to have more closely followed the orthodoxy as found in the Pahlavi books (see also <a href="#The_legacy_of_Zurvanism">§ The legacy of Zurvanism</a> below). </p><p>Why the cult of Zurvan vanished, while Mazdaism did not, remains an issue of scholarly debate. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Christensen" title="Arthur Christensen">Arthur Christensen</a>, one of the first proponents of the theory that Zurvanism was the state religion of the Sasanians, suggested that the rejection of Zurvanism in the post-conquest epoch was a response and reaction to the new authority of Islamic monotheism that brought about a deliberate reform of Zoroastrianism that aimed to establish a stronger orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 305">: 305 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a> is of the opinion that the Zurvanite priesthood had a "strict orthodoxy which few could tolerate. Moreover, they interpreted the Prophet's message so dualistically that their God was made to appear very much less than all-powerful and all-wise. As reasonable as it might have appeared from a purely intellectual point of view, such an absolute dualism had neither the appeal of a real monotheism nor any mystical element with which to nourish its inner life."<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible explanation postulated by Boyce<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 308–309">: 308–309 </span></sup> is that Mazdaism and Zurvanism were divided regionally; that is, with Mazdaism being the predominant tendency in the regions to the north and east (<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapies</a> closest to Zoroaster's homeland), while Zurvanism was prominent in regions to the south and west (closer to Babylonian and Greek influence). This is supported by <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> evidence that indicates that 3rd century Mazdean Zoroastrianism had its stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, to the northeast. Following the fall of the Persian Empire, the south and west were relatively quickly assimilated under the banner of Islam, while the north and east remained independent for some time before these regions too were absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 308–309">: 308–309 </span></sup> This could also explain why Armenian/Syriac observations reveal a distinctly Zurvanite Zoroastrianism, and inversely, could explain the strong <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> connection and interaction with Zurvanism (see <a href="#Types_of_Zurvanism">§ Types of Zurvanism</a> below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"twin_brother"_doctrine"><span id="The_.22twin_brother.22_doctrine"></span>The "twin brother" doctrine<span class="anchor" id="twin-brother-doctrine"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The "twin brother" doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Classical Zurvanism" is a term coined by Zaehner<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: intro">: intro </span></sup> to denote the movement to explain the inconsistency of Zoroaster's description of the "twin spirits" as they appear in <i>Yasna</i> 30.3–5 of the Avesta. According to Zaehner, this "Zurvanism proper" was </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>genuinely Iranian and Zoroastrian in that it sought to clarify the enigma of the twin spirits that Zoroaster left unsolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> As the priesthood sought to explain it, if the <a href="/wiki/Malevolent_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malevolent Spirit">Malevolent Spirit</a> (lit: <i><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></i>) and the Benevolent Spirit (<i>Spenta Mainyu</i>, identified with <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>) were twins, then they must have had a parent, who must have existed before them. The priesthood settled on <i>Zurvan</i> – the hypostasis of (Infinite) Time – as being "the only possible 'Absolute' from whom the twins could proceed" and which was the source of good in the one and the source of evil in the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zurvanite "twin brother" doctrine is also evident in Zurvanism's cosmogonical <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>; the classic form of the creation myth does not contradict the Mazdean model of the origin and evolution of the universe, which begins where the Zurvanite model ends. It may well be that the Zurvanite <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a> was an adaptation of an antecedent Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a> cosmogony that portrayed Infinite Time as the "Father of Time" (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>) whom the Greeks equated with <i>Oromasdes</i>, i.e. Ohrmuzd / Ahura Mazda.<sup id="cite_ref-Cumont-Schaeder_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cumont-Schaeder-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_story">Creation story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Creation story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classic Zurvanite model of creation, preserved only by non-Zoroastrian sources, proceeds as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the beginning, the great God Zurvan existed alone. Desiring offspring that would create "heaven and hell and everything in between", Zurvan sacrificed for a thousand years. Towards the end of this period, androgyne Zurvan began to doubt the efficacy of sacrifice and in the moment of this doubt Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were conceived: Ohrmuzd for the sacrifice and Ahriman for the doubt. Upon realizing that twins were to be born, Zurvan resolved to grant the first-born sovereignty over creation. Ohrmuzd perceived Zurvan's decision, which He then communicated to His brother. Ahriman then preempted Ohrmuzd by ripping open the womb to emerge first. Reminded of the resolution to grant Ahriman sovereignty, Zurvan conceded, but limited kingship to a period of 9,000 years, after which Ohrmuzd would rule for all eternity.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 419–428">: 419–428 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Christian and Manichaean missionaries considered this doctrine to be exemplary of the Zoroastrian faith and it was these and similar texts that first reached the west. Corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Anquetil-Duperron" class="mw-redirect" title="Anquetil-Duperron">Anquetil-Duperron</a>'s "erroneous rendering" of <i>Vendidad</i> 19.9, these led to the late 18th-century century conclusion that Infinite Time was the first Principle of Zoroastrianism and Ohrmuzd was therefore only "the derivative and secondary character". Ironically, the fact that no Zoroastrian texts contained any hint of the born-of-Zurvan doctrine was considered to be evidence of a latter-day corruption of the original principles. The opinion that Zoroastrianism was so severely dualistic that it was, in fact, ditheistic or even tritheistic would be widely held until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla-1932_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla-1932-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 490–492">: 490–492 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 687">: 687 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Zurvanism">Types of Zurvanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of Zurvanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Zaehner,<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the doctrine of the cult of Zurvan appears to have three schools of thought, each to a different degree influenced by alien philosophies, which he calls </p> <ul><li><i>materialist</i> Zurvanism,</li> <li><i>ascetic</i> Zurvanism, and</li> <li><i>fatalistic</i> Zurvanism.</li></ul> <p>These are described in the following subsections. Zaehner proposes that each of three arose out of the <i>classical</i> Zurvanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materialist_Zurvanism">Materialist Zurvanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Materialist Zurvanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materialist Zurvanism was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedoclean</a> view of <i>matter</i>, and took "some very queer forms".<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Zoroaster's Ormuzd created the universe with his thought, materialist Zurvanism challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing. This challenge was a patently alien idea, discarding core Zoroastrian tenets in favor of the position that the spiritual world – including heaven and hell, reward and punishment – did not exist. </p><p>The fundamental division of the material and spiritual is not altogether foreign to the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>; <i>Geti</i> and <i>Mainyu</i> (middle Persian: <i>menog</i>) are terms in Mazdaist tradition, where Ahura Mazda is said to have created all first in its spiritual, then later in its material form. But the material Zurvanites redefined <i>menog</i> to suit Aristotelian principles to mean "that which did not (yet) have matter", or alternatively, "that which was still the unformed primal matter". Even this is not necessarily a violation of orthodox Zoroastrian tradition, since the divinity <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu-Vata" title="Vayu-Vata">Vayu</a></i> is present in the middle space between Ormuzd and Ahriman, the void separating the kingdoms of light and darkness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascetic_Zurvanism">Ascetic Zurvanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ascetic Zurvanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ascetic</i> Zurvanism, which was apparently not as popular as the <i>materialistic</i> kind, viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated Time, which, under the influence of desire, divided into <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> (a male principle) and <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a> (a female principle). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duchesne-Guillemin" title="Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin">Duchesne-Guillemin</a>, this division is "redolent of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> or – still better – of Indian cosmology". The parallels between Zurvan and <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10">10.129</a> had been taken by Widengren to be evidence of a proto-Indo-Iranian Zurvan, but these arguments have since been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, there is a semblance of Zurvanite elements in Vedic texts, and, as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a> puts it, "Time, for the Indians, is the raw material, the <i>materia prima</i> of all contingent being." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatalistic_Zurvanism">Fatalistic Zurvanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fatalistic Zurvanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine of Limited Time (allotted to <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a> by Zurvan) implied that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe, and the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. It followed that human destiny must then be decided by the constellations, stars and planets, who were divided between the good (the signs of the Zodiac) and the evil (the planets): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ohrmazd allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Menog-i Khirad</i> 38.4–5<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Fatalistic Zurvanism was evidently influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> astrology and perhaps also by Aristotle's theory of chance and fortune. The fact that Armenian and Syrian commentators translated <i>Zurvan</i> as "Fate" is highly suggestive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mistaken_identity">Mistaken identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mistaken identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his first manuscript of his book <i>Zurvan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a> identified the <a href="/wiki/Mithraism#Lion-headed_figure" title="Mithraism">leontocephalic deity</a> of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Mithraic_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic Mysteries">Mithraic Mysteries</a> as a representation of Zurvan. Zaehner later acknowledged this mis-identification as a "positive mistake",<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1972_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1972-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Cumont" title="Franz Cumont">Franz Cumont</a>'s late 19th century notion that the Roman cult was "Roman Mazdaism" transmitted to the west by Iranian priests. Mithraic scholars no longer follow this so-called 'continuity theory', but that has not stopped the fallacy (which Zaehner also attributes to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Cumont" title="Franz Cumont">Cumont</a>) from proliferating on the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_legacy_of_Zurvanism">The legacy of Zurvanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The legacy of Zurvanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No evidence of distinctly Zurvanite rituals or practices have been discovered, so followers of the cult are widely believed to have had the same rituals and practices as Mazdean Zoroastrians did. This is understandable, inasmuch as the Zurvanite doctrine of a monist First Principle did not preclude the worship of Ohrmuzd as the Creator (of the good creation). Similarly, no explicitly Zurvanite elements appear to have survived in modern Zoroastrianism. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Maneckji_Dhalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Maneckji Dhalla">Dhalla</a> explicitly accepted a modern Western version of the old Zurvanite heresy, according to which Ahura Mazda himself was the hypothetical 'father' of the twin Spirits of Y 30.3 ... Yet though Dhalla thus, under foreign influences, abandoned the fundamental doctrine of the absolute separation of good and evil, his book still breathes the sturdy, unflinching spirit of orthodox Zoroastrian dualism.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Mary Boyce</a><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-1979_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-1979-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 213">: 213 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Zurvanism begins with a heterodox interpretation of Zarathushtra's <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yes, there are two fundamental spirits, twins which are renowned to be in conflict. In thought and in word, in action they are two: the good and the bad.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Y 30.3 (trans. Insler<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then shall I speak of the two primal Spirits of existence, of whom the Very Holy thus spoke to the Evil One: "Neither our thoughts nor teachings nor wills, neither or words nor choices nor acts, not our inner selves nor our souls agree."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Y 45.2<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce-text-sources_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-text-sources-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A literal, anthropomorphic "twin brother" interpretation of these passages gave rise to a need to postulate a father for the postulated literal "brothers". Hence Zurvanism postulated a preceding parent deity that existed above the good and evil of his sons. This was an obvious usurpation of Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Moral_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral dualism">dualism</a>, a sacrilege against the moral preeminence of Ahura Mazda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The pessimism evident in fatalistic Zurvanism existed in stark contradiction to the positive moral force of Mazdaism, and was a direct violation of one of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>'s great contributions to religious philosophy: his uncompromising doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. In <i>Yasna</i> 30.2 and 45.9, Ahura Mazda "has left to men's wills" to choose between doing good and doing evil. By leaving destiny in the hands of fate (an omnipotent deity), the cult of Zurvan distanced itself from the most sacred of Zoroastrian tenets: that of the efficacy of good thoughts, good words and good deeds. </p><p>That the Zurvanite view of creation was an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> even for medieval Zoroastrians is apparent from the 10th century <i><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkard-30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in a commentary on <i>Yasna</i> 30.3–5 turns what the Zurvanites considered the words of the prophet into Zoroaster recalling "a proclamation of the Demon of Envy to mankind that Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were two in one womb".<sup id="cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkard-30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 9.30.4">: 9.30.4 </span></sup> </p><p>The fundamental goal of "classical Zurvanism" to bring the doctrine of the "twin spirits" in accord with what was otherwise understood of Zoroaster's teaching may have been excessive, but (according to Zaehner) it was not altogether misguided. In noting the emergence of an overtly dualistic doctrine during the Sasanian period, Zaehner<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserted that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[There must] have been a party within the Zoroastrian community which regarded the strict dualism between Truth and the Lie, the Holy Spirit and the Destructive Spirit, as being the essence of the Prophet's message. Otherwise the re-emergence of this strictly dualist form of Zoroastrianism some six centuries after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenian Empire">Achaemenian Empire</a> could not be readily explained. There must have been a zealous minority that busied itself with defining what they considered the Prophet's true message to be; there must have been an 'orthodox' party within the 'Church'. This minority, concerned now with theology no less than with ritual, would be found among the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>, and it is, in fact, to the Magi that <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and other early Greek writers attribute the fully dualist doctrine of two independent principles – Oromasdes and Areimanios. Further, the founder of the Magian order was now said to be Zoroaster himself. The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenian Empire">Achaemenian Empire</a>, however, must have been disastrous for the Zoroastrian religion, and the fact that the Magi were able to retain as much as they did and restore it in a form that was not too strikingly different from the Prophet's original message after the lapse of some 600 years proves their devotion to his memory. It is, indeed, true to say that the Zoroastrian orthodoxy of the Sasanian period is nearer to the spirit of Zoroaster than is the thinly disguised polytheism of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yashts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashts">Yashts</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Thus – according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a> – while the direction that the Sasanians took was not altogether at odds with the spirit of the Gathas, the extreme dualism that accompanied a divinity that was remote and inaccessible made the faith less than attractive. Zurvanism was then truly <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> only in the sense that it weakened the appeal of Zoroastrianism. </p><p>Nonetheless, that Zurvanism was the predominant brand of Zoroastrianism during the cataclysmic years just prior to the fall of the empire, is, according to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duchesne-Guillemin" title="Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin">Duchesne-Guillemin</a>, evident in the degree of influence that Zurvanism (but not Mazdaism) would have on the Iranian brand of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a>. Writing in the historical present, he notes that "under <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Chosrau II</a> (<i>r.</i> 590–628) and his successors, all kinds of superstitions tend to overwhelm the Mazdean religion, which gradually disintegrates, thus preparing the triumph of Islam." Thus, "what will survive in popular conscience under the Muslim varnish is not Mazdeism: it is <a href="#Fatalistic_Zurvanism">Zervanite fatalism</a>, well attested in Persian literature".<sup id="cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> This is also a thought expressed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a>, who observes that <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, "expounds views which seem to be an epitome of popular Zervanite doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 241">: 241 </span></sup> Thus, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duchesne-Guillemin" title="Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin">Duchesne-Guillemin</a>, Zurvanism's pessimistic fatalism was a formative influence on the Iranian psyche, paving the way (as it were) for the rapid adoption of Shi'a philosophy during the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> era. </p><p>According to Zaehner<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shaki,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Middle Persian texts of the 9th century, <i>Dahri</i> (from Arabic–Persian <i>dahr</i>, time, eternity) is the appellative term for adherents of the Zurvanite doctrine that the universe derived from Infinite Time.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 35–44 "Dahri"">: 35–44 "Dahri" </span></sup> In later Persian and Arabic literature, the term would come to be a derogatory term for '<a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a>'. The term also appears – in conjunction with other terms for skeptics – in <i>Denkard</i> 3.225<sup id="cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkard-30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Skand-gumanig wizar</a></i> where "one who says god is not, who are called <i>dahari</i>, and consider themselves to be delivered from religious discipline and the toil of performing meritorious deeds".<sup id="cite_ref-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 587–588">: 587–588 </span></sup> </p><p>A surviving Zurvanist myth describes him as "both male and female" and the one "god of time" who existed before all other things and gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Swedish-school" theory, e.g. Nyberg (1931)<sup id="cite_ref-Nyberg-1931_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyberg-1931-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reiterated by Zaehner (1955).<sup id="cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: conclusion">: conclusion </span></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Enc-Ira-2014-Zurv-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enc-Ira-2014-Zurv_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zurvanism">"Zurvanism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. 28 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410143621/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zurvanism">Archived</a> from the original on Apr 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zurvanism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fzurvanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-1957-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1957_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1957). "Some reflections on Zurvanism". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2). London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies: 304–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00133063">10.1017/s0041977x00133063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161924982">161924982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+reflections+on+Zurvanism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-316&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00133063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161924982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaehner-1955-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1955_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaehner1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner, R.C.</a> (1955). <i>Zurvan, a Zoroastrian Dilemma</i> (Biblo-Moser ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8196-0280-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8196-0280-9"><bdi>0-8196-0280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zurvan%2C+a+Zoroastrian+Dilemma&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=Biblo-Moser&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-8196-0280-9&rft.aulast=Zaehner&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henning-1951-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henning-1951_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henning-1951_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Henning (1951)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla-1932-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla-1932_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla-1932_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla-1932_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Maneckji_Dhalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Maneckji Dhalla">Dhalla</a> (1932)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denkard-30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkard-30_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, F.M.</a>, ed. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/denkard/dk9sbe24.html#chap30">"<i>Denkard</i> 9.30"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East (SBE)</a></i>. Vol. 37. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_West" title="Edward William West">West, E.W.</a> Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Denkard+9.30&rft.btitle=Sacred+Books+of+the+East+%28SBE%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1892&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fdenkard%2Fdk9sbe24.html%23chap30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/Zādspram">"Zādspram"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchesne-Guillemin-1956_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duchesne-Guillemin" title="Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin">Duchesne-Guillemin, J.</a> (1956). "Notes on Zurvanism". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (2). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press: 108–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371319">10.1086/371319</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162213173">162213173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Zurvanism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-112&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F371319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162213173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaehner-1939-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1939_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaehner1940" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner, R.C.</a> (1940) [1939]. "A Zervanite apocalypse". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (2). London, UK: School of Oriental and African Studies: 377–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00087577">10.1017/s0041977x00087577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170841327">170841327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Zervanite+apocalypse&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-398&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00087577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170841327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zaehner&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyberg-1931-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nyberg-1931_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nyberg (1931) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumont-Schaeder-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cumont-Schaeder_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cumont-Schaeder_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Cumont and Schaeder<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaehner-1961-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1961_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaehner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner, R.C.</a> (2003) [1961]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dawntwilightofzo0000zaeh"><i>The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). New York: Putnam / Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-165-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-165-0"><bdi>1-84212-165-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+and+Twilight+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Putnam+%2F+Phoenix&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84212-165-0&rft.aulast=Zaehner&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdawntwilightofzo0000zaeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085448/http://www.farvardyn.com/zurvan.php">"A section of the book is available online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farvardyn.com/zurvan.php">the original</a> on 2012-05-09. <q>Several other websites have duplicated this text, but include an "Introduction" section that is very obviously not by Zaehner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+section+of+the+book+is+available+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farvardyn.com%2Fzurvan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce</a> (2002)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaehner-1972-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaehner-1972_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner</a> (1972)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-1979-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-1979_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1979). <i>Zoroastrians, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%2C+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-text-sources-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce-text-sources_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Zoroastrianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaki-2002-Enc-Ira_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaki2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaki, Mansour (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>. New York, NY: Mazda Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Mazda+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shaki&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wilkinson_(author)" title="Philip Wilkinson (author)">Wilkinson, Philip</a> (1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.). <i>Illustrated Dictionary of Religions</i> (First American ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-4711-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-4711-8"><bdi>0-7894-4711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7894-4711-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaraporewala1977" class="citation book cs1">Taraporewala, Irach, ed. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/yasna/y28to34b.htm#y30">"Yasna 30"</a>. <i>The Divine Songs of Zarathushtra</i>. Translated by Bartholomae, Christian. New York, NY: Ams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-12802-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-12802-5"><bdi>0-404-12802-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yasna+30&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Songs+of+Zarathushtra&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Ams&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-404-12802-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fyasna%2Fy28to34b.htm%23y30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/mp/ulema.htm">"The <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Ulema-i Islam]</i>"</a>. <i>The Persian <a href="/wiki/Revayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Revayats">rivayats</a> of Hormazyar Framarz and others</i>. Translated by Dhabhar, Bamanji Nasarvanji. Bombay, IN: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute. 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Ulema-i+Islam%5D&rft.btitle=The+Persian+rivayats+of+Hormazyar+Framarz+and+others&rft.place=Bombay%2C+IN&rft.pub=K.R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fmp%2Fulema.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1959" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Richard (1959). "Zurvanism Again". <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>52</b> (2). London, UK: Cambridge University Press: 63–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017816000026687">10.1017/s0017816000026687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248817966">248817966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Zurvanism+Again&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-73&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017816000026687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248817966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, F.M.</a>, ed. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/mp/zadspram.html">"Selections of <i>Zadspram</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East (SBE)</a></i>. Vol. 5. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_West" title="Edward William West">West, E.W.</a> Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selections+of+Zadspram&rft.btitle=Sacred+Books+of+the+East+%28SBE%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fmp%2Fzadspram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irantarikh.com/persia/kartir.htm">"The Kartir Inscription"</a>. <i>Henning Memorial Volume</i>. Translated by MacKenzie, David Niel. Lund Humphries. 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-255-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85331-255-9"><bdi>0-85331-255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kartir+Inscription&rft.btitle=Henning+Memorial+Volume&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-85331-255-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irantarikh.com%2Fpersia%2Fkartir.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaehner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehner" title="Robert Charles Zaehner">Zaehner, R.C.</a> (1975). <i>Teachings of the Magi: Compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs</i>. New York, NY: Sheldon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85969-041-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85969-041-5"><bdi>0-85969-041-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Magi%3A+Compendium+of+Zoroastrian+beliefs&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sheldon&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-85969-041-5&rft.aulast=Zaehner&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZurvanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a 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