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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The lunar month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_lunar_month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_solar_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_solar_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The solar year</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_solar_year-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The solar year subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_solar_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_full_cycle_of_19_or_30_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_full_cycle_of_19_or_30_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>A full cycle of 19 or 30 years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_full_cycle_of_19_or_30_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_start_of_the_lunar_month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_start_of_the_lunar_month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The start of the lunar month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_start_of_the_lunar_month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Full Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sample month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Notations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Notations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Notations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Notations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Notations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Notations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbering_the_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbering_the_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Numbering the days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbering_the_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MAT_and_ANM_months_and_their_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MAT_and_ANM_months_and_their_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>MAT and ANM months and their days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MAT_and_ANM_months_and_their_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_notation_D_AMBRIX_RI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_notation_D_AMBRIX_RI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>The notation D AMBRIX RI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_notation_D_AMBRIX_RI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_triple_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_triple_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>The triple marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_triple_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_notations_PRINI_LOUD_and_PRINI_LAG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_notations_PRINI_LOUD_and_PRINI_LAG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>The notations PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_notations_PRINI_LOUD_and_PRINI_LAG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_notation_N_INIS_R" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_notation_N_INIS_R"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>The notation N INIS R</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_notation_N_INIS_R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_notations_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_notations_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>The notations IVOS and SINDIV IVOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_notations_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_notation_TIOCOBRIXTIO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_notation_TIOCOBRIXTIO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>The notation TIOCOBRIXTIO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_notation_TIOCOBRIXTIO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_notations_between_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_notations_between_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Movement of notations between days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_notations_between_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EXCHANGES:_swapping_notations_between_two_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EXCHANGES:_swapping_notations_between_two_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1</span> <span>EXCHANGES: swapping notations between two days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EXCHANGES:_swapping_notations_between_two_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EXCHANGES:_dragging_notations_between_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EXCHANGES:_dragging_notations_between_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2</span> <span>EXCHANGES: dragging notations between months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EXCHANGES:_dragging_notations_between_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_notations_of_the_intercalary_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_notations_of_the_intercalary_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>The notations of the intercalary months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_notations_of_the_intercalary_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coligny calendar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendariu_de_Coligny" title="Calendariu de Coligny – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calendariu de Coligny" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_de_Coligny" title="Calendari de Coligny – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari de Coligny" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalend%C3%A1%C5%99_z_Coligny" title="Kalendář z Coligny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalendář z Coligny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendr_Coligny" title="Calendr Coligny – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calendr Coligny" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_von_Coligny" title="Kalender von Coligny – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalender von Coligny" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_de_Coligny" title="Calendario de Coligny – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario de Coligny" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colignyko_Egutegia" title="Colignyko Egutegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Colignyko Egutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_de_Coligny" title="Calendrier de Coligny – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier de Coligny" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_de_Coligny" title="Calendario de Coligny – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calendario de Coligny" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88%EB%A0%A5" title="콜리니력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜리니력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendar_iz_Colignyja" title="Kalendar iz Colignyja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalendar iz Colignyja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Coligny" title="Kalender Coligny – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Coligny" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_di_Coligny" title="Calendario di Coligny – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calendario di Coligny" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarium_Coliniacense" title="Calendarium Coliniacense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calendarium Coliniacense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendare_de_Coligny" title="Calendare de Coligny – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calendare de Coligny" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramataka_Coligny" title="Maramataka Coligny – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Maramataka Coligny" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_van_Coligny" title="Kalender van Coligny – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalender van Coligny" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarz_z_Coligny" title="Kalendarz z Coligny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalendarz z Coligny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Календарь из Колиньи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Календарь из Колиньи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coligny calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Календар из Колињија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Календар из Колињија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Календар из Колињија – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Календар из Колињија" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3209#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar found in Coligny, Ain, France, in 1897</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg/322px-Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg/483px-Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg/644px-Calendrier_de_Coligny_-_BR.001_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Lugdunum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the re-assembled tablet found in Coligny, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg/140px-Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg/210px-Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg/280px-Deo_de_Coligny_MCGR_2183.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The god found with the Coligny calendar reconstituted by A. André.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Coligny calendar</b> is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five-year cycle of a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a>, each year with twelve lunar months. An <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalary month</a> is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a>. </p><p>It was found in 1897 in France, in <a href="/wiki/Coligny,_Ain" title="Coligny, Ain">Coligny, Ain</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coligny_calendar&params=46_23_N_5_21_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°23′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.383°N 5.350°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.383; 5.350</span></span></span></a></span></span>, near <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life-size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was engraved on a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally 1.48 metres (4 ft 10 in) wide by 0.9 metres (2 ft 11 in) tall, equivalent to 5 x 3 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman feet</a>. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a>. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now held at the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_Museum_of_Lyon-Fourvi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvière">Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon-Fourvière</a>. </p><p>Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double-shrine of <a href="/wiki/Villards-d%27H%C3%A9ria" title="Villards-d'Héria">Villards-d'Héria</a>. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar<sup id="cite_ref-Lehoux-2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehoux-2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Coligny calendar does, but otherwise has the same notations. It is now held in the <i>Musée d'Archéologie du Jura</i> at <a href="/wiki/Lons-le-Saunier" title="Lons-le-Saunier">Lons-le-Saunier</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_months">List of months</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coligny-closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coligny-closeup.jpg/220px-Coligny-closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coligny-closeup.jpg/330px-Coligny-closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coligny-closeup.jpg/440px-Coligny-closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <i>Samonios</i> (year 1).</figcaption></figure><p>The names of the twelve lunar year months are reconstructed as <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Samonios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Dumannios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Rivros</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Anagantios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Ogronios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Cutios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Giamonios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Simivisonnios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Equos</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Elembivios</i></span>, <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Edrinios</i></span>, and <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Cantlos</i></span>. The names occur in the form SAMONI (gen.), DUMANNI, RIVRI etc. in the internal notations of the calendar. The name of the first <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalary month</a> is unknown being on a lost fragment, the second is reconstructed as[ S]antaran[...], [R]antaran[...], [B]antaran[...], or Antaran[...]. </p><p><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Mid Samonios</i></span> refers to summer (Gaulish <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">samo-</i></span>,< *sṃHo-3)<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 267">: 267 </span></sup> while <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Mid Giamonios</i></span> refers to winter (Gaulish <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">giamo-</i></span>). These two months divide the calendar into summer and winter seasons of six months, each season led off by a festival of several days marked with IVOS. This indicates an early version of the same traditional seasons as seen in later Celtic contexts: “For two divisions were formerly on the year, viz., summer from Beltaine (the first of May), and winter from Samuin to Beltaine”.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-1888_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-1888-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Value</th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th width="50px">Days</th> <th scope="col">Etymology </th> <th width="150px">Interpretation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">I</span>-1</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>30</td> <td>Unknown meaning</td> <td>Intercalary One </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Samonios</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Samo-</i></span> is Gaulish for summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 267">: 267 </span></sup></td> <td>May–Jun </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Dumannios</i></span></td> <td>29</td> <td>Compare to Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fumus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:fumus">fūmus</a></i>. Delamarre suggests "month of fumigations."<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 154">: 154 </span></sup></td> <td>Jun–Jul </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Rivros</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td>Compare to Old Irish <i lang="sga"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/remor#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:remor">remor</a></i> (stout, thick, fat) and Welsh <i lang="cy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhef#Welsh" class="extiw" title="wikt:rhef">rhef</a></i> (thick, stout, great, large). Delamarre suggests "fat month."</td> <td>Jul–Aug </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Anagantio</i></span></td> <td>29</td> <td>Delamarre<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests "month of ritual ablutions."</td> <td>Aug–Sep </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Ogronios</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td>Delamarre<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests a month of cold or winter</td> <td>Sep–Oct </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Cutios</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td>Delamarre<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests a month of invocations</td> <td>Oct–Nov </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="texhtml">I</span>-2</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">[.]antaran[...]</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td>Unknown meaning</td> <td>Intercalary Two </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Giamonios</i></span></td> <td>29</td> <td>This name is derived from <span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">giamos</i></span>, the Gaulish word for winter.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i lang="sga"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mi_gam#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mi gam">mi gam</a></i> is Old Irish for November, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Cormac%27s_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cormac's Glossary">Cormac's Glossary</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cormac-0900_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cormac-0900-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Nov–Dec </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Simivisonnios</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Simi</i></span> could mean half, so "half the course of the sun."<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 274">: 274 </span></sup></td> <td>Dec–Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Equos</i></span></td> <td>29 or 30</td> <td>Possibly a month of horses or livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 165">: 165 </span></sup></td> <td>Jan–Feb </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Elembivios</i></span></td> <td>29</td> <td>Month of the stag.<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 161–162">: 161–162 </span></sup></td> <td>Feb–Mar </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Edrinios</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td>Compare with <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i lang="sga"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1ed#Old_Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:áed">áed</a></i> (fire, "heat).<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup></td> <td>Mar–Apr </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">Cantlos</i></span></td> <td>29</td> <td>Delamarre suggests "month of chanting."</td> <td>Apr–May </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_lunar_month">The lunar month</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The lunar month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Coligny calendar as reconstructed consisted of 16 columns and 4 rows, with two intercalary months given half a column each, resulting in a table of the 62 months of the five-year cycle. The 5 years of the calendar plaque is part of a Metonic cycle of 19 years, although it could also be extended to a 30-year cycle. The full length of the calendar is still being debated. </p> <table style="text-align:center;background:#F8F8F8" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FD5">IC1 <br /> 1.</td> <td>Riu <br /> 4.</td> <td>Gia <br /> 8.</td> <td>Aed <br /> 12.</td> <td>Riu <br /> 16.</td> <td>Gia <br /> 20.</td> <td>Aed <br /> 24.</td> <td>Riu <br /> 28.</td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FD5">IC2 <br /> 32.</td> <td>Equ <br /> 35.</td> <td>Sam <br /> 39.</td> <td>Ogr <br /> 43.</td> <td>Equ <br /> 47.</td> <td>Sam <br /> 51.</td> <td>Ogr <br /> 55.</td> <td>Equ <br /> 59. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ana <br /> 5.</td> <td>Sim <br /> 9.</td> <td>Can <br /> 13.</td> <td>Ana <br /> 17.</td> <td>Sim <br /> 21.</td> <td>Can <br /> 25.</td> <td>Ana <br /> 29.</td> <td>Ele <br /> 36.</td> <td>Dum <br /> 40.</td> <td>Qut <br /> 44.</td> <td>Ele <br /> 48.</td> <td>Dum <br /> 52.</td> <td>Qut <br /> 56.</td> <td>Ele <br /> 60. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sam <br /> 2.</td> <td>Ogr <br /> 6.</td> <td>Equ <br /> 10.</td> <td>Sam <br /> 14.</td> <td>Ogr <br /> 18.</td> <td>Equ <br /> 22.</td> <td>Sam <br /> 26.</td> <td>Ogr <br /> 30.</td> <td>Gia <br /> 33.</td> <td>Aed <br /> 37.</td> <td>Riu <br /> 41.</td> <td>Gia <br /> 45.</td> <td>Aed <br /> 49.</td> <td>Riu <br /> 53.</td> <td>Gia <br /> 57.</td> <td>Aed <br /> 61. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dum <br /> 3.</td> <td>Qut <br /> 7.</td> <td>Ele <br /> 11.</td> <td>Dum <br /> 15.</td> <td>Qut <br /> 19.</td> <td>Ele <br /> 23.</td> <td>Dum <br /> 27.</td> <td>Qut <br /> 31.</td> <td>Sim <br /> 34.</td> <td>Can <br /> 38.</td> <td>Ana <br /> 42.</td> <td>Sim <br /> 46.</td> <td>Can <br /> 50.</td> <td>Ana <br /> 54.</td> <td>Sim <br /> 58.</td> <td>Can <br /> 62. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each lunar year has a 12 lunar months, six months of 30 days and five of 29 days, although not in 29/30 pairs, and one variable month of 29 or 30 days. A synodic month has 29.53 days, so the calendar overcomes any slight slippage or temporary imbalance by the month of MID EQVOS having either 29 or 30 days as required to keep the calendar in sync with the lunar phase.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Coligny calendar is designed to keep perfectly in sync with the lunar phase,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a tolerance of less than 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its internal notations are organised according to the phase of the moon. </p><p>At the end of the 19-year Metonic cycle, the calendar has overrun the 62-month lunar point by 0.312 days. This would be fixed by reducing an EQUOS month from 30 days back to 29 once every 61 years. </p><p>If the plaque was part of a 30-year calendar, it overruns the lunar phase by 0.151 days. This requires a day to be removed (by turning a 30-day EQUOS into a 29-day) roughly once every 198 years. However, the internal months show a larger variation in accuracy for the lunar phase, nearly 48 hours (1.44 to −0.65 ), making the ability to track the lunar phase of 30-years notably less accurate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_solar_year">The solar year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The solar year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar is based on the Metonic cycle, a period of 19 years after which the sun and moon complete their phase within about two hours, 0.087 days, of each other. This is created by 4 Coligny plaques, with the first year dropped. </p><p>All the days and their notations are luni-solar and move around within a space of 36 days. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:11px"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="5">cycle 1</th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="5">cycle 2</th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="5">cycle 3</th> <th scope="colgroup" colspan="5">cycle 4 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>y1</td> <td>y2</td> <td>y3</td> <td>y4</td> <td>y5</td> <td>y1</td> <td>y2</td> <td>y3</td> <td>y4</td> <td>y5</td> <td>y1</td> <td>y2</td> <td>y3</td> <td>y4</td> <td>y5</td> <td>y1</td> <td>y2</td> <td>y3</td> <td>y4</td> <td>y5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>int1 </th> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>29</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>29</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>29</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>SAM </th> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>DUM </th> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>RIU </th> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>ANA </th> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>OGR </th> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>CUT </th> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>int2 </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>30</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>30</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>30</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>30</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>GIA </th> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>SIM </th> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>EQU </th> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>ELE </th> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>AED </th> <td>0</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <th>CAN </th> <td>0</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The calendar itself must count in whole days, so 6940 days overruns the sun by 0.398396 and the moon by 0.311620 days. </p><p>The functioning of the calendar relies on the lunar months staying in sync with the lunar phase, so the calendar is already adjusting for any lunar difference through the use of the variable day in EQVOS. To keep in sync with the solar year it only needs to adjust for the difference of 0.087 days. Every 276 years this adds one day, but as all the notations are luni-solar and move around within 36 days, this extra solar day would be unnoticeable for many centuries. Eventually the calendar would require a 30-day lunar month to be skipped once every 6,536 years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_full_cycle_of_19_or_30_years">A full cycle of 19 or 30 years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A full cycle of 19 or 30 years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar can perform as a 30-year cycle, by extending the 19-year Metonic cycle to use six 5-year cycles, with a 30-day intercalary month dropped once every 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricci-1898_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricci-1898-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But whether it was a 19-year or 30-year calendar is unknown. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> stated that the Celts treated 30 years as an ‘age’,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this period is seen many times in stories. But it does not necessarily follow that the calendar was then based on a 30-year cycle. If the calendar was a 30-year cycle, the luni-solar swing would be 46 days, meaning that the timing of festivals would often be inappropriate to their seasonal nature. For example, Lugnasad might find itself in the middle of the busy harvest. </p><p>In a 30-year calendar, the moon finishes only 0.1515 days earlier than the calendar, requiring a day to be removed from EQVOS every 199 years. But the lunar/solar difference is larger at 1.4172 days, requiring a 30-day month to be skipped every 198 years. This relatively fast slippage against the solar year would also add to the already large luni-solar swing, for a total of 75 days before a possible adjustment, further aggravating the solar discrepancy, and displacing seasonal festivals by up to two and a half months. This slippage and inaccuracy indicates that the Coligny calendar is more likely to be a practical 19-year calendar rather than a 30-year cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_start_of_the_lunar_month">The start of the lunar month</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The start of the lunar month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar month is broken into two halves with the term ATENOVX<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between them. The first half-month has 15 days (called a <i>cóicthiges</i> ‘fifteen-days’ in Old Irish, <i>coicís</i> in modern Irish). <sup id="cite_ref-eDIL-cóicthiges_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eDIL-cóicthiges-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second half-month has either 15 days, or 14 days with the term DIVERTOMV placed over the space for the 15th day. The notation patterns act as though this 'virtual' 15th day is present. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> reported that the Celtic month began on the ‘6th day of the new moon’.<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The mistletoe, however, is but rarely found upon the oak; and when found, is gathered with rites replete with religious awe. This is done more particularly on the sixth day of the moon, the day which is the beginning of their months and years, as also of their ages, which, with them, are but thirty years. This day they select because the moon, though not yet in the middle of her course, has already considerable power and influence; and they call her by a name which signifies, in their language, the all-healing.</dd></dl> <p>Classical writers counted from the day of the first visible moon, so the 6th day would be the first quarter moon, Day 1, the start of the calendar's month. The quarter moon with its D-shape is the only moment in the lunar phase that is easily identifiable by eye. The internal notations of the calendar confirm Pliny's statement, with a focus on the middle triplet of days in each half-month, days 7-8-9 (the full moon) and days 7a-8a-9a (the dark invisible moon). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_structure_of_a_coligny_month.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_structure_of_a_coligny_month.png/440px-The_structure_of_a_coligny_month.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_structure_of_a_coligny_month.png/660px-The_structure_of_a_coligny_month.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/The_structure_of_a_coligny_month.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>the structure of a coligny month and its lunar phase</figcaption></figure><p>The first coicise tracks the gibbous moon, the phase in which the moon is more than half full, it's brightest half. The second coicise tracks the crescent moon, the darker half. Notations, which will govern activities, usually focus in the first, brighter, coicise when the moon has ‘considerable power and influence’. Every odd day in the darker coicise is marked as ‘inauspicious day’. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Full_Reconstruction">Full Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Full Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A full reconstruction of the calendar by McKay (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes the latest information about the intercalary notations and the triple marks. Olmsted (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Olmsted-2001_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a previous reconstruction, which usefully aligns the notations with photographic images. RIG III (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-Duval-Pinault-1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-Pinault-1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented an earlier in-depth description of terms with a reconstruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_month">Sample month</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sample month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MID SAMONIOS of year 2 is the only month out of 62 that has been preserved without any gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-Dottin-1920_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dottin-1920-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lalanguegauloise00dottuoft#page/182/mode/2up">182</a> </span></sup> Currently, most of the patterns of the various notations are known, even if their significance may not be understood. Because of this, most days on the calendar can be reconstructed with confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:60%"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:120%">M SAMON</span> MAT</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ I</td> <td></td> <td>N</td> <td>DVMAN IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ II</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ıƚı</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td>IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ III</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span></td> <td>D</td> <td>DVM IVO </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ IIII</td> <td>M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ V</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VI</td> <td>M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VII</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2">PRIN     LOVDIN </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VIII</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>DVM </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VIIII</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ııƚ</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ X</td> <td>M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XI</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XII</td> <td>M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XIII</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XIIII</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ıƚı</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XV</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ııƚ</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:120%">ATENOUX</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ I</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>DVMAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ II</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ııƚ</span></td> <td>D</td> <td>TRINVX SAMO </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ III</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ IIII</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ V</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ıƚı</span></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VI</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ııƚ</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VII</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VIII</td> <td></td> <td>N</td> <td>INIS R </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ VIIII</td> <td></td> <td>N</td> <td>INIS R </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ X</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XI</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ıƚı</span></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XII</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">ııƚ</span> M</td> <td>D</td> <td>IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XIII</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XIIII</td> <td>M</td> <td>D</td> <td>IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td>◎ XV</td> <td></td> <td>D</td> <td>AMB IVOS </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Ricci_Coligny_1926_detail_month14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/De_Ricci_Coligny_1926_detail_month14.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="481" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of month 14 (<i>Samonios</i> of year 2) by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_de_Ricci" title="Seymour de Ricci">de Ricci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deRicci-1926_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deRicci-1926-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The month begins with <b>M[ID] SAMON[I] MAT</b>, the 'month of SAMONIOS lucky'. </p><p>The double circle "◎" in the table indicates the peg-hole for marking the current day, followed by a Roman numeral for the day's number in the half-month. </p><p>All days here were originally marked as <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">M</span></span> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span></b> 'lucky day' because SAMONIOS is marked as a <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MAT</span></span> month in its header, but this will often be subsequently overwritten by other notations <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span> 'day' (neutral), <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D AMB</span></span> 'unlucky day', or <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N</span></span> 'night' as they are added in turn. </p><p>The notations are usually visually aligned on the <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span> or <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N</span></span>. Terms are often shortened, and the spelling is non-standard and often varies. </p><p>Next are occasional <b>triple-marks</b> of the form <span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span> <span style="font-size:120%">ıƚı</span> or <span style="font-size:120%">ııƚ</span>, in that order before major movements and overwriting.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These follow the same offset pattern as the <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRINNI</span></span> notations, and likely divide the daytime into three periods. </p><p>Days 5 and 11 in the upper coicise and each odd day (except day 1a) in the lower coicise are marked with <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span></b> <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AMB</span></span></b> 'inauspicious day'. Day 9a will end up having its <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D AMB</span></span> overwritten by <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N INIS R</span></span>. </p><p>The notation <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N INIS R</span></span></b> occurs in this month on days 8a and 9a. The significance of this nighttime term in unknown. </p><p>The name of the following month, <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DVM(ANNI)</span></span></b>, is marked on days 1, 3, 8 and 1a. This tracks the swapping of these days' notations (all of them) with the following month DUMANIOS days 1, 8, 1a and 2a where the notations from SAMONIOS have <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SAMONI</span></span> added in their turn. Day 2a, first swapped with DUM day 2a, then undergoes another anomalous swap with SAM day 3. Days with notations that have been moved are always marked with their originating month's name (and day name if different). </p><p>The notation <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRINNI LOUD</span></span></b> sits in months marked <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MAT</span></span>, at the first day of the first month (Samonios), the second day of the second <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MAT</span></span> month (Rivros), and so on for 8 instances. Another <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRINNI LOUD</span></span> originally at SAMONIOS day 1 has been swapped with DVMANNIOS day 1 below it . </p><p>The Day 2a(17) is marked with <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TRINVX SAMO</span></span></b>, and this term also has <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SINDIV IVOS</span></span></b> 'festival this (one) day' added to it in years 1 and 4. This means that this day's notations have been swapped with day 3 (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TRINVX</span></span>) of <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SAMONIOS</span></span>, after first being swapped with DVMANNIOS day 2a, whose notations now sit at SAMONIOS day 3  <span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span> D DVM IVO. (SAMONIOS day 2a's original notations are found in turn at DUMMANIOS day 2a). </p><p>Days 1–3 are marked with a sequence of <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IVOS</span></span></b>, a term interpreted as "festival". This run of <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IVOS</span></span> started on the last two days of the previous month CANTLOS, days 13a-14a, so the whole festival lasts for 5 days. This probably equates with the festival of Beltaine, although these sorts of specific terms are not used on the calendar, festivals only being marked with runs of <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IVOS</span></span>. </p><p>Finally, Day 1 has its 'day' terms overwritten by a single <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N</span></span></b>, without changing the rest of its notations. Originally, it started off with <b><span style="font-size:120%">ƚıı</span> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">M D</span></span></b>, was swapped with DUM day 1 receiving <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D DUMANI</span></span></b>, had an <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IVOS</span></span> added to give <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D DUMANI IVOS</span></span></b>, and now has that <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span> overwritten by a single <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N</span></span> to end up with <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N DUMANI IVOS</span></span></b>. This single <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">N</span></span> indicates that the notations of SAMONIOS day 1 in this year 2, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D DUMANI IVOS</span></span>, have been used to help create the notations of <i>Intercalary Two</i> day 1.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2022_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2022-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Notations">The Notations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Notations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several different notations, each with their own pattern, are placed sequentially on the 12 lunar months of the calendar, interacting according to certain rules with the notations before them, often replacing them. After the basic notations are set, many days’ notations are then moved to other days, creating visual chaos. Finally, the days of the intercalary months are filled with notations copied from certain days in the 12 yearly months. </p><p>The notations, their patterns and interactions have gradually over the last century been identified by several key researchers, and what follows is a general, but not comprehensive, overview of each notation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbering_the_days">Numbering the days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Numbering the days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each month has two halves. The first half has days numbered from I to XV (1 to 15). The second half has either I–XV (1–15), or I–XIIII (1–14) with the 15th day marked with <b>DIVERTOMU</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>ATENOVX</b> is placed between the two half-months. The patterns of the notations act as though the 30th day is always present. This means that in practice some months only have 29 days, but conceptually, all months have 30 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MAT_and_ANM_months_and_their_days">MAT and ANM months and their days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: MAT and ANM months and their days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Months of 30 days were marked <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MAT</span></span></b> (except EQVOS), months of 29 days were marked <b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ANM(AT)</span></span></b> (except Intercalary One). <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MAT</span></span> and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ANM(AT)</span></span> have been read as "lucky" and "unlucky", respectively, based on comparison with Middle Welsh <i>mad</i><sup id="cite_ref-GPC-mad_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPC-mad-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>anfad</i><sup id="cite_ref-GPC-anfad_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPC-anfad-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Old Irish <i>mad</i> and <i>ni-mad.</i><sup id="cite_ref-eDIL-mad_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eDIL-mad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>the MAT and ANM months </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">SAMONIOS <br /> season</th> <th></th> <th colspan="2">GIAMONIOS <br /> season </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="background:yellow">mat</td> <td style="background:yellow">SAM</td> <td>7</td> <td>anm</td> <td>GIA </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>anm</td> <td>DUM</td> <td>8</td> <td style="background:yellow">mat</td> <td style="background:yellow">SIM </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="background: yellow;">mat</td> <td style="background: yellow;">RIV</td> <td>9</td> <td>anm</td> <td>EQU </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>anm</td> <td>ANA</td> <td>10</td> <td>anm</td> <td>ELE </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="background: yellow;">mat</td> <td style="background: yellow;">OGR</td> <td>11</td> <td style="background: yellow;">mat</td> <td style="background: yellow;">EDR </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="background: yellow;">mat</td> <td style="background: yellow;">CVT</td> <td>12</td> <td>anm</td> <td>CAN </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Six months are marked in their header as <b>MAT</b> ‘good, auspicious’, and six months as <b>ANM[AT]</b> ‘not good’. The summer season has 4 MAT months, and the winter season only has 2 MAT months. The summer season needs more auspicious time for all its activities. The months do <i>not</i> run in 29/30 pairs. </p><p>For months marked as <b>MAT</b>, all days are initially given <b>M D</b>, a good or auspicious day. Days of the months marked as <b>ANM</b> are given just <b>D</b>, a neutral day. The terms <b>M D</b> and <b>D</b> refer to daylight hours and are in apposition to <b>N</b> for night. Any type of notation marked with N (night) will overwrite the full daytime notation, including the triple mark, M D, D, or D AMB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_notation_D_AMBRIX_RI">The notation D AMBRIX RI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The notation D AMBRIX RI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png/440px-Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png/660px-Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png/880px-Monthly_pattern_for_D_AMB_notation_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>the D AMB pattern (orange) for a lunar month</figcaption></figure> <p><b>D AMBRIX RI</b>, usually shortened to <b>D AMB</b>, denotes an inauspicious day. It occurs only on Days 5 and 11 in the upper half-month, that being the period when the moon is more than half full, so it's mostly left free of inauspicious days. In the second half-month, <b>D AMB</b> is placed on every odd numbered day except Day 1, but this is explained by the traditional view that the unit 1 is neither odd nor even.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of odd numbers as inauspicious is also seen with most months of 29 days being <b>ANMAT</b> ‘not good’. It is symptomatic of Celtic cultures, as the Romans held the reverse view, that odd numbers were auspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-Mommsen-1864_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mommsen-1864-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_triple_marks">The triple marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The triple marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/440px-The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/660px-The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/880px-The_base_triple_marks_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>the base pattern of the triple marks</figcaption></figure><p> The triple marks are a series of <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a>-like marks. They are first lain down each month in triplets over three days, <b>ƚıı, ıƚı, or ııƚ</b>, followed by three days with none. As they only occur with days marked with D (for daytime), and never N (for nighttime), they likely divide the daytime into three divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> The triple marks are by far the most complex notations, composed of three main patterns. They do not always repeat across the years. The first pattern assigns possible triplet positions which start on the same offset as the first <b>PRINI</b> term in the month, moving down a day in each of the following <b>MAT</b> or <b>ANM</b> months. The first triplet starts on Days 1-2-3 of SAMONIOS in Year 1, Days 2-3-4 in RIVROS, and so on following the MAT sequence of months. The equivalent sequence starts on Days 1-2-3 of GIAMONIOS in Year 3 and follows the ANM months, so mirroring one intercalary period to the other. </p><p>If a triplet cannot be completed before the end of a coicise because it starts on Days 14 and 15, or 14a and 15a, or just 14a of a 29-day month, then the triple marks changes to <b>NSDS</b> and <b>DSNS</b>. If a triplet starts only on day 15, or day 15a, then it changes to a single <b>N</b>. </p><p>A second pattern, again following the MAT/ANM sequence, determines which triplets of the first pattern will manifest from year to year. This means the triple mark on a day/month of one year may not be found on the same day/month in another year. </p><p>A third pattern adds another <b>IIT</b> on Day 21(6a), the last day of the visible moon, adding to another mark if already there, resulting in each Day 21 holding either <b>TIT, ITT, or IIT</b>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/440px-The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/660px-The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/880px-The_triple_marks_of_year_4_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>the final triple marks of year 4 (after all exchanges)</figcaption></figure><p>The triple marks undergo many changes as other notations are added. Days with N forms of notation overwrite the whole ‘day’ notation, e.g. IIT MD becomes just N, while ITI D AMB becomes just N. Days are moved and exchanged, often overwritten and lost, intercalary borrowed days are marked with N, and so on. The result turns a complex pattern of triple marks into visual chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_notations_PRINI_LOUD_and_PRINI_LAG">The notations PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The notations PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;background:#FFFFF0"> <caption>the PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG pattern </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">month</th> <th colspan="2">MAT months <br /> PRINI LOUD day</th> <th colspan="2">ANM months <br /> PRINI LAG day </th></tr> <tr style="background:yellow;font-size:88%"> <td>1</td> <td>SAM</td> <td>1</td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>2</td> <td>DUM</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow;font-size:88%"> <td>3</td> <td>RIV</td> <td>2</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>4</td> <td>ANA</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow;font-size:88%"> <td>5</td> <td>OGR</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow;font-size:88%"> <td>6</td> <td>CUT</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>7</td> <td>GIA</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow;font-size:88%"> <td>8</td> <td>SIM</td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>9</td> <td>EQU</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>10</td> <td>ELE</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow;font-size:88%"> <td>11</td> <td>AED</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>12</td> <td>CAN</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>PRINI LOUD</b> has the same <b>MAT</b> month offset, and <b>PRINI LAG</b> the same <b>ANM</b> month offset, as the triple marks. If it falls on a triple mark, it replaces it, along with any M D, D, or D AMB. The PRINI LOUD of SIM 5 is later overwritten by N INIS R. Exchanges will lead to some PRINI LOUD ending up in ANM months, and vice versa. PRINI LOUD does not only occur in the SAMONIOS season, and PRINI LAG does not only occur in the GIAMONIOS season – the SAMONIOS season of 6 months, and the GIAMONIOS season, both contain examples of PRINI LOUD and PRINI LAG. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_notation_N_INIS_R">The notation N INIS R</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The notation N INIS R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/440px-N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/660px-N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/880px-N_INIS_R_pattern_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>the N INIS R pattern</figcaption></figure><p>The term <b>N INIS R</b> is scattered across the lunar year. The significance of its distribution is undiagnosed. All but three instances occur in the seven months of the SAMONIOS season plus the month of GIAMONIOS. It avoids the days marked with <b>IVOS</b> ‘festival’. As it occurs on seven nights when the moon is absent in the sky (the dark moon of 7a-8a-9a), and avoids the critical moments of the full moon of day 8 and the first visible moon of day 10a, it possibly refers to prognostication associated with stars. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_notations_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS">The notations IVOS and SINDIV IVOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The notations IVOS and SINDIV IVOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png/440px-The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png/660px-The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png/880px-The_patterns_of_IVOS_and_SINDIV_IVOS_and_TIOCOBRIXTIO_on_the_Coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>the notations IVOS, SINDIV IVOS, and TIOCOBRIXTIO</figcaption></figure><p>The term <b>IVOS</b> ‘festival’<sup id="cite_ref-ivos_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivos-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs in several runs of days of between three and nine days each, considered to mark each day of a festival. In all but two cases these festivals run from the end of one month into the beginning of the next. Four of these IVOS runs break the year into four-quarters, just as the four main Celtic festivals do in historic times, only here they are centered on Day 1 every three lunar months, rather than Day 1 of every three solar months as today. </p><p>There are also three other <b>IVOS</b> festivals on the calendar. </p><p>The term <b>SINDIV IVOS</b> ‘this day a festival’, occurs only three times – DUM 2a, SIM 9, and AED 25. These three special festival days must indicate something of exceptional importance in the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_notation_TIOCOBRIXTIO">The notation TIOCOBRIXTIO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The notation TIOCOBRIXTIO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>TIOCOBRIXTIO</b> is an exceptional term which only occurs on three days in the year – SIM 7, AED 8, and CAN 15. Whatever its significance, it marks days of exceptional importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_notations_between_days">Movement of notations between days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Movement of notations between days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this point, most notations have been assigned their base position on the calendar. What happens next is a major feature of the calendar, the movement of one day's notations to a different day. This visually breaks up the patterns of the notations, making the calendar seem quite random. This exchanging of days according to several different patterns, is a major aspect of the calendar, involving a total of 870 days over 5 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EXCHANGES:_swapping_notations_between_two_days">EXCHANGES: swapping notations between two days</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: EXCHANGES: swapping notations between two days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png/440px-Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png/660px-Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png/880px-Swap_pairs_of_the_coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>the pairs of swapped days</figcaption></figure><p>There are several patterns in which two days swap their notations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>The first pattern only involves Day 1 in four pairs of months.</li> <li>The second pattern involves days other than Day 1, and uses a different set of four pairs of months to swap between. Days are swapped with the <i>same day</i> of a neighbouring month.</li> <li>A third pattern is called the anomalous swaps, where days are swapped between a <i>different day</i> of a month. This occurs just three times per year: between SAM 3 and SAM  2a, between RIV 4 and RIV 10a, and between RIV 8a and ANA 4.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png/440px-Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png/660px-Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png/880px-Examples_of_same_and_different_day_swaps_of_the_coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>examples of the same and different day swaps</figcaption></figure><p>As the notations of one day are moved to another, they take the information with them about their original position (presumably so that one day can be used to prognosticate for its swapped partner). As most movements are to the same day of the month, the day information is redundant, so only the month name (in the genitive) is added. But anomalous swaps between different days require both their original day name and the month to be added.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EXCHANGES:_dragging_notations_between_months">EXCHANGES: dragging notations between months</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: EXCHANGES: dragging notations between months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>examples of dragging notations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>YEAR 1 <br /> month/day</th> <th>pre-drag</th> <th>post-drag </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>GIAM 7</td> <td>PRINI LAG</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD SIMIVIS TIOCOBREXTIO </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>GIAM 8</td> <td>D</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD SIMIVIS </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>GIAM 9</td> <td>N INIS R</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD SIMIVIS SINDIV IVOS </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>SIMIVIS 7</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD TIOCOBREXTIO</td> <td style="background:#D1E231">D EQVI </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>SIMIVIS 8</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD</td> <td style="background:#D1E231">PRINI LAG EQVI </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>SIMIVIS 9</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD SINDIV IVOS</td> <td style="background:#D1E231">D EQVI </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>EQUOS 7</td> <td style="background:#D1E231">D</td> <td>D ELEMB </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>EQUOS 8</td> <td style="background:#D1E231">PRINI LAG</td> <td>D ELEMB </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>EQUOS 9</td> <td style="background:#D1E231">D EQVI</td> <td>D ELEMB </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the 12 lunar months after an intercalary month, the notations of the triplet of days 7-8-9 (the full moon) and 7a-8a-9a (the dark moon) in each month are dragged sequentially upwards to the previous month, like beads on a string. Their original month name is then added to the notations. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>examples of dragging IVOS </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>YEAR 1 <br /> month/day</th> <th>pre-drag</th> <th>post-drag </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>OGRON 28</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">D AMB</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">D AMB <span style="color:red">IVOS</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>OGRON 29</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>OGRON 30</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">D AMB</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">D AMB <span style="color:red">IVOS</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>CUTIOS 1</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>CUTIOS 2</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>CUTIOS 3</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD</td> <td style="background:#FFE5B4">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>CUTIOS 28</td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">D AMB <span style="color:red">IVOS</span></td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">D AMB </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>CUTIOS 29</td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span></td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">MD </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>CUTIOS 30</td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">D AMB <span style="color:red">IVOS</span></td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">D AMB </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>GIAM 1</td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">MD SIMI <span style="color:red">IVOS</span></td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">MD SIMI </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>GIAM 2</td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span></td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">D </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%"> <td>GIAM 3</td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">MD <span style="color:red">IVOS</span></td> <td style="background:#F5F5DC">D </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The notation IVOS is also sequentially dragged upwards a month in the post-intercalary year. However, it does not take all the other notations with it. This keeps the festival runs marked with IVOS intact. The same also applies to SINDIV IVOS. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_notations_of_the_intercalary_months">The notations of the intercalary months</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The notations of the intercalary months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/220px-Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/330px-Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png/440px-Days_copied_to_the_intercalary_months_of_the_Coligny_calendar.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>days copied to the intercalary months</figcaption></figure> <p>The notations on the days of the intercalary months are created by a complex series of copies and merges of notations from certain days in the normal lunar months. Each day of an intercalary month sequentially copies a lunar month and the same day number, with its source month name added. At first 30 days are copied, and for days 1 to 18, their day number is replaced with a single N at the copied site. Secondly, a sequence of days 1 to 6 is again copied from a different year, and these are merged with the first. Thirdly, the days 7-8-9 and 7a-8a-9a which have been dragged from the following month are again merged with the copied notations. At which point, the calendar's notations are complete. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 100%;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "L'étymologie est transparent puisque le nom du mois et fait sur celui de l'hiver <i>giamo-</i>." — Delamarre (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 179">: 179 </span></sup> <dl><dd></dd></dl> [<i>The etymology is transparent since the name of the month is made on that of the winter</i> "giamo-".]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EQVOS in year 1 and 5 is marked with 30 days, and the verse above the second intercalary month says Year 3 has 355 days, making EQVOS 30 days. Years 2 and 4 are on lost fragments but may have also been marked on the plaque as 30 days long. Early scholars struggled to fit values to EQVOS which would create a Metonic cycle, for example MacNeill<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeill-1928_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeill-1928-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that <i>Equos</i> in years 2 and 4 may have had only 28 days,<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeill-1928_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeill-1928-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Olmsted suggested 28 days in year 2 and 29 days in year 4.<sup id="cite_ref-Olmsted-1992_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olmsted-2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this issue was resolved when McKay re-evaluated the first intercalary as 29 days long<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing a pattern of 29 or 30-day months as normal and a correct Metonic cycle. The length of EQVOS may have been decided by a visual sighting of the first quarter moon which would start the next month. This gives a usual pattern of 30/29/29/29/30 days for EQVOS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lunar month does not slip but remains perfectly tuned to the lunar phase, so the age of the calendar cannot be ascertained by any proposed slippage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unfortunately, because the calendar remains so steady and does not slip against the solar year except for a day every 276 years, this accuracy means that any slippage of perhaps a day or two against the solar year cannot be used to calculate how old the calendar is.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Latin text of the specific passage in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <dl><dd>... <i>est autem id rarum admodum inventu et repertum magna religione petitur et ante omnia sexta luna, quae principia mensum annorumque his facit et saeculi post tricesimum annum, quia iam virium abunde habeat nec sit sui dimidia.</i> <dl><dd><dl><dd>— Pliny, <i>Natural History</i> 16.95<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> English translation by Bostock & Riley:<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>"The mistletoe, however, is but rarely found upon the oak; and when found, is gathered with rites replete with religious awe. This is done more particularly on the sixth day of the moon, the day which is the beginning of their months and years, as also of their ages, which, with them, are but thirty years. This day they select because the moon, though not yet in the middle of her course, has already considerable power and influence; and they call her by a name which signifies, in their language, the all-healing."</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Old Irish <i>athnugud</i> "renewal"<sup id="cite_ref-eDIL-athnugud_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eDIL-athnugud-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The notations of each day/month are not always the same across all years, so the calendar cannot be simply filled out by copying a known day into the same day/month on a lacuna</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because the day numbers are repeated in the upper and lower coicise, researchers use either the number with 'a' attached for the lower coicise, or continue on the sequence. For example, Day VI (6) in the lower coicise is given as either Day 6a or Day 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>unus non-est numerus sed ab eo crescunt numeri</i> ‘one is not a number, but numbers grow from it’<sup id="cite_ref-Cormac-0900_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cormac-0900-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A trace of the pre-Christian division of the day into three may be found here. <dl><dd>For this is how Conchobor spends his time of kingship since he assumed sovereignty: as soon as he arises, settling the cares and business of the province, thereafter dividing the day into three, the first third of the day spent watching the youths playing games and hurling, the second third spent in playing brandub and fidchell and the last third spent in consuming food and drink until sleep comes on them all, while minstrels and musicians are meanwhile lulling him to sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Rahilly-1967_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Rahilly-1967-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full explanation of the patterns of the triple marks, see McKay (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2018_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ivos-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ivos_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Thurneysen (1899)<sup id="cite_ref-Thurneysen-1899_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurneysen-1899-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 530">: 530 </span></sup> suggested IVOS means "festival", although the etymology is obscure. The word <i>ivos</i> is also the Celtic word for "yew" – Rhys (1910),<sup id="cite_ref-Rhys-1910_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhys-1910-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 52">: 52 </span></sup> c.f. <a href="/wiki/Ivo" title="Ivo">Ivo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">īwaz</a></i>, and Zavaroni<sup id="cite_ref-Zavaroni-2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zavaroni-2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 97">: 97 </span></sup> suggested a meaning of "(con)junction", but neither meaning has found wide support.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exchanged days always occur between neighbouring months, but are not always between MAT and ANM months</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The anomalous swaps were partially identified by MacNeill in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeill-1928_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeill-1928-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> later by Duval & Pinault in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-Duval-Pinault-1986_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duval-Pinault-1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 267-340">: 267-340 </span></sup> Olmsted in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-Olmsted-1988_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmsted-1988-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and McKay in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay-2018_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 95">: 95 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The notation TRINVX SAMONI, found at SAM 2a, means that its notations were originally at SAMONIOS day 3 in the upper coicise. SAM 3 is the last day of the IVOS festival at the beginning of SAMONIOS, presumably the equivalent of the Beltaine festival. It is not associated with Samhain, being in the summer month of SAMONIOS. It is not a three-night festival, being explicitly marked as a daytime D ‘day’ and SINDIV IVOS ‘festival this (one) day’.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Picard" title="Charles Picard">Charles Picard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tristan.u-bourgogne.fr/Rosenthal/Documents/ouvrages/Florilege_Rosenthal.pdf">Le bronze de Coligny</a></i>, in L. Rosenthal, <i>"Florilège des musées" du <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon">Palais des Arts de Lyon</a>, p. 9, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mairie_de_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mairie de Lyon (page does not exist)">Mairie de Lyon</a>, [s.d.] (1920<>1932).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duval, P.M. and Pinault, G., Recueil des inscriptions gauloises, Tome 3: Les Calendriers (Coligny, Villards d'Heria), CNRS, Paris, 1986, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehoux-2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lehoux-2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLehoux2000" class="citation thesis cs1">Lehoux, D.R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53766.pdf"><i>Parapegmata: or Astrology, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Toronto, Canada: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Parapegmata%3A+or+Astrology%2C+Weather%2C+and+Calendars+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lehoux&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.ca%2Fobj%2Fs4%2Ff2%2Fdsk2%2Fftp03%2FNQ53766.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delamarre-2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delamarre-2003_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamarre2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). <i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</i> (2nd ed.). Paris, FR: Editions Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-237-6"><bdi>2-87772-237-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise%3A+une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.place=Paris%2C+FR&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editions+Errance&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-87772-237-6&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-1888-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-1888_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1888" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/emer.html">"Wooing of Emer"</a>. <i>Archaeological Review</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Wooing+of+Emer&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Meyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancienttexts.org%2Flibrary%2Fceltic%2Fctexts%2Femer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span> ></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cormac-0900-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cormac-0900_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cormac-0900_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormac_mac_Cuillenánc._900" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Cuilenn%C3%A1in" title="Cormac mac Cuilennáin">Cormac mac Cuillenán</a> (c. 900). Stokes, Whitley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/tlh/header/ws.tig.001.header.html">"Sanas Cormaic"</a>. Thesaurus Linguae Hibernicae. Dublin, IE: <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanas+Cormaic&rft.place=Dublin%2C+IE&rft.series=Thesaurus+Linguae+Hibernicae&rft.pub=University+College+Dublin&rft.au=Cormac+mac+Cuillen%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Ftlh%2Fheader%2Fws.tig.001.header.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellArbuthnotMoran" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Paul; Arbuthnot, Sharon; Moran, Pádraic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/irishglossaries">"Early Irish Glossaries Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Irish+Glossaries+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Arbuthnot%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Moran%2C+P%C3%A1draic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asnc.cam.ac.uk%2Firishglossaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><br /> See Wikipedia article: <i><a href="/wiki/Sanas_Cormaic" title="Sanas Cormaic">Sanas Cormaic</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeill-1928-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeill-1928_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeill-1928_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacNeill-1928_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeill1928" class="citation journal cs1">MacNeill, Eóin (1928). "On the notation and chronology of the calendar of Coligny". <i>Ériu</i>. <b>X</b>: 1–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89riu&rft.atitle=On+the+notation+and+chronology+of+the+calendar+of+Coligny&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=1-67&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=MacNeill&rft.aufirst=E%C3%B3in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmsted-1992-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olmsted-1992_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted1992" class="citation book cs1">Olmsted, Garrett (1992). <i>The Gaulish Calendar: A reconstruction from the bronze fragments from Coligny, with an analysis of its function as a highly accurate lunar-solar predictor, as well as an explanation of its terminology and development</i>. Bonn, DE: R. Habelt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-2530-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7749-2530-5"><bdi>3-7749-2530-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaulish+Calendar%3A+A+reconstruction+from+the+bronze+fragments+from+Coligny%2C+with+an+analysis+of+its+function+as+a+highly+accurate+lunar-solar+predictor%2C+as+well+as+an+explanation+of+its+terminology+and+development&rft.place=Bonn%2C+DE&rft.pub=R.+Habelt&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-7749-2530-5&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmsted-2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olmsted-2001_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olmsted-2001_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Garrett Olmsted, (2001) <i>A Definitive Reconstructed Text of the Coligny Calendar</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941694780" title="Special:BookSources/9780941694780">9780941694780</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay-2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay-2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay-2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2016" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, Helen T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2016_num_42_1_2471">"The Coligny calendar as a Metonic lunar calendar"</a>. <i>Études celtiques</i>. <b>42</b>: 95–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.2016.2471">10.3406/ecelt.2016.2471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+celtiques&rft.atitle=The+Coligny+calendar+as+a+Metonic+lunar+calendar&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=95-121&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.2016.2471&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Helen+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fecelt_0373-1928_2016_num_42_1_2471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricci-1898-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricci-1898_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ricci (1898) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny-Bostock-Riley-1855_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&query=head%3D%231009">"Book 16, "the natural history of the forest trees" English translation"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">Bostock, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Riley, Henry T.</a> (eds.). <i>The Natural History</i>. University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+16%2C+%22the+natural+history+of+the+forest+trees%22+English+translation&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%26query%3Dhead%253D%25231009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/16*.html">"Original Latin"</a>. <i>penelope</i>. University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope&rft.atitle=Original+Latin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FL%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPliny_the_Elder%2F16%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eDIL-athnugud-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eDIL-athnugud_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToner,_GregoryMaxim_FominGrigory_BondarenkoThomas_Torma2007" class="citation web cs1">Toner, Gregory; Maxim Fomin; Grigory Bondarenko; Thomas Torma; Caoimhín Ó Dónaill; Hilary Lavelle, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dil.ie/4844">"athnugud"</a>. <i>eDIL: electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</i>. Dublin, IE: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eDIL%3A+electronic+Dictionary+of+the+Irish+Language&rft.atitle=athnugud&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdil.ie%2F4844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eDIL-cóicthiges-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eDIL-cóicthiges_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToner,_GregoryMaxim_FominGrigory_BondarenkoThomas_Torma2007" class="citation web cs1">Toner, Gregory; Maxim Fomin; Grigory Bondarenko; Thomas Torma; Caoimhín Ó Dónaill; Hilary Lavelle, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dil.ie/10088">"cóicthiges"</a>. <i>eDIL: electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</i>. Dublin, IE: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eDIL%3A+electronic+Dictionary+of+the+Irish+Language&rft.atitle=c%C3%B3icthiges&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdil.ie%2F10088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay-2020-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKay-2020_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2020" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Helen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44306410">"THE COLIGNY CALENDAR A FULL RECONSTRUCTION With MODERN DATES second cycle"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=THE+COLIGNY+CALENDAR+A+FULL+RECONSTRUCTION+With+MODERN+DATES+second+cycle&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44306410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duval-Pinault-1986-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duval-Pinault-1986_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duval-Pinault-1986_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvalPinault1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Duval, Paul-Marie; Pinault, Georges, eds. (1986). <i>Les calendriers de Coligny (73 fragments) et Villards d'Heria (8 fragments)</i>. Recueil des inscriptions gauloises. Vol. Tome 3. Paris, FR: Editions du CNRS. pp. 35–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+calendriers+de+Coligny+%2873+fragments%29+et+Villards+d%27Heria+%288+fragments%29&rft.place=Paris%2C+FR&rft.series=Recueil+des+inscriptions+gauloises&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Editions+du+CNRS&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dottin-1920-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dottin-1920_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDottin1920" class="citation book cs1">Dottin (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lalanguegauloise00dottuoft#page/182/mode/2up"><i>La langue gauloise : grammaire, textes, et glossaire</i></a> [<i>The Gaulish Language: Grammar, texts, and glossary</i>]. Vol. 53. pp. 182–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+gauloise+%3A+grammaire%2C+textes%2C+et+glossaire&rft.pages=182-191&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Dottin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flalanguegauloise00dottuoft%23page%2F182%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deRicci-1926-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deRicci-1926_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ricci1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_de_Ricci" title="Seymour de Ricci">de Ricci, S.</a> (December 1926). "Le calendrier celtique de Coligny". <i>Journal des savants</i>: 448–449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+savants&rft.atitle=Le+calendrier+celtique+de+Coligny&rft.pages=448-449&rft.date=1926-12&rft.aulast=de+Ricci&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay-2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKay-2018_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay-2018_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKay-2018_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2018" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, Helen (2018). 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"The use of ordinal numerals on the Gaulish Coligny calendar". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Indo-European Studies">The Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i>. <b>16</b>: 296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=The+use+of+ordinal+numerals+on+the+Gaulish+Coligny+calendar&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=296&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColigny+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). <i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</i>. 2nd edition, Paris, Editions Errance. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-237-6">2-87772-237-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dottin" title="Georges Dottin">Dottin, Georges</a>, <i>La langue gauloise : grammaire, textes et glossaire</i> (1920) no. 53, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lalanguegauloise00dottuoft#page/172/mode/2up">pp. 172–207</a>.</li> <li>Duval, Paul-Marie and Pinault, Georges (eds) (1986). <i>Recueil des inscriptions gauloises</i> (R.I.G.), Vol. 3: <i>Les calendriers de Coligny (73 fragments) et Villards d'Heria (8 fragments)</i>. Paris, Editions du CNRS.</li> <li>Hitz, Hans-Rudolf (1991). <i>Der gallo-lateinische Mond- und Sonnen-Kalender von Coligny</i>.</li> <li>Joyce, P.W. (2000). "Old Celtic Romances". <i>The pursuit of the Giolla Dacker and his horse</i>. Wordsworth Editions Limited, London.</li> <li>Laine-Kerjean, C. (1943). "Le calendrier celtique". <i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i>, <b>23</b>, pp. 249–84.</li> <li>Delamarre, Xavier (2003). <i>La langue gauloise</i>. Paris, Editions Errance. 2nd edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-224-4">2-87772-224-4</a>. Chapter 9 is titled "Un calendrier gaulois".</li> <li>Le Contel, Jean-Michel and Verdier, Paul (1997). <i>Un calendrier celtique: le calendrier gaulois de Coligny</i>. Paris, Editions Errance. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-136-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-136-1">2-87772-136-1</a></li> <li>Mc Cluskey, Stephen C. (1990). "The Solar Year in the Calendar of Coligny". <i>Études Celtiques</i>, <b>27</b>, pp. 163–74.</li> <li>McKay, Helen (2016). "The Coligny calendar as a Metonic lunar calendar". <i>Études Celtiques</i>, XLII, pp. 95–122.</li> <li>McKay, Helen (2018). "Defining the systematic patterns for the triple marks of the Coligny calendar". <i>Études Celtiques</i>, XLIV, pp. 91–118.</li> <li>McKay, Helen (2022). "Building the Intercalary Months of the Coligny calendar". <i>Études Celtiques</i>, XLVIII, pp. 55–78.</li> <li>Mac Neill, Eóin (1928). "On the notation and chronology of the Calendar of Coligny". <i>Ériu</i>, <b>X</b>, pp. 1–67.</li> <li>Monard, Joseph (1996). <i>About the Coligny Calendar</i>. privately published monograph.</li> <li>Monard, Joseph (1996). <i>Découpage saisonnier de l'année celtique</i>. privately published monograph.</li> <li>Monard, Joseph (1999). <i>Histoire du calendrier gaulois : le calendrier de Coligny</i>. Paris, Burillier. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-912616-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-912616-01-8">2-912616-01-8</a></li> <li>Olmsted, Garrett (1992). <i>The Gaulish calendar: a reconstruction from the bronze fragments from Coligny, with an analysis of its function as a highly accurate lunar-solar predictor, as well as an explanation of its terminology and development</i>. Bonn: R. Habelt. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-2530-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7749-2530-5">3-7749-2530-5</a></li> <li>Parisot, Jean-Paul (1985). "Les phases de la Lune et les saisons dans le calendrier de Coligny". <i>Études indo-européennes</i>, <b>13</b>, pp. 1–18.</li> <li>Pinault, J. (1951). "Notes sur le vocabulaire gaulois, I. Les noms des mois du calendrier de Coligny". <i>Ogam</i>, <b>XIII</b>, pp. 143–154</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rhys" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhys">Rhys, John</a> (1910). "The Coligny Calendar". <i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>, <b>4</b>, pp. 207–318.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Thurneysen" title="Rudolf Thurneysen">Thurneysen, Rudolf</a> (1899). "Der Kalender von Coligny". <i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i>, <b>2</b>, pp. 523–544</li> <li>Zavaroni, Adolfo (2007). <i>On the structure and terminology of the Gaulish calendar</i>, British Archaeological Reports British Series.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coligny_calendar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lugdunum.grandlyon.com/en/Highlighted-work/2381-The-Gallic-calendar">The Gallic calendar – Lugdunum Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> 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