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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="تصدی مادام‌العمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصدی مادام‌العمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%8B%A0%EC%A7%81" title="종신직 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종신직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קביעות לכל החיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קביעות לכל החיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term of office that lasts for the office holder's lifetime</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Life_tenure" title="Special:EditPage/Life tenure">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Life+tenure%22">"Life tenure"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Life+tenure%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Life+tenure%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Life+tenure%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Life+tenure%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Life+tenure%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>life tenure</b> or <b>service during good behaviour</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">term of office</a> that lasts for the office holder's lifetime, unless the office holder is removed from office for cause under misbehaving in office, extraordinary circumstances or decides personally to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Upper_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper chamber">upper chambers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Senators for life">senators for life</a>) have life tenure. The primary goal of life tenure is to insulate the officeholder from external pressures. Certain heads of state, such as <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidents_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents for Life">presidents for life</a>, are also given life tenure. <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">United States federal judges</a> have life tenure once appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">confirmed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, life tenure lasts only until a mandatory retirement age. For example, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Canadian senators</a> are appointed for life, but are forced to retire at 75. Likewise, many judges, including justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> have life tenure but must retire at 75. In some jurisdictions, a judge who reaches mandatory retirement age may continue to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_judge" title="Supernumerary judge">supernumerary judge</a>, but may no longer have the guarantees of tenure. </p><p>Life tenure also exists in various religious organizations. The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, as the Bishop of Rome and leader of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, has life tenure, but other Catholic bishops are required to submit their resignations at age 75.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senior <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> at academic institutions may also be granted life <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">tenure</a>, which is intended to protect principles of academic freedom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_tenure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article III, Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of United States">Constitution of United States</a> (June 21, 1788)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOliver2012" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver, Philip D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawrepository.ualr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=appellatepracticeprocess">"Assessing and Addressing the Problems Caused by Life Tenure on the Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Appellate_Practice_and_Process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Appellate Practice and Process (page does not exist)">The Journal of Appellate Practice and Process</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 11–32 – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_Law_Repository&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen Law Repository (page does not exist)">Bowen Law Repository</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Appellate+Practice+and+Process&rft.atitle=Assessing+and+Addressing+the+Problems+Caused+by+Life+Tenure+on+the+Supreme+Court&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-32&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawrepository.ualr.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1118%26context%3Dappellatepracticeprocess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saikrishna Prakash & Steven D. Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/how-to-remove-a-federal-judge">"How To Remove a Federal Judge"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415170558/http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/how-to-remove-a-federal-judge">Archived</a> 2012-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 116 <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale L.J.</a> 72 (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Pensions_and_Retirement_Act_1993" title="Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993">Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/8/section/26/">"Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993: Section 26"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1993 c. 8  (s. 26)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Judicial+Pensions+and+Retirement+Act+1993%26%2358%3B+Section+26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1993%2F8%2Fsection%2F26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1D.HTM">Canon 401 §1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Applications-development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Applications-development.svg/30px-Applications-development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Applications-development.svg/45px-Applications-development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Applications-development.svg/60px-Applications-development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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