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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Podział_biocenoz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podział_biocenoz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Podział biocenoz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podział_biocenoz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biocenoza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 49 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جماعة حيوية – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماعة حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosenoz" title="Biosenoz – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biosenoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біяцэноз – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяцэноз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – czuwaski" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="czuwaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Denstvo" title="Společenstvo – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společenstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%B8nose" title="Biocønose – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biocønose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioz%C3%B6nose" title="Biozönose – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biozönose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biots%C3%B6noos" title="Biotsönoos – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biotsönoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biocoenosis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenozo" title="Biocenozo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biocenozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biozenosi" title="Biozenosi – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biozenosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جامعه زیستی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioc%C3%A9nose" title="Biocénose – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biocénose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6" title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաերկրացենոզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoso" title="Biocenoso – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biocenoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A9lag" title="Líffélag – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosi" title="Biocenosi – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biocenosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ბიოცენოზი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოცენოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoze" title="Biocenoze – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biocenoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%97" title="Biocenozė – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biocenozė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89letk%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Életközösség – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Életközösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levensgemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B2si" title="Biocenòsi – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biocenòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotsenoz" title="Biotsenoz – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biotsenoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenose" title="Biocenose – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biocenose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoz%C4%83" title="Biocenoză – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biocenoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenosis" title="Biocenosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biocenosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocen%C3%B3za" title="Biocenóza – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biocenóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Биоценоза – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биоценоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocenoza" title="Biocenoza – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biocenoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%C3%B6yhteis%C3%B6" title="Eliöyhteisö – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eliöyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биоценоз – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биоценоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Биосеноз – tadżycki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биосеноз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadżycki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Біоценоз – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоценоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/220px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/330px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/440px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5433" data-file-height="3675" /></a><figcaption>Biocenoza <a href="/wiki/Morze" title="Morze">morza</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Biocenoza</b> (<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_grecki" title="Język grecki">gr.</a> <i>bios</i> ‘życie’, <i>koinós</i> ‘wspólny’), zespół biotyczny<sup id="cite_ref-SSB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSB-1">[1]</a></sup> – zespół <a href="/wiki/Populacja_(biologia)" title="Populacja (biologia)">populacji</a> organizmów<sup id="cite_ref-SSB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSB-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kompendium_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kompendium-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">roślinnych</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fitocenoza" title="Fitocenoza">fitocenoza</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęcych</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zoocenoza" title="Zoocenoza">zoocenoza</a>) oraz <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizm" title="Mikroorganizm">mikroorganizmów</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiocenoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiocenoza (strona nie istnieje)">mikrobiocenoza</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kompendium_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kompendium-2">[2]</a></sup> danego środowiska abiotycznego (<a href="/wiki/Biotop" title="Biotop">biotopu</a>), należących do różnych <a href="/wiki/Gatunek_(biologia)" title="Gatunek (biologia)">gatunków</a>, ale powiązanych ze sobą różnorodnymi czynnikami ekologicznymi i zależnościami pokarmowymi (<a href="/wiki/Sie%C4%87_troficzna" title="Sieć troficzna">sieci troficzne</a>), tworzących całość, która pozostaje w stanie <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3wnowaga_biocenotyczna" title="Równowaga biocenotyczna">równowagi</a>. Biocenoza oraz biotop tworzą <a href="/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem">ekosystem</a><sup id="cite_ref-SSB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSB-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kompendium_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kompendium-2">[2]</a></sup>. Biocenozy sąsiadujące ze sobą zwykle nie są od siebie sztywno odseparowane, lecz przenikają się wzajemnie. Niektóre biocenozy mogą również składać się z kilku pomniejszych biocenoz<sup id="cite_ref-SSB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSB-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p><p>Pojęcie <i>biocenozy</i> wprowadził <a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6bius" title="Karl Möbius">Karl Möbius</a><sup id="cite_ref-EncyPWN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyPWN-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podział_biocenoz"><span id="Podzia.C5.82_biocenoz"></span>Podział biocenoz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Podział biocenoz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podział biocenoz"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biocenozy mogą być naturalne (<a href="/wiki/Sawanna" title="Sawanna">sawanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las" title="Las">las</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jezioro" title="Jezioro">jezioro</a>) i sztuczne (<a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogr%C3%B3d" title="Ogród">ogród</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole_(rolnictwo)" title="Pole (rolnictwo)">pole uprawne</a>). W zależności od środowiska, wyróżnia się m.in.<sup id="cite_ref-Kompendium_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kompendium-2">[2]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrocenoza" title="Agrocenoza">agrocenoza</a> – biocenoza pól uprawnych</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hylocenoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hylocenoza (strona nie istnieje)">hylocenoza</a> – biocenoza leśna</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratocenoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratocenoza (strona nie istnieje)">pratocenoza</a> – biocenoza łąk i pastwisk (<a href="/wiki/Trwa%C5%82e_u%C5%BCytki_zielone" title="Trwałe użytki zielone">trwałych użytków zielonych</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbicenoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbicenoza (strona nie istnieje)">urbicenoza</a> – biocenoza miasta</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nekrocenoza" title="Nekrocenoza">nekrocenoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanatocenoza" title="Tanatocenoza">tanatocenoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struktura_ekosystemu" title="Struktura ekosystemu">struktura ekosystemu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocenoza&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SSB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SSB_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SSB_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SSB_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SSB_1-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Marzena</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marzena" style="display:none">M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Popielarska</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Marzena</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marzena">M.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Robert</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Robert" style="display:none">R.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Konieczny</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Robert</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Robert">R.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Grzegorz</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Grzegorz" style="display:none">G.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Góralski</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Grzegorz</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Grzegorz">G.</span></span>, <i>Słownik szkolny. Biologia</i>, Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Zielona_Sowa" title="Wydawnictwo Zielona Sowa">Wydawnictwo Zielona Sowa</a>, 2008, s. 33, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788374356923" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788374356923">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-7435-692-3</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.aufirst=Marzena&rft.aulast=Popielarska&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-7435-692-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+szkolny.+Biologia&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Zielona+Sowa%5D%5D" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kompendium-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kompendium_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kompendium_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kompendium_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kompendium_2-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Kompendium wiedzy o ekologii</i>. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a>, 2006. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8301135891" title="Specjalna:Książki/8301135891">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-01-13589-1</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kompendium+wiedzy+o+ekologii&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=83-01-13589-1"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyPWN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EncyPWN_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Encyklopedia popularna PWN</i>. T. 2. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1991, s. 515.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+popularna+PWN&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=515"></span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output 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Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Poziomy_organizacji_materii&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption"><a href="/wiki/Poziomy_organizacji_%C5%BCywej_materii" title="Poziomy organizacji żywej materii">Poziomy organizacji żywej materii</a></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Poziom komórkowy</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organellum" title="Organellum">organellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rka" title="Komórka">komórka</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Poziom organizmalny</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tkanka" title="Tkanka">tkanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narz%C4%85d" title="Narząd">narząd</a> (organ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_narz%C4%85d%C3%B3w" title="Układ narządów">układ narządów</a> (system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">Poziom ponadorganizmalny</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populacja_(biologia)" title="Populacja (biologia)">populacja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapopulacja" title="Metapopulacja">metapopulacja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">biocenoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem">ekosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografia_wysp#Wyspa_ekologiczna" title="Biogeografia wysp">wyspa ekologiczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosfera</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">ecological community</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85014266">sh85014266</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4069495-1">4069495-1</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centralna_Biblioteka_Narodowa_we_Florencji" title="Centralna Biblioteka Narodowa we Florencji">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=31326">31326</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph118883">ph118883</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282390705171">987007282390705171</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/biocenoses/">biocenoses</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0084538.xml">0084538</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=biocoenose">biocoenose</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=bioc%C3%B8nose">biocønose</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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